CO SUPPL
血流动力学监测PICCO
英格兰与威尔士ICU的CO监测技术
CO监测技术 2种 69%
首选经食道多普勒监测CO 41%
常规监测ScvO2 20%
Esdaile B, Raobaikady R. Survey of cardiac output monitoring in intensive care units in England and Wales. Critical Care 2005; 9(Suppl 1): P68 (DOI 10.1186/cc3131)
临床评价 vs. 血流动力学
60%
预测准确性
40%
20%
0%
PAWP
CO
SVR
RAP
Eisenberg PR, Jaffe AS, Schuster DP. Clinical evaluation compared to pulmonary artery catheterization in the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1984; 12(7): 549-553
临床评价 vs. 血流动力学
结果
留置PAC后
计划治疗方案需要改变
58%
应用未预计到的治疗方案
30%
Eisenberg PR, Jaffe AS, Schuster DP. Clinical evaluation compared to pulmonary artery catheterization in the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1984; 12(7): 549-553
【西语】词汇表
西班牙语词汇汇总西班牙语词汇汇总a bordo在船上acariciar tr.抚摸adversario m.对手，敌手a cambio de换取accidente m.事故adverso adj.敌对的，恶劣的a causa de由于accionar tr.操纵，启动aéreo adj.空中的a continuación接下来aceituna f.橄榄果aeropuerto m.飞机场a decir verdad说真的aceleramiento m.加速afán m.强烈愿望a diferencia de与……不同aceptabilidad f.可接受性afectar intr.影响波及a domicilio上门服务aceptar tr.采纳，接纳afectuoso adj.亲切的a duras penas很费力地，勉强地acequia f.水渠afición f.爱好a grandes rasgos大致上acera f.人行道aficionado adj.爱好某事a la vez同时acerca de关于，有关afirmar tr.断言，肯定a la vista在……眼前acero m.钢aflojar tr.放松a la vuelta回来时acertado adj.正确的afortunado adj.幸运的a lo ancho横跨acertar tr.猜中África非洲a lo largo顺着，沿着achinado adj.像中国人似的africano adj.-s非洲的；非洲人a lo lejos远处ácido adj.酸的Agamenón阿伽门农a lo mejor可能，或许aclarar tr.澄清agarrar tr.抓a los pocos metros(走了)没几米acogedor adj.舒适的agencia f.代办处a medianoche de中期，中叶acomodar tr.安置agenda f.记事本a medida que随着acompasado adj.有节奏的ágilmente adv.轻巧的a menudo经常aconsejar tr.劝告agitar tr.摇动，晃动a menudo经常acontecimiento m.事件agonizante adj.垂死的a orillas de在……边上，在……岸边acostumbrar tr.习惯于agotamiento m.枯竭a pesar de尽管acrecentar tr.增长agotar(se)tr.,prnl.枯竭a pies juntillas双脚并拢，确信无疑acreditado p.p.驻在……agradable adj.令人愉快的a principios de在……之初actitud f.态度agradar intr.使愉快a propósito顺便说；故意acto m.行为agradecer tr.感谢a punto de马上就……actor m.(男)演员agradecimiento m.谢意a salvo脱险，安全actuación f.表演agregar tr.添加，补充a sangre y fuego血与火actual adj.目前的agrícola adj.农业的a su vez而他、她、它(们)actualidad f.现在，当前agricultor,ra m.,f.农民a toda carrera飞快地acudir intr.赶到，前来agricultura f.农业的a través de通过acueducto m.导渠，渡槽agrio adj.酸的a.C.(Antes de Cristo)公元前acumular tr.积累agua f.水añadir tr.补充，追加acusado adj.明显的aguantar tr.忍受ábaco m.算盘acusar tr.指控，控告agudizar tr.磨尖；使敏锐abandonar tr.抛弃adaptación f.改编，节选águila f.鹰abaratar tr.使降价adaptar(se)tr.,prnl.使适应；适应aguileño adj.鹰钩鼻子abarcar tr.包括adecuado adj.合适的agujero m.孔洞abismo m.深渊adelantar tr.,intr.使前进，前进ahogarse prnl.淹死，窒息ablandar tr.使变软adelante adv.向前ahorrar tr.节省aborigen adj.-s土著adjuticar(se)tr.,prnl.判给；据为己有ahorro m.节省abrazar tr.拥抱administración f.管理ahuyentar tr.赶走，驱散abrazo m.拥抱administrativo adj.行政的，管理的aimaráadj.-s艾马拉的；艾马拉人abril m.四月admiración f.钦佩，羡慕aislado adj.与世隔绝的abruptamente adv.陡然地，陡峭的admirado p.p.受尊敬ajaláadv.但愿absorber tr.吸吮admirar(se)赞美，钦佩，使惊奇al azar m.adv.任意，偶然abundante adj.丰富的admitido p.p.被接纳al azar偶然，随意abundar intr.富有，盛产admitir tr.接受，接纳al cabo de……之后aburrido adj.腻烦，百无聊赖adolecer intr.患有al clcance de手边aburrirse prnl.无聊，烦闷adolescente adj.-s少年al compás由……伴奏abuso m.滥用；欺侮adoptar tr.采取al encuentro de迎面abyecto adj.可耻的adornado p.p.(被)装饰al pie de la letra原原本本地acabar tr.结束adornar tr.装饰al poco rato不一会儿后1acabar con结果，消灭adorno m.装饰ala f.翅膀a cabar de+inf.刚刚(做完)adquirir tr.取得，获得alacena f.壁橱a cabar por+inf.最终adulón adj.-s谄媚者alado adj.有翅膀的a cadémico adj.学院的，学术的adulto adj.-s成年人alarido m.喊叫，哀叫a larma f.惊慌；警报ambiental adj.环境的aplaudir tr.鼓掌，喝彩a larmante adj.令人不安的ambiente m.气氛，氛围aplicación f.使用，运用a lba f.早霞，清晨ambiente m.气氛，环境aplicar tr.实施，施行a lbañil m.泥瓦匠ambos adj.两者apogeo月球远地点；高潮，鼎盛时期a lbergar tr.供人居住ambulancia f.救护车Apolo阿波罗Alcaláde Henares阿尔卡拉.德.埃纳雷斯(地名)amenaza f.威胁aportado p.p.提供，贡献a lcalde,desa m.,f.村(镇，市)长amenazadoramente adv.气势汹汹apostado adj.驻守在a lcanzar tr.达到amenazar intr.威胁apoyar tr.依靠a lcoba f.内室amonestador adj.警戒的apreciación f.判断，看法a legr adj.高兴amor m.爱情apreciar tr.评价，欣赏a legrarse prnl.高兴amparar tr.保护aprendizaje m.学习，学会a lejarse prnl.远离ampliar tr.扩大，扩充apresar tr.抓住a lergia f.过敏症amplitud f.广度apresuradamente adv.匆忙地a lérgico adj.过敏的anatómico adj.解剖的apresurarse prnl.赶忙(做某事)a lertar tr.使警觉ancestro m.祖先apretado p.p.拥挤，紧凑a lfabeto m.字母(表)anciano adj.-s年老人aprobar tr.通过，赞同a lfombra f.地毯Andalucía安达露西亚aprovechable adj.可利用的a lgarabía f.喧闹andaluz adj.安达卢西亚的aprovechamiento m.利用a lgodón m.棉花andar intr.走路aprovechar tr.利用a lguacil m.法警andén m.站台aproximar tr.使靠近a lguien pron.有人andino adj.安第斯山的aproximar(se)tr.,prnl.使靠近；靠近a lienado adj.-s走火入魔的；人anexionar tr.吞并apto adj.适于a liento m.(呼出的)气儿anfiteatro m.圆形剧场apuntar tr.记录，登记a limentarse prnl.进食，摄取营养ángel de la guarda守护天使apunte m.笔记a limenticio adj.食品的ángel(angelito)m.天使apuro m.难处，困难处境a limento m.食品angustia f.焦虑araña f.蜘蛛alistar tr.登记入册，招animación f.热闹，热烈árabe adj.-s阿拉伯的；阿拉伯人alma f.灵魂animal m.动物arbitrariamente adv.随心所欲地almacén m.仓库animal doméstico家畜arca f.方舟almacenar tr.储存animal salvaje野生动物arca f.钱柜almendra f.杏仁animarse prnl.振作起来archivado p.p.归档，存档almohada f.枕头anochecer intr.夜幕降临arco triunfal凯旋门alojamiento m.住宿anotar tr.记录ardid m.计谋，花招alojarse prnl.住宿antaño adv.以前arena f.沙子alpargata f.麻制凉鞋antártico adj.南极的Argel阿尔及尔(地名)alquiler m.房租anteanoche adv.前天晚上argelino阿尔及利亚的；阿尔及利亚alrededor m.四周anteayer adv.前天Argentina阿根廷Altamira阿尔塔米拉antepasado,da m.,f.祖先argentino,na m.adj.阿根廷人；阿根廷Altántico adj.-s大西洋anterior adj.前一个argumental adj.情节上的alteración f.变化anticipación f.提前argumento m.论据，理由；情节alterar tr.变更antigüedad f.古代aritmético adj.算术的alternativo adj.交替的antiguo adj.古老的arma f.武器altiplanicie f.高原Antiguo Testamento旧约全书armado p.p.武装起来的altiplanicie f.高原Antillas Mayores大安的列斯群岛armar una gresca大吵大闹altura f.高度antorcha f.火炬，火把armar(se)tr.,prnl.武装起来aludido p.p.提到的，说到的anual adj.每年armario m.衣柜alunizaje m.在月球着陆anunciar tr.宣布armonizar tr.使和谐，协调alunizar intr.着月anuncio m.广告，告示arqueológico adj.考古的alzar tr.升高，抬高apagar tr.熄灭arqueólogo,ga m.f.考古工作者alzarse prnl.矗立aparatp m.器具，器官arquitectónico adj.建筑的amabilidad f.亲切，热情aparcar tr.停车arrancar tr.拔除amable adj.和蔼的，客气的aparecer intr.出现arrasar tr.扫荡，毁坏2amanecer intr.天亮apartarse prnl.躲开arrastrar tr.贴地面拖amanecida f.清晨apearse prnl.下车arreglo m.修理amar tr.喜欢，爱apenas adv.几乎不arreos m.pl.马具amarillento adj.发黄的apetecer tr.想望，渴望arresto m.拘捕ambición f.野心，雄心apetito m.胃口arriero m.赶脚夫arrodillarse prnl.跪下atreverse prnl.敢。
供应商信息安全风险评估检查表
All areas covered by the **** project must be
2
identified, including but not limited to sensitive raw
materials and equipment areas, storage areas and
warehouse areas, access and transportation routes,
s供ec应ur商ity须po建lic立ie人s, 员reg离ul职ati处on理s a流nd程ot，he至rs,少an要d 关the闭信
息系统帐号和权限，回收存储介质（包含电脑）
。
2.5
The suppliers must establish a process for employee
1
termination, at least to disable the information
access, such as implement data encryption or data
总得分
leakage prevention.
Subtotal 得分率
Percentage %
1
1 4
50.00%
4、物理与环境安全 4. Physical and environment security
总得分
system accounts and permissions, and return the
Subtotal 得分率
Percentage %
9 90.00%
3、数据和介质管理 3. Data and media management
序号# S/N 3.1
用英语介绍复印机作文
A photocopier, commonly known as a copier, is an essential piece of office equipment that allows for the reproduction of documents and images. Heres a brief introduction to this versatile machine:Basic Function:A photocopier works by scanning an original document and then using light to create an image on a photosensitive drum. This drum then attracts toner, which is a powder that gives the copy its color. The toner is then transferred onto paper and fused with heat to create a permanent copy.Types of Photocopiers:1. Monochrome Copiers: These machines only produce black and white copies.2. Color Copiers: Capable of producing both black and white and color copies.3. Multifunction Printers MFPs: These devices combine the functions of a photocopier, printer, scanner, and sometimes fax machine into one unit.Features:Resolution: The quality of the copies, measured in dots per inch DPI.Speed: The number of copies a machine can produce per minute.Duplex Printing: The ability to print on both sides of the paper.Network Connectivity: Allows multiple users to access the photocopier from their computers.Usage:Photocopiers are used in various settings, including offices, schools, libraries, and copy centers. They are indispensable for businesses that need to reproduce documents for meetings, presentations, or recordkeeping.Maintenance:Regular maintenance is crucial for the photocopier to function efficiently. This includes cleaning the glass, replacing toner cartridges, and servicing the machine to prevent jams and other issues.Environmental Impact:Photocopiers can consume a significant amount of paper and energy. To minimize their environmental impact, its important to use energyefficient models and to recycle paper whenever possible.Security:Some photocopiers come with security features to protect sensitive documents fromunauthorized copying or scanning.Innovations:With advancements in technology, modern photocopiers are becoming more sophisticated, offering features like cloud connectivity, mobile printing, and advanced scanning capabilities.In conclusion, photocopiers are a vital tool in the modern workplace, offering convenience and efficiency in document reproduction. As technology continues to evolve, so too will the capabilities and convenience of these machines.。
co词根词缀
co词根词缀
"Co-" 是一个常见的英语前缀，源自拉丁语，意味着“共同”、“一起”或“合作”。
当它用作前缀时，"co-" 通常表示参与者之间的合作、伙伴关系或共同性。
以下是一些包含 "co-" 前缀的单词示例及其含义：
1.Cooperate（合作）：表示两个或多个实体一起工作
以达成共同目标。
2.Coordinate（协调）：指不同元素或个体之间的有序
合作或组织。
3.Coexist（共存）：不同实体或概念在同一空间或环
境中和平共处。
4.Coauthor（合著者）：两个或多个作者共同撰写一部
作品。
5.Cofounder（共同创始人）：指两个或多个人共同创
立一个组织或公司。
panion（伙伴）：与另一个人共同进行活动或共
享经历的人。
plement（补充）：指两个或更多元素相互补充，
共同形成一个更完整的整体。
8.Collaborate（协作）：在某个项目或任务中与他人
共同努力。
"Co-" 前缀的使用凸显了共同性、合作或伙伴关系的概念，它在形成复合词时有助于表达这些概念的含义。
英语六级词汇课笔记-2-com-、con-、co-系列词汇
大学英语六级词汇课笔记第二章com-/con-/co-系列词汇com-/con-/co-系列词汇（一）前缀表倾向（方向+态度）pro-往前pro spect n.前景1. com-/con-/co- 表示“共同、一起、两者、都”contest ['kɒntest] n. 竞赛（偏文化类的）vt. 争辩；争取——competition竞赛（偏激烈的，如体育类）test考试protest ['prəʊtest] v.争取（=go for）；v./n. 抗议➡protest against（注：表相反用against）（记忆；“考试提前会被抗议”）➡Citizens protest against the decision of the government.（市民们抗议政府的决定）➡If you want it, you should contest/go for it.（如果你喜欢它，就应该争取）➡If you truly love her, you should go fo r her.（如果你真的爱她，就应该争取）contest ant [kən'test(ə)nt] n. 竞赛选手-ant表人➡Contestant NO.4, would you please...（4号选手，你能…）protest er [prə'tɛstɚ] n. 竞争者；抗议者；反对者com memor ate [kə'meməreɪt] vt. 庆祝，纪念memory n.记忆；内存GB=Giga Byte十亿字节in memory of 为了纪念➡We gather here today in memory of Mr. Luxun.（我们今天聚集在这里是为了纪念鲁迅先生）in support of未来支持= in favor of赞同、支持➡I here today in support of your selection.（我今天到这儿就是为了支持你的竞选）favor喜欢；支持➡I’m in favor of your decision.（我支持你的决定）（记忆：“给你一个飞吻”）in need of 需要➡Many poor people are in need of our love and care.（许多穷人需要我们的关爱）in badly need of很需要➡I miss you badly.（我很想你）注：badly=illy=very very…很in pursuit of为了追求purs u it追求（记忆：“我拿出钱包来准备包养你”）purse钱包➡I’m here today in pursuit of better ways of learning English.（我来到这里是为了追求更好的英语学习方法）confront [kən'frʌnt] vt. 面对、面临；遭遇；比较用法：以人为主语要用被动语态；以物为主语时要用主动语态。
2010年美国心脏病学会心肺复苏指南(英文版)
ISSN: 1524-4539Copyright © 2010 American Heart Association. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online72514Circulation is published by the American Heart Association. 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TXDOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.9708892010;122;S640-S656Circulation HoekCallaway, Brett Cucchiara, Jeffrey D. Ferguson, Thomas D. Rea and Terry L. VandenMark S. Link, Laurie J. Morrison, Robert E. O'Connor, Michael Shuster, Clifton W. Marc D. Berg, John E. Billi, Brian Eigel, Robert W. Hickey, Monica E. Kleinman,Neumar, Mary Ann Peberdy, Jeffrey M. Perlman, Elizabeth Sinz, Andrew H. Travers, Farhan Bhanji, Diana M. Cave, Edward C. Jauch, Peter J. Kudenchuk, Robert W.Schexnayder, Robin Hemphill, Ricardo A. Samson, John Kattwinkel, Robert A. Berg, John M. Field, Mary Fran Hazinski, Michael R. Sayre, Leon Chameides, Stephen M. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Part 1: Executive Summary: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for/cgi/content/full/122/18_suppl_3/S640located on the World Wide Web at:The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is/reprints Reprints: Information about reprints can be found online atjournalpermissions@ 410-528-8550. E-mail:Fax:Kluwer Health, 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21202-2436. Phone: 410-528-4050. Permissions: Permissions & Rights Desk, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a division of Wolters/subscriptions/Subscriptions: Information about subscribing to Circulation is online atPart1:Executive Summary2010American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care John M.Field,Co-Chair*;Mary Fran Hazinski,Co-Chair*;Michael R.Sayre;Leon Chameides; Stephen M.Schexnayder;Robin Hemphill;Ricardo A.Samson;John Kattwinkel;Robert A.Berg;Farhan Bhanji;Diana M.Cave;Edward C.Jauch;Peter J.Kudenchuk;Robert W.Neumar;Mary Ann Peberdy;Jeffrey M.Perlman;Elizabeth Sinz;Andrew H.Travers;Marc D.Berg; John E.Billi;Brian Eigel;Robert W.Hickey;Monica E.Kleinman;Mark S.Link;Laurie J.Morrison; Robert E.O’Connor;Michael Shuster;Clifton W.Callaway;Brett Cucchiara;Jeffrey D.Ferguson;Thomas D.Rea;Terry L.Vanden HoekT he publication of the2010American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care marks the50th anniversary of modern CPR.In1960Kouwenhoven,Knickerbocker,and Jude documented14patients who survived cardiac arrest with the application of closed chest cardiac massage.1That same year,at the meeting of the Maryland Medical Society in Ocean City,MD,the combination of chest compressions and rescue breathing was introduced.2Two years later,in1962, direct-current,monophasic waveform defibrillation was de-scribed.3In1966the American Heart Association(AHA) developed the first cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) guidelines,which have been followed by periodic updates.4 During the past50years the fundamentals of early recogni-tion and activation,early CPR,early defibrillation,and early access to emergency medical care have saved hundreds of thousands of lives around the world.These lives demonstrate the importance of resuscitation research and clinical transla-tion and are cause to celebrate this50th anniversary of CPR. Challenges remain if we are to fulfill the potential offered by the pioneer resuscitation scientists.We know that there is a striking disparity in survival outcomes from cardiac arrest across systems of care,with some systems reporting5-fold higher survival rates than others.5–9Although technology, such as that incorporated in automated external defibrillators (AEDs),has contributed to increased survival from cardiac arrest,no initial intervention can be delivered to the victim of cardiac arrest unless bystanders are ready,willing,and able to act.Moreover,to be successful,the actions of bystanders and other care providers must occur within a system that coordi-nates and integrates each facet of care into a comprehensive whole,focusing on survival to discharge from the hospital.This executive summary highlights the major changes and most provocative recommendations in the2010AHA Guide-lines for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care(ECC). The scientists and healthcare providers participating in a comprehensive evidence evaluation process analyzed the sequence and priorities of the steps of CPR in light of current scientific advances to identify factors with the greatest potential impact on survival.On the basis of the strength of the available evidence,they developed recommendations to support the interventions that showed the most promise. There was unanimous support for continued emphasis on high-quality CPR,with compressions of adequate rate and depth,allowing complete chest recoil,minimizing inter-ruptions in chest compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation.High-quality CPR is the cornerstone of a system of care that can optimize outcomes beyond return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC).Return to a prior quality of life and functional state of health is the ultimate goal of a resuscitation system of care.The2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC are based on the most current and comprehensive review of resuscitation litera-ture ever published,the2010ILCOR International Consensus on CPR and ECC Science With Treatment Recommendations.10 The2010evidence evaluation process included356resuscita-tion experts from29countries who reviewed,analyzed,evalu-ated,debated,and discussed research and hypotheses through in-person meetings,teleconferences,and online sessions(“web-inars”)during the36-month period before the2010Consensus Conference.The experts produced411scientific evidence re-views on277topics in resuscitation and emergency cardiovas-cular care.The process included structured evidence evaluation, analysis,and cataloging of the literature.It also included rigor-The American Heart Association requests that this document be cited as follows:Field JM,Hazinski MF,Sayre MR,Chameides L,Schexnayder SM, Hemphill R,Samson RA,Kattwinkel J,Berg RA,Bhanji F,Cave DM,Jauch EC,Kudenchuk PJ,Neumar RW,Peberdy MA,Perlman JM,Sinz E,Travers AH,Berg MD,Billi JE,Eigel B,Hickey RW,Kleinman ME,Link MS,Morrison LJ,O’Connor RE,Shuster M,Callaway CW,Cucchiara B,Ferguson JD,Rea TD,Vanden Hoek TL.Part1:executive summary:2010American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.Circulation.2010;122(suppl3):S640–S656.*Co-chairs and equal first co-authors.(Circulation.2010;122[suppl3]:S640–S656.)©2010American Heart Association,Inc.Circulation is available at DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970889ous disclosure and management of potential conflicts of interest, which are detailed in Part2:“Evidence Evaluation and Man-agement of Potential and Perceived Conflicts of Interest.”The recommendations in the2010Guidelines confirm the safety and effectiveness of many approaches,acknowledge ineffectiveness of others,and introduce new treatments based on intensive evidence evaluation and consensus of experts. These new recommendations do not imply that care using past guidelines is either unsafe or ineffective.In addition,it is important to note that they will not apply to all rescuers and all victims in all situations.The leader of a resuscitation attempt may need to adapt application of these recommenda-tions to unique circumstances.New Developments in Resuscitation ScienceSince2005A universal compression-ventilation ratio of30:2performed by lone rescuers for victims of all ages was one of the most controversial topics discussed during the2005International Consensus Conference,and it was a major change in the2005 AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC.11In2005rates of survival to hospital discharge from witnessed out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation(VF)were low,averagingՅ6%worldwide with little improvement in the years immediately preceding the2005conference.5Two studies published just before the2005International Consen-sus Conference documented poor quality of CPR performed in both out-of-hospital and in-hospital resuscitations.12,13The changes in the compression-ventilation ratio and in the defibrillation sequence(from3stacked shocks to1shock followed by immediate CPR)were recommended to mini-mize interruptions in chest compressions.11–13There have been many developments in resuscitation science since2005,and these are highlighted below. Emergency Medical Services Systems andCPR QualityEmergency medical services(EMS)systems and healthcare providers should identify and strengthen“weak links”in the Chain of Survival.There is evidence of considerable regional variation in the reported incidence and outcome from cardiac arrest within the United States.5,14This evidence supports the importance of accurately identifying each instance of treated cardiac arrest and measuring outcomes and suggests additional opportunities for improving survival rates in many communities. Recent studies have demonstrated improved outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,particularly from shockable rhythms,and have reaffirmed the importance of a stronger emphasis on compressions of adequate rate and depth,allowing complete chest recoil after each compression,minimizing interrup-tions in compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation.15–22 Implementation of new resuscitation guidelines has been shown to improve outcomes.18,20–22A means of expediting guidelines implementation(a process that may take from18 months to4years23–26)is needed.Impediments to implemen-tation include delays in instruction(eg,time needed to produce new training materials and update instructors and providers),technology upgrades(eg,reprogramming AEDs), and decision making(eg,coordination with allied agencies and government regulators,medical direction,and participa-tion in research).Documenting the Effects of CPR Performance by Lay RescuersDuring the past5years there has been an effort to simplify CPR recommendations and emphasize the fundamental importance of high-quality rge observational studies from investiga-tors in member countries of the Resuscitation Council of Asia (the newest member of ILCOR)27,28–30and other studies31,32 have provided important information about the positive impact of bystander CPR on survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. For most adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,bystander CPR with chest compression only(Hands-Only CPR)appears to achieve outcomes similar to those of conventional CPR(com-pressions with rescue breathing).28–32However,for children, conventional CPR is superior.27CPR QualityMinimizing the interval between stopping chest compressions and delivering a shock(ie,minimizing the preshock pause) improves the chances of shock success33,34and patient sur-vival.33–35Data downloaded from CPR-sensing and feedback-enabled defibrillators provide valuable information to resus-citation teams,which can improve CPR quality.36These data are driving major changes in the training of in-hospital resuscitation teams and out-of-hospital healthcare providers. In-Hospital CPR RegistriesThe National Registry of CardioPulmonary Resuscitation (NRCPR)37and other large databases are providing new infor-mation about the epidemiology and outcomes of in-hospital resuscitation in adults and children.8,38–44Although observa-tional in nature,registries provide valuable descriptive informa-tion to better characterize cardiac arrest and resuscitation out-comes as well as identify areas for further research. Deemphasis on Devices and Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Drugs During Cardiac ArrestAt the time of the2010International Consensus Conference there were still insufficient data to demonstrate that any drugs or mechanical CPR devices improve long-term outcome after cardiac arrest.45Clearly further studies,adequately powered to detect clinically important outcome differences with these interventions,are needed.Importance of Post–Cardiac Arrest Care Organized post–cardiac arrest care with an emphasis on multidisciplinary programs that focus on optimizing hemo-dynamic,neurologic,and metabolic function(including ther-apeutic hypothermia)may improve survival to hospital dis-charge among victims who achieve ROSC following cardiac arrest either in-or out-of-hospital.46–48Although it is not yet possible to determine the individual effect of many of these therapies,when bundled as an integrated system of care,their deployment may well improve outcomes.Therapeutic hypothermia is one intervention that has been shown to improve outcome for comatose adult victims of Field et al Part1:Executive Summary S641witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest when the presenting rhythm was VF.49,50Since2005,two nonrandomized studies with concurrent controls as well as other studies using historic controls have indicated the possible benefit of hypo-thermia following in-and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from all other initial rhythms in adults.46,51–56Hypothermia has also been shown to be effective in improving intact neurologic survival in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopa-thy,57–61and the results of a prospective multicenter pediatric study of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest are eagerly awaited.Many studies have attempted to identify comatose post–cardiac arrest patients who have no prospect for meaningful neurologic recovery,and decision rules for prognostication of poor outcome have been proposed.62Therapeutic hypother-mia changes the specificity of prognostication decision rules that were previously established from studies of post–cardiac arrest patients not treated with hypothermia.Recent reports have documented occasional good outcomes in post–cardiac arrest patients who were treated with therapeutic hypother-mia,despite neurologic exam or neuroelectrophysiologic studies that predicted poor outcome.63,64Education and ImplementationThe quality of rescuer education and frequency of retraining are critical factors in improving the effectiveness of resusci-tation.65–83Ideally retraining should not be limited to2-year intervals.More frequent renewal of skills is needed,with a commitment to maintenance of certification similar to that embraced by many healthcare-credentialing organizations. Resuscitation interventions are often performed simulta-neously,and rescuers must be able to work collaboratively to minimize interruptions in chest compressions.Teamwork and leadership skills continue to be important,particularly for advanced cardiovascular life support(ACLS)and pediatric advanced life support(PALS)providers.36,84–89 Community and hospital-based resuscitation programs should systematically monitor cardiac arrests,the level of resuscitation care provided,and outcome.The cycle of measurement,interpretation,feedback,and continuous qual-ity improvement provides fundamental information necessary to optimize resuscitation care and should help to narrow the knowledge and clinical gaps between ideal and actual resus-citation performance.Highlights of the2010GuidelinesThe Change From“A-B-C”to“C-A-B”The newest development in the2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC is a change in the basic life support(BLS)sequence of steps from“A-B-C”(Airway,Breathing,Chest compressions)to “C-A-B”(Chest compressions,Airway,Breathing)for adults and pediatric patients(children and infants,excluding newly borns).Although the experts agreed that it is important to reduce time to first chest compressions,they were aware that a change in something as established as the A-B-C sequence would require re-education of everyone who has ever learned CPR.The 2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC recommend this change for the following reasons:●The vast majority of cardiac arrests occur in adults,and the highest survival rates from cardiac arrest are reported among patients of all ages with witnessed arrest and a rhythm of VF or pulseless ventricular tachycardia(VT).In these patients the critical initial elements of CPR are chest compressions and early defibrillation.90●In the A-B-C sequence chest compressions are often delayed while the responder opens the airway to give mouth-to-mouth breaths or retrieves a barrier device or other ventilation equipment.By changing the sequence to C-A-B,chest compressions will be initiated sooner and ventilation only minimally delayed until completion of the first cycle of chest compressions(30compressions should be accomplished in approximately18seconds).●Fewer than50%of persons in cardiac arrest receive bystander CPR.There are probably many reasons for this,but one impediment may be the A-B-C sequence,which starts with the procedures that rescuers find most difficult:opening the airway and delivering rescue breaths.Starting with chest compressions might ensure that more victims receive CPR and that rescuers who are unable or unwilling to provide ventilations will at least perform chest compressions.●It is reasonable for healthcare providers to tailor the sequence of rescue actions to the most likely cause of arrest.For example,if a lone healthcare provider sees a victim suddenly collapse,the provider may assume that the victim has suffered a sudden VF cardiac arrest;once the provider has verified that the victim is unresponsive and not breathing or is only gasping,the provider should immediately activate the emergency response system,get and use an AED,and give CPR.But for a presumed victim of drowning or other likely asphyxial arrest the priority would be to provide about5cycles(about2minutes)of conventional CPR(including rescue breathing)before ac-tivating the emergency response system.Also,in newly born infants,arrest is more likely to be of a respiratory etiology,and resuscitation should be attempted with the A-B-C sequence unless there is a known cardiac etiology. Ethical IssuesThe ethical issues surrounding resuscitation are complex and vary across settings(in-or out-of-hospital),providers(basic or advanced),and whether to start or how to terminate CPR.Recent work suggests that acknowledgment of a verbal do-not-attempt-resuscitation order(DNAR)in addition to the current stan-dard—a written,signed,and dated DNAR document—may decrease the number of futile resuscitation attempts.91,92This is an important first step in expanding the clinical decision rule pertaining to when to start resuscitation in out-of-hospital car-diac arrest.However,there is insufficient evidence to support this approach without further validation.When only BLS-trained EMS personnel are available, termination of resuscitative efforts should be guided by a validated termination of resuscitation rule that reduces the transport rate of attempted resuscitations without compro-mising the care of potentially viable patients.93Advanced life support(ALS)EMS providers may use the same termination of resuscitation rule94–99or a derived nonvali-dated rule specific to ALS providers that when applied willS642Circulation November2,2010decrease the number of futile transports to the emergency department(ED).95,97–100Certain characteristics of a neonatal in-hospital cardiac arrest are associated with death,and these may be helpful in guiding physicians in the decision to start and stop a neonatal resuscitation attempt.101–104There is more variability in ter-minating resuscitation rates across systems and physicians when clinical decision rules are not followed,suggesting that these validated and generalized rules may promote uniformity in access to resuscitation attempts and full protocol care.105 Offering select family members the opportunity to be present during the resuscitation and designating staff within the team to respond to their questions and offer comfort may enhance the emotional support provided to the family during cardiac arrest and after termination of a resuscitation attempt. Identifying patients during the post–cardiac arrest period who do not have the potential for meaningful neurologic recovery is a major clinical challenge that requires further research.Caution is advised when considering limiting care or withdrawing life-sustaining therapy.Characteristics or test results that are predictive of poor outcome in post–cardiac arrest patients not treated with therapeutic hypothermia may not be as predictive of poor outcome after administration of therapeutic hypothermia. Because of the growing need for transplant tissue and organs,all provider teams who treat postarrest patients should also plan and implement a system of tissue and organ donation that is timely, effective,and supportive of family members for the subset of patients in whom brain death is confirmed or for organ donation after cardiac arrest.Resuscitation research is challenging.It must be scientifically rigorous while confronting ethical,regulatory,and public rela-tions concerns that arise from the need to conduct such research with exception to informed consent.Regulatory requirements, community notification,and consultation requirements often impose expensive and time-consuming demands that may not only delay important research but also render it cost-prohibitive, with little significant evidence that these measures effectively address the concerns about research.106–109Basic Life SupportBLS is the foundation for saving lives following cardiac arrest.Fundamental aspects of adult BLS include immediate recognition of sudden cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system,early performance of high-quality CPR,and rapid defibrillation when appropriate.The 2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC contain several important changes but also have areas of continued emphasis based on evidence presented in prior years.Key Changes in the2010AHA Guidelines for CPRand ECC●The BLS algorithm has been simplified,and“Look,Listen and Feel”has been removed from the algorithm.Performance of these steps is inconsistent and time consuming.For this reason the2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC stress immediate activation of the emergency response system and starting chest compressions for any unresponsive adult victim with no breathing or no normal breathing(ie,only gasps).●Encourage Hands-Only(compression only)CPR for the untrained lay rescuer.Hands-Only CPR is easier to perform by those with no training and can be more readily guided by dispatchers over the telephone.●Initiate chest compressions before giving rescue breaths(C-A-B rather than A-B-C).Chest compressions can be started immediately,whereas positioning the head,attaining a seal for mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing,or obtaining or assembling a bag-mask device for rescue breathing all take time.Begin-ning CPR with30compressions rather than2ventilations leads to a shorter delay to first compression.●There is an increased focus on methods to ensure that high-quality CPR is performed.Adequate chest compres-sions require that compressions be provided at the appro-priate depth and rate,allowing complete recoil of the chest after each compression and an emphasis on minimizing any pauses in compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation. Training should focus on ensuring that chest compressions are performed correctly.The recommended depth of com-pression for adult victims has increased from a depth of11⁄2 to2inches to a depth of at least2inches.●Many tasks performed by healthcare providers during resus-citation attempts,such as chest compressions,airway man-agement,rescue breathing,rhythm detection,shock delivery, and drug administration(if appropriate),can be performed concurrently by an integrated team of highly trained rescuers in appropriate settings.Some resuscitations start with a lone rescuer who calls for help,resulting in the arrival of additional team members.Healthcare provider training should focus on building the team as each member arrives or quickly delegat-ing roles if multiple rescuers are present.As additional personnel arrive,responsibilities for tasks that would ordi-narily be performed sequentially by fewer rescuers may now be delegated to a team of providers who should perform them simultaneously.Key Points of Continued Emphasis for the2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC●Early recognition of sudden cardiac arrest in adults is based on assessing responsiveness and the absence of normal breathing.Victims of cardiac arrest may initially have gasping respirations or even appear to be having a seizure. These atypical presentations may confuse a rescuer,caus-ing a delay in calling for help or beginning CPR.Training should focus on alerting potential rescuers to the unusual presentations of sudden cardiac arrest.●Minimize interruptions in effective chest compressions until ROSC or termination of resuscitative efforts.Any unnecessary interruptions in chest compressions(including longer than necessary pauses for rescue breathing)de-creases CPR effectiveness.●Minimize the importance of pulse checks by healthcare providers.Detection of a pulse can be difficult,and even highly trained healthcare providers often incorrectly assess the presence or absence of a pulse when blood pressure is abnormally low or absent.Healthcare providers should take no more than10seconds to determine if a pulse is present. Chest compressions delivered to patients subsequently found not to be in cardiac arrest rarely lead to significant Field et al Part1:Executive Summary S643injury.110The lay rescuer should activate the emergency response system if he or she finds an unresponsive adult. The lay rescuer should not attempt to check for a pulse and should assume that cardiac arrest is present if an adult suddenly collapses,is unresponsive,and is not breathing or not breathing normally(ie,only gasping).CPR Techniques and DevicesAlternatives to conventional manual CPR have been devel-oped in an effort to enhance perfusion during resuscitation from cardiac arrest and to improve pared with conventional CPR,these techniques and devices typically require more personnel,training,and equipment,or apply to a specific setting.Some alternative CPR techniques and devices may improve hemodynamics or short-term survival when used by well-trained providers in selected patients. Several devices have been the focus of recent clinical trials. Use of the impedance threshold device(ITD)improved ROSC and short-term survival when used in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,but there was no significant improvement in either survival to hospital discharge or neurologically-intact survival to discharge.111One multicenter,prospective,randomized con-trolled trial112,112a comparing load-distributing band CPR(Auto-pulse)with manual CPR for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest demonstrated no improvement in4-hour survival and worse neurologic outcome when the device was used.More research is needed to determine if site-specific factors113or experience with deployment of the device114influence effectiveness of the load-distributing band CPR device.Case series employing me-chanical piston devices have reported variable degrees of success.115–119To prevent delays and maximize efficiency,initial training, ongoing monitoring,and retraining programs should be offered on a frequent basis to providers using CPR devices. To date,no adjunct has consistently been shown to be superior to standard conventional(manual)CPR for out-of-hospital BLS,and no device other than a defibrillator has consistently improved long-term survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Electrical TherapiesThe2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC have been updated to reflect new data on the use of pacing in bradycar-dia,and on cardioversion and defibrillation for tachycardic rhythm disturbances.Integration of AEDs into a system of care is critical in the Chain of Survival in public places outside of hospitals.To give the victim the best chance of survival,3actions must occur within the first moments of a cardiac arrest120:activation of the EMS system,121provision of CPR,and operation of a defibrillator.122One area of continued interest is whether delivering a longer period of CPR before defibrillation improves out-comes in cardiac arrest.In early studies,survival was im-proved when1.5to3minutes of CPR preceded defibrillation for patients with cardiac arrest ofϾ4to5minutes duration prior to EMS arrival.123,124However,in2more recent randomized controlled trials,CPR performed before defibril-lation did not improve outcome.125,126IfՆ2rescuers are present CPR should be performed while a defibrillator is being obtained and readied for use.The1-shock protocol for VF has not been changed. Evidence has accumulated that even short interruptions in CPR are harmful.Thus,rescuers should minimize the interval between stopping compressions and delivering shocks and should resume CPR immediately after shock delivery. Over the last decade biphasic waveforms have been shown to be more effective than monophasic waveforms in cardio-version and defibrillation.127–135However,there are no clin-ical data comparing one specific biphasic waveform with another.Whether escalating or fixed subsequent doses of energy are superior has not been tested with different wave-forms.However,if higher energy levels are available in the device at hand,they may be considered if initial shocks are unsuccessful in terminating the arrhythmia.In the last5to10years a number of randomized trials have compared biphasic with monophasic cardioversion in atrial fibrillation.The efficacy of shock energies for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is waveform-specific and can vary from120to 200J depending on the defibrillator manufacturer.Thus,the recommended initial biphasic energy dose for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is120to200J using the manufacturer’s recommended setting.136–140If the initial shock fails,providers should increase the dose in a stepwise fashion.Cardiover-sion of adult atrial flutter and other supraventricular tachycardias generally requires less energy;an initial energy of50J to100J is often sufficient.140If the initial shock fails,providers should increase the dose in a stepwise fashion.141Adult cardioversion of atrial fibrilla-tion with monophasic waveforms should begin at200J and increase in a stepwise fashion if not successful. Transcutaneous pacing has also been the focus of several recent trials.Pacing is not generally recommended for pa-tients in asystolic cardiac arrest.Three randomized controlled trials142–144indicate no improvement in rate of admission to hospital or survival to hospital discharge when paramedics or physicians attempted pacing in patients with cardiac arrest due to asystole in the prehospital or hospital(ED)setting. However,it is reasonable for healthcare providers to be prepared to initiate pacing in patients with bradyarrhythmias in the event the heart rate does not respond to atropine or other chronotropic(rate-accelerating)drugs.145,146 Advanced Cardiovascular Life SupportACLS affects multiple links in the Chain of Survival,including interventions to prevent cardiac arrest,treat cardiac arrest,and improve outcomes of patients who achieve ROSC after cardiac arrest.The2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC continue to emphasize that the foundation of successful ACLS is good BLS, beginning with prompt high-quality CPR with minimal interrup-tions,and for VF/pulseless VT,attempted defibrillation within minutes of collapse.The new fifth link in the Chain of Survival and Part9:“Post–Cardiac Arrest Care”(expanded from a subsection of the ACLS part of the2005AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC)emphasize the importance of comprehensive multidisciplinary care that begins with recognition of cardiac arrest and continues after ROSC through hospital discharge and beyond.Key ACLS assessments and interventions provide anS644Circulation November2,2010。
co-前缀的起源与用法
co-前缀的起源与用法
“co-”这个前缀来源于拉丁语“cum”（意为“与”、“共同”）。
它
经过演变后在英语中作为前缀使用。
“co-”用于构词时有多种含义和用法，下面是几个常见的用法：
1. 表示“共同”，表示两个或多个人或物一起进行某种活动或共
同拥有某个特征。
例如，coexist（共存）、cooperate（合作）、co-owner（共有者）等。
2. 表示“协作”或“合作”，表示两个或多个人或物共同参与某个
行动、工作或项目。
例如，collaborate（合作）、coauthor（合著者）、coworker（同事）等。
3. 表示“一起”或“同时”，表示两个或多个动作同时发生或同时
存在。
例如，codependent（相互依赖的）、coexist（共存）、co-occur（同时发生）等。
4. 表示“对抗”或“相反”，表示两个或多个事物的相互作用或对
立关系。
例如，coexist（共存）、contradict（相互矛盾）、counteract（相互抵消）等。
需要注意的是，“co-”前缀的具体用法和含义取决于它与后缀
结合所构成的词的语境和词义。
因此，根据具体的词语和句子来理解“co-”前缀的意义是很重要的。