lecture3
Lecture 3 (文艺复兴时期及莎士比亚 (1))
Spain, the Netherlands, and England. Renaissance is considered as the great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, and is also usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world. The emphasis of the Renaissance is humanism.
Greatness of man under the principle of human reason
Of all God’s works, which do this world adorn, There is no one more fair and excellent, Than is man’s body both for power and form, Whiles it is kept in sober government; But none than it, more fowl and indecent, Distempered through misrule and passions base:
1：忠贞、神圣。 2：人双重属性或者两难处境（天使与兽类、精神与物质等）；背叛、 不忠贞（三心二意；两边倒）。 3：开头、中间、结尾三部分（完整）；奇数＋偶数（生殖繁衍）
4：四种体液、人生四季、四种基本美德（谨慎，坚毅，克制，正 义 ）、四种能力（理性，知识，意见，感觉）、物质性（四种宇宙基 本元素）
人的两个眼睛：太阳和月亮 (two eyes—the sun and the moon) 骨头和指甲的硬度：石头的硬度 (hardness of bone and nail— hardness of stone) 人体的血管：树枝 (arteries—branches of tree)
Lecture 3 翻译的标准
Lecture 3 翻译的标准翻译标准：目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实(Faithfulness) 和流畅(Smoothness)。
外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中表现出来的一种不当倾向。
翻译时所要表达的内容来自外语原文，原文的词语和结构形式随着内容一起进入到我们的大脑，于是原文的语言形式被带入译文，造成了译文的外语腔。
The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.【译文】气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。
翻译标准：忠实和流畅好的译文还必须保持原文的风格包括民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。
即：译者不能破坏或改变原文的风格，不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。
课堂练习：•She couldn't have come at a better time.•She has been a widow only six months.•I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.•The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.•From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths.•As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are -- instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not.1. 她来得正是时候。
Lecture_3
Compensation 1 • I’m a specialist in pay and benefits. Compensation and remuneration are formal words used to talk about pay and benefits, especially those of senior managers. Compensation package and remuneration package are used especially in the US to talk about all the pay and benefits that employees receive. For a senior executive, this may include share (stock) options: the right to buy the company’s shares at low prices. There may be performance-related bonuses if the manger reaches particular objectives for the company.
Why do you work?
• • • • Monetary incentives? Self-fulfillment? Socialization? Sense of recognition?
Unpredictability of HUMAN NATURE
New Words in this Unit
Wages Salary Benefits
• My name’s Peter and I’m a hotel manager in Venice. I get paid a salary every month. In summer we’re very busy, so we work a lot of extra hours, or overtime; the money for this is quite good. Working in a hotel, we also get nice perks, for example free meals!
保护生物学-Lecture3详解
四、物种灭绝的原因
• 长期/大面积的物种灭绝：指物种在一个相对较 长的时间内，在一个面积较大的分布区内出现 灭绝的情形。
• • 短期/小规模的物种灭绝：指生境岛屿（或狭义
的岛屿）形成的时间较短，而其面积相对较小 的物种灭绝方式。许多物种所出现局域性灭绝 （local extinction）多属于这种方式。
• Nm和Nf分别为参加繁殖的雄性动物个体数和雌性
个体数。
几种特例
• （2）对于存在世代重叠的种群（如昆虫、两
栖类），种群大小在各世代都不相同时，则
有效种群大小为各世代Ne的调和平均数，即：
• 1/Ne=1/t(1/N1+1/N2+…+1/Nt)
•
其中Nt ： t年的平均有效种群大小。
•
三、物种灭绝的过程
物种灭绝的原因—外因
• （1）非人为因素
• 天体运动 • 地质活动 • 气候变化 • 物种之间的相互作用
物种灭绝的原因—人为因素
世界人口增长状况
物种灭绝的原因—人为因素
• （2）人为因素
• 生境的破坏 • 过度狩猎 • 引进物种 • 化学污染
–
生境的破坏
• 生境丧失 • 生境退化 • 生境的破碎化
续存活一段相当长的时间的最小生物种群。其 种群大小为一阈值（threshold），当种群数量 低于这个阈值时，将有灭绝的危险；而当种群 数量高于这个阈值时，则该种群就可 以安全 的存活一段时间。 • Shaffer（1981）： 99%的概率，存活1000年。
MVP 的估算方法
• 因为每一代遗传基因的变异度的损失率（Δ F）均与种群大小
物种灭绝的原因
• 物种的灭绝是一个自然过程。在这个过 程中，有一系列因素在起作用，包括： 内因：造成物种灭绝的根本原因 外因：加速物种的灭绝进程
【托福听力备考】TPO13 听力文本——Lecture 3
【托福听力备考】TPO13 听力文本——Lecture 3众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 13 Lecture 3 PoetryNarrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a poetry class, the professor isdiscussing medieval poetry.Professor: OK, so the two poems we are looking at today fall into thecategory of ... uh ... medieval times, which was how long ago?Student: Almost a thousand years ago, right?Professor: Yes, that’s right.Student: But, professor, are you sure these are poems? I mean I thoughtpoems were shorter; these are more like long stories. I mean one of them was allabout love, but the other one, the Chan…Chan…whatever it’s called, the otherone; well, it was all about fighting and battles. I mean can both of them beconsidered poems?Professor: Well, think back to the very beginning of this course.Student: Uh-huh.Professor: Remember how we, we define poetry? In the very broadest sense,we said it’s written to evoke, to make you, the audience, have some kind of theemotional experience through the use of imagery, um, some kind of predictablerhythm. And usually, but not always, there’s more than one meaning implied withthe words that are used.Let’s start with the Chanson poetry first. That’s Chanson. Chanson poemsbecame popular in Europe, particularly in France, and the term is actually short for a longer French phrase that translates to um ... uh… songs of deeds.Now, they were called songs of deeds because strangely enough, they were written to describe the heroic deeds or actions of warriors, the knights during conflicts. We don’t know a lot about the authors, it’s still contested somewhat.But we are pretty sure about who the Chanson poems were written for. That is---they were written for knights and the lords---the nobility that they served. The poems were sung, performed by a minstrel, a singer who travelled from castle to castle, singing to the local lord and his knights. Uh… well, would someone summarize the main features of the Chanson poem you read?Student: Well, there’s a hero, a knight, who goes to battle, and he isadmired for his courage, bravery and loyalty, loyalty to the lord he serves, hiscountry and his fellow warriors in the field. He’s ....um... he has a, he’s askilled fighter, willing to face the most extreme dangers, sacrificial, willing to sacrifice anything and everything to protect his king and country.Professor: Ok, now, given that the intended audience for these poems were knights and lords. What can we say about the purpose of Chanson poetry? What kinds of feelings was it meant to provoke?Student: I guess they must’ve been really appealing to those knights and lords who were listening to them. Hearing the songs probably made them feel morepatriotic, made them feel like it was a good and noble thing to serve theircountries in whatever way they could.Professor:Good, we’ve got a pretty good picture of what the Chanson hero was like.Now let’s compare that to the hero in the other poem. The other poem is an example of what’s called Romance Poetry. And the hero in the Romance poem was also a knight. But what made the knight in Romance Poetry different from the knight in Chanson poetry?Well, first the purpose of the hero’s actions was different. The hero in Romance Poetry is independent, purely solitary in a way, not like the Chansonpoet who was always surrounded by his fighting companions. He doesn’t engage inconflict to protect his lord or country. He does it for the sake of adventure,to improve himself, to show he’s worthy of respect and love from his lady. He’svery conscious of the particular rules of social behavior he has to live up to somehow. And all of his actions are for the purpose of proving that he is an upright, moral, well-mannered, well-behaved individual. You may have noticedthat in Chanson poetry, there isn’t much about the hero’s feelings. The focus ison the actions, the deeds. But the Romance Poetry describes a lot of the inner feelings, the motivations, psychology you could say, of a knight trying to improve himself, to better himself, so that he’s worthy of the love of awoman.What explains this difference? Well, uh, digging into the historicalcontext tells us a lot. Romance Poetry emerged a few generations after Chanson, and its roots were in geographic regions of France that were calmer, where conflict wasn’t central to people’s lives. More peaceful times meant there was more time for education, travel, more time for reflection. Another name for Romance Poetry that’s often synonymous with it is troubadour poetry. Troubadours were the authors of these new Romance poems. And we know a lot more about the troubadours than we do about the Chanson authors, because they often had small biographical sketches added to their poems that gave pretty specific information about their social status, geographical location and a small outline of their career. These information wasn’t particularly reliable because they were sometimes based on fictitious stories of great adventure or scraped together from parts of different poems. But there is enough there to squeeze or infer some facts about their social class. The political climate had settled down enough so that troubadours had the luxury of being able to spend most if not all of their time, creating, crafting or composing their love songs for their audiences. And yes these poems were also sung; many troubadours were able to make a living being full-time poets which should tell you something about the value of that profession during medieval times.希望这些对你的托福备考有帮助，预祝大家托福考试能取得理想成绩。
【托福听力资料】托福TPO7听力文本——Lecture 3
【托福听力资料】托福TPO7听力文本——Lecture 3众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 7 Lecture 3 AnthropologyPro: So we’ve been discussing 16th century Native American life, and today we’re going to focus on the Iroquois and Huron peoples. They lived in the northeastern great lakes region of North America. Now, back then, their lifes depended on the natural resources of the forests, especially the birch tree. The birch tree can grow in many different types of soils and is prevalent in that area. Now can anyone here describe a birch tree?Stu: They are tall and white, the bark, I mean.Pro: Yes. The birch tree has white bark, and this tough protective outer layer of the tree, this white bark, is waterproof. And this waterproof quality of the bark, it made it useful for making things like cooking containers, a variety of utensils. And if you peel birch bark in the winter, we call it “the winter bark”, another layer, a tougher inner layer of the tree adheres to the bark, producing a stronger material. So the winter bark was used for larger utensils and containers.Stu: I know people make utensils out of wood, but utensils out of treebark?Pro: Well, birch bark is pliable and very easy to bend. The Native Americans would cut the bark and fold it into any shape they needed, then secure it withcords until it dried. They could fold the bark into many shapes.Stu: So if they cooked in bowls made of birch bark, wouldn’t that make the food taste funny?Pro: Oh, that’s one of the great things about birch bark. The taste of the birch tree doesn’t get transferred to the food. So it was perfect for cooking containers.But the most important use of the bark, by far, was the canoe. Since the northeast region of North American is interconnected by many streams and waterways, water transportation by vessels like a canoe was most essential. The paths through the woods were often overgrown, so water travel was much faster. And here’s what the Native Americans did. They would peel large sheets of bark from the tree to form lightweight yet sturdy canoes. The bark was stretched over frames made from tree branches, stitched together and sealed with resin. You know that sticky liquid that comes out of the tree? And when it dries, it’s watertight.One great thing about these birch bark canoes was, uh, they could carry a large amount of cargo. For example, a canoe weighing about 50 pounds could carry up to nine people and 250 pounds of cargo.Stu: Wow! But how far could they travel that way?Pro: Well like I said, the northeastern region is interconnected by rivers and streams and the ocean at the coast. The canoes allow them to travel over avast area that today would take a few hours to fly over. You see, the Native Americans made canoes of all types, for travel on small streams or on large open ocean waters. For small streams, they made narrow, maneuverable boats, while, while larger canoes were needed for the ocean. They could travel throughout the area only occasionally having to portage, to carry the canoe over a land short distance to another nearby stream. And since the canoes were so light, this wasn’t a difficult task.Now how do you think this affected their lives?Stu: Well if they could travel so easily over such a large area, they could trade with people from other areas which I guess would lead them to form alliances?Pro: Exactly. Having an efficient means of transportation, well, that helps the Iroquois to form a federation linked by natural waterways. And this federation expanded from what is now Southern Canada all the way south to the Dalever River. And this efficiency of the birch bark canoe also made an impression on newcomers to the area. French traders in the 17th century modeled their...well they adopted the design of the Iroquois birch bark canoes, and they found they could travel great distances more than 15 kilometers a month.Now besides the bark, Native Americans also used the wood of the birch tree. The young trees were used as supports for lodgings, with the waterproof bark used as roofing. Branches were folded into snowshoes. And the Native American people were all adept at running very fast over the snow in these birch branchsnowshoes, which if you ever tried walking in snowshoes you know it wasn’t easy.When you are old and grey and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false or true,But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars,Murmur, a little sadly, how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd hid his face amid a crowd of stars.The furthest distance in the worldIs not between life and deathBut when I stand in front of youYet you don't know thatI love you.The furthest distance in the worldIs not when I stand in front of youYet you can't see my loveBut when undoubtedly knowing the love from both Yet cannot be together.The furthest distance in the worldIs not being apart while being in loveBut when I plainly cannot resist the yearningYet pretending you have never been in my heart. The furthest distance in the worldIs not struggling against the tidesBut using one's indifferent heartTo dig an uncrossable riverFor the one who loves you.。
【托福听力备考】TPO10 听力文本——Lecture 3
【托福听力备考】TPO10 听力文本——Lecture 3众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO10 Lecture 3 EcologyNarrator：Listen to part of a lecture in an Ecology Class.Professor： So we’ve been talking about nutrients, the elements in theenvironment that are essential for living organisms to develop, live a healthylife and reproduce. Some nutrients are quite scarce; there just isn’t much ofthem in the environment. But fortunately they get recycled. When nutrients areused over and over in the environment, we call that a nutrient cycle. Because ofthe importance of nutrients and their scarcity, nutrient recycling is one of themost significant eco-system processes that we’ll cover in this course. The threemost important nutrient recycles are the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle andthe one we are going to talk about today, the Phosphorus cycle.So the Phosphorus cycle has been studied a lot by ecologists because like Isaid, Phosphorus is an important nutrient and it’s not so abundant. The largestquantities are found in rocks and at the bottom of the ocean.How does Phosphorus get there? Well, let’s start with the Phosphorus inrocks. The rocks get broken down into smaller and smaller particles as they areweathered. They are weathered slowly by rain and wind over long periods of time.Phosphorus is slowly released as the rocks are broken down and it gets spreadaround into the soil. Once it’s in the soil, plants absorb it through theirroots.Student：So that’s the reason people mine rocks that contain a lot ofPhosphorus to help with agriculture?Professor：Uh-huh, they mined the rock, artificially break it down and put the Phosphorus into agricultural fertilizers. So humans can play a role in the first part of the Phosphorus cycle -- the breaking down of rocks and the spreading of Phosphorus into the soil by speeding up the rate at which this natural process occurs. You see.Now after the Phosphorus is in the soil, plants grow. They use Phosphorus from the soil to grow. And when they die, they decompose. And the Phosphorus is recycled back into the soil; same thing with the animals that eat those plants, or eat other animals that have eaten those plants. We call all of this – the land phase of the Phosphorus cycle. But a lot of the Phosphorus in soil getswashed away into rivers by rain and melting snow. And so begins another phase ofthe cycle. Can anyone guess what it is called? Nancy?Nancy：Well, if the one is called the land phase, then this has to be called the water phase, right?Professor：Yes, that’s such a difficult point isn’t it? In a normal water phase, rivers eventually empty into oceans, and once in the oceans, thePhosphorus gets absorbed by water plants like algae. Then fish eats the algae oreat other fish that have eaten those plants.But the water phase is sometime affected by excessive fertilizers. If not all of Phosphorus gets used by the crops and large amounts of Phosphorus gets into the rivers. This could cause rapid growth of water plants in the river, which can lead to the water ways getting clogged with organisms, which can change the flow of the water. Several current studies are looking at these effects and I really do hope we can find a way to deal with this issue before these ecosystems are adversely affected. Ok?Of course, another way that humans can interrupt the normal process is fishing. The fishing industry helps bring Phosphorus back to land. In the normal water phase the remaining Phosphorus makes its way, settles to the bottom of the ocean and gets mixed into ocean sediments. But remember, this is a cycle. The Phosphorus at the bottom of the ocean has to somehow make its way back to the surface, to complete the cycle, to begin the cycle all over again.After millions of years, powerful geological forces, like underwater volcanoes lift up the ocean sediments to form new land. When an underwater volcano pushes submerged rock to the surface, a new island is created. Then over many more years the Phosphorus-rich rocks of the new land begin to erode and the cycle continues.Guy： What about, well, you said that the nitrogen cycle is also an important nutrient cycle. And there is a lot of nitrogen in the atmosphere, so I waswondering, is there a lot of Phosphorus in the atmosphere too?Professor：Good question, George. You’re right to guess that Phosphorus can end up in Earth’s atmosphere. It can move from the land or from the oceans to the atmosphere, and vice versa. However, there’s just not a substantial amount of it there, like there is with nitrogen, it’s a very minimal quantity.。
最优化方法Lecture3_单纯形法1
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f1 cB B1b 12, w cB B1 0 0 4
z2 c2 wP2 c2 4 z5 c5 wP5 c5 4 最大判别数是z2 c2， x2是进基变量。计算
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.
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xr 为离基变量 xk 为进基变量。
2 s.t.
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xB B1b B1NxN
xB , xN 0
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测量气压的仪器
空盒气压表
水银气压表
1643年发明
气压计
气压读数
本站气压
海平面气压 海平面气压图 （地面图）
复习：
引论
1：初识大气 2：回顾气象学历史 3：气象学现状 4：本课程研究内容
基本知识
风、温、湿与压 •风 • 温度 • 湿度 • 气压
风 空气的流动形成风！
风速和风向测量
风速表和风向标
风向风速仪
风向，气象角
平均风速
• 2分钟平均 • 5分钟平均 • 10分钟平均
风力等级：表达风力的常用单位
比湿、混合比
这种表示法有好处：即同一空气块，如果 没有水汽加入或移出，空气块的比湿或混 合比是保守的。
比 湿 随 纬 度 的 变 化
水汽压
在海平附近，总的气压是分子 碰撞表面引起，等于每种气体 产生压力之和。
如果总的1000hPa，则78%氮气：780hPa、21%氧气：
210hPa，只有1%的水汽，10hPa就是实际水汽压。
实际水汽压(e)，是水汽的分压力。
饱和水汽压(E)，是在给定温度下，需要多少水汽让空气
饱和时的水汽压。
水面/冰面 水汽压
相对湿度
这是最常用的方式，80%的相对湿度，表示离饱 和还有20%的程度。 有两种可改变：改变水汽含量或改变温度。如密 闭的汽车起雾时，打开冷气，让冷气机把水汽凝结带 走，或者打开暖气，使车内温度升高，饱和水汽压升 高了，相对湿度自然下降。
E=23.4mb，是室外的30倍。所以RH=0.8/23.4=3%。
相对湿度很低。 一是增加水汽，烧水、现代家庭-加湿器；二是空 调降温，相对湿度增加。对水汽含量多温度高的
地方，采用冷却器，凝结房间的水汽，降低RH。
人的舒适度：感觉温度与湿度
湿度测量
1. 干湿表：包括手摇干湿表和通风干湿表。 2. 毛发湿度表：使用人或马的发。人的头发，RH变化0100%时，长度改变2.5%，湿度低时变短，高时变长。 作成 3. 电测湿度表：电流通过涂一层碳的金属板，吸水时， 金属板电阻增大，这种变化再翻译成相对湿度，用于 无线电探空仪。 4. 红外湿度表：通过测水汽吸收的红外能量，来确定大 气湿度。 5. 露点湿度表：冷却金属镜子面直到露形成来测定。 6. 湿敏元件：测实际水汽压来决定水汽含量，最后换算 成露点。
相对湿度 的变化
露点
在一定的水汽含量下，能够饱和的温度。 如：在摄氏10度空气饱和，现在升高到20 度，因为气温越高能够容纳的水汽越多， 这时空气不饱和了。 现在反过来说，如果现在30度，而空 气水汽含量和刚刚10度时相同，那么，当 气温降到10度时空气就饱和了。所以10度 是目前大气的露点温度。 对冰面，称霜点温度。
温度
Hale Waihona Puke 气温资料及温度测量温度日较差 最高气温 最低气温
日平均温度 月平均温度 温度年较差 年平均温度
温度测量
常用液体玻璃温度表，酒精或水银
最高温度表
最低温度表
双金属片温度表
仪器放置地方： 百叶箱
湿度
水的相变
水面上的蒸发
大气中的水循环
表征水汽含量的单位
绝对湿度
即单位体积空气所含有的水汽质量， 或水汽密度，如1千克/立方米
手摇 干湿 表
毛发湿度表
气压
一个著名的实验
大气压强
给定单位层面上方空气的重量。
• 随高度减小； • 气压随高度的变化是开始快速减小， 越往高变化越慢。 • 气压、空气密度、温度是互相联系。
气温与压强
气压的日变化
中纬度
热带
气压测量
cmHg (汞柱高) mb (毫巴)
hPa (百帕)=mb
标准大气压 Pa=1牛顿/平米
相对湿度和露点
气温30度 露点10度 实际水汽压12mb 饱和水汽压42mb 则 相对湿度为 12/42=29%
露和霜
温度露点差
极地：气温-2度， 露点-2度， RH=100%
沙漠：气温35度 露点5度 RH=16%
生活中的湿度
屋内湿度
北方，冬天空气含少的水汽，如露点温度为-25℃， e=0.8mb，这些空气进入屋中，加热到20℃，