Frequent comment by critics of The Design of Everyday Things.
GMAT(教学部+)长难句
申友国际教育（教学部）复合句1.In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners,companies,and countries,employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy,and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.2.None of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized,and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized.3.New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related,the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes.4.Joseph Glarthaar’s Forged in Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War,but it uses more soldiers’letters and diaries—including rare material from Black soldiers—and concentrates more intensely on Black-White relations in Black regiments than do any of its predecessors.5.Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment,and of how historical evidence could undermine the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities.6.The mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently.7.Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.8.Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics,since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the"poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.9.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States,but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,"can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.10.Although I dedicate this volume to her and to her best friend,fellow club woman and retired primary school teacher Virtea Downey,I still blush at the fact that I went to graduate school to become a historian in order to contribute to the Black Struggle for social justice and yet met her request to write a history of Black women in Indiana with condescension.11.Their primary action took place at night on rain-swept city streets,in narrow ash-can alleys,in claustrophobic diners,and in dingy,shadowy hotel rooms with neon signs flashing outside the windows,rooms in which,as hard-boiled author Nelson Algren once put it,“every bed you rent makes you an accessory to somebody else’s shady past.”12.Toward the end of the afternoon,we followed what seemed to be a large movement of chimpanzees into one great open room in the forest,relatively clear except for columns of but trees.13.Our one great accomplishment is language,but our great hope is the internal compass that may enable us to guide ourselves and our technological powers into the future:our glowing capacity for valuing our own kind and for at least some empathy beyond our kind.14.Bringing this voice to life via the book is one of the subtler aspects of the reading magic,but hearing a book in the voice of another amounts to a silencing of that self—it is an act of vocal tyranny.15.The Whigs were strongest in the towns,cities,and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy,whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.16.People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime—are likely to act aggressively,whereas people who believe that a particular War or act of aggression is unjust,who think that aggression is never justified,are less likely to behave aggressively.17.Jazz became the hottest new thing in dance music,much as ragtime had at the turn of the century,and as would rhythm and blues in the forties,rock in the fifties,and disco in the seventies.18.when it comes to substantive--particularly behavioral-information,crows are less well known than many comparably common species and,for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones:the endangered California condor,to cite one obvious example.19.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra,and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.20.Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks,but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.21.During the1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible light microscope,while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement.申友国际教育（教学部）复杂句1.Early textile-mill entrepreneurs,in justifying women’s employment in wage labor,made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores;the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women.2.Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed more than two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granite-like bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth.3.The new tax law allowed corporations to deduct the cost of the product donated plus half the difference between cost and fair market selling price,with the proviso that deductions cannot exceed twice cost.4.These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group,certain other bacteria,the archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria,represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.5.Historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women,even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions.6.Argument pointing out the extend of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common ancestor before bacteria arose.7.Paul confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolution published in1776.8.This revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation grew in Part from the research that Woodward had done for the NAACP legal campaign during its preparation for Brown v.Board of Education.9.Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines,thereby eliminating the need to store the spare stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.10.Merchants chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices,including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs.11.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.12.That each large film will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized vacates of free market economic theories.13.The historian Frederick J.Turner wrote in the1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is,the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.14.With the conclusion of a burst activity,the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids,leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted,via oxidative metabolism,by the liver into glucose,which is then sent in part back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.15.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent,he shows that the slaves’preference,revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent,was very much for stable monogamy.16.Such variations in size,shape,chemistry,conduction speed,excitation threshold,and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.17.what are we to make of this sputtering debate,in which charges of imperialism are met by equally passionate accusations of vandalism,in which each side hates the other,and yet each seems to have its share of reason?18.This preference for exogamy,Daivd suggests,may have derived from West African rules governing marriage,which,though they differed from one tribal group to another,all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.19.It is incomprehensible that a way cannot be found to protect a mere60 square miles of land that are home to one of the world’s most spectacular biological phenomena.20.Paul argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore,music,and religious expression from one generation to another,a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.21.The well-lit,singing and tap-dancing,happy-ending world of the1930’s had in ten short years become a hostile,orderless place in which alienation, obsession,and paranoia ruled.22.American humor,neither unfathomably absurd like the Irish,nor sharp and sensible and full of the realities of life like the Scottish,is simply the humor of imagination.23.The costume served as a stand-in for herself,a second skin never totally assimilated to the person hidden under it but so integral to her that even when it was taken off,it retained something of the wearer's being.24.The one word that sums up the attitude of the silent filmmaker is enthusiasm, conveyed most strongly before formulas took shape and when there was more room for experiments.25.The recording industry is unalterably convinced that the easy availability of freely downloadable commercial songs will bring about the apocalypse,and yet since downloadable music began flooding the Net,CD sales have risen by20 percent.26.Flying against the azure sky and past the green boughs of the oyamels,this myriad of dancing embers reinforced my earlier conclusion that this spectacle is a treasure comparable to the finest works of art that our world culture has produced over the past4000years.27.The tension between race pride and identification with the nation as a whole was nowhere more dramatic than in the most controversial editorial ever printed in Crisis,"Close Ranks,"which in July1918called on Black Americans to "forget our special grievances and cloy our ranks"with the White people "fighting for democracy"during the First World War.28.Perhaps the most devastating single criticism of the authenticity of the museum design has been that excavation of the original villa site has been so incomplete that there is insufficient knowledge available even to attempt a legitimate re-creation.29.What did amaze me about the potato-size rock that fell from Mars was that it had traveled millions of miles across space to land here,blasted from world to world by a planetary collision of the sort that purportedly killed off our dinosaurs,and had lain waiting for millennia upon an Antarctic ice field,until an observant young woman traveling in an expedition party picked it up, because she figured that it had come from another world.30.Except for these few dubious addresses,each little plot in our development was landscaped like a miniature estate;the puniest“expanse”of unhedged lawn was made to look like a public park.31.Scent for many of us can be only a theoretical,technical expression that we use because our grammar requires that we have a noun to go in the sentences we are prompted to utter about animals'tracking.32.The concept of two warring souls within the body of the Black American was as meaningful for Du Bois at the end of his years as editor of Crisis,the official journal of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP),as when he had first used the image at the start of the century.33.They like a play when they become interested in the human destinies that are represented,when the love and hatred,the joys and sorrows of the dramatic personages so move them that they participate in it all as though it were happening in real life.34.To mention just one example,no one has yet succeeded in putting before us even a single viewer who was incapable of telling the difference between a family quarrel in the current soap opera and one at his or her family's breakfast table.35.Claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.36.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically,the materials by no means determine what is done.37.The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North,though less spectacularly.38.In the seventeenth century the organ,the clavichord,and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group,a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.39.As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health,it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy.40.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.41.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century,including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it,the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality,finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound,from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.42.These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history,providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented.43.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface,the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans,in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.44.The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.45.The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask,for example,why a people chooses to use clay and not copper when both items are available.46.What we today call American folk art was,indeed,art of,by,and for ordinary,everyday“folks”who,with increasing prosperity and leisure,created a market for art of all kinds,and especially for portraits.47.Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy,desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height,and temperatures as high as46degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles.48.A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals,vegetation,or materials adversely.49.Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canopy of branches,a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of almost everything else.50.In taking up a new life across the Atlantic,the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life.申友国际教育（教学部）省略句1.While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other self-serving motives,this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments.2.The consumption of protein increases blood concentration of the other amino acids much more,proportionately,than it does that of tryptophan.3.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.4.Although some experiments show that,as an object becomes familiar,its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel,the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis,at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.5.However,as they gained cohesion,the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres,who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.6.Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.7.Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of1.4M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.8.An impact(on the Mars)capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon,in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth.9.In experiments,an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs,but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs.10.The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature,of course,does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.申友国际教育（教学部）倒装句1.More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry.2.Emancipation has been less profound than expected,for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.3.So desperate is the situation that the Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources has recognized the monarch migration as an endangered biological phenomenon and has designated it the first priority in their effort to conserve the butterflies of the world.4.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the20years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth.5.Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate,or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.6.Had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils,they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.7.Most important,perhaps,was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist,Thomas Cole,who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.8.Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate,lay eggs,and rear their young are common murres,Atlantic puffins,black-legged kittiwakes,and northern gannets.9.Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits.10.Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals,sometimes easily recognizable as such,often distorted into gorgeous,weird,but always functional shapes.11.With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it,young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.12.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before1927as “silent”,the film has never been,in the full sense of the word,silent.13.Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity,the number of species in a particular ecosystem,to the health of the Earth and human well-being.14.Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well:that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony.15.Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them.Nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.16.Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration,from town and farm to city,within the United States.17.Here in lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.18.Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle,but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.19.One such novel idea is that of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’natural constitution:specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes,if they can be identified and isolated,that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria.Hence,the intensified research on legumes.20.Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s10”neurons should occupy,let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.。
2024届高考英语复习备考：高考英语核心词汇清单(涵盖近十年试题高频词汇)
高考英语复习备考：高考英语核心词汇（涵盖近十年试题高频词汇）高考英语核心词汇A部分1. acknowledge 承认，感谢51. ashamed 害羞的2. ambition 抱负，野心52. adjust 调整3. apologize 道歉53. attack 攻击4. actively 积极地，主动地54. attract 吸引5. academic 学术的55. abandon 放弃6. appropriate 合理的56. affection 感情57. aggressive 有7. adopt 收养，采取侵略性的58. authentically确8. accustomed 习惯的实地，真正地59. attend 参加，照9. accumulate 积累料10. absorb吸收，消化60. adult 成年人61. annoying 令人11. absence 缺席恼怒的62. application 申12. actually 事实上请，应用程序63. artificial 人13. awful 糟糕的造的14. awkward 令人尴尬的，难对付的，笨拙的64. appearance 出65. approach 接近；途15. accommodation 住所径，方法66. available 可得16. attractive 有吸引力的到的，可利用的67. athletic 运动17. avoid避免的，运动员的18. apply申请，应用68. accompany 陪伴19. abstract抽象的69. acquire 获得70. adapt 适应，改20. abundant充足的编71. acceptable 可21. anxiety焦虑接受的22. anxious焦虑的72. annual 每年的73. approve 批准，23. accessible可接近的，可达到的同意24. almost几乎，差不多74. arrest 逮捕75. astonishmen25. attention 注意t 惊讶76. afford 支付得26. attraction吸引起27. appointment约定77. affair 事情28. accurately精确地78. amused 愉快的，29. admirable令人尊敬的79. audience 观众30. alarm警告80. admire 钦佩81. appreciate 欣31. automatically自动的赏，感激，意识到32. adjust调整、以适应82. apartment 公寓83. atmosphere 气33. astonished惊讶的氛34. abuse滥用，妄用84. assume 假设35. ability 能力85. adventure 冒险86. accidentall36. acceptable 接受的y 意外地，偶然地87. absolutely 绝37. accelerate加快，增速对地38. awareness 察觉，意识，注意88. average 平均的39. afford承担得起89. attempt 试图90. advocate 提倡，40. affect影响拥护41. access 通道入口接通91. attend to 专注92. anxiously 焦虑42. allocate分配分派的43. alternatively代替的，可供选择的（两者93. attach 粘贴选一，要不然）94. amusingly 有趣44. absolutely当然，明显地地45. admit承认95. assist 帮助46. addict 使沉醉，入迷的，上瘾的96. attempt 尝试97. acquaint 认识；熟47. apparently 显而易见的悉48. analyse 分析98. affect 影响99. attentive 注意49. appeal 呼吁，吸引的，周到的50. arrange 安排B 部分11. briefly简短地，1. bright 明亮的简而言之2. badly糟糕地12. benefit有利的13. block 街区阻3. beneficial 有益的碍妨碍4. bravery 勇敢14. burden 负担5. basically 基本的15. bring about造成16. be aware of 意6. be filled with 充满识到17. be fond of 喜7. be pleased with 对.....感到满意欢18. be worthy o8. be equipped with 配备有......f 值得19. brilliant 杰出9. betray 背叛的，才华横溢的10. break in 闯进，打断20. budget 预算C部分1. consequently 因此，所以46. competition竞争47. completely 完2. occasion 场合全地3. consume 消费，消耗48. career事业4. command 命令49. check 检查50. conclusion 结5. cultivate 培养论51. competent 有能6. complexity 复杂力的52. creative 有创7. contribution 贡献造力的53. classificatio 8. catch up with 追赶上n 分类54. cultural 文化9. come up with 想出的55. certainly 肯定10. consult 咨询地，当然11. curious 好奇的56. contract 合同12. congratulate 祝贺57. cruel 残忍的58. comfortable 舒13. challenge 挑战服的，舒适的59. complicated 复14. convince 使确信，说服杂的15. confuse 使迷惑，使混淆60. control控制16. clumsy 笨拙的61. compromise妥协62. common共同的，普17. constant 连续的遍的18. concern 关心，担心63. conclude总结19. confirm 证实；批准64. copy拷贝65. consequent作为20. considerable 相当多的，可观的结果的，随之发生的66. contemporary当21. characteristic 特征，特性代的67. consistent一致22. concentrate 集中的，符合的23. comment 评论68. clarify分类69. character性格，24. contain 包含角色70. carelessly粗心25. cause 原因地26. casual随意的71. cheat欺骗72. conduct引导，管27. convenient方便的理73. conscious注意到28. controversially 争议的的，蓄意的29. comfort 安逸的，舒适，安慰74. courage勇气75. corrupt堕落的，30. certain 某一个，确定的腐败的31. consequence结果76. overcome克服77. compulsory强制32. coincidence巧合的，必须的33. critics 批评78. curiosity好奇心79. convincing肯定34. charge 掌管，收费，控诉的80. correctly 正确35. conclude 总结地36. commit 犯罪81. conflict 冲突37. conventional 传统的82. concept 概念83. crash 撞碎，坠38. complain 抱怨毁84. countless 数不39. capture 夺取尽的40. commitment 承诺85. consistently 一贯地，一致地86. ceremony 典礼，41. considerate 考虑周到的，体贴的仪式87. comfortable 舒42. curiosity好奇心服的，舒适的43. come over顺便来访88. charity慈善89. cautiously 谨44. cooperation 合作慎地45. confident 自信的90. credit信用，学分91. cautious 小心的D部分1. doubtful怀疑的24. defeat打败25. decline下降，减2. disturbance 打扰少，衰退3. deliberately 故意地26. departure离开27. deliberately敌4. desire 愿望对地5. depressed 沮丧的，萧条的28. defence防御29. delicate 微妙6. drop 掉下，（水）滴的30. distribute 分7. determination 决心配8. dismiss 解雇31. defend 防御9. donate 捐赠32. deserve 值得33. dilemma 进退两10. dependent 依赖的难11. decorate 装饰34. devote 致力于12. demonstrate 证明，演示，显示35. deny 否认13. declare 宣布，声明36. defeat 打败14. delighted 高兴的37. depart离开38. discourage 使15. deny 否认气馁，使沮丧16. diligent 勤奋的39. dignity 尊重17. destroy 毁坏40. doubt 怀疑18. develop 发展41. describe 描述19. disappear消失42. disease 疾病43. desperate 绝望20. description描述的44. display 显示，21. distinguish 区分陈列45. definitely 明22. demand要求确地，肯定地46. demanding 要求23. differ不同高的E部分20. expression 表1. evident 明显的达，表情21. expect 期待，预2. establish 建设计22. experience 经3. employment 就业，雇用验，经历23. environmen4. entertainment 娱乐t 环境24. essential必要5. economic 经济的，合算的的，本质的6. examination 考试，检查25. express表达7. expectation 期待26. equally 平等地8. ensure 确保27. edit编辑9. emphasize 强调28. express表达29. especially尤其10. effective 有效的地30. emotional情感上11. exchange 交换的12. evaluate 评价，估价31. explanation解释13. exhausted 筋疲力尽的32. emotion心情14. elegant 优雅的33. effort 努力15. expose 暴露34. expense 开支16. embarrassed 尴尬的35. eager 渴望17. eventually 最后36. energy 精力18. enthusiasm 热情37. existence存在19. entrance 入口F部分15. figure out 算1. frequent频繁的出，想出2. fierce凶猛的16. faint 头晕的17. frightened 害3. fluent流利的怕的4. fancy想象18. function 功能19. fortunately 幸5. fun有趣，快乐运地20. favour喜爱，帮6. formal 正式的助，恩惠21. fruitless 没有7. force 强迫收获的8. fundamental 基础的22. fail 失败23. fascinate 吸引9. fulfill 履行（诺言），执行（命令）人的10. flexible 灵活的24. feared 害怕的11. financial 金融的25. funeral 葬礼26. firmly 稳固的，12. forgiveness 原谅牢固的13. frequently 频繁地27. feature特征14. faithful 忠实的，忠诚的G部分9. generally 一般1. guilt 犯罪来说2. gradually逐渐地10. garment 衣服11. grasp 抓住，理3. gesture手势，姿势解4. growth成长12. gesture 姿势13. graduate毕业，毕5. grateful 感激的业生6. gratitude 感激14. guarantee 保证15. get rid of 消7. generosity慷慨的除，摆脱16. generous 慷慨8. guard守卫的，大方的H部分1. horror 恐惧8. hit轰动一时的2. harmony 和谐9. hesitate犹豫10. hesitation 犹3. hold up 举起，支撑豫11. honorable 值得4. hopefully希望尊敬的5. harm有害，伤害12. hardly几乎不6. hold 坚持，握住13. honor 荣耀7. hobby爱好I部分1. income 收入，薪水23. innocent无辜的24. immediately立即2. inform告诉通知地3. instantly片刻，立刻地25. invest 投资26. intention 意4. inquire询问图，目的27. in advanc5. indicate暗示e 提前28. impression 印6. inspect视察，检查象29. in spite o7. inspire 激发，鼓舞f 不管30. in view of 根8. imitate 模仿据9. involve 包含，使参与31. in case 万一10. independence 独立32. insist 坚持11. in other words换句话说33. identify 鉴定，34. intelligent 智12. invisible 看不见的能的，聪明的35. independent 独13. instruction 说明立的36. instruction 教14. interrupt 打扰导，说明37. inefficient 效15. in honor of 纪念率低的38. isolation 隔16. instead代替离，孤立39. imaginary 想象17. imply暗示力丰富的40. interactive 相18. in vain徒劳，白费互的，互动的19. identity身份41. incident 事件42. in particula 20. indeed事实上r 尤其21. influence影响43. image 形象44. in reality 事22. initially起初的实上J部分K部分1. justice 公正 1. keep up with 跟L部分5. leave for 离开1. lead引导去到6. lean against 靠2. long for 渴望着3. limit限制7. link联系4. loyalty 忠实M部分11. merciful 可怜1. manage 管理，成功做成的2. magnificent 壮丽的12. mild温顺的3. mercy 怜悯13. match匹配4. modify 修改14. meanwhile 同时5. memorable 值得纪念的15. mostly大多数的6. meaningful 有意义的16. mature 成熟的17. measure策略，措7. moderate 中等的，适度的施8. method 方法18. messy 乱的19. march 行军，前9. misunderstand 误解进10. modern 现代的20. manufacture 制造，制造业N部分1. negative 消极的，否定的7. notice注意8. nearly几乎，差不2. nonsense 废话，荒谬的多3. normally正常地9. narrow狭窄的4. now that 因为10. nervous 紧张的5. negotiate 协商11. neglect 忽视6. necessarily需要地O部分1. obtain 获得11. owe感激，归功于12. other than 除2. on the contrary 相反了13. on behalf o3. on the whole 整体上f 代表4. overlook 忽视14. offer提供15. operation手术，5. occasionally 偶尔地操作16. observe 观察，6. obvious 明显的遵守，庆祝17. outstanding 出7. original 原始的，起初的色的8. object 反对18. opinion意见9. optimistic 乐观的19. ordinary普通的10. occupy 占据P部分37. possession 财1. permanent永恒的产38. precious 珍贵2. preferably更好地的39. puzzled 感到迷3. prove 证明惑的40. put up with 忍4. pattern类型受41. practical 实际5. promote 晋升，提升的，实用的42. pick up 拾起，6. privilege优先权学会，接7. performance表演，演出43. pioneer 先锋44. plain 平的，朴8. provide提供素的，简单的45. phenomenon 现9. primitive原始的象10. permission允许46. predict 预测11. priority优先权47. privately 私人地48. permanent 永久12. partly部分的的13. primary重要的，起初的49. principle 原则50. prohibit 禁止，14. pressure压力阻止51. preserve 保护，15. presence在场，出现保存52. professiona16. properly合适的l 职业的，专业的17. patience耐心53. possess 拥有54. possibility 可18. pessimistic悲观的能性55. physical 身体19. package包装，包裹的，物理的56. particularl20. point要点，关键之处y 尤其，特别57. purpose 目的，21. push aside排挤，不管意图58. previous 先前22. praise 赞扬的，早先的59. promising 有前23. particular 特殊的途的60. profitable 有24. priceless 无价的利可图的61. promote 促进，25. permit允许提升62. poisonous 有毒26. profession 职业，专业的27. probably大概63. pleased 满意的64. patient 有耐心28. participate 参加的65. perform 表演，29. presence 出席执行66. probably 可能30. protection 保护地31. purchase 购买67. pretend 假装32. prejudice 偏见68. prepare 准备33. persistent 坚持不懈的69. public公众的34. prosperously 繁荣的70. privilege 优先35. potential 潜在的，潜能71. program 节目72. precise 精确36. punish 惩罚的，精准的Q部分1. question 质问 3. quit停止2. quarrel 争吵 4. quality 质量，品质R部分1. remain 留下，保持30. root根，起源31. respectable 尊2. reluctant 勉强的，不愿意的重的32. rarely很少的，稀3. relatively 相对的，比较的少的4. relief 安慰，减轻33. rank地位，等级34. regard as认为5. replace 代替把.....当作6. restore 恢复35. rate比率7. roughly 粗略地36. risk风险，冒险8. realize 意识到37. refusal 拒绝38. responsibility 9. review 复习，评论责任10. roll 滚39. require要求11. regularly 规则地，规律地40. request请求12. reaction 反应41. react反应13. recall 回想起42. reward回报值得14. recite 背诵43. review回顾15. random 随机的44. remind提醒16. resist 抵制45. release释放17. reputation名誉46. regulation规则47. represent代表、18. repay 偿还，报答象征19. recognize 认出，认可48. respect尊重20. reflection 反射，沉思，映象49. regret后悔21. responsible 有责任的50. remove移除51. regardless o22. relationship 关系f 不管23. rewarding 回报的52. reject拒绝53. recruit新兵，新学24. receipt 收据员；招聘25. recognize 辨认出54. reserve 保护区55. routine常规；日常26. ridiculous 荒谬的的27. regard as 把....作为56. restrict限制57. refund归还，偿还28. recommend 推荐额，退款29. reliable 可靠的S部分1. similarly 同样地，相识的43. swiftly迅速的44. spare空闲的，抽2. severe严重的空3. somehow不知怎么地，以某种方式45. supply提供46. sufficient充足4. salary 收入薪水的5. smartly聪明机灵的47. source资源6. suspicious 怀疑的48. save节约，拯救7. slightly 轻微地49. sense感觉8. stubborn 固执的50. support支持51. serious严重的，9. settle down 定居，安定下来严肃的10. share 分享，共有52. specially尤其的11. spotless 无暇的53. sight风景12. stressful 有压力的54. sweep打扫55. sympathetic同情13. spiritual 精神的，心灵的的56. solid固体的，固14. situation 情况，处境态的57. suitable合适的，15. stable稳定的舒适的16. strengthen 加强58. share分享17. suspect 怀疑59. specific具体的18. somehow 不知怎么地60. symbol象征，标志19. sincerely 真诚地61. submit提交，屈服20. secondary 次要的62. simple 简单的21. show off 炫耀63. sensible敏感的22. sensitive 敏感的64. stupid愚蠢的23. guidance 指导65. switch变化24. sharpen 使锋利66. strict严格的67. satisfaction满25. sample 样本足26. somewhat 稍微，有点68. state状态，陈述27. standard 标准69. statement陈述28. steady 稳定的70. suitable合适地71. spirit 精神心29. system 系统灵30. skeptical 怀疑的72. sorrow 悲伤的73. set aside 放31. seize 抓住到...边；为...节省32. smooth 平稳的74. status 身份；雕像33. suspension 暂停75. style 风格76. separate 单独34. stick to 坚持的，分开的35. shadow 阴影77. sacrifice 牺牲36. spread 传播78. symbolize 象征37. set apart 分开79. set up 建立80. straight 直接38. significant有意义的的39. sponsor提倡者，赞助商81. stabilize 稳定40. solution 解决（办法）82. sympathy 同情41. struggle 挣扎，奋斗83. scared 害怕的42. shrink 缩水T部分1. tough 艰难的18. transform改变19. thoroughly完全2. terrify 使害怕地、彻底地3. terrible 可怕的，糟糕的20. thrill 激动的4. technology 技术21. tremble 颤抖5. tragedy 悲剧22. tough坚韧的23. take up占据，开6. trick 欺骗，把戏始从事7. treasure 珍惜，宝藏24. theory 理论8. theme主题25. tolerate 忍受26. turn out 结果9. temporary临时的，当代的是，证明是10. typically典型地27. target 目标28. thought 想法，11. traditional传统的思想12. trouble麻烦29. temporary临时的30. thankfully 幸13. threaten 威胁运地31. talented 有天14. track 轨迹赋的15. trap 陷阱，困住32. treat对待33. tiresome 令人16. tight牢的，紧的生厌的，无聊的17. trap诱骗，陷阱34. take over 接管U部分1. unique 独一无二的7. unfair 不公平的8. unconscious 无2. undeserved 不应得的意识的9. underline下划线3. undoubtedly 毫无疑问地的10. undertake担任，4. unbearable 不能忍受的着手，开始5. urge 急促，催促11. update更新6. urgent 急促的V部分6. vividly 生动地，1. voluntarily 自愿地逼真地，鲜明地活泼地2. various 各种各样的7. value 价值，重视8. varied 多变的，3. vague模糊的，不清楚的各种各样的4. valueless 没有价值的9. valuable有价值的5. virtually事实上W部分1. wealth财富 6. wonder 想知道7. willingly 愿意2. withdraw取回地3. wisdom智慧8. wander 闲逛4. worthy值得的9. wag 拽5. witness 目击。
2024届高考英语阅读写作之中国传统文化专题：剪纸(素材+语法填空+书面表达)(含答案)
高中英语阅读写作素材之中国传统文化中国艺术剪纸（素材+语法填空+书面表达）第一部分话题素材积累Paper cutting is a very distinctive visual art form of Chinese handicrafts. It originated from the 6th century when women used to stick golden and silver foil cuttings onto their hair at the temples, and men used them in sacred rituals. Later, paper cuttings were used during festivals to decorate gates and windows.剪纸是中国手工艺品中一种非常独特的视觉艺术形式。
它起源于公元6世纪，当时女性在寺庙里把剪好的金箔和银箔粘在头发上，而男性则用它们来举行神圣的仪式。
后来，剪纸在节日期间被用来装饰大门和窗户。
Today, paper cuttings are used as decorations, and they are usually made of red paper. Red is the most popular and propitious color in Chinese culture. They adorn walls,windows, doors,mirrors,lamps and so on, and they themselves can also be given as gifts.今天，剪纸被用作装饰品，它们通常是用红纸做的，红色是中国文化中最流行和最吉祥的颜色。
剪纸可以装饰墙壁、窗户、门、镜子和灯具等，它们本身也可以作为礼物赠送他人。
Wishes for wealth,health and longevity are conveyed through paper cuttings. For example, during the Chinese New Year,the character“fu”is pasted upside down on the door to expresspeople's wish for the coming of good luck.剪纸传达了人们对财富、健康和长寿的祝愿。
泛读教程 上外版 第4单元
亚洲将是最大的烟草销售市场The cigarette-hawking cowboy may be under siege back home in the United States from lawmakers and health advocates ( who are )determined to put him out of business, but half a world away in Asia he is prospering, his craggy all-American mug slapped up on billboards and flickering across television screens. And Marlboro cigarettes have never been more popular on the continent that is home to 60 percent of the world's population.美国的这些烟草吹捧者—牛仔们受到了立法者和健康倡议者的“围攻”，他们决定让牛仔破产回家。
但是他们所宣扬的亚洲一半的地方，随处可见那些“纯美式”脸孔印在了各处的广告牌上，闪烁在电视屏幕上。
For the world's cigarette-makers, Asia is the future. And it is probably their savior救世主.Industry critics who hope that the multinational tobacco companies are headed for extinction owe themselves a stroll down the tobacco-scented streets of almost any city in Asia. Almost everywhere here the air is thick with the swirling gray haze of cigarette smoke, the evidence of a booming Asian growth market that promises vast profits for the tobacco industry and a death toll measured in the tens of millions.产业评论家希望跨国烟草公司走向灭绝欠自己漫步在tobacco-scented街道几乎任何的亚洲城市。
英语800句让你记住7000个单词（三）
201. The loser closely enclosed himself in the closet. 那个失败者把⾃⼰严密地封闭在⼩室内。
202. The composer was proposed to decompose his composition into components. 作曲家被建议将著作分解成单元。
203. Suppose you were exposed in the opposite position by your opponent... 假设你被对⼿暴露在相反的位置…… 204. The depositor positively positioned the preposition in that position on purpose. 储户有意确信地介词放置在那个位置。
205. In church the nurse cursed the people pursuing the purple purse. 在教堂⾥，护⼠诅咒了追求紫⾊钱包的⼈们。
206. The faculty for agricultural culture isn't difficult to cultivate. 农业栽培能⼒不难培养。
207. The reservoir in the reserved preserve is an obstacle to the obstinate observer. 预留保护区内的⽔库对固执的观察者是⼀个障碍。
208. The desert deserves the nervous servants to observe. 那个沙漠值得神经紧张的公务员们去观察。
209. The bulk of the ruby rubbish on the pebble bubbles when stirred by bulbed rubber club. ⼩卵⽯上的⼤部分红宝⽯废料在⽤有球状突起的橡胶短棍搅动时会起泡。
梵高英语介绍
梵高英语介绍Vincent Willem van Gogh (30 March 1853–29 July 1890) was a Dutch post-Impressionist painter whose work had afar-reaching influence on 20th century art for its vivid colors and emotional impact. He suffered from anxiety and increasingly frequent bouts of mental illness throughout his life and died, largely unknown, at the age of 37 from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.Little appreciated during his lifetime, his fame grewin the years after his death. Today, he is widely regarded as one of the history’s greatest painters and an important contributor to the foundations of modern art.Van Gogh did not begin painting until his late twenties, and most of his best-known works were produced during his final two years. He produced more than 2,000 artworks, consisting of around 900 paintings and 1,100 drawings and sketches. Today many of his pieces―including his numerous Self Portraits, Landscapes, Portraits and Sunflowers―are among the world’s most recognizable and expensive works of art.Van Gogh spent his early adulthood working for a firm of art dealers and traveled between The Hague, London and Paris, after which he taught in England.An early vocational aspiration was to become a pastor and preach the gospel, and from 1879 he worked as a missionary in a mining region in Belgium. During this time he began to sketch people from the local community, and in 1885 painted his first major work The Potato Eaters. His palette at the time consisted mainly of somber earth tones and showed no sign of the vivid coloration that distinguished his later work. In March 1886, he moved to Paris and discovered the French Impressionists. Later he moved to the south of France and was taken by the strong sunlight he found there. His work grew brighter in color and he developed the unique and highly recognizable style which became fully realized during his stay in Arles in 1888.The extent to which his mental illness affected his painting has been a subject of speculation since his death. Despite a widespread tendency to romanticise his ill health, modern critics see an artist deeply frustrated by the inactivity and incoherence brought about by his bouts of sickness. According to art critic Robert Hughes, Van Gogh’s late works show an artist at the height of his ability, completely in control and “longing for concision and grace”.。
批评是崇高的奖赏英文作文
批评是崇高的奖赏英文作文Title: The Noble Rewards of Criticism。
Criticism, often viewed through a lens of negativity, holds within it the seeds of growth, improvement, and enlightenment. Despite its often harsh appearance,criticism can be considered a noble reward in disguise. In this essay, I will delve into the depths of this concept, exploring how criticism serves as a catalyst for personal and collective advancement.Firstly, criticism serves as a mirror reflecting our flaws and shortcomings. It is through the discerning eyes of others that we become aware of areas in which we can improve. As the saying goes, "iron sharpens iron," constructive criticism sharpens our skills, refines our character, and molds us into better versions of ourselves. Without criticism, we would remain stagnant, unaware of our blind spots and unable to reach our full potential.Moreover, criticism fosters humility and resilience. When faced with critique, our initial reaction may be one of defensiveness or resentment. However, upon reflection, we come to realize that criticism is not an attack on our character but rather an opportunity for growth. By humbly accepting feedback, we demonstrate maturity and openness to learning. Furthermore, criticism builds resilience by teaching us to persevere in the face of adversity. Instead of being discouraged by setbacks, we use criticism as fuel to propel ourselves forward, undeterred by obstacles on the path to success.In addition, criticism promotes collaboration and innovation. In a collaborative environment where feedback is valued, individuals feel empowered to share their ideas freely, knowing that their contributions will be constructively evaluated. Through this process of exchange and refinement, innovation flourishes, leading to breakthroughs and advancements in various fields. Without the discerning eye of criticism, progress would stagnate, and society would be deprived of the fruits of human ingenuity.Furthermore, criticism fosters empathy and understanding. When we offer feedback to others, we put ourselves in their shoes, seeking to understand their perspective and motivations. In doing so, we cultivate empathy and compassion, strengthening interpersonal relationships and fostering a sense of unity and solidarity. Moreover, receiving criticism teaches us to empathize with the struggles and challenges faced by others, reminding usof our shared humanity and the importance of supporting one another on our respective journeys.In conclusion, criticism, far from being a source of discouragement or despair, is a noble reward that propelsus towards self-improvement, resilience, collaboration, innovation, empathy, and understanding. It is through the discerning eye of criticism that we are able to see ourselves more clearly, to strive for excellence, and to contribute meaningfully to the world around us. Therefore, let us embrace criticism not as a condemnation but as a catalyst for growth and enlightenment, recognizing itsinherent value in shaping our lives and shaping the world for the better.。
瑞普·凡·温克尔Rip_Van_Winkle中英文对照与summary
作者简介：华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）（1789-1895）, 美国浪漫主义作家，也是一个纯文学作家，他的写作态度是"writing for pleasure and to produce pleasure"。
欧文的代表作有《见闻札记》（Sketch Book），这是第一部伟大的青少年读物，也是美国本土作家第一部成功的小说。
由于欧文对美国文学的伟大贡献，他获得了“美国文学之父”的光荣称号。
这篇短篇小说，《瑞普·凡·温克尔》便是摘自《见闻札记》。
Rip Van WinkleA Posthumous Writing of Diedrich KnickerbockerBy Washington Irving(T HE FOLLOWING tale was found among the papers of the late Diedrich Knickerbocker, an old gentleman of New York, who was very curious in the Dutch history of the province, and the manners of the descendants from its primitive settlers. His historical researches, however, did not lie so much among books as among men; for the former are lamentably scanty on his favorite topics; whereas he found the old burghers, and still more their wives, rich in that legendary lore so invaluable to true history. Whenever, therefore, he happened upon a genuine Dutch family, snugly shut up in its low-roofed farmhouse, under a spreading sycamore, he looked upon it as a little clasped volume of black-letter, and studied it with the zeal of a bookworm.The result of all these researches was a history of the province duringthe reign of the Dutch governors, which he published some years since. There have been various opinions as to the literary character of his work, and, to tell the truth, it is not a whit better than it should be. Its chief merit is its scrupulous accuracy, which indeed was a little questioned on its first appearance, but has since been completely established; and it is how admitted into all historical collections as a book of unquestionable authority.The old gentleman died shortly after the publication of his work, and now that he is dead and gone it cannot do much harm to his memory to say that his time might have been much better employed in weightier labors. He, however, was apt to ride his hobby in his own way; and though it did now and then kick up the dust a little in the eyes of his neighbors and grieve the spirit of some friends, for whom he felt the truest deference and affection, yet his errors and follies are remembered “more in sorrow than in anger”; and it begins to be suspected that he never intended to injure or offend. But however his memory may be appreciated by critics, it is still held dear among many folk whose good opinion is well worth having; particularly by certain biscuit bakers, who have gone so far as to imprint his likeness on their New Year cakes, and have thus given him a chance for immortality almost equal to the being stamped on a Waterloo medal or a Queen Anne’s farthing.)By Woden, God of Saxons,From whence comes Wensday, that isWodensday,Truth is a thing that ever I will keepUnto thylke day in which I creep intoMy sepulchre—C ARTWRIGHT.Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Catskill Mountains. They are a dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family, and are seen away to the west of the river, swelling up to a noble height, and lording it over the surrounding country. Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains, and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory.At the foot of these fairy mountains the voyager may have descried the light smoke curling up from a village whose shingle roofs gleamamong the trees, just where the blue tints of the upland melt away into the fresh green of the nearer landscape. It is a little village of great antiquity, having been founded by some of the Dutch colonists, in the early times of the province, just about the beginning of the government of the good Peter Stuyvesant (may he rest in peace!), and there were some of the houses of the original settlers standing within a few years, with lattice windows, gable fronts surmounted with weathercocks, and built of small yellow bricks brought from Holland.In that same village, and in one of these very houses (which, to tell the precise truth, was sadly time-worn and weather-beaten), there lived many years since, while the country was yet a province of Great Britain, a simple, good-natured fellow, of the name of Rip Van Winkle. He was a descendant of the Van Winkles who figured so gallantly in the chivalrous days of Peter Stuyvesant, and accompanied him to the siege of Fort Christina. He inherited, however, but little of the martial character of his ancestors. I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband. Indeed, to the latter circumstance might be owing that meekness of spirit which gained him such universal popularity; for those men are most apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad who are under the discipline of shrews at home. Their tempers, doubtless, are rendered pliant and malleable in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation, and acurtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long-suffering. A termagant wife may, therefore, in some respects, be considered a tolerable blessing; and if so, Rip Van Winkle was thrice blessed.Certain it is that he was a great favorite among all the good wives of the village, who, as usual with the amiable sex, took his part in all family squabbles, and never failed, whenever they talked those matters over in their evening gossipings, to lay all the blame on Dame Van Winkle. The children of the village, too, would shout with joy whenever he approached. He assisted at their sports, made their playthings, taught them to fly kites and shoot marbles, and told them long stories of ghosts, witches, and Indians. Whenever he went dodging about the village, he was surrounded by a troop of them, hanging on his skirts, clambering on his back, and playing a thousand tricks on him with impunity; and not a dog would bark at him throughout the neighborhood.The great error in Rip’s composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor. It could not be from the want of assiduity or perseverance; for he would sit on a wet rock, with a rod as long and heavy as a Tartar’s lance, and fish all day without a murmur, even though he should not be encouraged by a single nibble. He would carry a fowling piece on his shoulder, for hours together, trudging through woods and swamps, and up hill and down dale, to shoot a few squirrelsor wild pigeons. He would never even refuse to assist a neighbor in the roughest toil, and was a foremost man at all country frolics for husking Indian corn, or building stone fences. The women of the village, too, used to employ him to run their errands, and to do such little odd jobs as their less obliging husbands would not do for them; in a word, Rip was ready to attend to anybody’s business but his own; but as to doing family duty, and keeping his farm in order, it was impossible.In fact, he declared it was of no use to work on his farm; it was the most pestilent little piece of ground in the whole country; everything about it went wrong, and would go wrong, in spite of him. His fences were continually falling to pieces; his cow would either go astray or get among the cabbages; weeds were sure to grow quicker in his fields than anywhere else; the rain always made a point of setting in just as he had some outdoor work to do; so that though his patrimonial estate had dwindled away under his management, acre by acre, until there was little more left than a mere patch of Indian corn and potatoes, yet it was the worst-conditioned farm in the neighborhood.His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody. His son Rip, an urchin begotten in his own likeness, promised to inherit the habits, with the old clothes of his father. He was generally seen trooping like a colt at his mother’s heels, equipped in a pair of his father’s cast-off galligaskins, which he had much ado to hold up withone hand, as a fine lady does her train in bad weather.Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away, in perfect contentment; but his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family. Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was incessantly going, and everything he said or did was sure to produce a torrent of household eloquence. Rip had but one way of replying to all lectures of the kind, and that, by frequent use, had grown into a habit. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. This, however, always provoked a fresh volley from his wife, so that he was fain to draw off his forces, and take to the outside of the house—the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband.Rip’s sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his master; for Dame Van Winkle regarded them as companions in idleness, and even looked upon Wolf with an evil eye, as the cause of his master’s so often going astray. True it is, in all points of spirit befitting an honorable dog, he was as courageous an animal as ever scoured the woods—but what courage can withstand theever-during and all-besetting terrors of a woman’s tongue? The moment Wolf entered the house his crest fell, his tail drooped to the ground, or curled between his legs; he sneaked about with a gallows air, casting many a sidelong glance at Dame Van Winkle, and at the least flourish of a broomstick or ladle would fly to the door with yelping precipitation.Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years of matrimony rolled on; a tart temper never mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener by constant use. For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. Here they used to sit in the shade, of a long lazy summer’s day, talking listlessly over village gossip, or telling endless sleepy stories about nothing. But it would have been worth any statesman’s money to have heard the profound discussions which sometimes took place, when by chance an old newspaper fell into their hands, from some passing traveler. How solemnly they would listen to the contents, as drawled out by Derrick Van Bummel, the schoolmaster, a dapper, learned little man, who was not to be daunted by the most gigantic word in the dictionary; and how sagely they would deliberateupon public events some months after they had taken place.The opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the door of which he took his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun, and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sun-dial. It is true, he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew how to gather his opinions. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and send forth short, frequent, and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds, and sometimes taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquillity of the assemblage, and call the members all to nought; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.Poor Rip was at last reduced almost to despair; and his onlyalternative, to escape from the labor of the farm and clamor of his wife, was to take gun in hand and stroll away into the woods. Here he would sometimes seat himself at the foot of a tree, and share the contents of his wallet with Wolf, with whom he sympathized as a fellow-sufferer in persecution. “Poor Wolf,”he would say, “thy mistress leads thee a dog’s life of it; but never mind, my lad, while I live thou shalt never want a friend to stand by thee!”Wolf would wag his tail, look wistfully in his master’s face, and if dogs can feel pity, I verily believe he reciprocated the sentiment with all his heart.In a long ramble of the kind on a fine autumnal day, Rip had unconsciously scrambled to one of the highest parts of the Catskill Mountains. He was after his favorite sport of squirrel shooting, and the still solitudes had echoed and reëchoed with the reports of his gun. Panting and fatigued, he threw himself, late in the afternoon, on a green knoll, covered with mountain herbage, that crowned the brow of a precipice. From an opening between the trees he could overlook all the lower country for many a mile of rich woodland. He saw at a distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but majestic course, the reflection of a purple cloud, or the sail of a lagging bark, here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom, and at last losing itself in the blue highlands.On the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild,lonely, and shagged, the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs, and scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun. For some time Rip lay musing on this scene; evening was gradually advancing; the mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valleys; he saw that it would be dark long before he could reach the village, and he heaved a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle.As he was about to descend, he heard a voice from a distance, hallooing, “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle!”He looked around, but could see nothing but a crow winging its solitary flight across the mountain. He thought his fancy must have deceived him, and turned again to descend, when he heard the same cry ring through the still evening air: “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle!”—at the same time Wolf bristled up his back, and giving a low growl, skulked to his master’s side, looking fearfully down into the glen. Rip now felt a vague apprehension stealing over him; he looked anxiously in the same direction, and perceived a strange figure slowly toiling up the rocks, and bending under the weight of something he carried on his back. He was surprised to see any human being in this lonely and unfrequented place, but supposing it to be some one of the neighborhood in need of assistance, he hastened down to yield it.On nearer approach, he was still more surprised at the singularity ofthe stranger’s appearance. He was a short, square-built old fellow, with thick bushy hair, and a grizzled beard. His dress was of the antique Dutch fashion—a cloth jerkin strapped around the waist—several pair of breeches, the outer one of ample volume, decorated with rows of buttons down the sides, and bunches at the knees. He bore on his shoulders a stout keg, that seemed full of liquor, and made signs for Rip to approach and assist him with the load. Though rather shy and distrustful of this new acquaintance, Rip complied with his usual alacrity, and mutually relieving one another, they clambered up a narrow gully, apparently the dry bed of a mountain torrent. As they ascended, Rip every now and then heard long rolling peals, like distant thunder, that seemed to issue out of a deep ravine, or rather cleft between lofty rocks, toward which their rugged path conducted. He paused for an instant, but supposing it to be the muttering of one of those transient thunder showers which often take place in mountain heights, he proceeded. Passing through the ravine, they came to a hollow, like a small amphitheater, surrounded by perpendicular precipices, over the brinks of which impending trees shot their branches, so that you only caught glimpses of the azure sky and the bright evening cloud. During the whole time, Rip and his companion had labored on in silence; for though the former marveled greatly what could be the object of carrying a keg of liquor up this wild mountain, yet there was something strange andincomprehensible about the unknown that inspired awe and checked familiarity.On entering the amphitheater, new objects of wonder presented themselves. On a level spot in the center was a company of odd-looking personages playing at ninepins. They were dressed in a quaint, outlandish fashion: some wore short doublets, others jerkins, with long knives in their belts, and most had enormous breeches, of similar style with that of the guide’s. Their visages, too, were peculiar: one had a large head, broad face, and small, piggish eyes; the face of another seemed to consist entirely of nose, and was surmounted by a white sugar-loaf hat set off with a little red cock’s tail. They all had beards, of various shapes and colors. There was one who seemed to be the commander. He was a stout old gentleman, with a weather-beaten countenance; he wore a laced doublet, broad belt and hanger, high-crowned hat and feather, red stockings, and high-heeled shoes, with roses in them. The whole group reminded Rip of the figures in an old Flemish painting, in the parlor of Dominie Van Schaick, the village parson, and which had been brought over from Holland at the time of the settlement.What seemed particularly odd to Rip, was that though these folks were evidently amusing themselves, yet they maintained the gravest faces, the most mysterious silence, and were, withal, the mostmelancholy party of pleasure he had ever witnessed. Nothing interrupted the stillness of the scene but the noise of the balls, which, whenever they were rolled, echoed along the mountains like rumbling peals of thunder.As Rip and his companion approached them, they suddenly desisted from their play, and stared at him with such fixed statue-like gaze, and such strange, uncouth, lack-luster countenances, that his heart turned within him, and his knees smote together. His companion now emptied the contents of the keg into large flagons, and made signs to him to wait upon the company. He obeyed with fear and trembling; they quaffed the liquor in profound silence, and then returned to their game.By degrees, Rip’s awe and apprehension subsided. He even ventured, when no eye was fixed upon him, to taste the beverage, which he found had much of the flavor of excellent Hollands. He was naturally a thirsty soul, and was soon tempted to repeat the draught. One taste provoked another, and he reiterated his visits to the flagon so often, that at length his senses were overpowered, his eyes swam in his head, his head gradually declined, and he fell into a deep sleep.On awaking, he found himself on the green knoll from whence he had first seen the old man of the glen. He rubbed his eyes—it was a bright sunny morning. The birds were hopping and twittering among the bushes, and the eagle was wheeling aloft and breasting the puremountain breeze. “Surely,”thought Rip, “I have not slept here all night.”He recalled the occurrences before he fell asleep. The strange man with a keg of liquor—the mountain ravine—the wild retreat among the rocks—the woe-begone party at ninepins—the flagon—“Oh! that flagon! that wicked flagon!”thought Rip—“what excuse shall I make to Dame Van Winkle?”He looked round for his gun, but in place of the clean, well-oiled fowling piece, he found an old firelock lying by him, the barrel incrusted with rust, the lock falling off, and the stock worm-eaten. He now suspected that the grave roysters of the mountain had put a trick upon him, and having dosed him with liquor, had robbed him of his gun. Wolf, too, had disappeared, but he might have strayed away after a squirrel or partridge. He whistled after him, shouted his name, but all in vain; the echoes repeated his whistle and shout, but no dog was to be seen.He determined to revisit the scene of the last evening’s gambol, and if he met with any of the party, to demand his dog and gun. As he rose to walk, he found himself stiff in the joints, and wanting in his usual activity. “These mountain beds do not agree with me,”thought Rip, “and if this frolic should lay me up with a fit of the rheumatism, I shall have a blessed time with Dame Van Winkle.”With some difficulty he got down into the glen; he found the gully up which he and his companion had ascended the preceding evening; but to his astonishment a mountain stream wasnow foaming down it, leaping from rock to rock, and filling the glen with babbling murmurs. He, however, made shift to scramble up its sides, working his toilsome way through thickets of birch, sassafras, and witch-hazel, and sometimes tripped up or entangled by the wild grape vines that twisted their coils and tendrils from tree to tree, and spread a kind of network in his path.At length he reached to where the ravine had opened through the cliffs to the amphitheater; but no traces of such opening remained. The rocks presented a high, impenetrable wall, over which the torrent came tumbling in a sheet of feathery foam, and fell into a broad, deep basin, black from the shadows of the surrounding forest. Here, then, poor Rip was brought to a stand. He again called and whistled after his dog; he was only answered by the cawing of a flock of idle crows, sporting high in air about a dry tree that overhung a sunny precipice; and who, secure in their elevation, seemed to look down and scoff at the poor man’s perplexities. What was to be done? the morning was passing away, and Rip felt famished for want of his breakfast. He grieved to give up his dog and gun; he dreaded to meet his wife; but it would not do to starve among the mountains. He shook his head, shouldered the rusty firelock, and, with a heart full of trouble and anxiety, turned his steps homeward.As he approached the village, he met a number of people, but none whom he knew, which somewhat surprised him, for he had thoughthimself acquainted with every one in the country round. Their dress, too, was of a different fashion from that to which he was accustomed. They all stared at him with equal marks of surprise, and whenever they cast their eyes upon him, invariably stroked their chins. The constant recurrence of this gesture induced Rip, involuntarily, to do the same, when, to his astonishment, he found his beard had grown a foot long!He had now entered the skirts of the village. A troop of strange children ran at his heels, hooting after him, and pointing at his gray beard. The dogs, too, none of which he recognized for his old acquaintances, barked at him as he passed. The very village was altered: it was larger and more populous. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before, and those which had been his familiar haunts had disappeared. Strange names were over the doors—strange faces at the windows—everything was strange. His mind now began to misgive him; he doubted whether both he and the world around him were not bewitched. Surely this was his native village, which he had left but the day before. There stood the Catskill Mountains—there ran the silver Hudson at a distance—there was every hill and dale precisely as it had always been—Rip was sorely perplexed—“That flagon last night,”thought he, “has addled my poor head sadly!”It was with some difficulty he found the way to his own house, which he approached with silent awe, expecting every moment to hear theshrill voice of Dame Van Winkle. He found the house gone to decay—the roof fallen in, the windows shattered, and the doors off the hinges. A half-starved dog, that looked like Wolf, was skulking about it. Rip called him by name, but the cur snarled, showed his teeth, and passed on. This was an unkind cut indeed—“My very dog,”sighed poor Rip, “has forgotten me!”He entered the house, which, to tell the truth, Dame Van Winkle had always kept in neat order. It was empty, forlorn, and apparently abandoned. This desolateness overcame all his connubial fears—he called loudly for his wife and children—the lonely chambers rung for a moment with his voice, and then all again was silence.He now hurried forth, and hastened to his old resort, the little village inn—but it too was gone. A large rickety wooden building stood in its place, with great gaping windows, some of them broken, and mended with old hats and petticoats, and over the door was painted, “The Union Hotel, by Jonathan Doolittle.”Instead of the great tree which used to shelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was reared a tall naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red nightcap, and from it was fluttering a flag, on which was a singular assemblage of stars and stripes—all this was strange and incomprehensible. He recognized on the sign, however, the ruby face of King George, under which he had smoked so many a peaceful pipe, but even this wassingularly metamorphosed. The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was stuck in the hand instead of a scepter, the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted in large characters, G ENERAL W ASHINGTON.There was, as usual, a crowd of folk about the door, but none whom Rip recollected. The very character of the people seemed changed. There was a busy, bustling, disputatious tone about it, instead of the accustomed phlegm and drowsy tranquillity. He looked in vain for the sage Nicholas Vedder, with his broad face, double chin, and fair long pipe, uttering clouds of tobacco smoke instead of idle speeches; or Van Bummel, the schoolmaster, doling forth the contents of an ancient newspaper. In place of these, a lean, bilious-looking fellow, with his pockets full of handbills, was haranguing vehemently about rights of citizens—election—members of Congress—liberty—Bunker’s Hill—heroes of ’76—and other words, that were a perfect Babylonish jargon to the bewildered Van Winkle.The appearance of Rip, with his long grizzled beard, his rusty fowling piece, his uncouth dress, and the army of women and children that had gathered at his heels, soon attracted the attention of the tavern politicians. They crowded around him, eying him from head to foot, with great curiosity. The orator bustled up to him, and drawing him partly aside, inquired “on which side he voted?”Rip stared in vacant stupidity.Another short but busy little fellow pulled him by the arm, and raising on tiptoe, inquired in his ear, “whether he was Federal or Democrat.”Rip was equally at a loss to comprehend the question; when a knowing, self-important old gentleman, in a sharp cocked hat, made his way through the crowd, putting them to the right and left with his elbows as he passed, and planting himself before Van Winkle, with one arm akimbo, the other resting on his cane, his keen eyes and sharp hat penetrating, as it were, into his very soul, demanded, in an austere tone, “what brought him to the election with a gun on his shoulder, and a mob at his heels, and whether he meant to breed a riot in the village?”“Alas! gentlemen,”cried Rip, somewhat dismayed, “I am a poor quiet man, a native of the place, and a loyal subject of the king, God bless him!”Here a general shout burst from the bystanders—“A Tory! a Tory! a spy! a refugee! hustle him! away with him!”It was with great difficulty that the self-important man in the cocked hat restored order; and having assumed a tenfold austerity of brow, demanded again of the unknown culprit, what he came there for, and whom he was seeking. The poor man humbly assured him that he meant no harm; but merely came there in search of some of his neighbors, who used to keep about the tavern.“Well—who are they?—name them.”Rip bethought himself a moment, and then inquired, “Where’s Nicholas Vedder?”。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
I f we were to follow Norman’s prescription, our designswould all be usable—but they would also be ugly.” Frequent comment by critics of The Design of Everyday Things .Three Teapots I have a collection of teapots. One was invented by the French artist Jacques Carelman for coffee, not tea, not that I can tell the difference. “Coffeepot for masochists” is what he called it, and it is quite unus-able, for the handle is on the same side as the spout.It appears on the cover of The Design of Everyday Things [4]. The one I have is an imitation. Another was designed by Michael Graves, although it’s not the famous pot with the bird, but a lesser known one called Nanna—a teapot so ugly that it is appealing.Yet another is the tilting pot made by the German firm Ronnefeldt that I discovered while enjoying high tea at the Four Seasons Hotel in Chicago.The Carelman pot is, by intent, impossible to use.The Nanna teapot looks clumsy but actually works rather well. The tilting pot is made with deep consid-eration of the stages of tea brewing: place the tea leaves on the interior shelf and lay the pot on its back while the leaves steep. Then, as the brew approaches the desired strength, tilt the pot up, partly covering the tea leaves. When the tea is ready, stand the pot upright so that the leaves are out of the liquid, pre-venting the tea from becoming bitter. And finally,when the teapot is empty, remove the cover, signaling the waiter that more hot water would be welcome. Three different teapots, one emphasizing usability (or to be more precise, its absence), one aesthetics,and one practicality. But which one do I usually use?All of the above.I do drink tea every morning, but at that early hour,36i n t e r a c t i o n s ...j u l y + a u g u s t 2002The following is a preview of Don Norman’s forthcoming book,which has a working title of Emotion and Design.A r t b y M a r k W i e n e r /D a v i d G o l d m a n A g e n c yeven though I am not willing to compromise on taste, efficiency comes first. So, upon awakening I plod into my kitchen, push the button on my Japanese hotpot, which heats the water from its 90°C (194°F) holding temperature while I spoon cut tea leaves into a little metal brewing ball, drop the ball into my cup, and use the boiling water to fill the cup. Wait a few minutes, remove the metal ball, and my tea is ready to drink. Fast, efficient, easy to clean.But sometimes, when I have more leisure, or when I’m with guests or family, I use one of the others. I use the Nanna teapot for its elegance, or the tilting pot for its practicality. Design matters, but which design is preferable depends on the occasion, the context, and above all, my mood.Why do I have several teapots? Because I like them.I proudly exhibit them on the ledge above the kitchen sink. In addition to their function for brewing tea, they are sculptural artwork, giving satisfaction in their appearance. I enjoy standing in front of the window, idly comparing the contrasting shapes, watching the play of light upon the varied surfaces. When I do make tea, I choose the pot that matches my mood, and when I do, the tea tastes superb.Affect and DesignIn the early days of the personal computer, all the display screens were black and white. When color screens were first introduced, I did not understandtheir popularity. In those days, color was primarilyused either to highlight text or to add superfluous screen decoration. From a cognitive point of view,color added no value that could not be providedwith the appropriate use of shading. But despite thefact that the interface community could find no scientific benefit, businesses insisted on buying col-or monitors. Obviously, color was fulfilling some need, but one we could not measure.In order to understand this phenomenon, I bor-rowed a color display to use with my computer.After the allocated time, I was convinced that my assessment had been correct—color added no dis-cernible value for everyday work. However, I refused to give up the color display. Although my reasoning told me that color was unimportant,my emotional reaction told me otherwise.The “usable but ugly” critique of The Design of37i n t e r a c t i o n s...j u l y+a u g u s t2002Everyday Things has merit inso-far as usable designs are not necessarily pleasurable ones. As my story of the three teapots indicates, pleasurable designs are not necessarily usable. But need these attributes be in con-flict? Why not beauty and brains, pleasure and usability?When I wrote The Design of Everyday Things, my intention was not to denounce beauty. I simply wanted to position usability in its proper place in the design world: equal to beauty,equal to function—equal, butnot superior. I neglected the top-ic of aesthetics because I thought it already well coveredelsewhere. Unfortu-nately, my neglect was interpreted by many to imply that I was against beauty, for usability at all costs.The field of usability design takes root in the cognitive sciences—a combination of psy-chology, computer sci-ence, human factors,and engineering. These are all analytical fields.The discipline prides itself on its scientific basis and experimental rigor. The hidden dan-ger is to neglect areas that are not easilyaddressed in the framework of science and engineering.The tensions between aesthetics and usability as well as those between affect and cognition have long bothered me, but it has not been until now that I have been able to make progress in bringing these areas together.Affect and emotion are not as well understood as cognition, but the cognitive and neurosciences have made major strides in the past decade. Note that terminology isstill a problem, so in this article, to avoid the technical debate about distinctions among the concepts of affect, emotion, feelings,mood, motivation, and qualia, I use the rea-sonably neutral term “affect.” Affect and cognition can both be considered informa-tion processing systems, but with different functions and operating parameters. The affective system is judgmental, assigning positive and negative valence to the envi-ronment rapidly and efficiently. The cogni-tive system interprets and makes sense of the world. Each system affects the other:some emotions—affective states—are driv-en by cognition, and cognition is influenced by affect [5].The surprise is that we now have evi-dence that pleasing things work better, are easier to learn, and produce a more harmo-nious result.Affect and BehaviorWash and polish your car: doesn’t it drive better?Affect makes us smart; that’s the lesson of my current research into the role of affect.This is because affect is always passing judg-ments, presenting us with immediate infor-mation about the world: here is potential danger, there is potential comfort. This is nice; that is bad. Affective signals work through neurochemicals, bathing the rele-vant brain centers and changing the way we perceive, decide, and react. These neuro-chemicals change the parameters of thought, adjusting such things as whether reason is primarily depth first (focused, not easily distracted) or breadth first (creative,outside-of-the-box thinking, but easily distracted).Affect came early in evolutionary history,preceding the evolution of humans and playing an essential role in survival. There are physical dangers in the world: cliffs,stairways, slippery surfaces, speeding auto-mobiles, and poisonous substances. The fast-acting system helps us navigate through life. This apparatus also influences how we judge things, whether the things be38i n t e r a c t i o n s ...j u l y + a u g u s t 2002Photo by Ayman ShammaFigure 1. My impossible teapot (after Carelman’s “Coffeepot for Masochists”). Figure 2. Michael Graves’s Nanna teapot.So homely I couldn’t resist it.Photo by Ayman Shamma39i n t e r a c t i o n s ...j u l y + a u g u s t 2002other people, the choice of place to live or eat, or the products we buy and use.Affect also has a major impact on how well we are able to perform tasks. Negative affect focuses the mind, leading to better concentration. In cases of an immediate threat this is good, for it concentrates pro-cessing power upon the danger. When cre-ative problem-solving is required this is bad, for it leads to tunnel vision. Positiveaffect broadens the thought processes,making us more easily distracted. When the problem requires focus, this is bad, but when the problem is best addressed through creative thinking, then this is pre-cisely what is needed.Affect therefore regulates how we solve problems and perform tasks. Negative affect can make it harder to do even easy tasks; positive affect can make it easier to do difficult tasks. This may seem strange,especially to people who have been trained in the cognitive sciences. Affect changes how well we do cognitive tasks? Yup.Imagine a plank 10 meters long and one meter wide. Place it on the ground. Can you walk on it? Of course—no problem. You can jumpup and down, dance, and even walk along with your eyes shut. Now lift the plank three meters in the air. Can you walk on it? Yes, although more carefully.What if the plank were 200 meters in the air? Most of us wouldn’t dare go near it, even though the act of walk-ing along it and maintaining balance should be no more difficult thanwhen on the ground. W hy would a simple task suddenly become so diffi-cult—impossible, even? T ell yourself all you want that if you can walk on the plank on the ground you can also walk on it in the air. You still won’t walk along it, let alone jump and dance or, heaven forbid, close your eyes while walking. Fear dominates.Why should affect have such an influ-ence? You might think to yourself, maybe it is windy. Maybe the plank might break.Maybe this, maybe that. But all this thinking comes after the fact: the affective system works independently of thought. Your thoughts are occurring after the affective system has released its chemicals. Mind you,you can override this impact. Circus per-Figure 3. The Ronnefeldt “tilting” teapot. Put leaves on the shelf (seen through the opening on the teapot to the left), fill with hot water, and lay the teapot on its back. As the tea darkens,tilt the pot. Finally, when the tea is done, stand the teapot vertically, so the water no longerbathes the leaves and the brew does not become bitter.P h o to s b y Ay m a n S h a mm aformers and steelworkers can function on narrow platforms at great heights. You can learn to overcome your affective reactions,but it takes time and practice. It requires a deliberate, conscious act, at least at first, to overcome the built-in responses. (Beware,though, circus performers and steelworkers sometimes do fall to their deaths.)Note that the anxiety produced by walk-ing a plank high in the air—or even by per-forming in public—can be beneficial.Anxiety focuses the mind, reducing distrac-tions. When the negative affect is too strong, performance is inhibited, whether because of the fear of falling or stage fright. Some performers welcome anxiety,for they recognize that the proper amount helps them focus and do their best.Just as negative affect can make some simple tasks difficult, positive affect can make some difficult tasks easier. In a clever set of experiments, Alice Isen has shown that if people are given small, unexpected gifts, afterwards they are able to solve prob-lems that require creative thought better than people who were not given gifts [1,3].The positive affective system seems to change the cognitive parameters of prob-lem solving to emphasize breadth-first thinking, and the examination of multiple alternatives. It also has the side effect of making people more distracted.Anxiety has just the opposite effect: it biases the processing to be depth first, to focus and concentrate. Here, people are less distracted. Anxiety and fear squirt neural transmitters into the brain, narrowing the thought process. In general, this allows youto focus on a specific threat or problem.Both modifications to the normal state of cognitive pro-cessing have advantages as well as disadvantages. Nega-tively valenced affect narrows the thought processes—hence, depth-first processing and less susceptibility to interruption or ually, this works just fine:when danger strikes, we need to concentrate atten-tion, to avoid distraction by irrelevant, extraneous mat-ters. Tunnel vision is often the correct approach. Positively valenced affect broadens the thought processes—hence,enhanced creativity. This isuseful in a positive situation,with no time pressures. Then,it is often profitable to be distracted, to fol-low side thoughts, to release creativity.Sometimes, of course, tunnel vision can lead to harm, just as sometimes the broad-ening of the thought process can prevent solution. Implications for DesignNow consider the implications of these findings for design. Good human-centered design practices are most essential for tasks or situations that are stressful: dis-tractions, bottlenecks, and irritations need to be minimized. In pleasant, positive situ-ations, people are much more likely to be tolerant of minor difficulties and irrelevan-cies. In other words, although poor design is never excusable, when people are in a40i n t e r a c t i o n s ...j u l y + a u g u s t 2002Figure 4. Three teapots: as works of art in the window above the kitchen sink.Photo by Ayman Shammarelaxed situation, the pleasant, pleasurable aspects of the design will make them more tolerant of difficulties and problems in the interface.Start by considering tools meant for stressful situations, where the negative affect of the task leads to depth-first pro-cessing and, in the extreme case, tunnel vision. Tools that are meant to support seri-ous, concentrated effort, in which the task is well specified and the approach relatively well understood, are best served by designs that emphasize function and minimize irrel-evancies. Here the normal tensions of the situation are beneficial. The design should not get in the way; it must be carefully tai-lored for the task.Take a simple example—trying to escape a hazardous situation. Suppose that fleeing people encounter a door that won’t open. The anxiety-produced response is to try again harder. When the first push doesn’t open the door, press harder, kick, and even throw the body against it. In less stressful situations people might recognize that the correct solution is to pull instead of push, but not in high-anxiety-producing ones. Designs intended for stressful situations have to particularly account for matching the needs of the users, for making appro-priate actions salient and easy to apply. In other words, the principles of good human-centered design are especially important in stressful situations.Now consider tools meant for neutral or positive situations. Here, any pleasure derivable from the appearance or function-ing of the tool increases positive affect, broadening the creativity and increasing the tolerance for minor difficulties and blockages. Minor problems in the design are overlooked. The changes in processing style released by positive affect aid in cre-ative problem solving that is apt to over-come both difficulties encountered in the activity and those created by the interface design. In other words, when we feel good, we overlook design faults. Use a pleasing design, one that looks good and feels—well—sexy, and the behavior seems to go along more smoothly, more easily,and better. Attractive things work better.If I did a good job in this section, youwill have reached this point noddingin agreement. You may not realizehow heretical that last sentence is:Attractive things work better. That’snot the usual message of people whoespouse making products more usable.My studies of cognition showed thatcolor computer displays (or color TV,for that matter) offered no informa-tion advantage over black and white.But I would never go back to blackand white computer displays or blackand white television. So too should wenot go back to ugly, ill-designed things.Heretical or not, it is time to havemore pleasure and enjoyment in life.Although the cognitive analyses ofusability and function are important,so too is the affective analysis. Let thefuture of everyday things be ones thatdo their job, that are easy to use, andthat provide enjoyment and pleasure.Beyond BeautyI can hear it now: “Hey, Norman says it’s OKto be pretty,”and off peoplego, feeling freeto ignore decadesof work by theusability commu-nity. That’s thewrong lesson tolearn from thisessay.Many design-ers, many designschools, cannotdistinguish pretti-ness from useful-ness. Off they go,training their stu-dents to makethings pleasant;façade design,one of my design-er friends calls it(disdainfully, letFigure 5. Cover of Kenji Ekuan’s book The Aes-thetics of the Japanese Lunchbox[2], demon-strating depth, beauty, and utility.41i n t e r a c t i o n s...j u l y+a u g u s t2002me emphasize).True beauty in a product has to be more than skin deep, more than a façade. To be truly beautiful, wondrous, and pleasurable, the product has to fulfill a use-ful function, work well, and be usable and understandable.Good design means that beauty and usability are in balance. An object that is beautiful to the core is no better than one that is only pretty if they both lack usability.In the quest for enhancement of life, let us not be usability bigots. Yes, products must be usable. But all the many factors ofdesign must be in harmony. Marketing con-siderations must be accounted for, aesthet-ic appeal, manufacturability—all are important. The products must be afford-able, functional, and pleasurable—and,above all, a pleasure to own, a pleasure to use. After all, attractive things work better.AcknowledgmentsI thank Ian Horswill, Andrew Ortony,William Revelle, and Tony Tang of the Emo-tion and Affect Research Group at North-western University for guiding me through the literature on emotion and affect. My patient editor, Julie Norman, transformed streams-of-thought into coherence.References1. Ashby, F . G., Isen, A. M., and T urken, A. U. A neu-ropsychological theory of positive affect and its influ-ence on cognition. Psychological Review 106(1999), pp. 529–550.2. Ekuan, K. The Aesthetics of the Japanese Lunchbox ..Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (1998).3. Isen, A.M. Positive affect and decision-making. In M.Lewis & J. M. Haviland (eds.), Handbook of Emotions (pp. 261–277). New York: Guilford, 1993.4. Norman, D. A. The Design of Everyday Things , 1988.5. Norman, D. A., Ortony, A., and Revelle, W. A three-level model of affect and cognition. In progress.42i n t e r a c t i o n s ...j u l y + a u g u s t 2002C OPYRIGHT HELD BY AUTHOR /OWNER © ACM 1072-5220/02/0700 $5.00Author’s BiographyDon Norman recently received the CHI Lifetime Achievement award, but nonetheless, he insists his lifetime is not over. If the last lifetime was devoted to usability, then let the next be devoted to design and aesthetics: This paper marks his coming out of the closet as a secret admirer of attractive products. Norman says that he spends 50 percent of his time with the Nielsen Norman group, consulting for and serving on advisory boards of numer-ous companies; 50 percent as professor of computer science at Northwestern University;50 percent working with colleagues at Northwestern on the study of emotion and affect;and the remaining 50 percent writing his latest book, Emotion and Design,of which this article will be a part. He is on the board of the Institute of Design in Chicago. In his spare time he tries to cope with the ever-increasing barrage of e-mail. He lives at .T o be truly beautiful, wondrous, and pleasurable, the product has to fulfill a useful function, work well, and be usable andunderstandable.。