专业外文翻译封面
毕业论文英文封面
毕业论文英文封面Title: The Significance of an English Cover Page for Graduation Thesis Introduction:The completion of a graduation thesis is a significant milestone in a student's academic journey. Along with the content, formatting, and presentation, the cover page plays a crucial role in conveying the essence and professionalism of the research work. This article aims to discuss the importance and components of an English cover page for a graduation thesis, highlighting its role in presenting the research in a comprehensive and appealing manner.1. The Purpose of an English Cover Page:The cover page serves as the first impression of the graduation thesis. It sets the tone for the entire document and provides essential information about the research work. It not only grabs the reader's attention but also conveys the seriousness and professionalism of the study. Therefore, an English cover page is crucial to create a positive impact and engage the readers from the beginning.2. Components of an English Cover Page:a) Title: The title should be concise, clear, and reflective of the research topic. It should accurately represent the research question or main theme of the thesis.b) Author's Information: The cover page should include the author's name, academic institution, department, and the date of submission. This information provides credibility and establishes the author's affiliation with the academic institution.c) Supervisor's Information: Including the name and designation of the thesis supervisor adds value to the research and demonstrates the guidance received during the study.d) Abstract: A brief summary of the thesis should be included on the cover page. It should highlight the objectives, methodology, key findings, and conclusions of the research. The abstract should be concise yet informative to give readers a glimpse into the thesis.e) Keywords: Incorporating relevant keywords on the cover page helps in indexing and categorizing the thesis. These keywords make it easier for readers to locate the research in databases and academic platforms.3. Design and Formatting:a) Font and Size: The font style and size should be consistent with the formatting guidelines provided by the academic institution. Generally, a professional and easily readable font, such as Times New Roman or Arial, is preferred.b) Alignment and Spacing: The text on the cover page should be aligned centrally, and appropriate spacing should be maintained between the elements. This ensures a neat and organized appearance.c) Graphics and Images: While not mandatory, incorporating the academic institution's logo or relevant graphics can enhance the visual appeal of the cover page. However, it is important to ensure that the design does not overshadow the essential information.4. Language and Accuracy:a) Language: As the cover page is in English, it is crucial to use correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Proofreading the cover page is essential to avoid any errors that may undermine the professionalism of the research.b) Accuracy: The information provided on the cover page, such as the title, author's name, and supervisor's information, should be accurate and consistent with the content of the thesis. Any discrepancies can lead to confusion and impact the credibility of the research.Conclusion:In conclusion, an English cover page holds significant importance in presenting a graduation thesis effectively. It serves as a gateway to the research work, providing essential information and creating a positive impression. By incorporating the necessary components, adhering to formatting guidelines, and ensuring accuracy, the cover page contributes to the overall professionalism and appeal of the thesis. Therefore, students should give due attention to crafting an engaging and informative cover page to complement their research efforts.。
2、英文翻译封面格式范例
(3)英文原著若为纸质复印件或不可更改的pdf格式文件，则英文原著与中文翻译单独编制页码；除上述情况外，英文原著与中文翻译整体编制页码。
（4）建议在英文原著首页以页脚的形式注明英文原著的来源，如本页下题注所示，书写格式同正文中的参考文献格式要求。
英文翻译
题目:
Development of LCD Telephone Alarm System
专业班级:
2010电子信息工程01
学号:
XБайду номын сангаасX
姓名:
XXX
指导教师:
XXX教授
XXX高工(校外)
学院名称:
电气信息学院
201年月日
说明：(1)翻译内容的正文格式同毕业设计(论文)格式，也应该有“武汉工程大学毕业设计(论文)说明书”字样的页眉；
外文文献封面及要求
华北科技学院
2014 届本科毕业外文文献翻译及原文
文献题目: Consumer and Business Credit Management 文献作者：Robert Cole，Lon Mishler发表时间：2003.8.1 资料出处：图书馆外文期刊（或互联网网址等）
外文文献:第19 页至第26 页文献翻译：第1 页至第10 页学生姓名：张瑞峰学号：201004044304
院(部)：管理学院
专业：会计学班级：B10-3
指导教师：刘富国
2014年6月8日
此处是翻译好的中文，格式按照论文的正文来排。
正文的后面附上英文。
英文的要求如下：
1.可以是互联网资源，但是需要注明来源。
需要在这里注明来源。
具体哪个网址里的哪份资料。
2.可以是正式发表的论文，论文的格式可以是CAJ或者PDF，但是格式不要动，是什么样就是什么样。
哪怕有文章的出版日期也可以。
如果文章太长，翻译一部分也可以。
3.还可以是复印的资料。
比如学过的或者参考过的某本教材或者外文著作，需要复印从第几页到第几页的文稿，同时还要复印该书的封面和封底。
注：英文的字数要求是3000个单词。
但是英文的主题要和论文的主题高度相关。
另外，此份资料是单独成册的。
3-外文翻译模板格式及要求
杭州电子科技大学毕业论文外文文献翻译要求根据《普通高等学校本科毕业设计（论文）指导》的内容，特对外文文献翻译提出以下要求：一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但总字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，文献作者最好为国外的专家或学者；应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
并在每篇中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。
脚注的方法：插入----引用---脚注和尾注三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为：1.题目:采用小三号、黑体字、居中打印，段前段后1行间距；；2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字，行间距为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸。
英文原文如为word文档，请用罗马字体排版，段前空两格，段间距20磅。
页眉为“杭州电子科技大学本科毕业论文外文翻译”，5号宋体字从正文开始编写页码，页码居中。
四、封面格式由学校统一制作（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目），填充内容为加粗小三号楷体_GB2312，并按“封面、译文一、外文原文一、译文二、外文原文二、考核表”的顺序统一装订。
五、忌自行更改表格样式，学号请写完整。
封面和考核表均为一页纸张，勿换行换页。
注意：1.除了封面和考核表之外，外文翻译有页眉和页码。
2.外文翻译中各级标题统一为段前空两格；若标题无序号，也可按与原文一致的原则处理。
题目段前段后1行一级标题小四宋体加黑，段前段后0.5行其他各级标题段前空两格，小四宋体不加黑，其他与正文要求一致。
毕业论文外文文献翻译毕业设计（论文）题目Xxx（单击此处添加论文题目）翻译（1）题目指翻译后的第一篇中文译文的题目翻译（2）题目指翻译后的第二篇中文译文的题目若无，则本栏留空学院经贸学院专业国际经济与贸易（单击此处添加专业）姓名XXXXXX（单击此处添加姓名）班级XX020811（单击此处添加班级）学号XX023101（单击此处添加班级）指导教师XXXXXX（单击此处添加指导教师）单击此处添加翻译后的第一篇中文译文的题目1 [单击此处添加译文正文]一、单击此处添加一级标题1[单击此处添加译文正文]1.[单击此处添加译文正文]2.[单击此处添加译文正文]3.[单击此处添加译文正文]二、单击此处添加一级标题2[单击此处添加译文正文]1.[单击此处添加译文正文]2.[单击此处添加译文正文]3.[单击此处添加译文正文]三、单击此处添加一级标题3……………………………以下是模板的使用方法说明文字，正式成文后请删除。
外文文献原稿和译文模板
（空一行）原□□稿（空一行） IntroductionThe "jumping off" point for this paper is Reengineering the Corporation, by Michael Hammer and James Champy. The paper goes on to review the literature on BPR. It explores the principles and assumptions behind reengineering, looks for commonfactors behind its successes or failures, examines case studies, and presents alternatives to "classical" reengineering theory. The paper pays particular attention to the role of information technology in BPR. In conclusion, the paper offers somespecific recommendations regarding reengineering. Old Wine in New BottlesThe concept of reengineering traces its origins back to management theories developed as early as the nineteenth century. The purpose of reengineering is to "make all your processes the best-in-class." Frederick Taylor suggested in the 1880's that managers use process reengineering methods to discover the best processes for performing work, and that these processes be reengineered to optimize productivity. BPR echoes the classical belief that there is one best way to conduct tasks. In Taylor's time, technology did not allow large companies to design processes in across-functional or cross-departmental manner. Specialization was the state-of-theart method to improve efficiency given the technology of the time.（下略）正文内容：新罗马“TimesNewRoman ”字体，小四号字。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料及译文(模板
大连东软信息学院
毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文
系所：
专业：
班级：
姓名：
学号：
大连东软信息学院
Dalian Neusoft University of Information
外文资料和译文格式要求
一、装订要求
1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。
2、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印。
3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。
二、撰写要求
1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。
2、本科学生译文汉字字数不少于4000字，高职学生译文汉字字数不少于2000字。
三、格式要求
1、译文字号：中文小四号宋体，英文小四号“Times New Roman”字型，全文统一，首行缩进2个中文字符，1.5倍行距。
2、译文页码：页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页，字体采用“Times New Roman”字体，字号小五，页底居中。
3、译文页眉：眉体使用单线，页眉说明五号宋体，居中“大连东软信息学院本科毕业设计（论文）译文”。
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
-1-。
外文翻译模板
本科生毕业论文(设计)外文参考文献译文本译文题目出处：作者单位作者姓名专业班级作者学号指导教师（职称）年月译文要求一、译文内容须与课题（或专业内容）联系，并需在封面注明详细出处。
二、出处格式为图书：作者.书名.版本（第×版）.译者.出版地：出版者，出版年.起页～止页期刊：作者.文章名称.期刊名称，年号，卷号（期号）：起页～止页三、译文不少于2000汉字。
四、翻译内容用小四号宋体字编辑，采用A4号纸双面打印，封面与封底采用浅蓝色封面纸（卡纸）打印。
要求内容明确，语句通顺。
五、译文及其相应参考文献一起装订，顺序依次为封面、译文、文献。
六、翻译应在第七学期完成。
译文评阅导师评语应根据学校“译文要求”，对学生译文翻译的准确性、翻译数量以及译文的文字表述情况等做具体的评价后，再评分。
评分：___________________（百分制）指导教师（签名）：___________________年月日题 目（黑体3号, 字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman5号加粗，居中，段前3行，段后2行）1.前言（黑体小3号, 字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman 小3号加粗）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××× （宋体小4号，行间距固定1.5倍行距，字符间距为标准）2. ×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××，其×××××可表示如下：)2sin(101111path t f A E ϕϕπ++= (2-1） )2sin(202222path t f A E ϕϕπ++= (2-2）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××× (如表2-1所示)表2-1□××××××××××××××× ××× ××× ××× ××××× ×× ×× ×× ××××× ×× ×× ×× ××××× ×× ×× ×× ×××××××××××（表标题：位于表格上方，宋体5号，字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman 5号，表内容：宋体5号，字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman 5号）××××××××××××××××××××××××××× (如图2-1所示)图2-1□××××××××××（图标题：位于图下方，宋体5号，字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman 5号）............................陕西师范大学本科生毕业论文(设计)外文参考文献译文本参考文献原文(纸质版可打印附后，电子版可截图附后)。
外文翻译的格式要求
外文翻译的格式要求
一、封面
1、已填写的内容不要改动
2、外文出处只能填写著作名、教材名、英文论文题目、英语国家官
方网页网址、期刊名、报纸名。
中文网址禁止填写。
二、外文翻译文件排列顺序
首先是封面，然后是译文即中文，其次另起一页英文即原文，最后一页是外文资料翻译评价表（由指导教师填写）。
三、译文部分格式要求
1、题目为宋体四号居中加粗
2、正文内容为宋体小四，行间距为固定值18磅，其他数值为0
四、原文格式要求
字体为Times New Roman ,其他与原文相同。
自动化专业外文翻译----温度控制简介和PID控制器
毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系别：电气工程系专业：电气工程及其自动化班级：姓名：学号：外文出处：Specialized English For ArchitecturalElectric Engineering and Automation附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。
1、外文原文Introductions to temperature control and PID controllersProcess control system.Automatic process control is concerned with maintaining process variables temperatures pressures flows compositions, and the like at some desired operation value. Processes are dynamic in nature. Changes are always occurring, and if actions are nottaken, the important process variables-those related to safety, product quality, and production rates-will not achieve design conditions.In order to fix ideas, let us consider a heat exchanger in which a process stream is heated by condensing steam. The process is sketched in Fig.1Fig. 1 Heat exchangerThe purpose of this unit is to heat the process fluid from some inlet temperature, Ti(t), up to a certain desired outlet temperature, T(t). As mentioned, the heating medium is condensing steam.The energy gained by the process fluid is equal to the heat released by the steam, provided there are no heat losses to surroundings, iii that is, the heat exchanger andpiping are well insulated.In this process there are many variables that can change, causing the outlet temperature to deviate from its desired value. [21 If this happens, some action must be taken to correct for this deviation. That is, the objective is to control the outlet process temperature to maintain its desired value.One way to accomplish this objective is by first measuring the temperature T(t) , then comparing it to its desired value, and, based on this comparison, deciding what to do to correct for any deviation. The flow of steam can be used to correct for the deviation. This is, if the temperature is above its desired value, then the steam valve can be throttled back to cut the stearr flow (energy) to the heat exchanger. If the temperature is below its desired value, then the steam valve could be opened some more to increase the steam flow (energy) to the exchanger. All of these can be done manually by the operator, and since the procedure is fairly straightforward, it should present no problem. However, since in most process plants there are hundreds of variables that must be maintained at some desired value, this correction procedure would required a tremendous number of operators. Consequently, we would like to accomplish this control automatically. That is, we want to have instnnnents that control the variables wJtbom requ)ring intervention from the operator. (si This is what we mean by automatic process control.To accomplish ~his objective a control system must be designed and implemented.A possible control system and its basic components are shown in Fig.2.Fig. 2 Heat exchanger control loopThe first thing to do is to measure the outlet temperaVare of the process stream. A sensor (thermocouple, thermistors, etc) does this. This sensor is connected physically to a transmitter, which takes the output from the sensor and converts it to a signal strong enough to be transmitter to a controller. The controller then receives the signal, which is related to the temperature, and compares it with desired value. Depending on this comparison, the controller decides what to do to maintain the temperature at its desired value. Base on this decision, the controller then sends another signal to final control element, which in turn manipulates the steam flow.The preceding paragraph presents the four basic components of all control systems. They are(1) sensor, also often called the primary element.(2) transmitter, also called the secondary element.(3) controller, the "brain" of the control system.(4) final control system, often a control valve but not always. Other common final control elements are variable speed pumps, conveyors, and electric motors.The importance of these components is that they perform the three basic operations that must be present in every control system. These operations are(1) Measurement (M) : Measuring the variable to be controlled is usually done bythe combination of sensor and transmitter.(2) Decision (D): Based on the measurement, the controller must then decide what to do to maintain the variable at its desired value.(3) Action (A): As a result of the controller's decision, the system must then take an action. This is usually accomplished by the final control element.As mentioned, these three operations, M, D, and A, must be present in every control system.PID controllers can be stand-alone controllers (also called single loop controllers), controllers in PLCs, embedded controllers, or software in Visual Basic or C# computer programs.PID controllers are process controllers with the following characteristics:Continuous process controlAnalog input (also known as "measuremem" or "Process Variable" or "PV")Analog output (referred to simply as "output")Setpoint (SP)Proportional (P), Integral (I), and/or Derivative (D) constantsExamples of "continuous process control" are temperature, pressure, flow, and level control. For example, controlling the heating of a tank. For simple control, you have two temperature limit sensors (one low and one high) and then switch the heater on when the low temperature limit sensor tums on and then mm the heater off when the temperature rises to the high temperature limit sensor. This is similar to most home air conditioning & heating thermostats.In contrast, the PID controller would receive input as the actual temperature and control a valve that regulates the flow of gas to the heater. The PID controller automatically finds the correct (constant) flow of gas to the heater that keeps the temperature steady at the setpoint. Instead of the temperature bouncing back and forth between two points, the temperature is held steady. If the setpoint is lowered, then the PID controller automatically reduces the amount of gas flowing to the heater. If the setpoint is raised, then the PID controller automatically increases the amount of gas flowing to the heater. Likewise the PID controller would automatically for hot, sunnydays (when it is hotter outside the heater) and for cold, cloudy days.The analog input (measurement) is called the "process variable" or "PV". You want the PV to be a highly accurate indication of the process parameter you are trying to control. For example, if you want to maintain a temperature of + or -- one degree then we typically strive for at least ten times that or one-tenth of a degree. If the analog input is a 12 bit analog input and the temperature range for the sensor is 0 to 400 degrees then our "theoretical" accuracy is calculated to be 400 degrees divided by 4,096 (12 bits) =0.09765625 degrees. [~] We say "theoretical" because it would assume there was no noise and error in our temperature sensor, wiring, and analog converter. There are other assumptions such as linearity, etc.. The point being--with 1/10 of a degree "theoretical" accuracy--even with the usual amount of noise and other problems-- one degree of accuracy should easily be attainable.The analog output is often simply referred to as "output". Often this is given as 0~100 percent. In this heating example, it would mean the valve is totally closed (0%) or totally open (100%).The setpoint (SP) is simply--what process value do you want. In this example--what temperature do you want the process at?The PID controller's job is to maintain the output at a level so that there is no difference (error) between the process variable (PV) and the setpoint (SP).In Fig. 3, the valve could be controlling the gas going to a heater, the chilling of a cooler, the pressure in a pipe, the flow through a pipe, the level in a tank, or any other process control system. What the PID controller is looking at is the difference (or "error") between the PV and the SP.P，I，&DDifference error PID controlprocessvariableFig .3 PIDcontrolIt looks at the absolute error and the rate of change of error. Absolute error means--is there a big difference in the PV and SP or a little difference? Rate of change of error means--is the difference between the PV or SP getting smaller or larger as time goes on.When there is a "process upset", meaning, when the process variable or the setpoint quickly changes--the PID controller has to quickly change the output to get the process variable back equal to the setpoint. If you have a walk-in cooler with a PID controller and someone opens the door and walks in, the temperature (process variable) could rise very quickly. Therefore the PID controller has to increase the cooling (output) to compensate for this rise in temperature.Once the PID controller has the process variable equal to the setpoint, a good PID controller will not vary the output. You want the output to be very steady (not changing) . If the valve (motor, or other control element) is constantly changing, instead of maintaining a constant value, this could cause more wear on the control element.So there are these two contradictory goals. Fast response (fast change in output) when there is a "process upset", but slow response (steady output) when the PV is close to the setpoint.Note that the output often goes past (over shoots) the steady-state output to get the process back to the setpoint. For example, a cooler may normally have its cooling valve open 34% to maintain zero degrees (after the cooler has been closed up and the temperature settled down). If someone opens the cooler, walks in, walks around to find something, then walks back out, and then closes the cooler door--the PID controller is freaking out because the temperature may have raised 20 degrees! So it may crank the cooling valve open to 50, 75, or even 100 percent--to hurry up and cool the cooler back down--before slowly closing the cooling valve back down to 34 percent.Let's think about how to design a PID controller.We focus on the difference (error) between the process variable (PV) and the setpoint (SP). There are three ways we can view the error.The absolute errorThis means how big is the difference between the PV and SP. If there is a small difference between the PV and the SP--then let's make a small change in the output. If there is a large difference in the PV and SP--then let's make a large change in the output. Absolute error is the "proportional" (P) component of the PID controller.The sum of errors over timeGive us a minute and we will show why simply looking at the absolute error (proportional) only is a problem. The sum of errors over time is important and is called the "integral" (I) component of the PID controller. Every time we run the PID algorithm we add the latest error to the sum of errors. In other words Sum of Errors = Error 1 q- Error2 + Error3 + Error4 + ....The dead timeDead time refers to the delay between making a change in the output and seeing the change reflected in the PV. The classical example is getting your oven at the right temperature. When you first mm on the heat, it takes a while for the oven to "heat up". This is the dead time. If you set an initial temperature, wait for the oven to reach the initial temperature, and then you determine that you set the wrong temperature--then it will take a while for the oven to reach the new temperature setpoint. This is also referred to as the "derivative" (D) component of the PID controller. This holds some future changes back because the changes in the output have been made but are not reflected in the process variable yet.Absolute Error/ProportionalOne of the first ideas people usually have about designing an automatic process controller is what we call "proportional". Meaning, if the difference between the PV and SP is small--then let's make a small correction to the output. If the difference between the PV and SP is large-- then let's make a larger correction to the output. Thisidea certainly makes sense.We simulated a proportional only controller in Microsoft Excel. Fig.4 is the chart showing the results of the first simulation (DEADTIME = 0, proportional only): Proportional and Integral ControllersThe integral portion of the PID controller accounts for the offset problem in a proportional only controller. We have another Excel spreadsheet that simulates a PID controller with proportional and integral control. Here (Fig. 5) is a chart of the first simulation with proportional and integral (DEADTIME :0, proportional = 0.4).As you can tell, the PI controller is much better than just the P controller. However, dead time of zero (as shown in the graph) is not common.Fig .4 The simulation chartDerivative ControlDerivative control takes into consideration that if you change the output, then it takes tim for that change to be reflected in the input (PV).For example, let's take heating of the oven.Fig.5The simulation chartIf we start turning up the gas flow, it will take time for the heat to be produced, the heat to flow around the oven, and for the temperature sensor to detect the increased heat. Derivative control sort of "holds back" the PID controller because some increase in temperature will occur without needing to increase the output further. Setting the derivative constant correctly allows you to become more aggressive with the P & Iconstants.2、外文资料翻译译文温度控制简介和PID控制器过程控制系统自动过程控制系统是指将被控量为温度、压力、流量、成份等类型的过程变量保持在理想的运行值的系统。
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