【国际经济学专题考试试卷十】Externalities
国际经济学试卷试题包括答案.docx
《国际经济学》选择题汇总版（附答案）Ch1-Ch31.The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries becauseA)the United States is a relatively large country with diverse resources.B)the United States is a“ Superpower. ”C)the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything.D)the United States invests in many other countries.E)many countries invest in the United States.2. Because the Constitution forbids restraints on interstate trade,A)the U.S. may not impose tariffs on imports from NAFTA countries.B)the U.S. may not affect the international value of the $ U.S.C)the U.S. may not put restraints on foreign investments in California if it involves a financial intermediary in New York State.D)the U.S. may not impose export duties.E)the U.S. may not disrupt commerce between Florida and Hawaii.3.International economics can be divided into two broad sub-fields A) macro and micro.B) developed and less developed.C) monetary and barter.D) international trade and international money.E) static and dynamic.4.International monetary analysis focuses onA)the real side of the international economy.B)the international trade side of the international economy.C)the international investment side of the international economy.D)the issues of international cooperation between Central Banks.E)the monetary side of the international economy, such as currency exchange.5.The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact thatA)trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade.B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods.C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products.D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds international trade by the EuropeanUni on.E) the U.S. trades more with Western Europe than it does with Canada.6.The gravity model explains whyA)trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Sweden and Spain.B)countries with oil reserves tend to export oil.C)capital rich countries export capital intensive products.D)intra-industry trade is relatively more important than other forms of tradebetween neighboringcountries.E)European countries rely most often on natural resources.7. Why does the gravity model work?A)Large economies became large because they were engaged in international trade.B)Large economies have relatively large incomes, and hence spend more on governm ent promotion of trade and investment.C)Large economies have relatively larger areas which raises the probability that a pro ductive activity will take place within the borders of that country.D)Large economies tend to have large incomes and tend to spend more on impor ts.E) Large economies tend to avoid trading with small economies.8.We see that the Netherlands, Belgium, and Ireland trade considerably more with the United States than with many other countries.A)This is explained by the gravity model, since these are all large countries.B)This is explained by the gravity model, since these are all small countries.C)This fails to be consistent with the gravity model, since these are smallcountri es.D)This fails to be consistent with the gravity model, since these are large countries.E)This is explained by the gravity model, since they do not share borders.9.In the present, most of the exports from Chinaare A) manufactured goods.B) services.C)primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) overpriced by world market standards.10.A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because itA) is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.B) is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could domestically.C) is producing exports using fewer labor units.D) is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.E) is producing exports while outsourcing services.11.The Ricardian model attributes the gains from trade associated with the principle o f comparative advantage result toA) differences in technology.B)differences in preferences.C)differences in labor productivity.D)differences in resources.E)gravity relationships among countries.12. A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find itsconsump tion bundleA)inside its production possibilities frontier.B)on its production possibilities frontier.C)outside its production possibilities frontier.D)inside its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.E)on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.13.Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United Sta tes equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan ifA)U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japan's 15 units per hour.B)U.S. labor productivity equaled 30 units per hour and Japan's 20 units per hour.C)U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 units per hour and Japan's 30 units per hour.D)U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour and Japan's 25 units per hour.E)U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour and Japan's 40 units per hour.14.In a two-country, two-product world, the statement“ Germanyenjoys acomparativ e advantage over France in autos relative toships ”is equivalent toA) France having a comparative advantage over Germany in ships.B) France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germany in autos and ship s.C) Germany having a comparative advantage over France in autos and ships.D) France having no comparative advantage over Germany.E) France should produce autos.15.If the United States' production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereas Germany's was flatter to the butter axis, we know thatA)the United States has no comparative advantageB)Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.C)the U.S. has a comparative advantage in butter.D)Germany has comparative advantages in both products.E)the U.S. has a comparative disadvantage in widgets.Ch4-Ch51.The Ricardian model of international trade demonstrates that trade can bemutually beneficial. Why, then, do governments restrict imports of some goods?A)Trade can have substantial effects on a country's distribution of income.B)The Ricardian model is often incorrect in its prediction that trade can bemutually beneficial.C)Import restrictions are the result of trade wars between hostile countries.D)Imports are only restricted when foreign-made goods do not meet domestic standar ds of qualityE) Restrictions on imports are intended to benefit domestic consumers.2.Japan's trade policies with regard to rice reflect the fact thatA) japanese rice farmers have significant political power.B) Japan has a comparative advantage in rice production and therefore exports most o f its rice crop.C) there would be no gains from trade available to Japan if it engaged in free trade in r ice.D) there are gains from trade that Japan captures by engaging in free trade in rice.E) Japan imports most of the rice consumed in the country.3.In the specific factors model, which of the following is treated as a specific factor?A)LaborB)LandC)ClothD)FoodE)Technology4.The specific factors model assumes that there are ________ goods and ________ fa ctor(s) of production.A) two; threeB) two; two C)two; one D)three; two E)four; three5.The slope of a country's production possibility frontier with cloth measured on the horizontal and food measured on the vertical axis in the specific factors model is equa l to ________ and it ________ as more cloth is produced.A)-MPLF/MPLC; becomes steeperB)-MPLF/MPLC; becomes flatterC)-MPLF/MPLC; is constantD)-MPLC/MPLF; becomes steeperE)-MPLC/MPLF; is constant6.Under perfect competition, the equilibrium price of labor used to produce clothwill be equal toA)the slope of the production possibility frontier.B)the average product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth.C)the ratio of the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth to the marginal product of labor in the production of food times the ratio of the price of cloth. to the price of food.D)the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth.E)the price of cloth divided by the marginal product of labor in the production of clot h.7.In the specific factors model, which of the following will increase the quantity ofla bor used in cloth production?A)an increase in the price of cloth relative to that of foodB) an increase in the price of food relative to that ofcloth C) a decrease in the price of laborD) an equal percentage decrease in the price of food and clothE) an equal percentage increase in the price of food and cloth8.A country that does not engage in trade can benefit from trade only ifA)it has an absolute advantage in at least one good.B)it employs a unique technology.C)pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are not identical.D)its wage rate is below the world average.E)pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are identical.9.In the specific factors model, the effects of trade on welfare are ________ for mobil e factors, ________ for fixed factors used to produce the exported good, and ________ for fixed factors used to produce the imported good.A)ambiguous; positive; negativeB) ambiguous; negative; positive C)positive; ambiguous; ambiguous D)negative; ambiguous; ambiguous E)positive; positive; positive10.The effect of trade on specialized employees of import-competing industries willb e ________ jobs and ________ pay because they are relatively ________.A)fewer; lower; mobileB)fewer; lower; immobileC)more; lower; immobileD)more; higher; mobileE)more; higher; immobile11. There is a bias in the political process against free trade becauseA)there is a high correlation between the volume of imports and the unemployment ra te.B)the gains from free trade cannot be measured.C)those who gain from free trade can't compensate those who lose.D)foreign governments make large donations to U.S. political campaigns.E) those who lose from free trade are better organized than those who gain.12.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differin A)tastes and preferences.B)military capabilities.C)the size of their economies.D)relative abundance of factors of production.E)labor productivities.13.If a country produces good Y (measured on the vertical axis) and good X (measure d on the horizontal axis), then the absolute value of the slope of its production possibil ity frontier is equal toA)the opportunity cost of good X.B) the price of good X divided by the price of good Y.C) the price of good X divided by the price of goodY. D) the opportunity cost of good Y.E)the cost of capital (assuming that good Y is capital intensive) divided by the costof labor.14.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, trade will ________ the owners ofa country's ________ factor and will ________ the good that uses that factor intensiv ely.A)benefit; abundant; exportB)harm; abundant; importC)benefit; scarce; exportD)benefit; scarce; importE)harm; scarce; export15.The assumption of diminishing returns in the Heckscher-Ohlin model means that, unlike in the Ricardian model, it is likely thatA) countries will consume outside their production possibility frontier.B) countries will benefit from free international trade.C) countries will not be fully specialized in one product.D)comparative advantage will not determine the direction of trade.E)global production will decrease under trade.16.If Japan is relatively capital rich and the United States is relatively land rich, and if food is relatively land intensive then trade between these two, formerly autarkic coun tries will result inA)an increase in the relative price of food in the U.S.B)an increase in the relative price of food in Japan.C)a global increase in the relative price of food.D)a decrease in the relative price of food in both countries.E)an increase in the relative price of food in both countries.17.Starting from an autarky (no-trade) situation with Heckscher-Ohlin model, if Coun try H is relatively labor abundant, then once trade beginsA) rent will be unchanged but wages will rise in H.B) wages and rents should rise in H.C) wages and rents should fall in H.D) wages should fall and rents should rise in H.E) wages should rise and rents should fall in H.18.The Leontieff ParadoxA)failed to support the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.B)supported the validity of the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage.C)supported the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.D)failed to support the validity of the Ricardian theory.E)proved that the U.S. economy is different from all others.19. Which of the following is an assertion of the Heckscher-Ohlin model?A)Factor price equalization will occur only if there is costless mobility of all factors a cross borders.B)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of both the capital-intensive and the labor-intensive good.C)In the long-run, labor is mobile and capital is not.D)The wage-rental ratio determines the capital-labor ratio in a country's industr ies.E)Factor endowments determine the technology that is available to a country, which determines the good in which the country will have a comparative advantage.20. Which of the following is an assertion of the Heckscher-Ohlin model?A)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of the labor-i ntensive good and decrease production of the capital-intensive good.B)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of both the capital-intensive and the labor-intensive good.C)In the long-run, labor is mobile and capital is not.D)Factor price equalization will occur only if there is costless mobility of all factors a cross borders.E)Factor endowments determine the technology that is available to a country, which determines the good in which the country will have a comparative advantage.Ch6-Ch101.If the ratio of price of cloth (PC) divided by the price of food (PF) increases in thei nternational marketplace, thenA)the terms of trade of cloth exporters will improve.B)all countries would be better off.C)the terms of trade of food exporters will improve.D)the terms of trade of all countries will improve.E) the terms of trade of cloth exporters will worsen.2.If the ratio of price of cloth (PC) divided by the price of food (PF) increases in thei nternational marketplace, thenA)world relative quantity of cloth supplied will increase.B)world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded will increase.C)world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded will decrease.D)world relative quantity of cloth demanded will decrease.E)world relative quantity of food will increase.3.If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend toA)have no effect on terms of trade.B)improve the terms of trade of the United States.C)improve the terms of trade of all countries.D)because a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.E)raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.4.If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of sub sidies for its exports, this mustA)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.B)have no effect on its terms of trade.C)improve its terms of trade.D)harm its terms of trade.E)harm world terms of trade.5.Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unitA)falls as the average firm grows larger.B)rises as the industry grows larger.C)falls as the industry grows larger.D)rises as the average firm grows larger.E)remains constant over a broad range of output.6. External economies of scale will ________ average cost when output is ________ by _______.A)reduce; increased; the industryB)reduce; increased; a firmC)increase; increased; a firmD)increase; increased; the industryE)reduce; reduce; the industry7.If some industries exhibit internal increasing returns to scale in each country, we sh ould not expect to seeA) perfect competition in these industries.B) intra-industry trade between countries.C)inter-industry trade between countries.D)high levels of specialization in both countries.E)increased productivity in both countries.8.A learning curve relates ________ to ________ and is a case of ________ returns.A) unit cost; cumulative production; dynamic decreasing returnsB)output per time period; long-run marginal cost; dynamic increasing returnsC)unit cost; cumulative production; dynamic increasing returnsD)output per time period; long-run marginal cost; dynamic decreasing returnsE)labor productivity; education; increasing marginal returns9.Patterns of interregional trade are primarily determined by ________ rather than __ ______ because factors of production are generally ________.A)external economies; natural resources; mobileB)internal economies; external economies; mobileC)external economies; population; immobileD)internal economies; population; immobileE)population; external economies; immobile10.Monopolistic competition is associatedwith A) product differentiation.B) price-taking behavior.C) explicit consideration at the firm level of the strategic impact of other firms' pricing decisions. D) high profit margins in the long run.E) increasing returns to scale.11.A firm in long-run equilibrium under monopolistic competition will earnA)positive monopoly profits because each sells a differentiated product.B)zero economic profits because of free entryC)positive oligopoly profits because each firm sells a differentiated product.D)negative economic profits because it has economies of scale.E)positive economic profit if it engages in international trade.12.The most common form of price discrimination in international tradeis A) dumping.B) non-tariff barriers.C) Voluntary Export Restraints.D) preferential trade arrangements.E) product boycotts.13.Consider the following two cases. In the first, a U.S. firm purchases 18% of a forei gn firm. In the second, a U.S. firm builds a new production facility in a foreign countr y. Both are ________, with the first referred to as ________ and the second as ______ __.A)foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows; brownfield; greenfieldB)foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; greenfield; brownfieldC)foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows; greenfield; brownfieldD)foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; brownfield; greenfieldE)foreign direct investment (FDI); inflows; outflows14. Specific tariffs areA)import taxes stated in specific legal statutes.B)import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.C)import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.D)the same as import quotas.E)import taxes calculated based solely on the origin country.15.A problem encountered when implementing an "infant industry" tariff isthat A) domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardless of thetariff. B) the industry may never "mature."C)most industries require tariff protection when they are mature.D)the tariff may hurt the industry's domestic sales.E)the tariffs fail to protect the domestic producers.16.In the country levying the tariff, the tariff will A)increase both consumer and producer surplus.B) decrease both the consumer and producer surplus.C) decrease consumer surplus and increase producer surplus.D) increase consumer surplus and decrease producer surplus.E) decrease consumer surplus but leave producers surplus unchanged.17.If the tariff on computers is not changed, but domestic computer producers shift fr om domestically produced semiconductors to imported components, then the effective rate of protection in the computer industry willA) increase.B) decreaseC) remain the same.D)depend on whether computers are PCs or "Supercomputers."E)no longer apply.18.When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country duty free, this generally results in a(an)A) effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate.B) nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate.C) rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates.D) fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates. E) rise in only the effective tariff rat e.19.Should the home country be "large" relative to its trade partners, its imposition ofa tariff on imports would lead to an increase in domestic welfare if the terms of thetra de rectangle exceed the sum of theA) revenue effect plus redistribution effect.B) protective effect plus revenue effect.C) consumption effect plus redistribution effect.D)production distortion effect plus consumption distortion effect.E)terms of trade gain.20.The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such as tariffs ar e dismantledand removed,A) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decreaseB) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national econo mic welfare will increase.C) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, henceincreasin g national economic welfare.D)deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing na tional economic welfare.E)government tariff revenue will increase, hence increasing national economic welfar e.21.Which organization determines procedures for the settlement of international trade disputes?A)World BankB)World Trade OrganizationC)International Monetary OrganizationD)International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentE)The League of Nations22.Today U.S. protectionism is concentratedin A) high-tech industries.B) labor-intensive industries.C) industries in which Japan has a comparative advantage.D)computer intensive industries.E)capital-intensive industries.23.The quantitative importance of U.S. protection of the domestic clothing industryis best explained by the fact thatA)this industry is an important employer of highly skilled labor.B)this industry is an important employer of low skilled labor.C)most of the exporters of clothing into the U.S. are poor countries.D)this industry is a politically well organized sector in the U.S.E)the technology involved is very advanced.欢迎下载1124.The optimum tariff is most likely to applyto A) a small tariff imposed by a small country.B) a small tariff imposed by a large country. C)a large tariff imposed by a small country. D) alarge tariff imposed by a large country. E) anad valorem tariff on a small country.25.The median voter modelA)works well in the area of trade policy.B)is not intuitively reasonable.C)tends to result in biased tariff rates.D)does not work well in the area of trade policy.E)is not widely practiced in the United States.欢迎下载12。
国际经济学试题及答案（题库）
国际经济学试题及答案（题库）国际经济学习题集及参考答案一、填空、选择、判断题（每题1分）：第一章：1、国际贸易理论以微观经济学原理为基础，讨论世界范围内的资源配置问题。
2、最常用国际贸易模型的结构形式为两个国家、两种产品（或部门）和两种要素。
3、在完竞争的假设前提下，封闭条件下的相对价格是国际贸易产生的基础。
4、国家间的供给、需求方面的差异是造成相对价格的根源。
5、贸易后，国际均衡价格由两国的供需共同决定，国际均衡价格处于两国封闭下的相对价格之间。
6、国际贸易利益包括两个部分：来自交换的利益和来自专业化的利益。
7、贸易理论主要围绕三个问题展开：国际贸易的格局、国际贸易的条件、国际贸易的收益。
第二章：1、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；李嘉图的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
2、哈伯勒首先用机会成本概念来阐明比较优势论。
3、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
4、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
5、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；劳动生产率的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
6、在李嘉图模型中，生产可能性边界线方程是一个线性方程式，表示A、B两国的PPF曲线是一条直线段。
7、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
8、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
9、机会成本概念表明：彼种选择的机会成本就构成此种选择的机会成本。
选择题：1、首先用机会成本理论来解释比较优势原理的学者是： C、A、李嘉图B、罗布津斯基C、哈伯勒D、穆勒第三章：1、要素禀赋理论最初是由赫克歇尔和俄林提出的，后经萨缪尔森等人加工不断完善。
国际经济学考试试题
国际经济学考试试题一、单项选择题（每题 2 分，共 30 分）1、从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是（）A 商品B 资本C 人员D 技术2、假定闭关自守的状态下，X 商品的价格，在 A 国是 10 美元，在 B 国是 8 美元，C 国是 6 美元，并且 A 国是小国，不能通过贸易影响 B 国和 C 国的价格。
如果 A 国对从 B 国和 C 国进口的 X 商品最初征收非歧视性的 100%的从价税，那么，A 国是（）A 贸易创造国B 贸易转移国C 贸易受损国D 无法确定3、比较优势理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是（）A 劳动生产率的差异B 技术水平的差异C 产品品质的差异D 价格的差异4、以下哪种贸易政策会降低本国的福利水平（）A 出口补贴B 进口关税C 进口配额D 自愿出口限制5、能反映规模经济理论本意的是（）A 规模报酬递减B 规模报酬递增C 规模报酬不变D 以上都不对6、幼稚产业保护论的提出者是（）A 亚当·斯密B 大卫·李嘉图C 汉密尔顿D 李斯特7、当一国政府对某种产品征收进口关税时，若该产品的需求弹性大于供给弹性，生产者与消费者承担关税的程度是（）A 前者大于后者B 后者大于前者C 两者相等D 不确定8、一国货币贬值对其进出口收支产生何种影响（）A 出口增加，进口减少B 出口减少，进口增加C 出口增加，进口增加D 出口减少，进口减少9、在浮动汇率制下，当一国国际收支出现逆差时，该国货币汇率会（）A 上升B 下降C 不变D 不确定10、以下哪项不是国际收支平衡表中的项目（）A 经常项目B 资本项目C 错误与遗漏项目D 国内生产总值项目11、购买力平价理论的基础是（）A 一价定律B 利率平价C 相对购买力平价D 绝对购买力平价12、国际收支调整的弹性分析法的假设前提不包括（）A 不存在国际资本流动B 汇率由货币当局决定C 马歇尔勒纳条件成立D 进出口商品的供给弹性无穷大13、下列属于直接标价法的是（）A 1 美元=68 人民币B 1 人民币=015 美元C 1 英镑=12 欧元D 1 欧元=085 英镑14、蒙代尔弗莱明模型主要分析在资本完全流动的情况下，（）政策的有效性。
国际经济学第10章在线测试 (1)
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第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分）1、按照相对购买力平价理论，汇率的变化等于 （ ）A 、两国货币的相对购买力B 、两国物价指数之比C 、两国通货膨胀率的差异D 、两国通货膨胀率的比值2、按照弹性价格货币模型，汇率水平或波动由（ ）决定A 、两国货币需求的水平或变化B 、两国通货膨胀率水平或差异C 、两国物价指数水平或变化D 、货币相对供给水平或变化3、根据无抛补的利率平价，预期的即期汇率变化率等于两国（ ）A 、汇率差异B 、价格指数差异C 、利率差异D 、经济增长率差异4、在固定汇率制度下，中央银行通过（ ）维持汇率稳定A 、当外汇需求大于供给时，买进外汇B 、行政命令不准改变汇率C 、外汇的供给小于外汇的需求，买进外汇D 、外汇的供给大于外汇的需求时，买进外汇5、下列说法错误的是 （ ）A 、人民币汇率属于直接标价法B 、美元属于直接标价法C 、间接标价法是以一定单位的本国货币作为标准，折算为外国货币来表示其汇率D 、直接标价法是以一定单位的外国货币作为标准，折算为本国货币来表示其汇率第二题、多项选择题（每题2分，5道题共10分） 1、下列哪些是外汇的特点（ ）A 、自由兑换性B 、国际性C、非国内性D、可偿性E、普遍接受性2、按照外汇可兑换限制程度的不同，外汇可以划分为( )A、自由兑换外汇B、有限制兑换外汇C、不可兑换外汇D、非贸易外汇E、即期外汇3、汇率的标价方式包括A、固定汇率B、浮动汇率C、直接标价法D、间接标价法E、套算汇率4、关于固定汇率制度的说法，正确的包括（）A、较少的不稳定投机B、较低程度的不确定性C、容易造成汇率制度僵化D、容易促进输入性通货膨胀E、规范政府的宏观经济行为5、关于浮动汇率制度，下列说法正确的包括（）A、较高的市场效率B、自动调节外部均衡C、货币政策失效D、不利于国际贸易和国际投资E、容易造成竞争性贬值第三题、判断题（每题1分，5道题共5分）1、按照相对购买力平价理论，通货膨胀率高的国家货币贬值。
克鲁格曼 国际经济学第10版 英文答案 国际贸易部分krugman_intlecon10_im_12_GE
Chapter 12Controversies in Trade Policy⏹Chapter OrganizationSophisticated Arguments for Activist Trade PolicyTechnology and ExternalitiesImperfect Competition and Strategic Trade PolicyBox: A Warning from Intel’s FounderCase Study: When the Chips Were UpGlobalization and Low-Wage LaborThe Anti-Globalization MovementTrade and Wages RevisitedLabor Standards and Trade NegotiationsEnvironmental and Cultural IssuesThe WTO and National IndependenceCase Study: A Tragedy in BangladeshGlobalization and the EnvironmentGlobalization, Growth, and PollutionThe Problem of “Pollution Havens”The Carbon Tariff DisputeSummary⏹Chapter OverviewAlthough the text has shown why, in general, free trade is a good policy, this chapter considers two controversies in trade policy that challenge free trade. The first regards strategic trade policy. Proponents of activist government trade intervention argue that certain industries are desirable and may be underfunded by markets or dominated by imperfect competition and warrant some government intervention. The second controversy regards the recent debate over the effects of globalization on workers, the environment, and sovereignty. While the anti-globalization arguments often lack sound structure, their visceral nature demonstrates that the spread of trade is extremely troubling to some groups.As seen in the previous chapters, activist trade policy may be justified if there are market failures. One important type of market failure involves externalities present in high-technology industries due to their knowledge creation. Existence of externalities associated with research and development and high technology make the private return to investing in these activities less than their social return. This means© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.64 Krugman/Obstfeld/Melitz •International Economics: Theory & Policy, Tenth Editionthat the private sector will tend to invest less in high-technology sectors than is socially optimal. Although there may be some case for intervention, the difficulties in targeting the correct industry and understanding the quantitative size of the externality make effective intervention complicated. To address this market failure of insufficient knowledge creation, the first best policy may be to directly support research and development in all industries. Still, although it is a judgment call, the technology spillover case for industrial policy probably has better footing in solid economics than any other argument.Another set of market failures arises when imperfect competition exists. Strategic trade policy by a government can work to deter investment and production by foreign firms and raise the profits of domestic firms.An example is provided in the text that illustrates the case where the increase in profits following the imposition of a subsidy can actually exceed the cost of a subsidy to an imperfectly competitive industryif domestic firms can capture profits from foreign firms. Although this is a valid theoretical argument for strategic policy, it is nonetheless open to criticism in choosing the industries that should be subsidized and the levels of subsidies to these industries. These criticisms are associated with the practical aspects of insufficient information and the threat of foreign retaliation. The case study on the attempts to promote the semiconductor chips industry shows that neither excess returns nor knowledge spillovers necessarily materialize even in industries that seem perfect for activist trade policy.The next section of the chapter examines the anti-globalization movement. In particular, it examines the concerns over low wages in poor countries. Standard analysis suggests that trade should help poor countries and, in particular, help the abundant factor (labor) in those countries. Protests in Seattle, which shut down WTO negotiations, and subsequent demonstrations at other meetings showed, though, that protestors either did not understand or did not agree with this analysis.The concern over low wages in poor countries is a revision of arguments in Chapter 2. Analysis in the current chapter shows again that trade should help the purchasing power of all workers and that if anyone is hurt, it is the workers in labor-scarce countries. The low wages in export sectors of poor countriesare higher than they would be without the export-oriented manufacturing, and although the situation of these workers may be more visible than before, that does not make it worse. Practically, the policy issue is whether or not labor standards should be part of trade pacts. Although such standards may act in ways similar to a domestic minimum wage, developing countries fear that such standards would be used as a protectionist tool. A case study on the 2013 collapse of a garment factory in Bangladesh highlights this tension. The Bangladeshi garment industry would not be globally competitive if it had to raise labor standards to rich country standards. Bangladeshi garment workers, though very poorly paid by rich country standards, earn more than workers in non-export sectors. A potential solution would be for consumers in rich countries to pay more for goods certified to have been produced under improved labor standards, thereby giving producers in poor countries both the means and the incentive to improve labor standards,Anti-globalization protestors were by no means united in their cause. There were also strong concerns that export manufacturing in developing countries was bad for the environment. Again, the issue is whether these concerns should be addressed by tying environmental standards into trade negotiations, and the open question is whether this can be done without destroying the export industries in developing countries. Globalization raises questions of cultural independence and national sovereignty. Specifically, many countries are disturbed by the WTO’s ability to overturn laws that do not seem to be trade restrictions but which nonetheless have trade impacts. This point highlights the difficulty of advancing trade liberalization when the clear impediments to trade—tariffs or quotas—have been removed, yet national policies regarding industry promotion or labor and environmental standards still need to be reformed.© 2015 Pearson Education LimitedThe final section of the chapter examines the link between trade and the environment. In general, production and consumption can cause environmental damage. Yet, as a country’s GDP per capita grows, the environmental damage done first grows and then eventually declines as the country gets rich enough to begin to protect the environment. As trade has lifted incomes of some countries, it may have been bad for the environment—but largely by making poor countries richer, an otherwise good thing. In theory, there could be a concern about “pollution havens,” that is countries with low environmental standards that attract “dirty” industries. There is relatively little evidence of this ph enomenon thus far. Furthermore, the pollution in these locations tends to be localized and is therefore better left to national rather than international policy. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the cap and trade system for greenhouse gases (an example of transboundary pollution) currently being debated in the U.S. Congress. Part of this policy aimed at reducing carbon emissions is an imposition of a “carbon tariff” on imports from countries that do not have their own carbon taxes. Proponents argue that such tariffs are necessary to prevent production from shifting to pollution havens and to reduce the overall level of carbon emissions, while opponents argue that these tariffs are simply more protectionism masquerading as environmental regulation.Answers to Textbook Problems1. The main disadvantage is that strategic trade policy can lead to both “rent-seeking” and beggar-thy-neighbor policies, which can increase one country’s welfare at the other country’s expense. Such policies can lead to a trade war in which every country is worse off, even though one country could become better off in the absence of retaliation. This is the danger in enacting strategic trade policy: It often provokes retaliation, which, in the long run, can make everyone worse off. Furthermore, it can be difficult to identify both which industries to subsidize and how much to subsidize them. Failure to correctly identify these factors can lead to a net loss from a subsidy.2. Globalization has many pros and cons, well-illustrated in famous controversies—like the onestimulated by Joseph Stiglitz’s book, Globalization and Its Discontents. Initiatives like the Doha Development Agenda try to address some of them and find solutions acceptable to every country. 3. The results of basic research may be appropriated by a wider range of firms and industries thanthe results of research applied to specific industrial applications. The benefits to the United States of Japanese basic research would exceed the benefits from Japanese research targeted to specific problems in Japanese industries. A specific application may benefit just one firm in Japan, perhaps simply subsidizing an activity that the market is capable of funding. General research will provide benefits that spill across borders to many firms and may be countering a market failure, externalities present in the advancement of general knowledge.4. The reason why strategic trade policies attract retaliation from other countries is because they presentthe same problems that are faced when considering the use of a tariff to improve the terms of trade.Strategic policies are, in essence, a type of beggar-thy-neighbor policies that increase one country’s welfare at other countries’ expense. A good example is represented by export quot as on scarcemineral ores—like the one adopted by China for Rare Earth Elements (REE) exports since 2006—that have already provoked filing a complaint to the WTO by the US, the EU, and Japan.。
国际经济学试卷试题包括答案.docx
《国际经济学》选择题汇总版（附答案）Ch1-Ch31.The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries becauseA)the United States is a relatively large country with diverse resources.B)the United States is a“ Superpower. ”C)the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything.D)the United States invests in many other countries.E)many countries invest in the United States.2. Because the Constitution forbids restraints on interstate trade,A)the U.S. may not impose tariffs on imports from NAFTA countries.B)the U.S. may not affect the international value of the $ U.S.C)the U.S. may not put restraints on foreign investments in California if it involves a financial intermediary in New York State.D)the U.S. may not impose export duties.E)the U.S. may not disrupt commerce between Florida and Hawaii.3.International economics can be divided into two broad sub-fields A) macro and micro.B) developed and less developed.C) monetary and barter.D) international trade and international money.E) static and dynamic.4.International monetary analysis focuses onA)the real side of the international economy.B)the international trade side of the international economy.C)the international investment side of the international economy.D)the issues of international cooperation between Central Banks.E)the monetary side of the international economy, such as currency exchange.5.The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact thatA)trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade.B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods.C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products.D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds international trade by the EuropeanUni on.E) the U.S. trades more with Western Europe than it does with Canada.6.The gravity model explains whyA)trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Sweden and Spain.B)countries with oil reserves tend to export oil.C)capital rich countries export capital intensive products.D)intra-industry trade is relatively more important than other forms of tradebetween neighboringcountries.E)European countries rely most often on natural resources.7. Why does the gravity model work?A)Large economies became large because they were engaged in international trade.B)Large economies have relatively large incomes, and hence spend more on governm ent promotion of trade and investment.C)Large economies have relatively larger areas which raises the probability that a pro ductive activity will take place within the borders of that country.D)Large economies tend to have large incomes and tend to spend more on impor ts.E) Large economies tend to avoid trading with small economies.8.We see that the Netherlands, Belgium, and Ireland trade considerably more with the United States than with many other countries.A)This is explained by the gravity model, since these are all large countries.B)This is explained by the gravity model, since these are all small countries.C)This fails to be consistent with the gravity model, since these are smallcountri es.D)This fails to be consistent with the gravity model, since these are large countries.E)This is explained by the gravity model, since they do not share borders.9.In the present, most of the exports from Chinaare A) manufactured goods.B) services.C)primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) overpriced by world market standards.10.A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because itA) is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.B) is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could domestically.C) is producing exports using fewer labor units.D) is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.E) is producing exports while outsourcing services.11.The Ricardian model attributes the gains from trade associated with the principle o f comparative advantage result toA) differences in technology.B)differences in preferences.C)differences in labor productivity.D)differences in resources.E)gravity relationships among countries.12. A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find itsconsump tion bundleA)inside its production possibilities frontier.B)on its production possibilities frontier.C)outside its production possibilities frontier.D)inside its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.E)on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.13.Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United Sta tes equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan ifA)U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japan's 15 units per hour.B)U.S. labor productivity equaled 30 units per hour and Japan's 20 units per hour.C)U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 units per hour and Japan's 30 units per hour.D)U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour and Japan's 25 units per hour.E)U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour and Japan's 40 units per hour.14.In a two-country, two-product world, the statement“ Germanyenjoys acomparativ e advantage over France in autos relative toships ”is equivalent toA) France having a comparative advantage over Germany in ships.B) France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germany in autos and ship s.C) Germany having a comparative advantage over France in autos and ships.D) France having no comparative advantage over Germany.E) France should produce autos.15.If the United States' production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereas Germany's was flatter to the butter axis, we know thatA)the United States has no comparative advantageB)Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.C)the U.S. has a comparative advantage in butter.D)Germany has comparative advantages in both products.E)the U.S. has a comparative disadvantage in widgets.Ch4-Ch51.The Ricardian model of international trade demonstrates that trade can bemutually beneficial. Why, then, do governments restrict imports of some goods?A)Trade can have substantial effects on a country's distribution of income.B)The Ricardian model is often incorrect in its prediction that trade can bemutually beneficial.C)Import restrictions are the result of trade wars between hostile countries.D)Imports are only restricted when foreign-made goods do not meet domestic standar ds of qualityE) Restrictions on imports are intended to benefit domestic consumers.2.Japan's trade policies with regard to rice reflect the fact thatA) japanese rice farmers have significant political power.B) Japan has a comparative advantage in rice production and therefore exports most o f its rice crop.C) there would be no gains from trade available to Japan if it engaged in free trade in r ice.D) there are gains from trade that Japan captures by engaging in free trade in rice.E) Japan imports most of the rice consumed in the country.3.In the specific factors model, which of the following is treated as a specific factor?A)LaborB)LandC)ClothD)FoodE)Technology4.The specific factors model assumes that there are ________ goods and ________ fa ctor(s) of production.A) two; threeB) two; two C)two; one D)three; two E)four; three5.The slope of a country's production possibility frontier with cloth measured on the horizontal and food measured on the vertical axis in the specific factors model is equa l to ________ and it ________ as more cloth is produced.A)-MPLF/MPLC; becomes steeperB)-MPLF/MPLC; becomes flatterC)-MPLF/MPLC; is constantD)-MPLC/MPLF; becomes steeperE)-MPLC/MPLF; is constant6.Under perfect competition, the equilibrium price of labor used to produce clothwill be equal toA)the slope of the production possibility frontier.B)the average product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth.C)the ratio of the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth to the marginal product of labor in the production of food times the ratio of the price of cloth. to the price of food.D)the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth.E)the price of cloth divided by the marginal product of labor in the production of clot h.7.In the specific factors model, which of the following will increase the quantity ofla bor used in cloth production?A)an increase in the price of cloth relative to that of foodB) an increase in the price of food relative to that ofcloth C) a decrease in the price of laborD) an equal percentage decrease in the price of food and clothE) an equal percentage increase in the price of food and cloth8.A country that does not engage in trade can benefit from trade only ifA)it has an absolute advantage in at least one good.B)it employs a unique technology.C)pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are not identical.D)its wage rate is below the world average.E)pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are identical.9.In the specific factors model, the effects of trade on welfare are ________ for mobil e factors, ________ for fixed factors used to produce the exported good, and ________ for fixed factors used to produce the imported good.A)ambiguous; positive; negativeB) ambiguous; negative; positive C)positive; ambiguous; ambiguous D)negative; ambiguous; ambiguous E)positive; positive; positive10.The effect of trade on specialized employees of import-competing industries willb e ________ jobs and ________ pay because they are relatively ________.A)fewer; lower; mobileB)fewer; lower; immobileC)more; lower; immobileD)more; higher; mobileE)more; higher; immobile11. There is a bias in the political process against free trade becauseA)there is a high correlation between the volume of imports and the unemployment ra te.B)the gains from free trade cannot be measured.C)those who gain from free trade can't compensate those who lose.D)foreign governments make large donations to U.S. political campaigns.E) those who lose from free trade are better organized than those who gain.12.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differin A)tastes and preferences.B)military capabilities.C)the size of their economies.D)relative abundance of factors of production.E)labor productivities.13.If a country produces good Y (measured on the vertical axis) and good X (measure d on the horizontal axis), then the absolute value of the slope of its production possibil ity frontier is equal toA)the opportunity cost of good X.B) the price of good X divided by the price of good Y.C) the price of good X divided by the price of goodY. D) the opportunity cost of good Y.E)the cost of capital (assuming that good Y is capital intensive) divided by the costof labor.14.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, trade will ________ the owners ofa country's ________ factor and will ________ the good that uses that factor intensiv ely.A)benefit; abundant; exportB)harm; abundant; importC)benefit; scarce; exportD)benefit; scarce; importE)harm; scarce; export15.The assumption of diminishing returns in the Heckscher-Ohlin model means that, unlike in the Ricardian model, it is likely thatA) countries will consume outside their production possibility frontier.B) countries will benefit from free international trade.C) countries will not be fully specialized in one product.D)comparative advantage will not determine the direction of trade.E)global production will decrease under trade.16.If Japan is relatively capital rich and the United States is relatively land rich, and if food is relatively land intensive then trade between these two, formerly autarkic coun tries will result inA)an increase in the relative price of food in the U.S.B)an increase in the relative price of food in Japan.C)a global increase in the relative price of food.D)a decrease in the relative price of food in both countries.E)an increase in the relative price of food in both countries.17.Starting from an autarky (no-trade) situation with Heckscher-Ohlin model, if Coun try H is relatively labor abundant, then once trade beginsA) rent will be unchanged but wages will rise in H.B) wages and rents should rise in H.C) wages and rents should fall in H.D) wages should fall and rents should rise in H.E) wages should rise and rents should fall in H.18.The Leontieff ParadoxA)failed to support the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.B)supported the validity of the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage.C)supported the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.D)failed to support the validity of the Ricardian theory.E)proved that the U.S. economy is different from all others.19. Which of the following is an assertion of the Heckscher-Ohlin model?A)Factor price equalization will occur only if there is costless mobility of all factors a cross borders.B)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of both the capital-intensive and the labor-intensive good.C)In the long-run, labor is mobile and capital is not.D)The wage-rental ratio determines the capital-labor ratio in a country's industr ies.E)Factor endowments determine the technology that is available to a country, which determines the good in which the country will have a comparative advantage.20. Which of the following is an assertion of the Heckscher-Ohlin model?A)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of the labor-i ntensive good and decrease production of the capital-intensive good.B)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of both the capital-intensive and the labor-intensive good.C)In the long-run, labor is mobile and capital is not.D)Factor price equalization will occur only if there is costless mobility of all factors a cross borders.E)Factor endowments determine the technology that is available to a country, which determines the good in which the country will have a comparative advantage.Ch6-Ch101.If the ratio of price of cloth (PC) divided by the price of food (PF) increases in thei nternational marketplace, thenA)the terms of trade of cloth exporters will improve.B)all countries would be better off.C)the terms of trade of food exporters will improve.D)the terms of trade of all countries will improve.E) the terms of trade of cloth exporters will worsen.2.If the ratio of price of cloth (PC) divided by the price of food (PF) increases in thei nternational marketplace, thenA)world relative quantity of cloth supplied will increase.B)world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded will increase.C)world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded will decrease.D)world relative quantity of cloth demanded will decrease.E)world relative quantity of food will increase.3.If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend toA)have no effect on terms of trade.B)improve the terms of trade of the United States.C)improve the terms of trade of all countries.D)because a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.E)raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.4.If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of sub sidies for its exports, this mustA)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.B)have no effect on its terms of trade.C)improve its terms of trade.D)harm its terms of trade.E)harm world terms of trade.5.Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unitA)falls as the average firm grows larger.B)rises as the industry grows larger.C)falls as the industry grows larger.D)rises as the average firm grows larger.E)remains constant over a broad range of output.6. External economies of scale will ________ average cost when output is ________ by _______.A)reduce; increased; the industryB)reduce; increased; a firmC)increase; increased; a firmD)increase; increased; the industryE)reduce; reduce; the industry7.If some industries exhibit internal increasing returns to scale in each country, we sh ould not expect to seeA) perfect competition in these industries.B) intra-industry trade between countries.C)inter-industry trade between countries.D)high levels of specialization in both countries.E)increased productivity in both countries.8.A learning curve relates ________ to ________ and is a case of ________ returns.A) unit cost; cumulative production; dynamic decreasing returnsB)output per time period; long-run marginal cost; dynamic increasing returnsC)unit cost; cumulative production; dynamic increasing returnsD)output per time period; long-run marginal cost; dynamic decreasing returnsE)labor productivity; education; increasing marginal returns9.Patterns of interregional trade are primarily determined by ________ rather than __ ______ because factors of production are generally ________.A)external economies; natural resources; mobileB)internal economies; external economies; mobileC)external economies; population; immobileD)internal economies; population; immobileE)population; external economies; immobile10.Monopolistic competition is associatedwith A) product differentiation.B) price-taking behavior.C) explicit consideration at the firm level of the strategic impact of other firms' pricing decisions. D) high profit margins in the long run.E) increasing returns to scale.11.A firm in long-run equilibrium under monopolistic competition will earnA)positive monopoly profits because each sells a differentiated product.B)zero economic profits because of free entryC)positive oligopoly profits because each firm sells a differentiated product.D)negative economic profits because it has economies of scale.E)positive economic profit if it engages in international trade.12.The most common form of price discrimination in international tradeis A) dumping.B) non-tariff barriers.C) Voluntary Export Restraints.D) preferential trade arrangements.E) product boycotts.13.Consider the following two cases. In the first, a U.S. firm purchases 18% of a forei gn firm. In the second, a U.S. firm builds a new production facility in a foreign countr y. Both are ________, with the first referred to as ________ and the second as ______ __.A)foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows; brownfield; greenfieldB)foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; greenfield; brownfieldC)foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows; greenfield; brownfieldD)foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; brownfield; greenfieldE)foreign direct investment (FDI); inflows; outflows14. Specific tariffs areA)import taxes stated in specific legal statutes.B)import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.C)import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.D)the same as import quotas.E)import taxes calculated based solely on the origin country.15.A problem encountered when implementing an "infant industry" tariff isthat A) domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardless of thetariff. B) the industry may never "mature."C)most industries require tariff protection when they are mature.D)the tariff may hurt the industry's domestic sales.E)the tariffs fail to protect the domestic producers.16.In the country levying the tariff, the tariff will A)increase both consumer and producer surplus.B) decrease both the consumer and producer surplus.C) decrease consumer surplus and increase producer surplus.D) increase consumer surplus and decrease producer surplus.E) decrease consumer surplus but leave producers surplus unchanged.17.If the tariff on computers is not changed, but domestic computer producers shift fr om domestically produced semiconductors to imported components, then the effective rate of protection in the computer industry willA) increase.B) decreaseC) remain the same.D)depend on whether computers are PCs or "Supercomputers."E)no longer apply.18.When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country duty free, this generally results in a(an)A) effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate.B) nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate.C) rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates.D) fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates. E) rise in only the effective tariff rat e.19.Should the home country be "large" relative to its trade partners, its imposition ofa tariff on imports would lead to an increase in domestic welfare if the terms of thetra de rectangle exceed the sum of theA) revenue effect plus redistribution effect.B) protective effect plus revenue effect.C) consumption effect plus redistribution effect.D)production distortion effect plus consumption distortion effect.E)terms of trade gain.20.The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such as tariffs ar e dismantledand removed,A) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decreaseB) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national econo mic welfare will increase.C) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, henceincreasin g national economic welfare.D)deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing na tional economic welfare.E)government tariff revenue will increase, hence increasing national economic welfar e.21.Which organization determines procedures for the settlement of international trade disputes?A)World BankB)World Trade OrganizationC)International Monetary OrganizationD)International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentE)The League of Nations22.Today U.S. protectionism is concentratedin A) high-tech industries.B) labor-intensive industries.C) industries in which Japan has a comparative advantage.D)computer intensive industries.E)capital-intensive industries.23.The quantitative importance of U.S. protection of the domestic clothing industryis best explained by the fact thatA)this industry is an important employer of highly skilled labor.B)this industry is an important employer of low skilled labor.C)most of the exporters of clothing into the U.S. are poor countries.D)this industry is a politically well organized sector in the U.S.E)the technology involved is very advanced.欢迎下载1124.The optimum tariff is most likely to applyto A) a small tariff imposed by a small country.B) a small tariff imposed by a large country. C)a large tariff imposed by a small country. D) alarge tariff imposed by a large country. E) anad valorem tariff on a small country.25.The median voter modelA)works well in the area of trade policy.B)is not intuitively reasonable.C)tends to result in biased tariff rates.D)does not work well in the area of trade policy.E)is not widely practiced in the United States.欢迎下载12。
国际经济学试题及答案
国际经济学试题及答案一、单项选择题1.从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是（A ）A.商品B.资本C.人员D.技术2.在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价（C ）A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之上B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之下C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之间D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国内比价相同3.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是（A ）A.劳动生产率的差异B.技术水平的差异C.产品品质的差异D.价格的差异4.在绝对技术差异理论与相对技术差异理论中，机会成本是（D ）A.递增B.递减C.先递增后递减D.不变5.不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有（B ）A.重叠需求理论B.要素比例理论C.规模经济理论D.垄断竞争理论6.能反映规模经济理论本意的是（B ）A.规模报酬递减B.规模报酬递增C.规模报酬不变D.规模成本递增7.不改变贸易结构，只改变贸易规模的增长方式有（C ）A.偏向进口的生产要素增长B.偏向出口的生产要素增长C.生产要素等比例增长D.悲惨的增长8.最佳关税水平应等于（B）A.零进口关税B.零进口关税与禁止性关税之间的水平C.禁止性关税D.禁止性关税以上9.世界贸易组织秘书处设在（B ）A.日内瓦B.纽约C.布鲁塞尔D.乌拉圭10.在国际卡特尔订价中，当产品的需求弹性越小，卡特尔订价水平就（B）A.越低B.越高C.不变D.不确定11.下述哪一种不属于投机性外汇交易（D）A.双边套汇B.多边套汇C.套利D.套期保值12.下述几种货币中，哪一种是实行联合浮动的货币（D ）A.英镑B.日元C.美元D.人民币13.下述哪一种属于国际收支的事后项目（D ）A.进出口B.利息收支C.直接投资D.特别提款权变动14.在分析货币贬值对贸易收支的影响时，小国所面临的供给弹性是（D ）A.零B.小于需求弹性C.大于需求弹性D.无穷大15.发展中国家主要采取的汇率制度是（C ）A.固定汇率制B.浮动汇率制C.钉住汇率制D.联合浮动制16.在1997年东南亚金融危机中，最早出现金融动荡的国家是（B）A.印度尼西业B.泰国C.日本D.韩国17.劳动力在各国间的流动通常会使劳动力流出国（D）A.财政总收入增加，公共设施利用率提高B.财政总收入增加，公共设施利用率下降C.财政总收入减少，公共设施利用率提高D.财政总收入减少，公共设施利用率下降18.产业内贸易更容易发生于（C）A.富国与穷国之间B.类似的高手入国家之间C.发达国家与发达国家之间D.发展中国家之间19.根据相互需求原理，两国均衡的交换比例取决于（C）A.两国的绝对优势B.两国的比较优势C.两国的相对需求强度D.两国的要素禀赋20.以下选项中，那个选项不属于国际收支系统中居民的概念（C）A.外国企业B.非盈利机构C.国际经济组织D.政府21.布雷顿森林体系创立了（B）A.以英镑为中心的固定汇率制度B.以美元为中心的固定汇率制度C.以英镑为中心的有管理的浮动汇率制度D.以美元为中心的有管理的浮动汇率制度22.以下选项中，属于国际间接投资的是（D）A.在外国设立分公司B.在国外设立独资企业C.在国外设立合资企业D.购买国外企业债券23.经济非均衡的无形传导方式不包括（D）A.技术转让B.信息交流C.信息回授D.示范效应24.在斯图旺表中第三象限表示（C）A.通货膨胀与国际收支顺差并存B.衰退与国际收支顺差并存C衰退与国际收支逆差并存 D.通货膨胀与国际收支逆差并存25.下列哪个不是国际经济学研究的内容（D）A.国际贸易纯理论研究B.外汇理论研究C.跨国公司研究D.国内消费水平研究26.关于出口贫困化增长，下列命题不正确的是（D）A.出口的贫困化增长的根源在于贸易条件的恶化B.出口的贫困化增长不是一种普遍的现象C.出口的贫困化增长会降低本国的福利水平D.出口的贫困化增长是经济发展过程中的一种必然现象27.产品的水平差异是指（D）A.采用新技术制造的新产品带来的差异B.产品质量方面的差异C.同质产品D.商品由于相同属性的不同组合而产生的差异性28.货币的含金量之比又称（B）A.购买力平价B.铸币平价C.铸币数量D.铸币本位29.从国际经济学的角度来考察，构成经济活动的基本单位或行为主体是（D）A.企业B.居民户C.家庭D.国家30.布雷顿森林体系规定，美元与其挂钩的是（C）A.特别提款权B.一揽子货币C.黄金D.白银31.下列选项中不属于比较利益学说的假设是（B）A.以劳动价值论为基础B.要素是完全流动的C.要素和产品市场都是完全竞争的D.收入分配不受贸易影响32.以下选项中，哪个选项不属于金融账户的内容（C）A.证券投资B.其他投资和储备资产C.债务减免D.直接投资33.国际经济一体化组织的建立对各成员国产生的静态影响包括(A)A．贸易创造和贸易转向B.贸易创造和大市场效应C.贸易转向和竞争效应 D.大市场效应和竞争效应二、多项选择题1.下列属于非关税壁垒措施的有（ABCDE ）A.自愿出口限制B.歧视性的公共采购C.对外贸易的国家垄断D.技术和卫生检疫标准E.进口许可证2.以下哪些组织形式属于国际经济一体化组织（ABCD ）A.自由贸易区B.关税同盟C.共同市场D.经济联盟E.北约3.制订一个最佳的国际卡特尔产品价格，所需考虑的影响因素有（ABCDE ）A.产品收入弹性B.卡特尔市场占有率C.非卡特尔厂商产品的供给弹性D.卡特尔产品的需求弹性E.非卡特尔的市场份额4.基本项目收支差额包括（ABC ）A.商品贸易收支B.服务贸易收支C.资本项目收支D.官方结算收支E.金融资产变动项目收支5.一国在实现外部平衡的过程中，可供选择的政策措施有（ABCDE ）A.融通资金B.外汇管制C.汇率浮动D.调整经济E.限制进口6.18世纪中叶，指出重商主义理论存在重要缺陷的经济学家包括（AD）A.斯密B.李嘉图C.马尔萨斯D.休谟E.杜格尔7.新古典国际贸易理论主要包括（ABCD）A.H-O理论B.S-S理论C.H-O-S理论D.R理论E.比较优势理论8.一国实行对外开放后，从打破国内垄断中可以获得的利益包括（ABCDE）A．消费者享受较低的国际价格B.企业产量不断增加C.本国福利水平提高D.形成公平的竞争格局E.企业竞争力增强9.发展中国家尚不成熟的主要表现有（ABCD）A.一级市场融资渠道不畅B.银行系统受政府严格控制C.人为控制的贷款利息率水平D.“黑市”的存在E.没有投机活动10.国际收支调整的重要基础理论是（BCD）A.调整论B.货币论C.弹性论D.平衡论11.国际收支不平衡的类型有（ABDE）A．周期性不平衡B.结构性不平衡C.货币性不平衡D.价格性不平衡E．收入性不平衡12.自由贸易将会对不同部门生要素的收入产生不同的影响，其中包括（ABE）A.出口部门专门生产要素收入水平提高B.进口竞争部门专门生产要素收入水平降低C.共同生产要素收入水平上升D.共同生产要素收入水平维持不变E.共同生产要素收入水平无法确定13.货币贬值对国内吸收的直接影响包括（ABC）A.货币余额效应B.收入再分配效应C.货币幻觉效应D.引致支出效应E.价格变动效应14.下列关于共同市场的叙述正确的有(ABC)A.成员国建立了共同对外关税B.实现了商品自由贸易C.实现了生产要素与服务的自由流动D．成员国间需要在技术标准、税收制度、金融法规等方面加以协调15.下列经济交易中属于国际收支平衡表资本与金融项目统计的内容有（ABC）A.短期证券买卖B.票据买卖C.短期信贷D.利息收支16.国际收支弹性分析法的基本假定包括（ABCD）A.国内总体价格水平保持不变B.不存在国际资本流动C.汇率由货币当局控制且相对稳定D.汇率变动能够有效影响进出口的商品价格17.国际货币体系包括的内容有(ABCDE)A.汇率制度的确定B.各国货币的兑换性C.国际储备资产的确定D.国际收支的调节方式E.国际金融事务的协商和组织三、名词解释1.生产者剩余答：生产者剩余是指生产者愿意接受的价格和实际接受的价格之间的差额。
国际经济学第10章在线测试
《国际经济学》第10章在线测试
A B
C D
、按照弹性价格货币模型，汇率水平或波动由（
A B
C D
、根据无抛补的利率平价，预期的即期汇率变化率等于两国（）
A B
C D
、在固定汇率制度下，中央银行通过（
A B
C D
、下列说法错误的是
A B
C、间接标价法是以一定单位的本国货币作为标准，折算为外国货币来表示其汇率
D
折算为本国货币来表示其汇率
D、可偿性
E、普遍接受性
2、按照外汇可兑换限制程度的不同，外汇可以划分为( )
A、自由兑换外汇
B、有限制兑换外汇
C、不可兑换外汇
D、非贸易外汇
E、即期外汇
3、汇率的标价方式包括
A、固定汇率
B、浮动汇率
C、直接标价法
D、间接标价法
E、套算汇率
4、关于固定汇率制度的说法，正确的包括（）
A、较少的不稳定投机
B、较低程度的不确定性
C、容易造成汇率制度僵化
D、容易促进输入性通货膨胀
E、规范政府的宏观经济行为
5、关于浮动汇率制度，下列说法正确的包括（）
A、较高的市场效率
B、自动调节外部均衡
C、货币政策失效
正确错误、当用间接标价法表示外汇汇价时，数值越大，意味着本币价值越高。
正确错误、当用直接标价法表示外汇汇价时，数值越大，意味着本币价值越高。
正确错误、按照外汇的来源和用途不同，外汇可以分为贸易外汇和非贸易外汇。
正确错误、汇率的资产组合分析方法认为本国债券和外国债券是完全替代的。
正确错误。
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Chapter 10ExternalitiesTRUE/FALSE1. Markets sometimes fail to allocate resources efficiently.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Market failure MSC: Interpretive2. When a transaction between a buyer and seller directly affects a third party, the effect is called an externality. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Definitional3. Buyers and sellers neglect the external effects of their actions when deciding how much to demand or supply. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Interpretive4. In a market characterized by externalities, the market equilibrium fails to maximize the total benefit to societyas a whole.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Definitional5. In a market with positive externalities, the market equilibrium quantity maximizes the welfare of society as awhole.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Interpretive6. Barking dogs cannot be considered an externality because externalities must be associated with some form ofmarket exchange.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative7. The social cost of pollution includes the private costs of the producers plus the costs to those bystandersadversely affected by the pollution.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Definitional8. Organizers of an outdoor concert in a park surrounded by residential neighborhoods are likely to consider thenoise and traffic cost to residential neighborhoods when they assess the financial viability of the concertventure.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Negative externalities MSC: Applicative9. When a driver enters a crowded highway he increases the travel times of all other drivers on the highway.This is an example of a negative externality.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Interpretive10. When firms internalize a negative externality, the market supply curve shifts to the left.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Negative externalities MSC: Analytical663664 Chapter 10/Externalities11. Government subsidized scholarships are an example of a government policy aimed at correcting negativeexternalities associated with education.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Positive externalities MSC: Applicative12. A congestion toll imposed on a highway driver to force the driver to take into account the increase in traveltime she imposes on all other drivers is an example of internalizing the externality.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Corrective taxes MSC: Interpretive13. Negative externalities lead markets to produce a smaller quantity of a good than is socially desirable, whilepositive externalities lead markets to produce a larger quantity of a good than is socially desirable.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Negative externalities | Positive externalities MSC: Interpretive14. The government can internalize externalities by taxing goods that have negative externalities and subsidizinggoods that have positive externalities.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Negative externalities | Positive externalities MSC: Applicative15. If the social value of producing robots is greater than the private value of producing robots, the private marketproduces too few robots.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Positive externalities | Technology spillovers MSC: Analytical16. The patent system gives firms greater incentive to engage in research and other activities that advancetechnology.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Technology spillovers MSC: Applicative17. Government intervention in the economy with the goal of promoting technology-producing industries isknown as patent policy.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Industrial policy MSC: Definitional18. A technology spillover is a type of negative externality.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Technology spillovers MSC: Interpretive19. Even if possible, it would be inefficient to prohibit all polluting activity.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative20. When correcting for an externality, command-and-control policies are always preferable to market-basedpolicies.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Command-and-control policies | Corrective taxes MSC: InterpretiveChapter 10/Externalities 665 21. Corrective taxes enhance efficiency, but the cost to administer them exceeds the revenue they raise for thegovernment.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Corrective taxes MSC: Interpretive22. Corrective taxes cause deadweight losses, reducing economic efficiency.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Corrective taxes MSC: Interpretive23. Most economists prefer regulation to taxation because regulation corrects market inefficiencies at a lower costthan taxation does.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Corrective taxes MSC: Applicative24. A corrective tax places a price on the right to pollute.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Corrective taxes MSC: Interpretive25. According to recent research, the gas tax in the United States is lower than the optimal level.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesKEY: Corrective taxes MSC: Applicative26. The least expensive way to clean up the environment is for all firms to reduce pollution by an equalpercentage.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Corrective taxes MSC: Interpretive27. Corrective taxes are more efficient than regulations for keeping the environment clean.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Corrective taxes | Tradable pollution permits MSC: Applicative28. A market for pollution permits can efficiently allocate the right to pollute by using the forces of supply anddemand.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Tradable pollution permits MSC: Applicative29. Economists believe that the optimal level of pollution is zero.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Tradable pollution permits MSC: Interpretive30. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cannot reach a target level of pollution through the use ofpollution permits.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Tradable pollution permits MSC: Applicative31. Social welfare can be enhanced by allowing firms to trade their rights to pollute.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Tradable pollution permits MSC: Applicative666 Chapter 10/Externalities32. Firms that can reduce pollution easily would be willing to sell their pollution permits.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Tradable pollution permits MSC: Applicative33. One example of a real-world market for tradable pollution permits is the market for carbon permits in Europe. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 10-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Tradable pollution permits MSC: Applicative34. Government can be used to solve externality problems that are too costly for private parties to solve.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 10-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Interpretive35. Government intervention is necessary to correct all externalities.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 10-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative36. According to the Coase theorem, if private parties can bargain without cost, then the private market will solvethe problem of externalities.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 10-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Coase theorem MSC: Definitional37. According to the Coase theorem, the private market will need government intervention in order to reach anefficient outcome.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 10-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Coase theorem MSC: Definitional38. Despite the appealing logic of the Coase theorem, private actors often fail to resolve on their own the problemscaused by externalities.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 10-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Coase theorem MSC: Applicative39. According to the Coase Theorem, individuals can always work out a mutually beneficial agreement to solvethe problems of externalities even when high transaction costs are involved.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 10-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Coase Theorem MSC: Interpretive40. According to the Coase theorem, whatever the initial distribution of rights, the interested parties can bargain toan efficient outcome.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 10-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Coase theorem MSC: Definitional41. Private parties may choose not to solve an externality problem if the transaction costs are large enough. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Coase theorem MSC: Interpretive42. Many charities like the Sierra Club are established to deal with externalities.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 10-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Coase Theorem MSC: InterpretiveChapter 10/Externalities 667 SHORT ANSWER1. Using a supply and demand diagram, demonstrate how a negative externality leads to market inefficiency.How might the government help to eliminate this inefficiency?ANS:When a negative externality exists, the private cost (or supply curve) is less than the social cost. The market equilibrium quantity of Q0 will be greater than the socially optimal quantity of Q1. The government could help eliminate this inefficiency by taxing the product. In this example, the size of the per-unit tax would be P3 - P1 (or P2 - P0).DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities TOP: Negative externalitiesMSC: Analytical2. Using a supply and demand diagram, demonstrate how a positive externality leads to market inefficiency.How might the government help to eliminate this inefficiency?ANS:When a positive externality exists, the private value (or demand curve) is less than the social value. The market equilibrium quantity will be less than the socially optimal quantity. The government could help eliminate this inefficiency by subsidizing the product. In this example, the size of the per-unit subsidy would be P3 - P1.DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities TOP: Positive externalitiesMSC: Analytical668 Chapter 10/Externalities3. Why are efficiency taxes preferred to regulatory policies as methods remedy externalities?ANS:Efficiency taxes allow markets to coordinate optimal resource allocation. In order for regulations to be efficient, the government needs detailed information about specific industries, including information about the alternative technologies that those industries could adopt. Thus, taxes are likely to reduce pollution at a lower cost to society. DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Command-and-control policies | Corrective taxes MSC: Applicative4. Use a graph to illustrate the quantity of pollution that would be emitted (a) after a corrective tax has beenimposed and (b) after tradable pollution permits have been imposed. Could these two quantities ever beequivalent?ANS:Yes, these two quantities could be equal. For example, P B could be equal to the amount of the corrective tax.DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Corrective taxes | Tradable pollution permits MSC: Analytical5. To produce honey, beekeepers place hives of bees in the fields of farmers. As bees gather nectar, theypollinate the crops in the fields, which increases the yields of these fields at no additional cost to the farmer.What might be a reasonable private solution to this externality, and how might the solution be reached? ANS:One solution would be to have one person own both the farm fields and the beehives, in which case the externality is internalized. Another solution would be to have the farmer and beekeeper enter into a contract so that they can coordinate the number of bee hives and acres of crops to maintain an efficient outcome.DIF: 1 REF: 10-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities TOP: ExternalitiesMSC: Applicative6. The Coase theorem suggests that efficient solutions to externalities can be determined through bargaining.Under what circumstances will private bargaining fail to produce a solution?ANS:Private parties may fail to bargain to an efficient solution under a variety of circumstances. First, the transaction costs of bargaining may be so high that one or both of the parties decides not to bargain. Second, the bargaining may not take place if one or both of the parties believes that the agreement cannot be enforced. Third, one or both of the parties may try to hold out for a better deal, in which case the bargaining process breaks down. Fourth, if there are a large number of parties taking part in the negotiations, the costs of coordination may be so great that the bargaining is not successful.DIF: 1 REF: 10-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities TOP: Coase theoremMSC: InterpretiveChapter 10/Externalities 669 Sec00MULTIPLE CHOICE1. In a market economy, government interventiona.will always improve market outcomes.b.reduces efficiency in the presence of externalities.c.may improve market outcomes in the presence of externalities.d.is necessary to control individual greed.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative2. In the absence of externalities, the "invisible hand" leads a market to maximizea.producer profit from that market.b.total benefit to society from that market.c.both equality and efficiency in that market.d.output of goods or services in that market.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative3. The term market failure refers toa. a market that fails to allocate resources efficiently.b.an unsuccessful advertising campaign which reduces demand.c.ruthless competition among firms.d. a firm that is forced out of business because of losses.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Definitional4. Market failure can be caused bya.too much competition.b.externalities.c.low consumer demand.d.scarcity.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Interpretive5. An externality is an example ofa. a corrective tax.b. a tradable pollution permit.c. a market failure.d.Both a and b are correct.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative6. An externality is the impact ofa.society's decisions on the well-being of society.b. a person's actions on that person's well-being.c.one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander.d.society's decisions on the poorest person in the society.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Definitional670 Chapter 10/Externalities7. The impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander is calleda.an economic dilemma.b.deadweight loss.c. a multi-party problem.d.an externality.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative8. An externalitya.results in an equilibrium that does not maximize the total benefits to society.b.causes demand to exceed supply.c.strengthens the role of the “invisible hand” in the marketplace.d.affects buyers but not sellers.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Interpretive9. An externality isa.the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.b.the uncompensated impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander.c.the proposition that private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources.d. a market equilibrium tax.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Definitional10. A cost imposed on someone who is neither the consumer nor the producer is called aa.corrective tax.mand and control policy.c.positive externality.d.negative externality.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities KEY: Definitional11. An externality arises when a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being ofa.buyers in the market for that activity and yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for thateffect.b.sellers in the market for that activity and yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for thateffect.c.bystanders in the market for that activity and yet neither pays nor receives any compensation forthat effect.d.Both (a) and (b) are correct.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Definitional12. An externality exists whenevera.the economy cannot benefit from government intervention.b.markets are not able to reach equilibrium.c. a firm sells its product in a foreign market.d. a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being of a bystander and yet neither paysnor receives payment for that effect.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: DefinitionalChapter 10/Externalities 67113. When externalities are present in a market, the well-being of market participantsa.and market bystanders are both directly affected.b.and market bystanders are both indirectly affected.c.is directly affected, and market bystanders are indirectly affected.d.is indirectly affected, and market bystanders are directly affected.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Analytical14. Dog owners do not bear the full cost of the noise their barking dogs create and often take too few precautionsto prevent their dogs from barking. Local governments address this problem bya.making it illegal to "disturb the peace."b.having a well-funded animal control department.c.subsidizing local animal shelters.d.encouraging people to adopt cats.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative15. Which of the following statements about a well-maintained yard best conveys the general nature of theexternality?a. A well-maintained yard conveys a positive externality because it increases the home's market value.b. A well-maintained yard conveys a negative externality because it increases the property tax liabilityof the owner.c. A well-maintained yard conveys a positive externality because it increases the value of adjacentproperties in the neighborhood.d. A well-maintained yard cannot provide any type of externality.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative16. Since restored historic buildings convey a positive externality, local governments may choose toa.regulate the demolition of them.b.provide tax breaks to owners who restore them.c.increase property taxes in historic areas.d.Both a and b are correct.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative17. All externalitiesa.cause markets to fail to allocate resources efficiently.b.cause equilibrium prices to be too high.c.benefit producers at the expense of consumers.d.cause equilibrium prices to be too low.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative18. When externalities exist, buyers and sellersa.neglect the external effects of their actions, but the market equilibrium is still efficient.b.do not neglect the external effects of their actions, and the market equilibrium is efficient.c.neglect the external effects of their actions, and the market equilibrium is not efficient.d.do not neglect the external effects of their actions, and the market equilibrium is not efficient.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative672 Chapter 10/Externalities19. Dioxin emission that results from the production of paper is a good example of a negative externality becausea.self-interested paper firms are generally unaware of environmental regulations.b.there are fines for producing too much dioxin.c.self-interested paper producers will not consider the full cost of the dioxin pollution they create.d.toxic emissions are the best example of an externality.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative20. If a paper manufacturer does not bear the entire cost of the dioxin it emits, it willa.emit a lower level of dioxin than is socially efficient.b.emit a higher level of dioxin than is socially efficient.c.emit an acceptable level of dioxin.d.not emit any dioxin in an attempt to avoid paying the entire cost.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative21. Which of the following is an example of an externality?a.cigarette smoke that permeates an entire restaurantb. a flu shot that prevents a student from transmitting the virus to her roommatec. a beautiful flower garden outside of the local post officed.All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative22. Which of the following statements is not correct?ernment policies may improve the market's allocation of resources when negative externalitiesare present.ernment policies may improve the market's allocation of resources when positive externalitiesare present.c. A positive externality is an example of a market failure.d.Without government intervention, the market will tend to undersupply products that producenegative externalities.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Interpretive23. Which of the following represents a way that a government can help the private market to internalize anexternality?a.taxing goods that have negative externalitiesb.subsidizing goods that have positive externalitiesc.The government cannot improve upon the outcomes of private markets.d.Both a and b are correct.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative24. Which of the following is not correct?a.Markets allocate scarce resources with the forces of supply and demand.b.The equilibrium of supply and demand is typically an efficient allocation of resources.ernments can sometimes improve market outcomes.d.Externalities cannot be positive.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Markets | Externalities MSC: Interpretive25. A negative externality arises when a person engages in an activity that hasa.an adverse effect on a bystander who is not compensated by the person who causes the effect.b.an adverse effect on a bystander who is compensated by the person who causes the effect.c. a beneficial effect on a bystander who pays the person who causes the effect.d. a beneficial effect on a bystander who does not pay the person who causes the effect.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Negative externalities MSC: Definitional26. A positive externality arises when a person engages in an activity that hasa.an adverse effect on a bystander who is not compensated by the person who causes the effect.b.an adverse effect on a bystander who is compensated by the person who causes the effect.c. a beneficial effect on a bystander who pays the person who causes the effect.d. a beneficial effect on a bystander who does not pay the person who causes the effect.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Positive externalities MSC: Definitional27. When an externality is present, the market equilibrium isa.efficient, and the equilibrium maximizes the total benefit to society as a whole.b.efficient, but the equilibrium does not maximize the total benefit to society as a whole.c.inefficient, but the equilibrium maximizes the total benefit to society as a whole.d.inefficient, and the equilibrium does not maximize the total benefit to society as a whole. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: InterpretiveSec01-Externalities and Market InefficiencyMULTIPLE CHOICE1. If an externality is present in a market, economic efficiency may be enhanced bya.increased competition.b.weakening property rights.c.better informed market participants.ernment intervention.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytical LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative2. Externalities tend to cause markets to bea.inefficient.b.unequal.c.unnecessary.d.overwhelmed.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytical LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative3. If a sawmill creates too much noise for local residents,a.noise restrictions will force residents to move out of the area.b. a sense of social responsibility will cause owners of the mill to reduce noise levels.c.the government can raise economic well-being through noise-control regulations.d.the government should avoid intervening because the market will allocate resources efficiently. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-1NAT: Analytical LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative。