精英教育Elite Education
美国精英高等教育研究
硕士学位论文美国精英高等教育研究论文作者：学科专业：指导教师： 培养单位：培养类别：完成时间：沈阳师范大学学位评定委员会单位代码： 10166姜凯 比较教育学 王凤玉教育科学学院 全日制 2014年05月18日美国精英高等教育研究中文摘要美国是当今世界上高等教育最发达的国家，其顶尖级大学的规模数量，引领全球的丰硕学术成果和遍布全球的精英人才塑造，使其当之无愧的成为世界精英高等教育的典范。
放眼世界，各国对精英人才的竞争空前激烈。
科学技术是第一生产力，人力资本是第一社会资本。
本论文由此立足于全球人才竞争的时代背景之下，以美国精英高等教育为研究对象，以多所顶尖级研究型大学为切入点，综合深入的挖掘美国精英高等教育的奥秘与走向，力图为我国未来高等教育的发展提供理论借鉴力量。
通过对大量国内外文献资料的梳理分析，形成丰富翔实的理论数据并揭示出美国精英高等教育的发展特点，在前人的研究成果上形成自己的研究体系。
本文使用文献法、因素分析法、个案研究法、比较法来综合阐述美国精英高等教育的外部环境与内部运行。
论文共分为五部分，第一部分引言包含国内外研究现状综述，概念界定等。
第二部分介绍美国精英高等教育的历史演变，总结出不同时期精英高等教育的侧重点与递进关系。
第三部分深入到学校教育各个子系统中，从培养目标、课程特色、教学活动、师资队伍、学生选拔、经费支持六大方面逐一展现美国精英高等教育的实施，并以顶尖研究型大学为实例穿插其中，形成统一又详实的理论依据。
第四部分对美国精英高等教育的发展现状做总结分析，提炼出美国精英高等教育的大学观、使命观与发展观。
第五部分是对我国高等教育的启示，希望通过对美国精英高等教育的研究，为我国现阶段打造世界一流大学提供理论借鉴。
论文提出政府需从宏观层面积极发挥政策引导作用，给予精英高等教育最有力的政策支持，同时赋予高校更多的学术自治权，创造学术自由的内部环境；高校自身应结合比较优势走特色发展道路，深入挖掘强势专业领域的研究；最后呼吁广大莘莘学子重塑精英精神，实现自身卓越价值，为中华之崛起而读书。
埃及的社会结构和支付方式
埃及的社会结构和支付方式，讲述了埃及社会的话题英语听力原文：Egyptian society had a strictly organized class structure. The majority of people consisted of farmers and craftsmen who were led by the land-owning elite of officials and priests.埃及社会有一套严格组织起来的社会等级结构。
大部分人都是农民和工匠，他们由拥有土地的官员和牧师所组成的精英阶级所领导。
Everyone belonged to a group and worked in a team, usually in huge workshops, or "Storehouses", which were controlled by the king and the temples.每个人都隶属于一个群体，在团队里面劳作，工作常常是在国王和神殿掌控下的大型的作坊里，或叫做“储藏所”。
The organization of society was based on the master-servant principle: just as the king was the servant of the gods and was himself the master of his people, so was every Egyptian the master of one and the servant of another. At the top of this social ladder were the high officials, the intellectuals or "Scribes", and on the lowest rungs were those who did the simple but heavy work, such as kitchen staff and farm laborers. The heaviest work was done by prisoners-of-war and criminals.整个社会的组织结构是建立在主仆原则上的：正如国王是诸神的仆人同时又是他的臣民的主人，每个埃及人都同时是一个人的主人又是另一个人的仆人。
事实英语
解放：liberation; before liberation= before 1949新中国：西方称为：Communist China; Red China抗美援朝：war against US aggression, aiding Korea(1959-1953) 最可爱的人：the most amiable people人民子弟兵：people’s army好好学习，天天向上：study hard and move forward every day 粮票：food coupon统一定价：uniform pricing system议价粮：food that’s outside the quota system, which has a higher price大跃进：great leap forward浮夸风：boasting, exaggerating放卫星：literally: launch a satellite, meaning extremely high production人有多大胆，地有多大产：the more we dare, the more the land will yield爱人：spouse 对象：partner 搞对象：be in a relationship; dating 男朋友：boyfriend 女朋友：girlfriend老婆、老公：honey少先队员：young pioneer小队长、中队长、大队长：small, medium and large detachment少先队辅导员：coach准备着，为共产主义事业而奋斗：Be prepared to struggle for the Communist cause!时刻准备着：Always be prepared!为人民服务：serve the people亚伯拉罕.林肯1863年著名的葛底斯堡演说中：That government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth.家庭成分和个人成分：family standing and individual standing 干部：cadre: state organization heads群众：mass: the general populace; general office workers祖国的花朵：flowers of the motherland茁壮成长：grow up healthy and strong让我们荡起双桨：Let Us Row Two Oars1960s毛主席语录：quotations from Chairman Mao学雷锋：learn from Lei Feng好撒玛利亚人：Good Samaritan以…为纲：based on…以人为本：people-oriented; putting people foremost毛主席万岁：Long live Chairman Mao向你高呼万岁：Hail to you!上纲上线：turn a minor problem into a matter of principle无事生非：making trouble out of nothing被人抓住了把柄：be caught by tripping红卫兵：red guards大字报：wall posters using large Chinese characters as a means of protest or propaganda大串联：red guards took public transportation for free across the country to exchange revolutionary ideas又红又专：both communist and professional根正苗红：someone from a revolutionary background and educated in accordance with Communist principles造反有理：rebelling is justified造反派：rebel积极分子：activist1970s知青：educated youth村官：student village officials恢复高考：reinstituted college entrance examination一考定终生：life-deciding exam高考移民：exam migrant走后门：pull strings拉关系：make social connections to gain favors四人帮：Gang of Four 由江青、张春桥、王洪文和姚文元四人组成的反革命集团轧马路：romantic stroll一颗红心，两个准备：one loyal mind, two plans做两手准备：have two strings to one’s bow; have a plan B吃了吗：Have you eaten yet?大团结：great unity: the 10-yuan note issued in 1965 and lasting until 2000中国通：an old China hand友谊第一，比赛第二：friendship first, competition second乒乓外交：ping-pong diplomacy篮球外交：hoop diplomacy1980s铁饭碗：iron rice bowl; the secure job; a safe/reliable/stable job 三好学生：all-round good student倒爷：profiteering官倒：official profiteering万元户：10,000-yuan household暴发户：fat cat大款：tycoon下海：going into business第二职业：second career开放搞活：open up and be flexible解放思想：emancipate the mind闭关自守政策：closed-door policy通俗歌曲：pop songs流行文化：popular culture通俗易懂：familiar expression学好数理化，走遍天下都不怕：master math, physics and chemistry, and you needn’t fear anything in the world文科生：liberal arts students理科生：science students偏科：an unbalanced mixture of subjects待业青年：youth waiting for jobs待业：between jobs; take a gap year独生子女：only child计划生育：family planning policy独生子女家庭：one-child family1990s扩招：increasing college enrollments精英教育：elite education大众教育：mass education愤青：angry youth文青：literary and artistic youth炒股：speculate in stocks下岗职工：laid-off workers再就业：re-employed; find a new job创业：start up their own business包二奶：keeping a mistress包二奶的男人：sugar daddy傍大款：find a sugar daddy包养：pay for a mistress被包养：financially dependent on a man who’s having an affair with her中国特色：Chinese characteristics一国两制：one country, two systems特别行政区：Special Administrative Region香港、澳门回归：Hong Kong/ Macao returned to the motherland 大腕儿：big shot; Mr. Big; top notch; VIP; A-list people北漂：Beijing drifter未扎根：not settle down缺少归属感：without a sense of belonging体制内：inside the system体制内的人的单位：work unit2000s不折腾：don’t make a fuss over nothing不懈怠：don’t relent不动摇：don’t waver山寨：copycatting非主流文化：non-mainstream culture草根阶层：grass-root level恶搞：parody创新：innovation文化剽窃：culture piracy粉丝：fans追星族：star chaser非典：SARS: the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; a lung disease海归：overseas returnee海带：kelp 海待（海归待业）和谐社会：harmonious society 和谐：to harmonize小康：well-off入世：entry into the WTO与国际接轨：be geared to international standards;Come in line with international practices鸡肋工作：unworthy job豆腐渣工程：slack project。
精英教育英文作文
精英教育英文作文英文，Elite education has been a subject of much debate in recent years. On one hand, it's argued that such education provides unparalleled opportunities for students to excel and become leaders in their fields. On the other hand, critics argue that it perpetuates inequality and creates a sense of elitism that is detrimental to society as a whole.In my view, elite education can indeed offersignificant advantages to those who have access to it. For example, attending a prestigious university opens doors to a vast network of alumni and resources that can greatly benefit one's career. This network can provide access to internships, job opportunities, and mentorship programsthat may not be available elsewhere. Moreover, the rigorous academic environment of elite institutions can challenge students to reach their full potential and develop critical thinking skills that are essential for success in the modern world.However, it's important to acknowledge the drawbacks of elite education as well. One major concern is the issue of accessibility. Elite institutions often have high tuition fees and stringent admissions criteria, making them inaccessible to many talented individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds. This perpetuates a cycle of privilege, where those who are already privileged have access to even more opportunities, while others are left behind. Additionally, the culture of elitism that canprevail in these institutions may foster a sense of entitlement among students, leading to a lack of empathyand social responsibility.中文，精英教育近年来一直备受争议。
研究生英语读写译教程 Unit 4答案, Book 2
Key to Unit 4, Book 2Text AChinese Translation精英教育的劣势威廉·德莱塞维茨1 我到了三十五岁时才突然意识到我的教育可能存在一些漏洞。
我刚刚买了房子，需要安装水管，请来的水管工就站在我的厨房里。
他个子矮小，留着山羊胡，说话带着很重的波士顿口音，我忽然发现我压根儿就不知道该如何和这样一个人交谈。
在我看来，他的经历如此陌生，他的价值观如此难以推测，他的语言怪异难懂，在他开始干活之前，我都没有办法和他闲聊几句。
我曾接受过十四年的高等教育，拥有好几所常青藤名校的学位，可以用好几种语言和其他国家的人侃侃而谈，却无法和这个站在我家里的人聊天。
2 过了这么长时间我才发现我所接受的教育的错误程度，这并不让人吃惊，因为精英教育绝不可能让你认识到它自身的不足。
正如在耶鲁和哥伦比亚大学二十多年的经验告诉我，名牌学校不遗余力地蛊惑学生为能到这些地方上学而自豪，不断地夸耀名牌大学经历能给他们带来的好处。
精英教育的优势当然是不可不论的。
至少某些方式上，你学会思考，并建立一些必要的人际关系，从而为日后能拥有让世人珍视羡慕的生活打下基础。
如果认为它创造了一些机会，却取消了其他机会，培养了一些能力，却削弱了其他能力，这种情况不仅是大逆不道的，而且是不可思议的。
3 正如我那天在厨房里所认识到的，精英教育的第一个劣势是它让你无法和与你不同的人交流。
精英大学常常夸耀其多元化，但这种多元化几乎总局限于民族和种族的范畴。
在阶级方面，这些学校基本上越来越趋同化。
如果你去拜访我们这个伟大的国家的任何一所精英大学，你会惊讶地发现白人商贾名流和专业人士的子女和黑人、亚裔、拉丁美洲裔的商贾名流和专业人士的子女一起学习和玩耍的温馨美妙的场景。
与此同时，因为这些学校倾向于培养自由开放的态度，所以让学生们陷入矛盾的困境，他们愿意为劳动阶层代言，却无法与来自这个阶层的人民进行简单的交流。
让我们回顾一下上次民主党的两位总统提名候选人戈尔和克里吧：他们一个来自哈佛，一个来自耶鲁，两人都很真诚、体面、富有智慧，但他们都根本无法和广大的选民们沟通。
Unit 4 Globalization 词汇介绍
entitled [ in'taitld ]
adj. 有资格的；给与名称的 誉（entitle的过去分词） v. 给…权利；给…定书名；授…以荣
Entitle vt. 称做…；定名为…；给…称号；使…有权利 例句：That, in turn, can sometimes entitle them to, say, a free coffee or pizza. 词根： entitle n. entitlement 权利；津贴 vt. entitle 称做…；定名为…；给…称号；使…有权利
a handful of
一把；少量的；一小部分
例句：Only a handful of Americans -- or any Westerners, for that matter -- have been allowed to go there.
辨析： fewness , the minority , a handful of Fewness n. 少数 n. the quality of being small in number 例句：However, all-around research in area of relevant methods and theory is fewness . the minority n. 少数 例句：Yes, there are some exceptions to this rule, but they are in the minority.
Asset
英 ['æ set]
美 ['æ sɛt]
n. 资产；优点；有用的东西；有利条件；财产；有价值的人或物 n. （法）阿塞（人名） 近义词：n. [经]资产；优点；有用的东西；有利条件 substance , virtue, advantage, finances 辨析： substance n. 物质；实质；资产；主旨 Virtue n. 美德；优点；贞操；功效 Advantage n. 优势；利益；有利条件 Finances n. 资产；财源
耶鲁大学教授写的：精英教育的劣势 The disadvantages of elite education (中英文齐备)(转)
耶鲁大学教授写的：精英教育的劣势The disadvantages of elite education （中英文齐备)(转）我到了三十五岁时才突然认识到我的教育可能存在一些漏洞。
It didn’t dawn on me that there might be a few holes in my education until I was about 35.我刚刚买了房子，需要安装水管，请来的管子工就站在我的厨房。
I’d just bought a house, the pipes needed fixing, and the plumber was standing in my kitchen他个子矮小、结实健壮，留着山羊胡，戴一顶红色棒球帽，说话操着浓浓的波士顿口音，我突然意识到根本就不知道该如何给人家讲话。
There he was, a short, beefy guy with a goatee and a Red Sox cap and a thick Boston accent, and I suddenly learned that I didn’t have the slightest idea what to say to someone like him.在我看来，他的经历是如此陌生，他的价值观是如此难以预测，他的语言怪异难懂，在他开始干活前，连和他闲聊几句都不可能。
So alien was his experience to me, so unguessable his values, so mysterious his very language, that I couldn’t succeed in engaging him in a few minutes of small talk before he got down to work.我十四年的大学教育和在几所常春藤大学工作的经历使得我傻乎乎站在那里，笨拙不堪，尴尬不已。
CET-6作文
CET-6作⽂六级作⽂⽬录 (18篇)1.在快节奏的现代社会⾥，认为详细的计划没有必要On The Importance of Detailed Plan2.情绪⽂盲是指没有能⼒表达和控制⾃⼰的情绪，应扫除情绪⽂盲How to Eliminate Emotional Illiteracy?3.有⼈提议终⽌⽂理分科Should Science and Arts Be Divided?4.有⼈提议对不⽂明⾏为进⾏实名曝光Should Uncivilized Behaviors Be Exposed in Real Name?5.⼤都市的精彩⽣活，⼩城市的⽣活更舒适。
Metropolis or Small Town6.⼤学⽣很少利⽤图书馆各种资源，信息检索能⼒有待提⾼On Student’s Information Retrieval Skills7.礼品回收产业⼗分兴盛 My View on Gift-recycling Business8.⽹络诈骗现象 Internet Fraud9.⼤学⽣独⾃做决定Should College Students Make Decisions Alone?10.校车事故频发How to Put an End to the School Bus Accidents?11. 我的育⼉观My View on Parenting with Sticks12.保护⾃然资源⼗分重要What Can We Do to Save Natural Resources?13.限娱令My View on Cutback on TV Entertainment？14.⼤众教育⽐精英教育重要Mass Education and Elite Education15.学⽣习惯晚上熬夜 How to Avoid Staying up Too Late?16.⽹络搜索引擎寻找答案 Dependency on Online Search Engine17.低碳⽣活⽅式成为⼈们关注的焦点 My View on Low-Carbon Lifestyle18.⼤学⽣毕业⽣就业考虑许多因素On Job-Hunting Priorities1.在快节奏的现代社会⾥，认为详细的计划没有必要On The Importance of Detailed Plan In the fast-tempo modern society, some people hold no brief for detailed plan. In the first place, to make with every single detail is a waste of time that is supposed to be spent on action. In the second place, the very detail of a plan may be of no worth if something unexpected happens, just as the old saying goes:“Plans can not keep up with changes.”In contrast to the above opinions, some other people believe that it is necessary to make detailed plan in advance. For one thing, detailed plan can help people set specific goals and thus fulfill the plan step by step. For another thing, detailed plan can significantly reduce mistakes and ensure the success in the implement of the plan.To my way of thinking, detailed plan functions as a guiding light illuminate our way to success. Nevertheless, in case of circumstance change, the plan should be changed at the same time.2.情绪⽂盲是指没有能⼒表达和控制⾃⼰的情绪，应扫除情绪⽂盲How to Eliminate Emotional Illiteracy?The phrase“emotional illiteracy”literally refers to the lack of ability to express or control one’s own emotion properly. Emotional illiterates may suffer from solitude and failure due to excess negative emotion, which makes it necessary to eliminate emotional illiteracy.To help students control their emotion, schools can take the following measures. First of all, considering that emotion is bound up with psychology, schools should lighten the burden on students in order to alleviate their psychological pressure. Moreover, schools should provide students with more opportunities to express themselves inside and outside the classroom. Last but not least, courses on emotion regulation are supposed to be introduced to students.As college students, we should make efforts not to be under the control of emotion. To begin with, we should strengthen our communication with other, having a heart-to-heart talk with our family or friends. What’s more, we should cultivate positive emotion that can not only contribute to our success, but also contribute to our wellbeing. At last, we should live a fulfilling life in the university, which can keep us in good mood.3.有⼈提议终⽌⽂理分科Should Science and Arts Be Divided?Recently, it is proposed that the division between science and arts be terminated, resulting in a hot topic as to whether science and arts should be divided or not. Some people put their feet down the division for the following reasons. First, if students learn courses in the two fields, they can soak up the essence of both, constructing a comprehensive system of knowledge. Second, it also benefits students when they are admitted to universities since there are a wide range of majors for them to choose from.On the contrary, some other people believe that it is better to divide science from arts. To begin with, the division can release the students from overloaded schoolwork, which is the theme of our educational reform. Moreover, students who go overboard about one of the two fields can keep on top of what they prefer. Personally speaking, I would like to learn both science and arts at the same time because it can broaden our minds. However, it is no doubt that the burdens on students should be alleviated.4.有⼈提议对不⽂明⾏为进⾏实名曝光Should Uncivilized Behaviors Be Exposed in Real Name?To put an end to uncivilized behaviors, some people propose that uncivilized behaviors be exposed in real name and the reasons are set forth as follows. First, afraid of being exposed, people may raise their self-consciousness and behave themselves. Furthermore, uncivilized behaviors will be placed under supervision, that is, more people will keep eyes on uncivilized behaviors and thus prevent them from happening effectively.On the contrary, some other people go against such proposal. To start with, the exposed may be vulnerable to criticism and doubt from the public and their friends, which may influence their normal life. In addition, it is infeasible to a great extent since few uncivilized behaviors can be found on the scene and the name is not easily gained.As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter point of view. Uncivilized behaviors should be restrained with moral standards instead of laws and regulations, and people are supposed to mind their behaviors consciously. Only in this way can uncivilized behaviors be removed undamentally.5.⼤都市的精彩⽣活，⼩城市的⽣活更舒适。
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LOGO
They warn themselves that they have to be prepared in all aspects, have to enjoy so much more ,eat much more, see much wider than ordinary people, that's because they are afraid that they will expose their authentic identity for not knowing the rules . At the same time ,they will draw the line between the ordinary people(in their eyes) and them. Little by little , the elites can’t communicate with different people.
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Now, there are disadvantages as to elite education(以下简称EE).
In my opinion ,the reason why it has
disadvantages is that there are two errors
education ,while elite education emphasize the ability of research. It is impossible for most people to receive this kind of education , it can only be
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Disadvantages of Elite Education
Contents
1 2 3 4
The definition of elite education Two errors of understanding EE Not the pursuit of materials
Not equal to the sense of privilege
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Elite educaton is not the pursuit of materials
Elite consciousness firstly concludes social responsibility, humanities, scientific quality ,
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The definition of elite education
Elite education ,recognized standards of higher education: school-age population enrollment rate(适龄人口入学率) which is less than 15% is called elite education , while the enrollment rate between 15% and
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The elite consciousness is not equal to the sense of privilege（特权意识）
In traditional Chinese society ,elite education is confined by Confucian culture（儒家文化） and imperial rules（皇权统治）. Only by passing the Imperial Examination(科举考试) can Civil elites enter into the upper society. Looking forward to subsequent being successful in his official career（飞黄腾达）， Would-be elites（准精英们）can‘t avoid looking at themselves with new eyes(刮目相 看).
selected again and again, and finally only a
small part of the persons can be admitted.Also ,a lot of unfair factors will be
throughout the whole process.
45% is called public education （大众教育）.
wwHale Waihona Puke
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Public education& elite education
Public education ,or called universal
education（普及教育）, emphasize liberal
and then is followed by the cultivation of
personality and temperament(气质). However, our universities is putting the cart before the horse(本末倒置) .
in the understanding of elite education.
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Elite educaton is not the pursuit of materials
If only from the surfical demeanor and life style ,EE will be regarded as the pursuit of material fashion and trendency .In fact, the elite cultivation is not a matter of elite skills development.