武汉大学比较文学与世界文学2005真题
大学试题(文学)比较文学考试历年典型考题及考点(答案附后面)
大学试题（文学）-比较文学考试历年典型考题及考点（答案附后面）卷一：1.下面作家中，可以进行影响研究的是OA、鲁迅和果戈理Bs易卜生和曹禺C、托尔斯泰和罗星・罗兰D、拜伦和莱蒙托夫E、拜伦与普希金2.简述宗教对文学的影响。
3.什么是“期待视野”？4.关于哈罗德•布鲁姆，描述不恰当的是（）。
A、他是“耶鲁学派”批评家B、他是美国著名文学教授C、他认为文本分析非常重要D、他提倡历史的、阶级的文学研究5.下面选项中，哪一项不是比较文学所具有的作用（）。
A、比较文学研究创造了“世界文学”的时代B、比较文学使文学研究的视野和范围更扩大了C、比较文学有助于我们认识文学的共同规律D、比较文学研究能使各民族增强相互了解6.下列学者哪个不属于心理分析学派OA、弗洛伊德B、荣格C、钟敬文7.阐发研究作为一种研窕方法，是由法国学者首先提出来的。
8.我国文学史上将诗歌和科学完美结合的杰作《天问》的作者是（〔A、屈原B、李白C、苏轼9.1979年，O的《管锥编》出版标志中国比较文学的复兴。
10.下列套话中，哪个不是中国人用来描绘日本人的？OA、倭寇B、小日本C、鹰钩鼻11.关于“肩住了黑暗的闸门，放他们到宽阔光明的地方去；此后幸福的度口，合理的做人”，正确的是（）。
A、此语出自宗白华B、提出的问题与教育有关C、此语出自《美学散步》D、其思想与《弟子规》相似12.比较文学与比较文化研窕有何关系13.为什么要在跨学科研究中引入跨文明的视野？14.美国学者（）认为“比较文学是超越一国范围之外的文学研究”。
A、基亚B、韦勒克C、雷马克D、韦斯坦15.比较文学就是要突破各种学术研究的界限，“打通”整个文化领域，使文学研究进入了（）性研究的新阶段。
16.属于美国学派代表人物的有O.A、列文B、基亚C、卡雷D、韦勒克E、雷马克17.信息本身最根本的性质是（）βA、独立性B、完整性C、不确定性D、确定性18.陈寅恪《王静安先生遗书序》一文中说哪篇文章是“取外来之观念，与固有之材料相互参证"OA、王国维的《红楼梦评论》B、钱钟书的《通感》C、钱钟书的《诗可以怨》D、朱光潜的《诗论》19.下列作家研究中可以运用影响研究的方法的是OA、鲁迅与果戈理B、托尔斯泰与罗型•罗兰C、歌德与席勒D、拜伦与雪莱E、拜伦与普希金20.《西厢记》和《罗密欧与朱＞叶》的比较研究属于OA、影响研究B、平行研究C、阐发研究D、接受研究21.什么是比较文学的可比性？22.比较文学要求在研究中国文学时，应以（）为背景，以（）为参照系统，认识和评价H己。
2013年武汉大学比较文学与世界文学专业考博试题
2013年武汉大学比较文学与世界文学专业考博试题
世界文学史B卷
1、以你熟悉的作品为例，论述西方文学中的疾病意象。
2、略论19世纪浪温主义文学中的异国想象
3、分析卡夫卡小说中的空间特性
4、论述弗洛伊德学说对西方现代主义文学的影响。
比较文学史论
1、根据相关的文化翻译或跨文化对话理论，结合自己的阅读经验，评价下面的现象：
美国人类学家在西非一原始部落做田野调查时，她给当地的一群特夫人（Tiv）讲述了哈姆雷特的故事，在此过程中，当地长老不断改正故事情节，以符合Tiv的文化模式，但人类学家认为经过改正的哈姆雷特已不是原来的故事。
2、根据相关理论，如后殖民主义或女性主义或诠释学，结合你的阅读经验，如英美的少数
民族裔文学，论证或者反驳保罗·利科的界定。
保罗·利科提出“认同”基本上有两种类型。
其一是“固定认同”，另一种则通过文化建构，叙述体和时间的积累，产生时空脉络中对应关系下的“叙述认同”。
“叙述认同”必须通过主体的叙述以再现自我，并在不断流动的建构与斡旋中方能形成。
3、请根据伽达默尔的话论述一部20世纪中外文学经典的几个意义层次。
对一文本或艺术品真正意义的发现是没有止境的，这实际上是一个无限的过程。
不
仅新的误解被不断克服，而使真理得以从遮蔽它的那些事件中敞亮且新的理解也不
断涌现，并提示出全新的意义。
（《真理与方法》）
4、请依据荣格的原型批评理论，论述西方浪温主义文学中的四种阿尼玛原型。
武汉大学文学考研历年真题汇编(2004-2016)
武汉大学文学考研历年真题汇编（2004-2016）2016年一，简答题1.“诗无达诂“的内涵及你对它的评价。
2.论语派“闲话风“散文与语丝派”语丝文体“的差异3.新时期以来，“实验话剧“的成就与缺陷4.《子夜》与其一系列（原题是引用了一个词来说的，类似一系列的意思，但是我想不起来了）作品的关系二，论述题1.从孟子“知言养气“，庄子”听之以气“和曹丕”文以气为主“为例说那个在中国文化体系里十分重要的”气“的文学化演变（是演变吧，反正类似的意思）一，简答题1.“诗无达诂“的内涵及你对它的评价。
2.论语派“闲话风“散文与语丝派”语丝文体“的差异3.新时期以来，“实验话剧“的成就与缺陷4.《子夜》与其一系列（原题是引用了一个词来说的，类似一系列的意思，但是我想不起来了）作品的关系二，论述题1.从孟子“知言养气“，庄子”听之以气“和曹丕”文以气为主“为例说那个在中国文化体系里十分重要的”气“的文学化演变（是演变吧，反正类似的意思）文学理论与中国现当代文学：一、简答15×41.简述郭小川、贺敬之政治抒情诗的艺术特色2.高晓声的陈焕生系列的主题3.雷蒙.威廉斯在《马克思主义与文化》(书名不确定)中说：“文学和艺术不应该成为不同于其他社会实践的特殊形式，而拥有自己的某种特殊的规律。
”(原话记不清楚，大致是这样)这段话的内涵是什么。
4、英美新批评用张力来说明诗歌语言的特征，请对之加以说明。
(大概这样)二、论述30×21.论述我国80年代中后期对张爱玲评价的变化。
2.《诗经》在它产生的年代是通俗文学，但在后来却被人们视为高雅文学，请用解释学来说明这一现象的理论意义。
三、文学评论30×1《轮回》(作者忘了)大致内容：儿子小时候哭闹着不愿意幼儿园，但母亲忙着上班根本不理会。
后来母亲老了得了老年痴呆症，儿子为生计奔波没时间照顾她要把他送到养老院，母亲哭着请求不要，儿子再三思索还是送母亲去了。
武汉大学1998-2009年文学考研真题
B 1，戴望舒诗歌的艺术成就 2，郭小川诗歌的艺术成就 C 1,为什么所郭沫若的历史剧比后时期的历史剧更有艺术魅力 2，为什么说《龙须沟》是老舍创作道路上的里程碑 2002 年考题（现当代） 一，名词解释（10） 1，新历史小说 2，中国新诗派 二，简答。 （30） 1，分析“五四”时散文发达的原因。 2，结合分析《创业史》梁三老汉形象的典型意义。 3，结合作品分析舒婷诗歌创作的艺术特色。 三，论述题。 （60） 1，为什么说鲁迅是“创造新形式的先锋” 2，概述抗战时期大后方与上海孤岛“剧场戏剧”的三股潮流。 3，试论新时期文学中的人道主义主题。 武汉大学 2004 年文学考研试题
04 复试比较文学与世界文学
一 简答 共 90 分 1、从索福克勒斯的《俄狄浦斯王》到欧里庇德斯的《美狄亚》 ，希腊悲剧在命运观和英雄意 识方面经历了怎样的变化？ 15 分 2、在《麦克白》中，邪恶的主人公的毁灭为什么能够产生强烈的 悲剧效果？ 15 分 3、浪漫主义文学的主要特征有哪些？ 10 分 4、什么是俄国文学中的多余人形象？他们有哪些共同特点？ 10 分 5、弗洛伊德精神分析学说对现代主义文学的影响主要表现在那些方面？ 10 分 6、法国学派与美国学派关于比较文学概念定义的差异性是什么？ 10 分 7、什么是主题和母题？二者的区别是什么？ 10 分 8、比较文学形象学的文本内部研究是什么？ 10 分 二 综合运用题 20 分 运用比较文学跨学科研究的知识，举例说明中国古代文学与哲学、艺术的互渗，并论述这种 互渗的价值。 三 论述 每题 20 分 1、 英国诗人 W。H。奥登说：“如果要举出一个作家，他与我们时代的关系最近似但丁、 莎士比亚、歌德与他们时代的关系，卡夫卡是首先会被想到的名字……卡夫卡之所以重要， 是因为它的困惑，亦即现代人的困惑。” 卡夫卡说：“跟我与生俱来得是人类的普遍弱点。我用这种弱点……把时代的消极面有力的 吸收进来。”“在巴尔扎克的手杖上写着：我在粉碎一切障碍。在我的手杖上写着：一切障碍 在粉碎我。共同的是一切。” 根据上面引文，结合自己 对卡夫卡作品的理解，论述卡夫卡小说的意义。 2、从影响研究的视域，论述中国现代文学对西方现代主义文学的接受。
武汉大学文学院历年考研真题
04年初试一现当代部分（一）填空每空0.5分1、孙犁的主要作品有短篇小说《》、《》中篇小说《》和长篇小说《》。
2、山药蛋派的主要作家有（）（）和（）等。
3、闻捷的主要作品有抒情诗集《》和长篇叙事诗《》等。
4、老舍的主要话剧作品有《》《》等。
5、徐迟描写知识分子命运的报告文学名篇有《》《》等。
6、在朦胧诗的作者中，（）被称为“童话诗人”，他的代表作有《》《》和《》等。
7、蒋子龙反映改革风云的代表作有《》《》和《》等。
（二）名词解释每题5分伤痕小说探索戏剧社会主义现实主义刘世吾（三）简答每题5分1、什么是新写实小说2、寻根文学有哪些重要作家（至少四个）3、郭小川的抒情诗创作有哪些主要特色4、十七年文学中，反映农村题材的长篇小说的主要问题在哪里二文艺理论部分（一）填空每空0。
51、《文心雕龙》是（）时期的批评家（）写的2、中国古代的诗歌理论的六义是指（）、（）、（）、赋、（）、（）六个方面。
3、中西传统文学各自有自身的美学评价标准，分别各自推崇（）和（）。
4、德国美学家（）在著作《判断力批判》中提出了美学上的四个（）。
5、古希腊美学思想的重要代表人物有（）、（）和（）。
6、文学史上最主要的创作方法有（）和（）。
7、文学体裁的“四分法”把文学分为（）（）（）和（）四种基本类型。
（二）名解每题5分悲剧题材文本史诗（三）简答每题10分1、简述你对艺术灵感特性的理解2、简述文学批评方法的一些主要类型及其特性三比较文学与世界文学部分（一）填空每空0。
5都是给出一段文字然后问这段是出自谁写的什么作品，现在不会出这样的题了，就不写了啊（二）名解每题5分《悲惨世界》贝克特（三）简答 10分简要陈述浪漫主义作家和自然的关系。
（四）论述 20分在《阅读史》一书中，阿尔维托曼古埃尔写道：“无论读者如何将一本书弄成他们自己的，结果都是该书和读者合二为一。
本身就是一本书的这个世界，被堪称这本世界之书的一个字母的读者所吞没；如此一来就替阅读之无穷创造出一个循环的隐喻。
武汉大学——比较文学与世界文学专题2001年博士研究生入学考试试题
武汉大学——比较文学与世界文学专题2001年博士研究生入学考试试题一。
20分。
AB任选A。
莎士比亚的《麦克白》是怎样将主人公的内在心理感受和精神状态“外化”为舞台形象的？表现主义文学（如奥尼尔的《琼斯皇》）又是如何系统的运用这类“外化”手法的？B。
以你熟悉的世界文学作品为例，谈谈你对用喜剧性情节表达悲剧性内涵这一艺术手法的见解。
（说明：不限于戏剧，也可以举小说等为例。
）二。
30分。
在你所涉猎的世界文学作品中，你对哪一部印象最深？描述你阅读它事的初始感受，然后从理论上对你的这些感受进行反思，剖析和评价。
三。
20分。
CD任选C。
结合具体的作家和作品，论述中西诗歌的区别性基本特征。
D。
从T。
S。
艾略特在《批评的功能》中所阐述的文学“总体论”出发，结合其他西方学者的相关理论，论述民族文学，总体文学与比较文学的相互关系。
四。
30分。
古希腊的柏拉图在《伊安篇》中提出了“迷狂说”。
中国宋代诗学家严羽在《沧浪诗话。
诗辨》中提出了“妙悟说”。
结合他们的具体论述，以“迷狂说与妙悟说”为题，从学说产生的时代与社会环境，诗任的创作过程，艺术心理的运动规律等层面进行比较和辨析一，选择10个。
魏晋南北朝之前的较多（《诗经》成书方式、三曹、陆机文风、西晋文风等各一个），宋人词集题一个，元杂剧一个，“前四史”一个……二，词语解释1 游仙诗2 苏门四学士3 台阁体4 南洪北孔5 西曲6 北地三才7 《录鬼簿》还有一个，却暂时记不起了。
三，简答1 《七发》在赋史的影响及地位2 《桃花扇》是否优秀历史剧？为什么？3 李煜词的艺术特点四，论述（3选2）National English Admission Test for Medical Doctoral StudentsPAPER ONEPart I ListeningSection A ºDirections: In this section of the test, you will hear 15 short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations a nd questions will be read only once. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from th e four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.For Example: A B D1. A. John is good at painting.B. John’s sister’s son is good at painting.C. The woman suggest the man take up painting.D. The woman is making fun of the man.2. A. He has a fried who majored in economics.B. He hasn’t taken mo re than one economics course.C. He’s been learning a lot this year, too.D. He couldn’t make any sense out of his course.3. A. Check the price of calculators. B. Finish his statistics homework.C. Look for a job in mathematics.D. Use a smaller calculator.4. A. Because the police stopped him. B. Because the driver charged too much.C. Because he had been robbed.D. For no good reason.5. A. Take some more vegetables. B. Pass the woman the meat.C. Avoid taking any more food.D. Help to prepare the potatoes.6. A. In her office. B. In the library.C. In the laboratory.D. In the conference room.7. A. Professor Miller offered more help than he had expected.B. Professor Miller will not discuss the topic with him.C. He asked Professor Miller for some books.D. Professor Miller gave him more books than he had requested.8. A. She thinks the explanations are difficult.B. The explanations will be added in a later edition.C. She thinks the book should include more information.D. The book includes an explanation of all the answers.9. A. He probably supports nuclear power plants.B. He probably opposes nuclear power plants.C. He probably no opinion on this topic.D. He probably tries to understand both sides.10. A. Use every minute of their time wisely.B. Live there until the final time.C. Finish their assignments early if possible.D. Save the lab samples.11. A. She is dependable. B. She is hard-working.C. She is kind.D. She is helpful.12. A. It made her ill.B. She believes the refreshments could have been better.C. She feels regret about the lack of success.D. She felt that her clothes were inappropriate.13. A. She likes to get E-mails.B. She hasn’t seen her friends just lately.C. She lives in the same house with the man and woman are talking.D. She is their best friend.14. A. He doesn’t need a green pen.B. He never bought a green pen.C. He never returned the woman’s green pen to her.D. He doesn’t have a green pen with him.15. A. Bill will buy the car as soon as he gets the money.B. Bill’s friend is buying the car from him.C. Bill can’t afford to buy a new car.D. Bill has already made the down payment on the car.Section B ºDirections: In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there are fiv e questions. The talks and questions will be read only once. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.For Example: A B DTalk One16. A. A nutritionist. B. A professor.C. A dining hall manager.D. A doctor.17. A. A note for his doctor. B. A dining hall pass.C. A list of restaurants.D. A food chart.18. A. He’s an athlete. B. He has high blood pressure.C. He has a high cholesterol level.D. He’s overweight.19. A. In the hospital cafeteria. B. In his room.C. In restaurants.D. In the dining hall.20. A. Angry. B. Hungry.C. Relieved.D. Tired.Talk Two21. A. Fire prevention. B. Pest control.C. House construction.D. Toxic chemicals.22. A. It’s cheaper. B. It’s safer.C. It’s quicker.D. It’s readily available.23. A. To keep the heat inside.B. To prevent insects from escaping.C. To reduce the risk of fire.D. To keep the wood dry.24. A. To show that the treatment will not cause fire.B. To emphasize the dangers of the old method.C. To explain a step in the new technique.D. To illustrate a compromise between old and new systems.25. A. Above 125 degrees Centigrade. B. About 50 degrees Centigrade.C. Around 65 degrees Centigrade.D. At 80 degrees Centigrade.Talk Three26. A. Read and commented on the proposed topics.B. Had conferences with some students.C. Returned the topic papers to her students.D. Realized their research papers are due in six weeks.27. A. A recent textbook assignment. B. Requirements for the final examination.C. Choosing research topics.D. Preparing an outline for a paper.28. A. Immediately. B. The following week.C. In two weeks.D. At the end of the semester.29. A. To present final papers. B. To give a model of outline style.C. To discuss the preliminary outline.D. To discuss final grades.30. A. With a thesis statement. B. With a list of references.C. With a summary of the conference.D. With the student’s name.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The fact is, doctor, I just can't _____ this dreadful cough.A. get out ofB. get rid ofC. get down toD. get round to32. After eight hours at the wheel of the lorry, the driver was beginning to feel the _______.A. nervousnessB. tensionC. strainD. extension33. The Chinese government is determined to ____ the established policy of developing agriculture.A. go afterB. go byC. go aheadD. go on34. The Manager has asked to see the sales _____ resulting from our recent advertising campaign.A. numbersB. figuresC. amountsD. quantities35. The local medical officer reported a serious _____ of food-poisoning.A. stateB. incidentC. outbreakD. event36. They didn’t know how to put in a central-heating system, but they managed it by trial and ___ __.A. blunderB. slipC. errorD. mistake37.I was going to say something about the matter; but _____ I gave it up.A. on second thoughtsB. on the wholeC. at the thought ofD. on second thought38. Even if it is a cold day, I think cool water looks _______.A. invitingB. distastefulC. disgustingD. repulsive39. The man’s face was _______ from his infected tooth despite his visit to the dentist.A. bulgingB. swollenC. dilatedD. expanded40. Similar ethical questions ______ as advances are made in such areas as organ transplant andfetal in utero surgery.A. appealB. ariseC. arouseD. abuseSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four other words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the me aning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. Many people came to donate blood of their own accord.A. willinglyB. for their own sakeC. of their ownD. without the help of others42. When natural gas burns, the hydrocarbon molecules break up into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.A. contractB. vaporizeC. collideD. separate43. The outlook for the patient will be further aggravated by any associated hypertensive process.A. destroyedB. worsenedC. aggrievedD. complicated44. In the system of ethics known as utilitarianism, the rightness or wrongness of an action is judged by its consequences.A. costB. necessityC. resultsD. relevance45. The pilot made one last frantic distress call before he bailed out.A. littleB. desperateC. routineD. futile46. At the magnificent banquet a new intoxicating drink was introduced which aroused great inter est among the guests.A. appetizingB. coolingC. warmingD. stimulating47. The number of hours that have intervened between the accident and operation is a crucial facto r.A. interferedB. interlacedC. interposedD. interlinked48. “Suffocation” dreams are concerned with the breathing difficulties of a heavy cold.A. suffusingB. sufferingC. cutting offD. choking49. We hope this radio will help overcome the tedium felt during your stay in the hospital.A. painB. lonelinessC. boredomD. nervousness50. He is not yet well enough to dispense wi th the doctor’s services.A. give heed toB. pay no attention toC. do away withD. do withoutPart IV Cloze (10%)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D listed below. Choose the correct answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.In former times, doctors in Taiwan, who were considered saviors, were greatly admired. This is not only because they were able to 51 sick people of their pain and save their lives, but also b ecause they demonstrated an 52 willingness to help the sick. However, now in this industrial wor ld, people are 53 to chase material possessions. This is true 54 doctors, too. The high income of doctors is the 55 of other people. Many high school graduates are eager to get into medical colleges, and countless girls consider doctors to be their best choice of husbands. For many years the public has 56 that doctors in public hospitals demand money from inpatients. The amount of money the patients give determines the kind of 57 they receive. It has also been said that a lar ge pharmaceutical factory set up by U.S. investors declared that it would stop giving kickbacks（回扣）to doctors 58 the factory has spent too much money 59 sales over the years. This declarati on has caused quite a stir in our society. We wonder 60 the officials who have denied the dealin gs mentioned above will say about this.51.A.releaseB.relieveC.depriveD.reduce52A. admirableB.advis ableC. appreciableD. acceptable53.A.tendedB.opposedC.inclinedD.persuaded54.A.withB.forC.toD.of55.A. rmationB.treatmentC.a dviceD.interpreta- tion58.A.ifB.asC.thoughD.when59.A.promotingB.contributingC.manipulatingD.induci ng60.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.whetherPart IV. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part of the test there are six passages. Following each passage there are fiv e questions with four choices. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneCells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature, and much narrower limits mark th e boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme (酶) systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37ºC; a depar ture of a few degrees from this value seriously im pairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations, the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily tempera ture.For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate a nd meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blood ed’ and “cold-blooded” species; warm-blooded included mammals and birds, whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied, it became evident that this clas sification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana (鬣蜥)—each cold-blooded—usually ha s a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the n ext distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature, called homothe rms（同温动物）, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment, called poikilothe rms(变温动物). But this classification also proved inadequate, because among mammals there are man y that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore, many invertebrates(无脊椎动物) that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water, an d their body temperatures remain constant.The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by interna l metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by, and who get most of their heat from, the environment. The former are called endotherms (恒温动物), and the latter are called ecto therms (外温动物). Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature, and they do so mainly by lo comoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms (mainly mammals and birds) also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments, but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments.61. The passage mainly discusses _______.A. body temperatures of various animalsB. the newest research on measuring temperatureC. methods of temperature reductionD. the classification of animals by temperature regulation62. Which of the following terms refers primarily to mammals and birds?A. Warm-blooded.B. Ectothermic.C. Cold-blooded.D. Poikilothermic63. In general, the temperature of endotherms is regulated _______.A. consciouslyB. internallyC. inadequatelyD. environmentally64. According to the passage, the chief way in which ectotherms regulate their temperature is by _______.A. seeking out appropriate locationsB. hibernating part of the yearC. staying in deep waterD. triggering certain metabolic processes65. According to the passage, human beings mainly regulate their body temperatures by _______.A. choosing favorable environmentsB. internal metabolic processesC. eating more foodD. doing physical exercisesPassage TwoThe narrow passage ended in a round arch fringed with ivy and creepers. The children passed throu gh the arch into a narrow ravine whose banks were of stone, moss-covered. Trees growing on the top of the bank arched across and the sunlight came through in changing patches of brightness. The pa th, which was of greeny-grey stones where heaps of leaves had drifted, sloped steeply down, and at the end of it was another round arch, quite dark inside, above which were rose rocks and grass an d bushes.“It’s like the outside of a railway tunnel,” said Jimmy.“It might be the entrance to an enchanted castle,” said Kathleen.Under the drifted damp leaves the path was firm and stony. At the dark arch they stopped.“There are steps down,” said Gerald.Very slowly and carefully they went down the steps. Gerald struck a match when the last step was found to have no edge and to be in fact the beginning of a passage turning to the left.“This,” said Jimmy, “might take us back to the road.”“Or under it,” said Gerald, “we’ve come down eleven steps.”They went on, following Gerald, who went very slowly for fear, as he explained, of steps. The pas sage was very dark.Then came a glimmer of daylight that grew and grew and presently ended in another arch that looke d out over a scene so like a picture out of a book about Italy that everyone’s breath was taken a way, and they simply walked forward silent and staring. A short avenue of cypresses led, winding a s it went, to a marble terrace that lay broad and white in the sunlight. The children, blinking, l eaned their arms on the flat balustrade (栏杆) and gazed.Immediately below them was a lake with swans and an island with willow trees, and among the trees gleamed the white figures of statues. Against a hill to the left was a round white building with pillars and to the right a waterfall came tumbling down among mossy stones to splash into the lake. Steps went from the terrace to the water and other steps to the green lawns beside it. Away acros s the grassy slopes deer were feeding and in the distance was an enormous house of grey stone, lik e nothing the children had ever seen before.“It is an enchanted castle,” said Gerald.“There aren’t any enchanted castles,” said Jimmy, “you ought to know that.”“Well, anyway, I’m going to explore,” said Gerald. “You needn’t come if you don’t want to.” The others followed. There never was such a garden—out of a picture or a fairy tale. They passed quite close to the deer, who only raised their heads to look and did not seem startled at all. Af ter a long stretch of grass, they passed under an avenue of lime trees and came into a rose garden bordered with thick hedges.“I know we shall meet a gardener in a minute and he’ll ask what we’re doing here, and then wha t shall we say?” Kathleen asked.“We’ll say we’ve lost our way, and it will be quite true,” said Gerald.66. When they came out of the last arch the children were silent because _______.A. they were out of breathB. they were amazed at what they sawC. the light hurt their eyesD. they saw an Italian picture67. From the terrace the children were able to see _______.A. a lake with trees growing in itB. some swans among the trees on an islandC. a lake just behind themD. some statues on an island in the lake68. How was it possible to reach the lake from the terrace?A. There were some steps leading down.B. There were some steps leading right.C. There was a waterfall going down to the lake.D. There were steps to some stones.69. Kathleen thought that if they met a gardener _______.A. he would think they had lost their wayB. he would know why they were thereC. they would ask him why they were thereD. he would ask them why they were there70. The story suggests that the children _______.A. had been told about the castle beforeB. had seen pictures of the castle in a bookC. had no idea what they were going to seeD. knew they were going to see something wonderfulPassage ThreeThere is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspapers classified columns. It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it does not offer anyone a j ob, and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone loo king for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Contact us before writing your application,” or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your resume or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and appa rent success of s uch a specialised service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the resume (or job history), with the sugges tion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. “Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the average level of advice offere d to young people applying for their first jobs when they left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and we re available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advi ce then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach. “Your search is over. I am the person you are looking for”, was a widel y used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed f or the job in view.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university educat ion at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the r esume.71. According to the passage, the new type of advertisements _____.A. informs job hunters of the chances availableB. promises useful advice to job-huntersC. divides available jobs into various typesD. informs employers that people are available for work72. Now a demand for this type of service has been created because _____.A. there is a lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB. there are so many top-level jobs availableC. there are so many people out of workD. the job history is considered to be a work of art73. It the past it was expected that first-job hunters would _____.A. write an initial letter giving their life historyB. pass some exams before applying for a jobC. have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD. keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview74. When applying for more important jobs, one had better include in the letter _____.A. something attractive in one's applicationB. a personal opinion about the organisation one wanted to joinC. something that would offend its readerD. a lie that one could easily get away with telling75. The resume has become so important because _____.A. of an increase in the number of jobs advertisedB. of an increase in the number of applicants which degreesC. of much more complicatedness of jobs todayD. it is less complicated than other application processesPassage FourThe newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed (纯粹的), unslanted (不偏不倚的), objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more, it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting Ameri can journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the p ossible exception of such scribblings (胡乱拼凑的文章) as society and club news) as “local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic s train, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering rough and dangerous waters, the swirling (令人头晕脑胀的) tides of opinion. This is nonsense. The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to th e “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts eno ugh?As to the first question, consider how a so-called “factual” story comes about. The reporter co llects, say, fifty facts, out of these fifty, his space allocation being necessarily restricted, h e selects the ten which he considers most important. This is Judgment No.1. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. This is Judgment No.2. Th en the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on twenty-four where it has little. Judgment No.3.Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgm ents are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in w hich reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and the ir “news neutralism,” arrive at a concl usion as to the significance of the news.The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels.) If an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those fac ts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the play he gives a story-promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.76. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _______.A. Everything CountsB. Three JudgmentsC. Interpreting the NewsD. Choosing Facts77. A reporter selects ten out of fifty available facts because _______.A. his editor is prejudicedB. space is limitedC. he wants to simplify a complex storyD. the subject is not important78. It can be inferred that the author thinks, in writing a factual story, the writer _______.A. must use judgmentB. should limit himself to the factsC. should make the story interestingD. should slant (歪曲) the story79. The least effective w ay of “slanting” news is by _______.A. selectionB. ignoring itC. focusing on local newsD. interpretation80. Placement of a story on page one or page twenty-four will control its ....A. impactB. accuracyC. relative importanceD. neutralismPassage FiveUntil a few years ago most experts believed that young children couldn’t lie. The late developme ntal psychologist Jean Piaget believed that children under 7 had trouble distinguishing between fa ntasy and reality and couldn’t b e held accountable for untruths. But recent research indicates th at children as young as 4 are quite capable of telling a deliberate lie to get out of trouble. Res earchers believe the fear of a parent’s disapproval discourages a very young child from lying. Bu t by the age of 8 disapproval is not enough. A child should understand the consequences of the lie and the ways in which it destroys trust.A child who lies a lot may be asking for help. Recent research suggests that kids who are being t reated for psychological problems lie almost three times as much as well-adjusted kids. A study in England in the early 1970s showed that one third of the children identified as chronic liars by t heir parents ended up being convicted of theft later on. Other studies indicate that children who have manipulative personalities are skilled at telling lies to get what they want. Two decades ago researchers devised a morality test called a Mach scale. They found that kids who scored high in Mach characteristics-cynicism, desire for power-often lied to achieve their goals.How should honesty be taught? It seems that harsh punishment, thought by many parents to discoura ge lying, may actually increase it. “It creates a fear of punishment, rather than an internalized belief in mor al behavior,” psychologist Paul Ekman says. To help a child realize the damage lying does, a parent might use tales like “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” for younger children and draw objec t lessons from the news as the kids grow older.Just because parents learn why lies occur doesn’t mean they should accept them. Psychologists en。
《比较文学》题集
《比较文学》题集一、选择题（每题10分，共100分）1.下列哪一项不是比较文学的研究范畴？A. 不同国家文学之间的比较研究B. 同一国家不同历史时期文学的比较研究C. 文学与其他艺术形式之间的比较研究D. 文学作品内部的结构分析2.比较文学的“影响研究”主要关注的是：A. 文学作品之间的主题相似性B. 文学作品之间的风格差异C. 文学作品之间的直接和间接联系D. 文学作品的社会文化背景3.下列哪位学者是比较文学“平行研究”方法的重要推动者？A. 梵·第根B. 韦勒克C. 雷马克D. 艾略特4.“主题学”在比较文学中主要研究：A. 不同文学作品中相同或相似主题的表现B. 文学作品中的主题如何随时间变化C. 文学作品中的主题如何反映社会现实D. 文学作品中的主题与作者生平的关系5.下列哪部作品不属于“流浪汉小说”这一跨国文学现象？A. 《堂吉诃德》B. 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》C. 《西游记》D. 《鲁滨逊漂流记》6.“形象学”在比较文学中主要研究：A. 文学作品中的人物形象塑造B. 文学作品中的异国形象描绘C. 文学作品中的自然景象描写D. 文学作品中的社会形象反映7.下列哪位作家的作品常被用于比较文学中的“跨文化研究”？A. 莎士比亚B. 杜甫C. 卡夫卡D. 鲁迅8.“译介学”在比较文学中主要研究：A. 文学作品的翻译技巧B. 文学作品在不同文化中的接受与影响C. 文学作品的传播途径D. 文学作品的版本研究9.下列哪一项不是比较文学跨学科研究的特点？A. 跨越不同文学体系B. 跨越不同艺术形式C. 跨越不同学科领域D. 局限于同一文化圈内10.“接受美学”在比较文学中的应用主要体现在：A. 研究文学作品在不同文化中的接受情况B. 研究文学作品的审美价值C. 研究文学作品的创作背景D. 研究文学作品的内部结构二、填空题（每题10分，共50分）1.比较文学作为一门学科，其研究范围跨越了______、______和______三大领域。
2005武汉大学语言学研究生考试真题
2005年攻读硕士学位研究生考试试题科目名称：语言学理论一，解释题（30分）1，音质音位和非音质音位2，语言的标准变体、地域变体和社会方言3，屈折语、黏着语和孤立语二，分析说明题4，用语法范畴的理论，分析现代汉语的“着”“了”“过”以及“起来（干起来）”“下去（说下去）”的语法意义5，举例说明词汇发展的一般规律及新词产生的主要方法或途径。
6，举例说明语言的概念意义、情态意义和功能意义三，论述题7，用你所熟悉的外语与汉语相比较，具体说明现代汉语（普通话）的语音、词汇和语法特点（要求三方面各举一例）8，动词重叠是现代汉语常见的语言现象，比较从下面能说和不能说的句子，试说说动词重叠成立和动词重叠句（动词重叠做谓语的句子）成立，各要求什么样的语义条件。
（提示：例⑴试动词重叠成立的问题，例⑵⑶试重叠句成立的问题，三例分别分析和说明）⑴a，你签签名（？）b，大家签签名⑵a，我们明天整天讨论讨论（？）b，我们明天抽时间讨论讨论⑶a,你去送送老师b，你送送老师回家（X）科目名称：汉语基础一，解释加点的字词，有特殊用法的请说明试哪种情况，如词类活用，通假字，等等。
1，窈窕淑女，琴瑟友之。
2，去故乡而就远兮，遵江夏以流亡。
3，齐人归女乐，季桓子受之。
4，女也不爽，士贰其行。
5，小国寡民。
6，封书，谢孟尝君。
7，上下相愁，民无所聊。
8，亟请于武公。
二，简答题传统的“六书”包括汉字的哪些结构方式和使用方法？各有什么特点？每种举两个例字说明。
三，请为下面的短文打标点，并翻译为现代汉语仆之先人非有剖符丹书之攻文史星历近乎卜祝之间固主上所戏弄倡优畜之流俗之所轻也假令仆伏法受诛若九牛亡一毛与蝼蚁何异而世又不与能死节者比特以为智穷罪极不能自免卒就死耳何也素所自树立使然人固又一死死有重于泰山或轻于鸿毛用之所趋异也太上不辱先其次不辱身其次不辱理色其次不辱辞令其次诎体受辱其次易服受辱其次关木索被锤受辱其次毛发婴金铁受辱其次毁肌肤断肢体受辱最下腐刑极矣传曰刑不上大夫此言士节不可不厉也猛虎处深山百兽震恐及其再牢槛之中摇尾而求食积威约之渐也故士有画地为牢势不入削木为吏议不对定计于鲜也今交手足受木索暴肌肤受榜垂幽于圜墙之中当此之时见狱吏则头枪地视徒隶则心惕息何者积威约之势也及已至此言不辱者所谓强颜耳曷足贵乎且西伯伯也拘牖里李斯相也具五刑淮阴王也受械于陈彭越张敖南向称孤系狱具罪绛侯诛诸吕权倾五伯囚于请室魏其大将也衣赭关三木季布为朱家钳奴灌夫受辱居室此人皆身至王侯将相声闻邻国及罪至罔加不能引决自财在尘埃之中古今一体安在其不辱也此言之勇怯势也强弱形也审矣曷足怪乎且人不能蚤自财绳墨之外已稍陵夷至于鞭垂之间乃欲引节斯不亦远乎古人所以重施行于大夫者殆为此也四，填空题1，普通话有（）个辅音声母，其中（）（）（）（）（）是浊音。