基于JavaWeb的博客网站的设计与实现外文翻译
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指导教师评语：签名：2011年04月25日附件1：外文资料翻译译文数据库开发过程基于信息工程的信息系统规划是数据库开发项目的一个来源。
这些开发新数据库的项目通常是为了满足组织的战略需求，例如改善客户支持、提高产品和库存管理或进行更精确的销售预测。
然而许多数据库开发项目更多的是以自底向上的方式出现的，例如信息系统的用户需要特定的信息来完成他们的工作，从而请求开始一个项目，又如其他信息系统的专家发现组织需要改进数据管理而开始新的项目。
即使在自底向上的情况下，建立企业数据模型也是必须的，以便理解现有的数据库是否可以提供所需的数据，否则，新的数据库、数据实体和属性都应该加到当前的组织数据资源中去。
无论是战略需求还是操作信息的需求，每个数据库开发项目通常集中在一个数据库上。
一些数据库项目仅仅集中在定义、设计和实现一个数据库，以作为后续信息系统开发的基础。
然而在大多数情况下，数据库及其相关信息处理功能是作为一个完整的信息系统开发项目的一部分而被开发的。
一. 系统开发生命周期指导管理信息系统开发项目的传统过程是系统开发生命周期(SDLC)。
系统开发生命周期是指一个组织中由数据库设计人员和程序员组成的信息系统专家小组详细说明、开发、维护和替换信息系统的全部步骤。
这个过程比作瀑布是因为每一步都流到相邻的下一步，即信息系统的规格说明是一块一块地开发出来的，每一块的输出是下一块的输入。
然而如图所示，这些步骤并不是纯线性的，每个步骤在时间上有所重叠（因此可以并行地管理步骤），而且当需要重新考虑先前的决策时，还可以回滚到前面某些步骤。
（因而水可以在瀑布中倒流！）系统开发生命周期的每一阶段都包括与数据库开发相关的活动，所以，数据库管理的问题遍布整个系统开发过程。
请注意，系统开发生命周期的阶段和数据库开发步骤之间不存在一一对应的关系，概念数据建模发生在两个系统开发生命周期阶段之间。
1.1 企业建模数据库开发过程从企业建模（系统开发生命周期中项目论证和选择阶段的一部分）开始，设定组织数据库的范围和一般内容。
企业建模发生在信息系统规划和其他活动期间，这些活动确定信息系统的哪个部分需要改变和加强并概述出全部组织数据的范围。
在这一步中，检查当前数据库和信息系统，分析作为开发项目主体的业务领域的本质，用非常一般的术语描述每个信息系统在开发时所需要的数据。
每个项目只有当它达到组织的预期目标时才可以进行下一步。
1.2 概念数据建模对一个已经开始的信息系统项目而言，概念数据建模阶段分析信息系统的全部数据需求。
它分为两个阶段。
首先，它在项目开始和规划阶段建立一张图。
同时建立其他文档来概述不考虑现存数据库的情况下特定开发项目中所需的数据范围。
此时仅仅包括高层类别的数据（实体）和主要联系。
然后在系统开发生命周期的分析阶段产生确定信息系统必须管理的全部组织数据的详细数据模型，定义所有数据属性，列出全部数据类别，表示数据实体间所有的业务联系，确定描述数据完整性的全部规则。
在分析阶段，还要检查概念数据模型（在后面也称作概念模式）与用来解释目标信息系统其他方面的模型类别的一致性，例如处理步骤、处理数据的规则以及时间的时序。
然而，即使是这样详细的概念数据模型也只是初步的，因为后续的信息系统生命周期中的活动在设计事务、报表、显示和查询时可能会发现遗漏的元素或错误。
因此，经常说到的概念数据建模是以一种自顶向下的方式完成的，它由业务领域的一般理解所驱动，而不是由特定的信息处理活动所驱动。
1.3 逻辑数据库设计逻辑数据库设计从两个角度进行数据库开发。
首先，将概念数据模型变换成基于关系数据库理论的标准表示方法——关系。
然后像设计信息系统的每个计算机程序（包括程序的输入和输出格式）那样，对数据库支持的事务、报表、显示和查询进行详细的检查。
在这个所谓的自底向上的分析中，精确地验证数据库中需要维护的数据和在每个事务、报表等等中需要的那些数据的性质。
对于每个单独的报表、事务等等的分析都要考虑一个特定的、有限制的但是完全的数据库视图。
当报表、事务等被分析时有可能根据需要而改变概念数据模型。
尤其在大型的项目中，不同的分析人员和系统开发者的团队可以独立地工作在不同的程序或程序集中，他们所有工作的细节直到逻辑设计阶段才可能会显示出来。
在这种情况下，逻辑数据库设计阶段必须将原始的概念数据模型和这些独立的用户视图合并或集成到一个全面的设计中。
在进行逻辑信息系统设计时也可以确定额外的信息处理需求，此时这些新的需求必须集成到前面确定的逻辑数据库设计中。
逻辑数据库设计的最后一步是根据为生成结构良好的数据规格说明而确定的规则，将组合的、协商后的数据规格说明转换成基本的或原子的元素。
对当今的大部分数据库而言，这些规则来自关系数据库理论和称作规范化的过程。
这一步的结果是产生管理这些数据的、不引用任何数据库管理系统的完整的数据库描述图。
在完成逻辑数据库设计后，开始确定详细的计算机程序的逻辑和维护、报告数据库内容所需的查询。
1.4 物理数据库设计和定义物理数据库设计和定义阶段决定计算机存储器（通常是磁盘）中数据库的组织，定义数据库管理系统的物理结构，概述处理事务的程序，产生期望的管理信息和决策支持的报表。
本阶段的目标是设计能够有效、安全地管理所有数据处理的数据库，因此物理数据库设计需紧密结合物理信息系统其他方面的设计，包括程序、计算机硬件、操作系统和数据通信网络。
1.5 数据库实现数据库实现阶段编写、测试和安装处理数据库的程序。
设计人员可以使用标准的编程语言（如COBOL、C或Visual Basic）、专用的数据库处理语言（如SQL），或专用的非过程化语言来编程，以产生固定格式的报表、显示结果，可能还包括图表。
在实现阶段，还要完成所有的数据库文档，培训用户，为信息系统（和数据库）的用户安装程序。
最后一步是利用现存的信息源（遗留应用中的文件和数据库以及现在需要的新数据）加载数据。
加载数据的第一步经常是将数据从现存的文件和数据库中转到一种中间的格式（如二进制或文本文件），然后再将这些中间数据加载到新的数据库中。
最后，运行数据库以及相关的应用以供实际的用户维护和检索数据。
在运转期间，定期备份数据库，并当数据库损坏或受到影响时恢复数据库。
1.6 数据库维护数据库在数据库维护期间逐渐发展。
在这一步，为了满足变化的业务条件，为了改正数据库设计的错误，或数据库应用的处理速度而增加、删除或改变数据库的结构特征。
当一个程序或计算机发生故障而使数据库受到影响或损坏时也可能应该重建数据库。
这一步通常是数据库开发过程中最长的一步，因为它持续数据库及相关应用的整个生命周期，每次数据库的发展都可看作一个简略的数据库开发过程，其中会出现概念数据建模、逻辑和物理数据库设计以及数据库实现以处理提出的变化。
二. 信息系统开发的其他方法系统开发生命周期法或其稍作变化的变体经常用于指导信息系统和数据库的开发。
信息系统生命周期是一种方法学，它是高度结构化的方法，它包括许多检查和权衡以确保每一步产生精确的结果，而且新的或替代的信息系统与它必须通信的或数据定义需要一致的现存系统保持一致。
系统开发生命周期法经常由于产生一个工作系统需要很长的时间而受到批评，因为工作系统仅仅在整个过程结束时才产生。
现在组织越来越多的使用快速应用开发法，它是一个包含分析、设计和实现步骤的快速重复的迭代过程，直到汇聚到用户所需的系统为止。
快速应用开发法在所需的数据库已经存在、增强系统主要是为了检索数据的应用中适用，而不适用于那些生成和修改数据库的应用。
使用最广泛的快速应用开发法之一是原型法。
原型法是一个系统开发的迭代过程，通过分析员和用户的紧密配合，持续地修改系统而最终将所有需求转换成一个工作系统。
在此图中我们包含了注释，概略地描述了每个原型法阶段的数据库开发活动。
一般来说，当信息系统的问题被确定时，仅仅粗略地尝试概念数据建模。
在开发最初的原型时，设计用户想要的显示和报表，同时理解任何新的数据库需求并定义一个用语原型的数据库。
这通常是一个新的数据库，它复制现存系统的一部分，还可能增加了一些新的内容。
当需要新的内容时，这些内容通常来自外部数据源，如市场研究数据、一般的经济指标或行业标准。
当产生原型新的版本时重复数据库的实现和维护活动。
通常仅进行最低限度的安全性和完整性控制，因为此时的重点是尽可能快地产生可以使用的原型版本。
而且文档管理也延迟到项目的最后，在交付使用时才进行用户培训。
最后，一旦构建了一个可接受的原型，开发者和用户将决定最后的原型和数据库是否能交付使用。
如果系统（包括数据库）效率很低，那么系统和数据库将被重新编程和重新组织以达到期望的性能。
随着可视化编程工具（如Visual Basic、Java、Visual C++和第四代语言）越来越流行，利用可视化编程工具可以很方便地修改用户与系统间的界面，原型法正成为可供选择的系统开发方法。
使用原型法改变用户报表和显示的内容和布局是相当容易的。
在这个过程中，新的数据库需求被确定，因此被发展中的应用使用的现存的数据库应该进行修改。
甚至有可能为一个需要新的数据库的系统使用原型法，在这种情况下，当系统需求在迭代的开发过程中不断变化时需要获取样本数据以建造或重建数据库原型。
附件2：外文原文Database Development ProcessBased on information engineering information systems planning database is a source of development projects. These new database development projects is usually in order to meet the strategic needs of organizations, such as improving customer support, improve product and inventory management, or a more accurate sales forecast. However, many more database development project is the bottom-up approach emerging, such as information system user needs specific information to complete their work, thus beginning a project request, and as other information systems experts found that organizations need to improve data management and begin new projects. Bottom-up even in the circumstances, to set up an enterprise data model is also necessary to understand the existing database can provide the necessary data, otherwise, the new database, data entities and attributes can be added to the current data resources to the organization.Both the strategic needs or operational information needs of each database development projects normally concentrated in a database. Some projects only concentrated in the database definition, design and implementation of a database, as a follow-up to the basis of the development of information systems. However, in most cases, the database and associated information processing function as a complete information systems development project was part of the development.one. System Development Life CycleGuide management information system development projects is the traditional process of system development life cycle (SDLC). System development life cycle is an organization of the database designers and programmers information system composed of the Panel of Experts detailed description, development, maintenance and replacement of the entire information system steps. This process is because Waterfall than for every step into the adjacent the next step, that is, the information system is a specification developed by a piece of land, every piece of the output is under an input. However shown in the figure, these steps are not purely linear, each of the steps overlap in time (and thuscan manage parallel steps), but when the need to reconsider previous decisions, but also to roll back some steps ahead. (And therefore water can be put back in the waterfall!) The system development life cycle including each stage and database development-related activities, therefore, the question of database management systems throughout the entire development process. In Figure 5 we repeat of the system development life cycle stage of the seven, and outlines the common database at each stage of development activities. Please note that the systems development life cycle stages and database development steps exists between the relationship between the concept of modeling data in both systems development life cycle stages between.1.1 Enterprise ModelingDatabase development process from the enterprise modeling (system development life cycle stage of the project feasibility studies, and to choose a part)Organizations set the scope and general database content. Enterprise modeling in information systems planning and other activities, these activities determine which part of information systems need to change and strengthen the entire organization and outlines the scope of data. In this step, check the current database and information systems, development of the project as the main areas of the nature of the business, with a very general description of each term in the development of information systems when needed data. Each item only when it achieved the expected goals of organizations can be when the next step.1.2 Conceptual Data ModelingOne has already begun on the Information System project, the concept of data modeling phase of the information systems needs of all the data. It is divided into two stages. First, it began the project in the planning stage. At the same time outlining the establishment of other documents to the existing database without considering the circumstances specific development projects in the scope of the required data. This category only includes high-level data (entities), and main contact. Then in the system development life-cycle analysis stage must have a management information system set the entire organization Details of the data model definition of all data attributes, listing all data types that all data inter-entity business linkages, defining description of the full dataintegrity rules. In the analysis phase, but also the concept of inspection data model (also called the concept behind the model) and the goal of information systems used to explain other aspects of the model of consistency categories, such as processing steps, rules and data processing time of timing. However, even if the concept is such detailed data model is only preliminary, because follow-up information system life cycle activities in the design of services, statements, display and inquiries may find that missing element or mistakes. Therefore, the concept of data often said that modeling is a top-down manner, its areas of operation from the general understanding of the driver, rather than the specific information processing activities by the driver.1.3 Logical Database DesignLogical database design from two perspectives database development. First, the concept of data model transform into relational database theory based on the criteria that means - between. Then, as the design of information systems, every computer procedures (including procedures for the input and output format), database support services, statements, and inquiries revealed that a detailed examination. In this so-called Bottom-up analysis, accurate verification of the need to maintain the database and the data in each affairs, statements and so on the needs of those in the nature of the data. For each separate statements, services, and so on the analysis must take into account a specific, limited but complete database view. When statements, services, and other analysis might be necessary to change the concept of data model. Especially in large-scale projects, the different analytical systems development staff and the team can work independently in different procedures or in a centralized, the details of their work until all the logic design stage may be displayed. In these circumstances, logic database design stage must be the original concept of data model and user view these independent or merged into a comprehensive design. In logic design information systems also identify additional information processing needs of these new demands at this time must be integrated into the logic of earlier identified in the database design.Logical database design is based on the final step for the formation of good data specifications and determine the rules, the combination, the data after consultation specifications or converted into basic atomic element. Most of today's database, these rules from therelational database theory and the process known as standardization, #. This step is the result of management of these data have not cited any database management system for a complete description of the database map. Logical database design completed, we began to identify in detail the logic of the computer program and maintenance, the report contents of the database for inquiries.1.4 Physical database design and definitionPhysical database design and definition phase decisions computer memory (usually disk) database in the organization, definition of According to the library management system for physical structure, the procedures outlined processing services, produce the desired management information and decision support statements. The objective of this stage is to design an effective and safe management of all data-processing database, the physical database design to closely integrate the information systems of other physical aspects of the design, including procedures, computer hardware, operating systems and data communications networks.1.5 Database ImplementationThe database prepared by the realization stage, testing and installation procedures for handling databases. Designers can use the standard programming language (such as COBOL, C or Visual Basic), the dedicated database processing languages (such as SQL), or the process of the non-exclusive language programming in order to produce a statement of the fixed format, the result will be displayed, and may also include charts. In achieving stage, but also the completion of all the database files, training users for information systems (database) user setup program. The final step is to use existing sources of information (documents legacy applications and databases and now needs new data) loading data. Loading data is often the first step in data from existing files and databases to an intermediate format (such as binary or text files) and then to turn intermediate loading data to a new database. Finally, running databases and related applications for the actual user maintenance and retrieval of data. In operation, the regular backup database and the database when damaged or affected resume database. 1.6 Database maintenanceDuring the database in the progressive development of database maintenance. In thisstep, in order to meet changing business conditions, in order to correct the erroneous database design, database applications or processing speed increase, delete or change the structure of the database. When a procedure or failure of the computer database affect or damage the database may also be reconstruction. This step usually is the longest in the database development process step, as it continued to databases and related applications throughout the life cycle, the development of each database can be seen as a brief database development process and data modeling concepts arise, logical and physical database design and database to achieve dealing with the changes.two. Information System developed by other meansSystem Development Life Cycle minor changes in law or its variant of the often used to guide information systems and database development. Information System is a life-cycle methodology, it is highly structured approach, which includes many checks and balances to ensure that every step of produce accurate results, and new or alternative information system and it must communications or data definitions consistent existing system needs consistency. System development life cycle because of the regular need to have a working system for a long time been criticized because only work in the system until the end of the whole process generated. More and more organizations now use rapid application development method, it is a includes analysis, design and implementation of steps to repeat the rapid iterative process until convergence to users the system so far. Rapid Application Development Act required the database has been in existence, and enhance system is mainly to the application of data retrieval application, but not to those who generate and modify database applications.The most widely used method of rapid application development is one of the prototype. The prototype system is a method of iterative development process, analysts and users through close co-operation, continuing to revise the system will eventually convert all the needs of a working system. In this diagram we contains notes, briefly describes each stage of the prototype of the database development activities. Normally, when information systems problems were identified, tried only a rough concept of data modeling. In the development of the initial prototype, the design of the user wants to display and statements, and that any new database needs and define a term prototypedatabase. This is usually a new database, copy the part of the existing system, but might also added some new content. When the need for new content, these elements are usually from external data sources, such as market research data, the general economic indicators or industry standards. When a prototype of a new version to repeat the achievement and maintenance of database activities. Usually only a minimum level of security and integrity control, because at this time the focus is as soon as possible to produce a prototype version can be used. But document management project also deferred to the final, only be used in the delivery of user training. Finally, once constructed an acceptable prototype, developers, and users will be the final decision of whether to prototype delivery and the use of the database. If the system (including database) efficiency is very low, then the system and database will be re-programming and re-organization in order to achieve the desired performance.Along with visual programming tools (such as Visual Basic, Java, Visual C + + and fourth generation language) increasingly popular use of visual programming tools can easily change the user interface with the system, the prototype is becoming the choice of system development methodology. Customers using the prototype method statements and show changes to the content and layout is quite easy. In the process, the new database needs were identified, so it is the development of the use of the existing database should be amended. There is even the possibility of a need for a new database system prototype method, in such circumstances, when the system demand in the iterative process of development in the ever-changing needs access to sample data, the construction or reconstruction of the database prototype.。
基于java的校园论坛网站的开发与设计外文翻译
附录1The application of AjaxSpend a few minutes using your application you selected(browser except),write it down to what user interaction,and then immediately back.For the sake of brevity,I give an example of electronic form,however,points involved here is general enough for various cases,the text editor.Well,we started.First in the spreadsheet to input some equalities,pay attention to,can interact in several ways:edit data,browsing the data using the keyboard and mouse,also can use the mouse to drag to re organize the data.I do these operations,the program gave me feedback.When moving the mouse,the cursor changes shape;when the mouse stops above,button bright;selected text can change color.When a window or dialog box is selected,and usually isnot the same,etc..These are the so-called"rich"interaction.Of course,there are still some room for improvement,but this is a good start.OK,a spreadsheet is a rich client program?Absolutely not.In a spreadsheet or similar desktop applications,business logic and data model is run in a closed environment.In this environment,they clearly understand each other,and can visit each other,and the environment outside of things,is unknown to them.What is the client?It is a separate process of mutual communication program,which is usually run on the server.In general,the server is always bigger than the client,ability,disposition is better,because the server is usually stored multitudeinformation.The client program enables the end users can view and modify the information,when multiple clients connected to the same server,can shareinformation between them.Shows a simple client/server architecture.In the n layer architecture in the modern,the server often and further the back-end server(such as a database)communication,so called"middleware"layeralso plays a role of client and server.End of our Ajax application in the chain,it is only as the client,therefore,for the convenience of discussion,we can put the whole n system as a labeled as"black box server".Spreadsheet applications I only need to manage its own saved a small amount of data in memory or in the local file system.If the design of well structure,couplingform data and it can be very loose,but I can't pass a network to split or sharethem through network.In this sense,the application of electronic form is not a client.The corresponding Web browser is a typical client,which communicate with the Web server,the request page.The browser has abundant functions,used tomanage user browsing behavior,the common function of the back button,the history list and tabbed browsing multiple documents etc..But when we put the site specific Web pages as an application,these general browsing function actuallyand application is,at best,such as spreadsheets and Windows began the relationship between button or the window list.We consider the application of modern Web.For the sake of simplicity,we chose" earth people know"online bookstore.Open the Amazon site in the browser,because before I visited,it will show me a friendlygreeting,somerecommended bibliography,and my purchase history information.Click on any one of the recommended bibliography,will go to another page(at this time,the page to refresh,within a few seconds I what also don't see).The new page is the information relevant to the book review:other books,second-hand books,offer the same author,and other books I read.In short,appears to be very rich,high degree of associated information in front of me.But for me,interactive way is to click on the hyperlink,and then fill in some forms.Suppose I at the keyboard accidentally fell asleep,wake up second days,if not refresh the page,I don't know"Harry Porter"series of books have been published,nor will my list from one page to another page,if I want to see morethings too,because I cannot change the local content area page size.I seem to be in the criticism of the Amazon interface,but it is not the case,I justtook it as an example.In fact,in the traditional Web development of the shackles,they have done very well.But compared to the spreadsheet,and the interaction model is undoubtedly too limited.Why Web is the application of modern still have so many limitations?The currentsituation has some reasonable technical reasons,we have to consider now.The blueprint for the Internet is all the computer in the world are connected,forming a huge computing resources.If the local data and remote invocationequated,then both the analysis of protein components or crack signals from outer space,users need not consider the physical location of the machines,the rest of the computation only pleasure.But unfortunately,the local call and remote invocation is something totally different.Under the current level of technology,the network communication is still a costly things(that is to say,is usually very slow,but unreliable).In the absence of a network called the situation,method and function of different data and theiroperations are located in the same local memory,to transfer data and return the results obtained are very direct.In a remote call,communication in the network at both ends of the two sides to send and receive data requires a lot of computation at the pared with the data back and forth on the line,these calculations require more time consuming.The transmission of a binary data,to go through many steps of coding and decoding,error checking,failure,packet retransmission split andreorganization,data into 0 and 1 binary signal,through the line(or wireless connection to the other party).In the local,call the function call request is encoded as an object,then the object is serialized as a series of bytes,the application layer protocol(usually HTTP)via the physical transmission medium(such as copper cable,optical fiber or radio)send out.On the remote machine,the application layer protocol decoding,the bytedeserialize the data obtained,to create a copy of the requested object.Then the data model is applied to the object and generates a response object.In order to make the response object is passed to the callback function local,all serialization deserialization operation,and the transport layer will be back again.Finally,the response object is passed to the function call local.This interactive process is very complex,but fortunately,it can be done.Modernprogramming environments such Java and Microsoft framework are built with this ability.However,the execution of remote calls,all these operations will still be in the internal execution.If we were using there mote invocation,performance will be affected.That is to say,a remote call is unlikely to have efficiency and local call.What is worse,the instability of network makes the efficiency loss is unpredictable,it is difficult to.In contrast,a local call to run on the local memory,will undoubtedly have an advantage more at this point.And so on,said remote call half a day,between this and the availability of software?The answer is,a relationship.A successful computer user interface must be able to at least level simulation weexperience in the real world.One of the basic rules of interaction is,when wepush,prick or poke about something,it will immediately response.Response timeas long as a little bit out a little,will make people confused,distracted,to shift thefocus from the task at hand to the user interface.Remote calls across the network,need to perform additional operations in great quantities,they tend to put the system to slow down,the user perceived delay.In desktop applications,only when the usability design is very bad,will appear this kind of makes users feel full of bug,unresponsive to the user interface,but in the application of network,what do not get a large number of such interface.Because the network delay is unpredictable,this kind of interface problems oftencome and go like a shadow,it is difficult to carry out the application responsetest.In other words,the network delay is the result of a common cause of the practical application of the interaction.User interface developers for network delay can only assume the worst.Say simply,is to try to make the user interface and network activities unrelated to.Programmers have already created a truly effective and proven solutions,tosolve this problem.To sell a Guan,let us into the real world.In the morning I will do,a very important is to wake my kids go to school.I can stand on the edge of the bed they toss up,chase them up and dressed,but thismethod is very time consuming,it takes me a lot of precious morning timeI want to wake up the children,have a look out the window,often neglected to feed the cat.After the children would ask me to breakfast.As the server process,the children always get up slowly.If I follow the synchronous interaction pattern,will they all day.However,as long as they mumble"I woke up",I can go to do other things,need to come back when they have a look.In computer terms,I need to do is for every child to establish an asynchronous process in a separate thread.After the start,the children will wake up in their ownthreads,the parent thread unnecessary synchronization wait,they afterwards will inform me(which is often asked me to eat).In the process they wake up,I don't need interaction and they,when they had been up and dressed myself,because I have reason to believe that they will do so soon.For any user interface,which is a long established practice,namely to createasynchronous thread,let it in the background who need to calculate a longtimetask,so that the user can continue to do other things.When starting this thread,it is necessary to block the user operation,but after a short period of time can beaccepted,will relieve congestion.Because of the existence of network delay,using asynchronous mode is a good practice to handle any time-consumingremote call.In fact,the network latency problems and solutions related to long-standing.In the old client/server mode,when the poor design of the client program met thehigh load of the server,the user interface will appear delay intolerable.Even in today's Internet era,when to switch the page,if the browser half the things not to,so this situation might be due to network delay caused by.The existing technical conditions,we have no way to remove the network delay,but at least onestrategy,that is the use of asynchronous processing remote calls,isn't it?Worse,for Web developers to do so there is a problem:HTTP protocol is a"request response"mode of the protocol.That is to say,the client requests a document,the server or a return to this document,or tell the client can not findthe document or allows a client to another place to find,also can tell which the client can use the local cache,and so on.To make a long story short,"request response"mode of the protocol is a one-way communication protocol.The clientinitiates a connection to the server,b ut the server can not initiates a connection to the client.Even when the next client,initiate the communication request,forgetful of the server can't remember this client is who(HTTP is a connectionless).Most Web developers to use modern programming language,for example,Java,PHP ,they are familiar with the user session(user session)concept,this is in fact the application server for a remedy can't maintain a connection state of the HTTP protocol.HTTP for the initial design goal well,using some clever processing,it can adapt to the beginning of the design did not consider theoccasion.But the key features of the asynchronous callback scheme of our clientis,will receive two notice,is a time in the thread creation,the other is a time in the end of the thread.The standard HTTP and the traditional Web application model can not provide these.The traditional Web application like Amazon,is built on the concept of the page.Show the user a document,which includes various links and form,the user canaccess further more documentation.This interaction model can support complex data sets on a large scale(like Amazon and other sites have demonstrated),which provides the user experience is enough to meet the needs of business.In ten years,this interaction model laid a deep imprint in our view of theapplication of Internet business.WYSIWYG interface(WYSIWYG)Web authoring tools,making the site more easily to be understood as a stack of pages.The framework of Web server using the state diagram conversion on the pagemodeling.no introduction,the traditional Web application that has been firmlybound in a page refresh operation,as if the refresh is behoove and inevitable,tried processing scheme for any asynchronous never.Of course,no doubt,the traditional Web application must not nothing is right..After all,Amazon in this interaction model to create a successful commercial applications.But this applies to the way Amazon does not necessarily apply to allpeople.Why do you say that?To understand this,we need to study the usermodel(usage pattern).A general discussion of the bicycle and SUV(SUV)merits meaningless.Because they have their own advantages and disadvantages--comfort,speed,fuel consumption or personal identity.Only discussed in particular use mode,this comparison is only meaningful.For example,is to in the rush hour through the center of the city,or to take the whole family,old and young to go on vacation,or just to find a shelter from the rain.In a similar situation like this,can we have a definite object in view to compare.For the user interface,it is the same with.Software usability expert Alan Cooper has written a lot of good articles aboutusage patterns,he defines two main uses:transient(transient)and exclusive(sovereign).Transient applications may use occasionally every day,butalways as a secondary activity,with a sudden.The contrast is sovereign applications,exclusive continued use of application to deal with the user for several hours a day.Many applications have a natural monopoly or transient properties.For example,a word processing software writing is a sovereign application,possible applications also use several transient,such as file management(file open andembed this function will often close the window),dictionary or spell checking tools(many word processing program is also embedded in these functions),andcolleagues contact email and chat tool.For software developers,text editor,debugger or IDE(integrated development environment)is the exclusive.Sovereign applications often use more frequently.Y ou know,a good userinterface is not visible.The measure of a good scale used frequently,is when theuser interface has obvious pause,it affects the user process.For example,from a directory to another directory file to 2 second pause,I can accept with pleasure;but if the two seconds is the place in my is full of passion for paintingsoftware to create an image,or I'm trying to debug a very difficult to deal with thegeneration of code certainly,this makes me feel very uncomfortable.Amazon is a transient application,eBay,Google and most large public Web applications are transient applications.Since the date of birth,the experts had predicted that the traditional desktop applications under Web impact.Over the past ten years,these have not occurred,why?Based on the Web page programfor transient applications is enough,but it is far from enough for a sovereign application.The starting of modern Web browsers and it's original point(a document from a remote server)has not matter,between them like a Swiss Army knife and neolithic hunting tools,it is a world of difference.A variety of interactive components,scripts and plug-ins,these years could not suppress the crazydevelopment,almost forced once again to create a new browsing experience.toprehistoric times visitbrowser.In 1993,netscape founded before the Marc Andreessen(founder of netscape)are lobbying Tim Berners-Lee(founder of Web,the W3C leader)et al.,cited good into a picture label is HTML.A few years ago,a few pioneers began to treat JavaScript as a serious programming language.But on the whole,more people still use it and those whomockwarning box"monkey tricks and click to win awards"advertising a classtogether.The browser wars brought JavaScript a misunderstood,sick children,Ajax can be viewed as his rehabilitation center.As long as the proper guidance,and thento frame it with appropriate,JavaScript will likely become the Internet model citizen.It can really enhance the practicability of Web application,and without forcing users to install additional software,or forcing users to abandon his beloved browser.To obtain mature tools are widely understood can help usachieve this goal.The back of the book design pattern is one such toolmentioned.The promotion and popularization of a new technology,is not only the technical matters,but also social behavior.Once the technology is mature,the people also need to understand how to use it.This step is often by using it to do our very familiar things start.For example,early bicycle called"Trojan wheel"or"pedalinghorse",on his feet tread the reaction force to move forward.As this technology is gradually accepted by the public,then inventors would invent a new way to use,add the pedal,brake,a chain wheel and tire.Each time the invention creation,made the bike in the shadow of more pale horse,that completely disappeared.The same process also occurs in the field of Web development.The technology behind the Ajax have the ability to Web pages into something new somethingcompletely different.Early uses of Ajax try to make Web pages is beginning to look like a"Trojan wheel"neither fish nor fowl.To comprehend the essence of Ajax,we have to forget about the Web page concept,that is to say,we have tobreak these years of experience.In the months after the Ajax officially named,such things have happened a lot.Ajax的应用花几分钟使用一下你选中的应用（浏览器除外），记下它用到了哪些用户交互，然后马上回来。
Java Web开发与实践-01课程设计——博客网
网站功能结构
博客网是一个实现了文章、图片和视频于一体的程序，由前台信息浏览 和后台信息管理两大部分组成。 前台功能模块 后台管理模块 博客网的前台功能结构如左图所示；博客网的后台功能结构如右图所示。
多媒体博客前台
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文 相影 推 好友 退 章 册音 荐 友情 出 管 管管 文 管链 登 理 理理 章 理接 录
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Java Web开发与实践-01课程设计— —博客网
课程设计目的
本章提供了“博客网”作为这一学期的课程设计之一，本其主要目的如 下： 加深对面向对象程序设计思想的理解，能对网站功能进行分析，并设 计合理的类结构。 掌握JSP网站的基本开发流程。 掌握JDBC技术在实际开发中的应用。 掌握Servlet技术在实际开发中的应用。 掌握JSP经典设计模式中Model2的开发流程。 提供网站的开发能力，能够运用合理的控制流程编写高效的代码。 培养分析问题、解决实际问题的能力。
数据库设计——数据表之间 的关系图
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JAVA外文文献+翻译
Java and the InternetIf Java is, in fact, yet another computer programming language, you may question why it is so important and why it is being promoted as a revolutionary step in computer programming. The answer isn’t immediately obvious if you’re coming from a traditional programming perspective. Although Java is very useful for solving traditional stand-alone programming problems, it is also important because it will solve programming problems on the World Wide Web.1.Client-side programmingThe Web’s initial server-browser design provided for interactive content, but the interactivity was completely provided by the server. The server produced static pages for the client browser, which would simply interpret and display them. Basic HTML contains simple mechanisms for data gathering: text-entry boxes, check boxes, radio boxes, lists and drop-down lists, as well as a button that can only be programmed to reset the data on the form or “submit” the data on the form back to the server. This submission passes through the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) provided on all Web servers. The text within the submission tells CGI what to do with it. The most common action is to run a program located on the server in a directory that’s typically called “cgi-bin.” (If you watch the address window at the top of your browser when you push a button on a Web page, you can sometimes see “cgi-bin” within all the gobbledygook there.) These programs can be written in most languages. Perl is acommon choice because it is designed for text manipulation and is interpreted, so it can be installed on any server regardless of processor or operating system. Many powerful Web sites today are built strictly on CGI, and you can in fact do nearly anything with it. However, Web sites built on CGI programs can rapidly become overly complicated to maintain, and there is also the problem of response time. The response of a CGI program depends on how much data must be sent, as well as the load on both the server and the Internet. (On top of this, starting a CGI program tends to be slow.) The initial designers of the Web did not foresee how rapidly this bandwidth would be exhausted for the kinds of applications people developed. For example, any sort of dynamic graphing is nearly impossible to perform with consistency because a GIF file must be created and moved from the server to the client for each version of the graph. And you’ve no doubt had direct experience with something as simple as validating the data on an input form. You press the submit button on a page; the data is shipped back to the server; the server starts a CGI program that discovers an error, formats an HTML page informing you of the error, and then sends the page back to you; you must then back up a page and try again. Not only is this slow, it’s inelegant.The solution is client-side programming. Most machines that run Web browsers are powerful engines capable of doing vast work, and with the original static HTML approach they are sitting there, just idly waiting for the server to dish up the next page. Client-side programming means that the Web browser is harnessed to do whatever work it can, and the result for the user is a much speedier and more interactive experience at your Web site.The problem with discussions of client-side programming is that they aren’t very different from discussions of programming in general. The parameters are almost the same, but the platform is different: a Web browser is like a limited operating system. In the end, you must still program, and this accounts for the dizzying array of problems and solutions produced by client-side programming. The rest of this section provides an overview of the issues and approaches in client-side programming.2.Plug-insOne of the most significant steps forward in client-side programming is the development of the plug-in. This is a way for a programmer to add new functionality to the browser by downloading a piece of code that plugs itself into the appropriate spot in the browser. It tells the browser “from now on you can perform this new activity.” (You ne ed to download the plug-in only once.) Some fast and powerful behavior is added to browsers via plug-ins, but writing a plug-in is not a trivial task, and isn’t something you’d want to do as part of the process of building a particular site. The value of the plug-in for client-side programming is that it allows an expert programmer to develop a new language and add that language to a browser without the permission of the browser manufacturer. Thus, plug-ins provide a “back door” that allows the creation of new client-side programming languages (although not all languages are implemented as plug-ins).3.Scripting languagesPlug-ins resulted in an explosion of scripting languages. With a scripting language you embed the source code for your client-side program directly into the HTML page, and the plug-in that interprets that language is automatically activated while the HTML page is being displayed. Scripting languages tend to be reasonably easy to understand and, because they are simply text that is part of an HTML page, they load very quickly as part of the single server hit required to procure that page. The trade-off is that your code is exposed for everyone to see (and steal). Generally, however, you aren’t doing amazingly sophisticated things with scripting languages so this is not too much of a hardship.This points out that the scripting languages used inside Web browsers are really intended to solve specific types of problems, primarily the creation of richer and more interactive graphical user interfaces (GUIs). However, a scripting language might solve 80 percent of the problems encountered in client-side programming. Your problems might very well fit completely withinthat 80 percent, and since scripting languages can allow easier and faster development, you should probably consider a scripting language before looking at a more involved solution such as Java or ActiveX programming.The most commonly discussed browser scripting languages are JavaScript (which has nothing to do with Java; it’s named that way just to grab some of Java’s marketing momentum), VBScript (which looks like Visual Basic), and Tcl/Tk, which comes from the popular cross-platform GUI-building language. There are others out there, and no doubt more in development.JavaScript is probably the most commonly supported. It comes built into both Netscape Navigator and the Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE). In addition, there are probably more JavaScript books available than there are for the other browser languages, and some tools automatically create pages using JavaScript. However, if you’re already fluent in Visual Basic or Tcl/Tk, you’ll be more productive using those scripting languages rather than learning a new one. (You’ll have your hands full dealing with the Web issues already.)4.JavaIf a scripting language can solve 80 percent of the client-side programming problems, what about the other 20 percent—the “really hard stuff?” The most popular solution today is Java. Not only is it a powerful programming language built to be secure, cross-platform, and international, but Java is being continually extended to provide language features and libraries that elegantly handle problems that are difficult in traditional programming languages, such as multithreading, database access, network programming, and distributed computing. Java allows client-side programming via the applet.An applet is a mini-program that will run only under a Web browser. The applet is downloaded automatically as part of a Web page (just as, for example, a graphic is automatically downloaded). When the applet is activated it executes a program. This is part of its beauty—it provides you with a way to automatically distribute the client software from the server at the time the user needs the client software, and no sooner. The user gets the latest version of the client software without fail and without difficult reinstallation. Because of theway Java is designed, the programmer needs to create only a single program, and that program automatically works with all computers that have browsers with built-in Java interpreters. (This safely includes the vast majority of machines.) Since Java is a full-fledged programming language, you can do as much work as possible on the client before and after making requests of the server. F or example, you won’t need to send a request form across the Internet to discover that you’ve gotten a date or some other parameter wrong, and your client computer can quickly do the work of plotting data instead of waiting for the server to make a plot and ship a graphic image back to you. Not only do you get the immediate win of speed and responsiveness, but the general network traffic and load on servers can be reduced, preventing the entire Internet from slowing down.One advantage a Java applet has ove r a scripted program is that it’s in compiled form, so the source code isn’t available to the client. On the other hand, a Java applet can be decompiled without too much trouble, but hiding your code is often not an important issue. Two other factors can be important. As you will see later in this book, a compiled Java applet can comprise many modules and take multiple server “hits” (accesses) to download. (In Java 1.1 and higher this is minimized by Java archives, called JAR files, that allow all the required modules to be packaged together and compressed for a single download.) A scripted program will just be integrated into the Web page as part of its text (and will generally be smaller and reduce server hits). This could be important to the responsiveness of your Web site. Another factor is the all-important learning curve. Regardless of what you’ve heard, Java is not a trivial language to learn. If you’re a Visual Basic programmer, moving to VBScript will be your fastest solution, and since it will probably solve most typical client/server problems you might be hard pressed to justify learning Java. If you’re experienced with a scripting language you will certainly benefit from looking at JavaScript or VBScript before committing to Java, since they might fit your needs handily and you’ll be more productive sooner.to run its applets withi5.ActiveXTo some degree, the competitor to Java is Microsoft’s ActiveX, although it takes a completely different approach. ActiveX was originally a Windows-only solution, although it is now being developed via an independent consortium to become cross-platform. Effectively, ActiveX says “if your program connects to its environment just so, it can be dropped into a Web page and run under a browser that supports ActiveX.” (I E directly supports ActiveX and Netscape does so using a plug-in.) Thus, ActiveX does not constrain you to a particular language. If, for example, you’re already an experienced Windows programmer using a language such as C++, Visual Basic, or Borland’s Del phi, you can create ActiveX components with almost no changes to your programming knowledge. ActiveX also provides a path for the use of legacy code in your Web pages.6.SecurityAutomatically downloading and running programs across the Internet can sound like a virus-builder’s dream. ActiveX especially brings up the thorny issue of security in client-side programming. If you click on a Web site, you might automatically download any number of things along with the HTML page: GIF files, script code, compiled Java code, and ActiveX components. Some of these are benign; GIF files can’t do any harm, and scripting languages are generally limited in what they can do. Java was also designed to run its applets within a “sandbox” of safety, which prevents it from wri ting to disk or accessing memory outside the sandbox.ActiveX is at the opposite end of the spectrum. Programming with ActiveX is like programming Windows—you can do anything you want. So if you click on a page that downloads an ActiveX component, that component might cause damage to the files on your disk. Of course, programs that you load onto your computer that are not restricted to running inside a Web browser can do the same thing. Viruses downloaded from Bulletin-Board Systems (BBSs) have long been a problem, but the speed of the Internet amplifies the difficulty.The solution seems to be “digital signatures,” whereby code is verified to show who the author is. This is based on the idea that a virus works because its creator can be anonymous, so if you remove the anonymity individuals will be forced to be responsible for their actions. This seems like a good plan because it allows programs to be much more functional, and I suspect it will eliminate malicious mischief. If, however, a program has an unintentional destructive bug it will still cause problems.The Java approach is to prevent these problems from occurring, via the sandbox. The Java interpreter that lives on your local Web browser examines the applet for any untoward instructions as the applet is being loaded. In particular, the applet cannot write files to disk or erase files (one of the mainstays of viruses). Applets are generally considered to be safe, and since this is essential for reliable client/server systems, any bugs in the Java language that allow viruses are rapidly repaired. (It’s worth noting that the browser software actually enforces these security restrictions, and some browsers allow you to select different security levels to provide varying degrees of access to your system.) You might be skeptical of this rather draconian restriction against writing files to your local disk. For example, you may want to build a local database or save data for later use offline. The initial vision seemed to be that eventually everyone would get online to do anything important, but that was soon seen to be impractical (although low-cost “Internet appliances” might someday satisfy the needs of a significant segment of users). The solution is the “signed applet” that uses public-key encryption to verify that an applet does indeed come from where it claims it does. A signed applet can still trash your disk, but the theory is that since you can now hold the applet creator accountable they won’t do vicious things. Java provides a framework for digital signatures so that you will eventually be able to allow an applet to step outside the sandbox if necessary. Digital signatures have missed an important issue, which is the speed that people move around on the Internet. If you download a buggy program and it does something untoward, how long will it be before you discover the damage? It could be days or even weeks. By then, how will you track down the program that’s done it? And what good will it do you at that point?7.Internet vs. intranetThe Web is the most general solution to the client/server problem, so it makes sense that you can use the same technology to solve a subset of the problem, in particular the classic client/server problem within a company. With traditional client/server approaches you have the problem of multiple types of client computers, as well as the difficulty of installing new client software, both of which are handily solved with Web browsers and client-side programming. When Web technology is used for an information network that is restricted to a particular company, it is referred to as an intranet. Intranets provide much greater security than the Internet, since you can physically control access to the servers within your company. In terms of training, it seems that once people und erstand the general concept of a browser it’s much easier for them to deal with differences in the way pages and applets look, so the learning curve for new kinds of systems seems to be reduced.The security problem brings us to one of the divisions that seems to be automatically forming in the world of client-side programming. If your program is running on the Internet, you don’t know what platform it will be working under, and you want to be extra careful that you don’t disseminate buggy code. You need something cross-platform and secure, like a scripting language or Java.If you’re running on an intranet, you might have a different set of constraints. It’s not uncommon that your machines could all be Intel/Windows platforms. On an intranet, you’re respon sible for the quality of your own code and can repair bugs when they’re discovered. In addition, you might already have a body of legacy code that you’ve been using in a more traditional client/server approach, whereby you must physically install client programs every time you do an upgrade. The time wasted in installing upgrades is the most compelling reason to move to browsers, because upgrades are invisible and automatic. If you are involved in such an intranet, the most sensible approach to take is the shortest path that allows you to use your existing code base, rather than trying to recode your programs in a new language.When faced with this bewildering array of solutions to the client-side programming problem, the best plan of attack is a cost-benefit analysis. Consider the constraints of your problem and what would be the shortest path to your solution. Since client-side programming is still programming, it’s always a good idea to take the fastest development approach for your particular situation. This is an aggressive stance to prepare for inevitable encounters with the problems of program development.8.Server-side programmingThis whole discussion has ignored the issue of server-side programming. What happens when you make a request of a server? Most of the time the request is simply “send me this file.” Your browser then interprets the file in some appropriate fashion: as an HTML page, a graphic image, a Java applet, a script program, etc. A more complicated request to a server generally involves a database transaction. A common scenario involves a request for a complex database search, which the server then formats into an HTML page and sends to you as the result. (Of course, if the client has more intelligence via Java or a scripting language, the raw data can be sent and formatted at the client end, which will be faster and less load on the server.) Or you might want to register your name in a database when you join a group or place an order, which will involve changes to that database. These database requests must be processed via some code on the server side, which is generally referred to as server-side programming. Traditionally, server-side programming has been performed using Perl and CGI scripts, but more sophisticated systems have been appearing. These include Java-based Web servers that allow you to perform all your server-side programming in Java by writing what are called servlets. Servlets and their offspring, JSPs, are two of the most compelling reasons that companies who develop Web sites are moving to Java, especially because they eliminate the problems of dealing with differently abled browsers.9. separate arena: applicationsMuch of the brouhaha over Java has been over applets. Java is actually a general-purpose programming language that can solve any type of problem—at least in theory. And as pointed out previously, there might be more effective ways to solve most client/server problems. When you move out of the applet arena (and simultaneously release the restrictions, such as the one against writing to disk) you enter the world of general-purpose applications that run standalone, without a Web browser, just like any ordinary program does. Here, Java’s strength is not only in its portability, but also its programmability. As you’l l see throughout this book, Java has many features that allow you to create robust programs in a shorter period than with previous programming languages. Be aware that this is a mixed blessing. You pay for the improvements through slower execution speed (although there is significant work going on in this area—JDK 1.3, in particular, introduces the so-called “hotspot” performance improvements). Like any language, Java has built-in limitations that might make it inappropriate to solve certain types of programming problems. Java is a rapidly evolving language, however, and as each new release comes out it becomes more and more attractive for solving larger sets of problems.Java和因特网既然Java不过另一种类型的程序设计语言，大家可能会奇怪它为什么值得如此重视，为什么还有这么多的人认为它是计算机程序设计的一个里程碑呢？如果您来自一个传统的程序设计背景，那么答案在刚开始的时候并不是很明显。
Web信息系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
Web信息系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献中英文资料翻译With the popularity of the Inter NET applications, a variety of Web Information System Has become a pressing issue. Establish the essence of Web information systems Development of a Web repository (database as the core of a variety of Web letter Information storage) as the core Web applications. Currently, the Web repositorydevelopment technologyOperation of a wide range of different characteristics. Various periods at all levels, a variety of purposes Technology co-exist, dizzying mirror chaos, it is difficult to choose. More popular Java of Ser vet Web repository development program a more practical Of choice.Servlet is running the applet on the Web server, can be completed Xu Multi-client Applet can not complete the work, which runs on the server and clients No end, do not download do not by the client security restrictions, the running speed Greatly increasedAnd Applet running in a browser and extend the browser's ability similar Like, Serv the let run in the Web server to enable Java Serv the let engine And expand the capacity of the server. Therefore, we can say Serv the let is run in Applet on a Web server, Serv the let Jav a Ser vlet API And Jav a program of classes and packages.1 Servlet access model2 Serv the let, there are three access models:(1) an access model1 browser to Web server to issue a retrieval request.2 the Web server after receipt of the request, the requestforwarded tothe Servle tengine.3 Serlet engine to perform the requested the Ser vlet and directly throughJDBC4Servlet throughJDBC toretrieve searchresults to generate the html page and Page back to the Web server.5 the Web server the page is sent back to the browser.(2)The second access model1 browser to Web server to issue a retrieval request.2 the Web server receives the request after the request forwardedto the of Ser v the letengine.3 Serv let engine to perform the request the the Ser vlet and retrieve sentJa, vabean access to the data.4data access the Ja vabean searchable database throughJDBC informationAnd from the search results stored in itself.5Servlet remove search results from the data access Javabean generate Html page and Ht ml of page back to the w eb server.6 the Web server the page is sent back to the browser.(3) The third access model1 A browser issue a retrieval request to the Web server.2 Web server receives the request after the request forwarded to the ofSer v the let engine.Of Ser vlet engine to perform the requested Servlet directlythroughJDBC inspection3 The cable database and search results are stored in the result isstored the Jav abean into.Javabean,4. Ser v the let from the results are stored to remove the search results and JSP files to format the output page.2 Servlet functionality and life cycle2.1Servlet functions(1) Create and return dynamic Web pages based on customer requests.(2) create can be embedded into existing HTML pages as part of HTML Page (HT fragment) of the ML.(3) and other server resources (including databases and applications based on the Jav a Program) to communicate.(4) to handle multiple client connections, receiving the input of more than one client, and The results broadcast to multiple clients. For example, Ser vlet is a multi-participant Game server.(5) of MIM E type filter information on the special handling, such as image Conversion and server-side include (SSI).(6) custom processing available to all servers in the standard routine.2.2Servlet lifecycleServlet life cycle begins with it into the Web server's memory And end in the termination or re-loaded Serv the let.(1) load.Load the servlet at the following times:1. If you have configured automatic load option, and then start the Webserver automatically loaded2.After the start of the Web server, the client Serv the let issued for the first time, pleaseDemand.3.Reload Serv the let.Loaded Servlet, Web servers to create a servlet instance, and Servlet's init () method is called. Servlet initialization parameters in the initialization phase, The number is passed to the Servlet configuration object.(2) terminateWhen the Web server no longer needs the servlet, or reload Servlet A new instance of the server calls Serv the let's destroy () method, remove it from the Memory deleted.3 How to call ServletMethod of Ser vlet is called Total five kinds: call in the URL in the formT ag call, call, in HT the ML page in the JSP files Call, call in an ASP file. The following itemized to be introduced.(1) call the servlet in the URL.Simply input format in the browser as http: ∥yo ur webser ver the same the ser vlet name name / servlet path / servlet the URL to The site canbe. Ofwhich:your webser ver name is to refer to the Servlet where theWeb server name, the servlet path is the path refers to the Servlet, the servletThe name refers to the Servlet real name or an alias.(2) call the Servlet tagsCall of Ser the let the the tag allows users to input data on the Web page, andinput data submitted to the vlet of Ser.Serv the let will be submitted to receive data in different ways.For example: {place the text input area tags, buttons and other logos} (3) in the HTML page to call the servlet.Use mark tags, no need to create a complete HTML page.Instead,the servlet output isonly part of the HTMLpage (HTML fragment) and dynamicallyembedded into the static text in the original HTML page.All this happened on the server andsent to the user only the resulting HTML page. tag contained in the original HTML page.Servlet will be invoked in these two markers and the Ser vlet response will cover these two markersbetween all things and mark itself, for example: 〈SERVLET NAME= “my serv let ”CODE= “my serv let .class”CODEBASE= “u r l”initpar am= “v alue”〉〈PARAM NAME= “parm1”VALU E= “v alue1”〉〈PARAM NAME= “parm2”VALU E= “v alue2”〉〈/SERVLET 〉(4) call the servlet in the JSP files.Call in the JSP file format used by the Servlet and HTML page to call exactly the same.Andthe principles are identical. Only reconcile its dynamic JSP file is not a static HTML page.(5) in an ASP file calls the servlet.If you Micr oso ft I nt ernet Informatio n-Ser ver (II S) on the legacy of the ASP file, and can not be ASP files transplanted into a JSP file, you can use the ASP file to of Ser vlet iscalled.But it must be through a special ActiveX control, an ASP file is only through it can callthe servlet.4 Servlet Howto use ConnectionManager toefficiently manage the database connection (1) the functionality of the Connection Manager.For non-Web applications, Web-based application access tothe database will lead tohigher and unpredictable overhead, which is due to more frequent Web users connect anddisconnect.Normally connected to the resourcesused and disconnect from the databasewill farexceed the resources used in the retrieval.Connection Manager function is to minimize the additional occupancy of the users of the database resources to achieve thebest performance of database access.Connection Manager sharing overhead through the establishmentof the connection poolwill connect users Servlet available to multipleusers request.In other words, each userrequest only the connect/ disconnect with a small portion of the overhead costs.Initialresources to establish the connection of the buffer pool, the rest of the connect/ disconnectoverhead is not big, because this isonly reuse the existing connection.Serv the let in the following manner using the connectionpool: When a user throughRequest Web Serv the let the let Serv use an existing connection from the buffer poolNext, this means that the user requests do not cause the connection to the databasesystem overhead. InAfter the termination of serv the let it connect to return to the pool forits Connection ManagerThe Ser vlet. Thus, the user request does not cause the database is disconnectedOf system overhead.Connection Manager also allows users to be able tocontrol the concurrency of thedatabase products evenThen the number. When the database license agreement limit the number ofusers, this feature isVery useful. Create a buffer pool for the database, and connection managementBuffering pool "maximum number of connections" parameter setto the database product license limitGiven maximum number of users. If you use otherprograms without Connection ManagerconnectionsDatabase, you can not guarantee that the method is effective.(2) the structure of the Connection Manager.(3) Connection Manager connection pool to maintain a connection to a specificdatabase is open. Step 1: When the first Serv the let trying to Connection Manager communications is loaded by the Java Application ServerConnection Manager. As long as the Java application server running the Connection Manager has been loaded. Step 2: The Java application server passes the request to a servlet. Step 3: Servlet Connection Managerrequests a connection from the pool. Step four: the buffer pool to Ser vlet allocated a pool of existing idle connection. Step 5: servlet to use toconnect a direct dialogue with the database, this process is the standard API for a particular database. Step 6: the database through Ser vlet the connection returns data. Step 7: When theServlet end to communicate with the database, servlet connections returned to the connection manager pool for other servlet uses. Step 8: Servlet Jav a application server to the user sends back response.Servlet requests a connection, if the buffer pool, there is no idle connection, then the connection manager directlycommunicate with the database. Connection Manager will: Step 9: to the database requests a new connection. Step 10: Add connections to thebuffer pool. If the buffer pool is connected to the prescribed ceiling, connect to the serverWill not be a new connection to join the buffer pool(3) the performance characteristics of the Connection Manager.Buffer pool to create a new connection is a high overhead tasks, newconnections will use the resources on the database. Therefore, theConnection Manager the best use of existing connections of the buffer pool to meet the request of the Servlet. Meanwhile, the connecting tubeThe processor must be as much as possible to minimize the buffer pool idle connections, because this is a great waste of systemresources. Connection Manager Serv the let with the implementation of these minimize and maximize task. Connection Manager to maintain each connection verification time stamp, and recently used tags and use the logo. When the a Ser vlet first the connection, connection verification time stamp, and most recent time stamp is set to the current time, theconnection is being used flag is set to true.Connection Manager can be removed from a Serv the let a long-unused connections, this length of time specified by the Connection Manager, the longest cycleparameters.Connection Manager can view recently used mark is beingused to connect. If the time between the most recently used time and time difference is greater than the longest cycle configuration parameters, the connection will be considered to be a residual connection, which indicates Serv the let take its discontinued or no response. Residual connection will be returned to the pool for other Ser vlet, it is being used flag is set to false, authentication and time stamp is set to the current time.If Ser vlet is ready within a longer period of time to use the connection with the database several timesCommunications, you must code to the Serv the let, so that each time you use to connectConfirm that it still occupies this connection.Connection Manager can be removed from the buffer pool idle connections, because theyWould be a waste of resources. In order to determine which connection is idle, Connection Manager will checkInvestigation connected the sign and time stamp, this operation isconnected by periodic access toBuffer pool information. Connection Manager checks have not been any Ser vlet makeWith the connections (these connections is to use the logo is false). If you have recently usedBetween time and the current time difference exceeds amaximum idle time configuration parameters, theThat the connection is idle. Idle connection will be removed from the buffer pool, down toMinimum number of connections configuration parameter specifies thelower limit value.翻译：随着Inter net 的普及应用, 各种Web 信息系统的建立已成为一个迫在眉睫的问题。
计算机java外文翻译外文文献英文文献
英文原文:Title: Business Applications of Java. Author: Erbschloe, Michael, Business Applications of Java -- Research Starters Business, 2008DataBase: Research Starters - BusinessBusiness Applications of JavaThis article examines the growing use of Java technology in business applications. The history of Java is briefly reviewed along with the impact of open standards on the growth of the World Wide Web. Key components and concepts of the Java programming language are explained including the Java Virtual Machine. Examples of how Java is being used bye-commerce leaders is provided along with an explanation of how Java is used to develop data warehousing, data mining, and industrial automation applications. The concept of metadata modeling and the use of Extendable Markup Language (XML) are also explained.Keywords Application Programming Interfaces (API's); Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB); Extendable Markup Language (XML); HyperText Markup Language (HTML); HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP); Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS); Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA); Java Cryptography Extension (JCE); Java Programming Language; Java Virtual Machine (JVM); Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE); Metadata Business Information Systems > Business Applications of JavaOverviewOpen standards have driven the e-business revolution. Networking protocol standards, such as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and the HyperText Markup Language (HTML) Web standards have enabled universal communication via the Internet and the World Wide Web. As e-business continues to develop, various computing technologies help to drive its evolution.The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. Java programming standards have enabled portability of applications and the reuse of application components across computing platforms. Sun Microsystems' Java Community Process continues to be a strong base for the growth of the Java infrastructure and language standards. This growth of open standards creates new opportunities for designers and developers of applications and services (Smith, 2001).Creation of Java TechnologyJava technology was created as a computer programming tool in a small, secret effort called "the Green Project" at Sun Microsystems in 1991. The Green Team, fully staffed at 13 people and led by James Gosling, locked themselves away in an anonymous office on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, cut off from all regular communications with Sun, and worked around the clock for18 months. Their initial conclusion was that at least one significant trend would be the convergence of digitally controlled consumer devices and computers. A device-independent programming language code-named "Oak" was the result.To demonstrate how this new language could power the future of digital devices, the Green Team developed an interactive, handheld home-entertainment device controller targeted at the digital cable television industry. But the idea was too far ahead of its time, and the digital cable television industry wasn't ready for the leap forward that Java technology offered them. As it turns out, the Internet was ready for Java technology, and just in time for its initial public introduction in 1995, the team was able to announce that the Netscape Navigator Internet browser would incorporate Java technology ("Learn about Java," 2007).Applications of JavaJava uses many familiar programming concepts and constructs and allows portability by providing a common interface through an external Java Virtual Machine (JVM). A virtual machine is a self-contained operating environment, created by a software layer that behaves as if it were a separate computer. Benefits of creating virtual machines include better exploitation of powerful computing resources and isolation of applications to prevent cross-corruption and improve security (Matlis, 2006).The JVM allows computing devices with limited processors or memory to handle more advanced applications by calling up software instructions inside the JVM to perform most of the work. This also reduces the size and complexity of Java applications because many of the core functions and processing instructions were built into the JVM. As a result, software developersno longer need to re-create the same application for every operating system. Java also provides security by instructing the application to interact with the virtual machine, which served as a barrier between applications and the core system, effectively protecting systems from malicious code.Among other things, Java is tailor-made for the growing Internet because it makes it easy to develop new, dynamic applications that could make the most of the Internet's power and capabilities. Java is now an open standard, meaning that no single entity controls its development and the tools for writing programs in the language are available to everyone. The power of open standards like Java is the ability to break down barriers and speed up progress.Today, you can find Java technology in networks and devices that range from the Internet and scientific supercomputers to laptops and cell phones, from Wall Street market simulators to home game players and credit cards. There are over 3 million Java developers and now there are several versions of the code. Most large corporations have in-house Java developers. In addition, the majority of key software vendors use Java in their commercial applications (Lazaridis, 2003).ApplicationsJava on the World Wide WebJava has found a place on some of the most popular websites in the world and the uses of Java continues to grow. Java applications not only provide unique user interfaces, they also help to power the backend of websites. Two e-commerce giants that everybody is probably familiar with (eBay and Amazon) have been Java pioneers on the World Wide Web.eBayFounded in 1995, eBay enables e-commerce on a local, national and international basis with an array of Web sites-including the eBay marketplaces, PayPal, Skype, and -that bring together millions of buyers and sellers every day. You can find it on eBay, even if you didn't know it existed. On a typical day, more than 100 million items are listed on eBay in tens of thousands of categories. Recent listings have included a tunnel boring machine from the Chunnel project, a cup of water that once belonged to Elvis, and the Volkswagen that Pope Benedict XVI owned before he moved up to the Popemobile. More than one hundred million items are available at any given time, from the massive to the miniature, the magical to the mundane, on eBay; the world's largest online marketplace.eBay uses Java almost everywhere. To address some security issues, eBay chose Sun Microsystems' Java System Identity Manager as the platform for revamping its identity management system. The task at hand was to provide identity management for more than 12,000 eBay employees and contractors.Now more than a thousand eBay software developers work daily with Java applications. Java's inherent portability allows eBay to move to new hardware to take advantage of new technology, packaging, or pricing, without having to rewrite Java code ("eBay drives explosive growth," 2007).Amazon (a large seller of books, CDs, and other products) has created a Web Service application that enables users to browse their product catalog and place orders. uses a Java application that searches the Amazon catalog for books whose subject matches a user-selected topic. The application displays ten books that match the chosen topic, and shows the author name, book title, list price, Amazon discount price, and the cover icon. The user may optionally view one review per displayed title and make a buying decision (Stearns & Garishakurthi, 2003).Java in Data Warehousing & MiningAlthough many companies currently benefit from data warehousing to support corporate decision making, new business intelligence approaches continue to emerge that can be powered by Java technology. Applications such as data warehousing, data mining, Enterprise Information Portals (EIP's), and Knowledge Management Systems (which can all comprise a businessintelligence application) are able to provide insight into customer retention, purchasing patterns, and even future buying behavior.These applications can not only tell what has happened but why and what may happen given certain business conditions; allowing for "what if" scenarios to be explored. As a result of this information growth, people at all levels inside the enterprise, as well as suppliers, customers, and others in the value chain, are clamoring for subsets of the vast stores of information such as billing, shipping, and inventory information, to help them make business decisions. While collecting and storing vast amounts of data is one thing, utilizing and deploying that data throughout the organization is another.The technical challenges inherent in integrating disparate data formats, platforms, and applications are significant. However, emerging standards such as the Application Programming Interfaces (API's) that comprise the Java platform, as well as Extendable Markup Language (XML) technologies can facilitate the interchange of data and the development of next generation data warehousing and business intelligence applications. While Java technology has been used extensively for client side access and to presentation layer challenges, it is rapidly emerging as a significant tool for developing scaleable server side programs. The Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) provides the object, transaction, and security support for building such systems.Metadata IssuesOne of the key issues that business intelligence developers must solve is that of incompatible metadata formats. Metadata can be defined as information about data or simply "data about data." In practice, metadata is what most tools, databases, applications, and other information processes use to define, relate, and manipulate data objects within their own environments. It defines the structure and meaning of data objects managed by an application so that the application knows how to process requests or jobs involving those data objects. Developers can use this schema to create views for users. Also, users can browse the schema to better understand the structure and function of the database tables before launching a query.To address the metadata issue, a group of companies (including Unisys, Oracle, IBM, SAS Institute, Hyperion, Inline Software and Sun) have joined to develop the Java Metadata Interface (JMI) API. The JMI API permits the access and manipulation of metadata in Java with standard metadata services. JMI is based on the Meta Object Facility (MOF) specification from the Object Management Group (OMG). The MOF provides a model and a set of interfaces for the creation, storage, access, and interchange of metadata and metamodels (higher-level abstractions of metadata). Metamodel and metadata interchange is done via XML and uses the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) specification, also from the OMG. JMI leverages Java technology to create an end-to-end data warehousing and business intelligence solutions framework.Enterprise JavaBeansA key tool provided by J2EE is Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), an architecture for the development of component-based distributed business applications. Applications written using the EJB architecture are scalable, transactional, secure, and multi-user aware. These applications may be written once and then deployed on any server platform that supports J2EE. The EJB architecture makes it easy for developers to write components, since they do not need to understand or deal with complex, system-level details such as thread management, resource pooling, and transaction and security management. This allows for role-based development where component assemblers, platform providers and application assemblers can focus on their area of responsibility further simplifying application development.EJB's in the Travel IndustryA case study from the travel industry helps to illustrate how such applications could function. A travel company amasses a great deal of information about its operations in various applications distributed throughout multiple departments. Flight, hotel, and automobile reservation information is located in a database being accessed by travel agents worldwide. Another application contains information that must be updated with credit and billing historyfrom a financial services company. Data is periodically extracted from the travel reservation system databases to spreadsheets for use in future sales and marketing analysis.Utilizing J2EE, the company could consolidate application development within an EJB container, which can run on a variety of hardware and software platforms allowing existing databases and applications to coexist with newly developed ones. EJBs can be developed to model various data sets important to the travel reservation business including information about customer, hotel, car rental agency, and other attributes.Data Storage & AccessData stored in existing applications can be accessed with specialized connectors. Integration and interoperability of these data sources is further enabled by the metadata repository that contains metamodels of the data contained in the sources, which then can be accessed and interchanged uniformly via the JMI API. These metamodels capture the essential structure and semantics of business components, allowing them to be accessed and queried via the JMI API or to be interchanged via XML. Through all of these processes, the J2EE infrastructure ensures the security and integrity of the data through transaction management and propagation and the underlying security architecture.To consolidate historical information for analysis of sales and marketing trends, a data warehouse is often the best solution. In this example, data can be extracted from the operational systems with a variety of Extract, Transform and Load tools (ETL). The metamodels allow EJBsdesigned for filtering, transformation, and consolidation of data to operate uniformly on datafrom diverse data sources as the bean is able to query the metamodel to identify and extract the pertinent fields. Queries and reports can be run against the data warehouse that contains information from numerous sources in a consistent, enterprise-wide fashion through the use of the JMI API (Mosher & Oh, 2007).Java in Industrial SettingsMany people know Java only as a tool on the World Wide Web that enables sites to perform some of their fancier functions such as interactivity and animation. However, the actual uses for Java are much more widespread. Since Java is an object-oriented language like C++, the time needed for application development is minimal. Java also encourages good software engineering practices with clear separation of interfaces and implementations as well as easy exception handling.In addition, Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. Most importantly, application developers do not need to create different versions of the software for different platforms. The advantages available through Java have even found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.Benefits of JavaThe benefits of Java translate across many industries, and some are specific to the control and automation environment. For example, many plant-floor applications use relatively simple equipment; upgrading to PCs would be expensive and undesirable. Java's ability to run on any platform enables the organization to make use of the existing equipment while enhancing the application.IntegrationWith few exceptions, applications running on the factory floor were never intended to exchange information with systems in the executive office, but managers have recently discovered the need for that type of information. Before Java, that often meant bringing together data from systems written on different platforms in different languages at different times. Integration was usually done on a piecemeal basis, resulting in a system that, once it worked, was unique to the two applications it was tying together. Additional integration required developing a brand new system from scratch, raising the cost of integration.Java makes system integration relatively easy. Foxboro Controls Inc., for example, used Java to make its dynamic-performance-monitor software package Internet-ready. This software provides senior executives with strategic information about a plant's operation. The dynamic performance monitor takes data from instruments throughout the plant and performs variousmathematical and statistical calculations on them, resulting in information (usually financial) that a manager can more readily absorb and use.ScalabilityAnother benefit of Java in the industrial environment is its scalability. In a plant, embedded applications such as automated data collection and machine diagnostics provide critical data regarding production-line readiness or operation efficiency. These data form a critical ingredient for applications that examine the health of a production line or run. Users of these devices can take advantage of the benefits of Java without changing or upgrading hardware. For example, operations and maintenance personnel could carry a handheld, wireless, embedded-Java device anywhere in the plant to monitor production status or problems.Even when internal compatibility is not an issue, companies often face difficulties when suppliers with whom they share information have incompatible systems. This becomes more of a problem as supply-chain management takes on a more critical role which requires manufacturers to interact more with offshore suppliers and clients. The greatest efficiency comes when all systems can communicate with each other and share information seamlessly. Since Java is so ubiquitous, it often solves these problems (Paula, 1997).Dynamic Web Page DevelopmentJava has been used by both large and small organizations for a wide variety of applications beyond consumer oriented websites. Sandia, a multiprogram laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, has developed a unique Java application. The lab was tasked with developing an enterprise-wide inventory tracking and equipment maintenance system that provides dynamic Web pages. The developers selected Java Studio Enterprise 7 for the project because of its Application Framework technology and Web Graphical User Interface (GUI) components, which allow the system to be indexed by an expandable catalog. The flexibility, scalability, and portability of Java helped to reduce development timeand costs (Garcia, 2004)IssueJava Security for E-Business ApplicationsTo support the expansion of their computing boundaries, businesses have deployed Web application servers (WAS). A WAS differs from a traditional Web server because it provides a more flexible foundation for dynamic transactions and objects, partly through the exploitation of Java technology. Traditional Web servers remain constrained to servicing standard HTTP requests, returning the contents of static HTML pages and images or the output from executed Common Gateway Interface (CGI ) scripts.An administrator can configure a WAS with policies based on security specifications for Java servlets and manage authentication and authorization with Java Authentication andAuthorization Service (JAAS) modules. An authentication and authorization service can bewritten in Java code or interface to an existing authentication or authorization infrastructure. Fora cryptography-based security infrastructure, the security server may exploit the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) and Java Cryptography Extension (JCE). To present the user with a usable interaction with the WAS environment, the Web server can readily employ a formof "single sign-on" to avoid redundant authentication requests. A single sign-on preserves user authentication across multiple HTTP requests so that the user is not prompted many times for authentication data (i.e., user ID and password).Based on the security policies, JAAS can be employed to handle the authentication process with the identity of the Java client. After successful authentication, the WAS securitycollaborator consults with the security server. The WAS environment authentication requirements can be fairly complex. In a given deployment environment, all applications or solutions may not originate from the same vendor. In addition, these applications may be running on different operating systems. Although Java is often the language of choice for portability between platforms, it needs to marry its security features with those of the containing environment.Authentication & AuthorizationAuthentication and authorization are key elements in any secure information handling system. Since the inception of Java technology, much of the authentication and authorization issues have been with respect to downloadable code running in Web browsers. In many ways, this had been the correct set of issues to address, since the client's system needs to be protected from mobile code obtained from arbitrary sites on the Internet. As Java technology moved from a client-centric Web technology to a server-side scripting and integration technology, it required additional authentication and authorization technologies.The kind of proof required for authentication may depend on the security requirements of a particular computing resource or specific enterprise security policies. To provide such flexibility, the JAAS authentication framework is based on the concept of configurable authenticators. This architecture allows system administrators to configure, or plug in, the appropriate authenticatorsto meet the security requirements of the deployed application. The JAAS architecture also allows applications to remain independent from underlying authentication mechanisms. So, as new authenticators become available or as current authentication services are updated, system administrators can easily replace authenticators without having to modify or recompile existing applications.At the end of a successful authentication, a request is associated with a user in the WAS user registry. After a successful authentication, the WAS consults security policies to determine if the user has the required permissions to complete the requested action on the servlet. This policy canbe enforced using the WAS configuration (declarative security) or by the servlet itself (programmatic security), or a combination of both.The WAS environment pulls together many different technologies to service the enterprise. Because of the heterogeneous nature of the client and server entities, Java technology is a good choice for both administrators and developers. However, to service the diverse security needs of these entities and their tasks, many Java security technologies must be used, not only at a primary level between client and server entities, but also at a secondary level, from served objects. By using a synergistic mix of the various Java security technologies, administrators and developers can make not only their Web application servers secure, but their WAS environments secure as well (Koved, 2001).ConclusionOpen standards have driven the e-business revolution. As e-business continues to develop, various computing technologies help to drive its evolution. The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. Java programming standards have enabled portability of applications and the reuse of application components. Java uses many familiar concepts and constructs and allows portability by providing a common interface through an external Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Today, you can find Java technology in networks and devices that range from the Internet and scientific supercomputers to laptops and cell phones, from Wall Street market simulators to home game players and credit cards.Java has found a place on some of the most popular websites in the world. Java applications not only provide unique user interfaces, they also help to power the backend of websites. While Java technology has been used extensively for client side access and in the presentation layer, it is also emerging as a significant tool for developing scaleable server side programs.Since Java is an object-oriented language like C++, the time needed for application development is minimal. Java also encourages good software engineering practices with clear separation of interfaces and implementations as well as easy exception handling. Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. The advantages available through Java have also found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.中文翻译:标题：Java的商业应用。
网页设计专业毕业设计外文翻译
Produce the design of the tool and realize automaticallyon the basis of JSP webpageIt is an important respect that Internet uses that Web develops technology, and JSP is the most advanced technology that Web is developed , it is present Web developer's first-selected technology. But because JSP has relatively high expectations for Web developer, a lot of general Web developers can not use this advanced technology . The discussion produces the design of the tool and realizes automatically on the basis of JSP webpage of the template and label storehouse, put forward concrete design philosophy and implementation method .With the popularization of WWW (World Wide Web ), the technology of the dynamic webpage is developed rapidly too. From original CGI (Common Gateway In-terface ) to ASP (Active Server Page ), have met the webpage developer to the demand for developing technology of the dynamic webpage to a certain extent. But no matter CGI or ASP have certain limitation, for instance, consuming to resources of the server of CGI, ASP can only be used etc. with Microsoft IIS, all these have limited scope of application of the technology, have hindered their popularization greatly. The vast page developers all look forward to a kind of unified page and develop technology earnestly, characteristic that this technology there should be：①Have nothing to do with the operating platform, can run on any Web or the application program server ;②Show the logic and page of application program that separates ; ③Offer codes to put in an position, simplify and develop the course based on interactive application program of Web.JSP (Java Server Page ) technology is designed and used for responding to the request that like this. JSP is developed technology by the new webpage that Sun MicroSystem Company put out in June of 1999, it is that Web based on Java Serv-let and the whole Java system develops technology, and Servlet2. Expansion of 1API. Utilize this technology, can set up advancedly , safely and stepping dynamic websites of the platform .Java is the future mainstream to develop technology , have a lot of advantages . JSP is Java important application technology on Internet/Intranet Web , get extensive support and admit, it can conbine with various kinds of Java technology together intactly , thus realize very complicated application.As a kind of technology of development based on text , taking showing as centre, JSP has offered all advantages of Java Servlet. Logic function in order to make sure and showing the function was separated , JSP can already work with JavaBeans , Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB ) and Servlet . The developer of JSP can finish the work that majority and website's logic are correlated with through using JavaBeans , EJB and Servlet , and only assign the work shown to JSP page to finish. Content and show advantage that logic separate lie in , upgrade person , page of appearanceneedn't understand Java code , the personnel upgrading Javas needn't be experts who design webpage either. This can define Web template in JSP page with Javas , in order to set up websites made up of a page with similar appearance. Java completion data offer, have Java code among template, this mean template these can write by one HTML person is it maintain to come.JSP develops technology as the webpage of the mainstream at present, has the following characteristics：(1) Separate the formulation and showing of the content : Using JSP technology, the page developer of Web can use HTML or XML identification to design and format the final page . Use JSP identification or bound foot turn into dynamic content of page actually (whether content according to is it come change to ask). Produce logic of content of the identification and JavaBeans package , truss up of the little script encapsulation, all scripts run in the end of the server. If key logic among identification and JavaBeans, then other people, such as Web administrative staff and page designer encapsulation, can edit and use JSP page , and does not influence the formulation of the content .(2) Emphasize the reusable package : Most JSP pages depend on the reusable one, the package stepping the platform finish more complicated treatment with required application program. Benefitting from the independence of operating platform of Java, the developer can be very convenient to share and exchange and carry out the ordinary package that operated, or make these packages used by more users. The method based on package has accelerated the total development course, the efficiency of improving the project and developing wholly greatly.Though JSP is powerful, it requires the webpage developer should be quite familiar with Java. There are still relatively few Java programmers now, for general webpage developer, the grammar of JSP is more difficult to grasp . So, need a kind of webpage developing instrument and offer commonly used JSP application to general webpage developer, is it understand general page develop developer of technology (HTML ) can use strong function of JSP too only to let.Systematic design object and main technology of use：(1)Design objectSystem this design object for understand but HTML understand general webpage developer of JSP offer a webpage developing instrument at all only, enable them to follow the systematic file, use the daily function of JSP through the label, produce one finally and only include static HTML and dynamic JSP webpage of JSP label.(2)Main technologyThis system is in the design, consider using the technology of the template and JSP label to realize mainly.1、Technology of the templateThe technology of the template is widely applied to various kinds of development and application system. It produces some commonly used frame structure in advance , uses the family to choose the template from the template storehouse conveniently according to the needs of one's own one, is it is it put up to go again by oneself to need , save construction period in user , facilitate use of user. In this system , classify the page according to the function type , sum up the commonly used page type, produce the template storehouse.2、Storehouse technology of the labelIn JSP, movements can create and visit the language target of the procedure and influence the element exported and flowed. JSP has defined six standard movements. Except six standard movement these, user can define own movement finish the specific function. These movements are known as the customer movement, they are the reusable procedure module . Through movement these, programmer can some encapsulation stand up too display function of page in JSP page, make the whole page more succinct and easier to maintain. In a JSP page, movements were transfered through the customer label in these customers. And the label storehouse (Tag Library ) is the set of the customer label.JSP label storehouse is that one kind produces the method based on script of XML through JavaBeans. It is one of the greatest characteristics of JSP. Through the label storehouse , can expand JSP application unrestrictedly , finish any complicated application demand.JSP label storehouse has the following characteristic：①Easy to use: The labels in JSP and general HTML marks are totally the same in appearance, it is as convenient as ordinary HTML mark to use.②The easy code is paid most attention to: Every label in the label storehouse can finish certain function . Define ready to eat one label storehouse , is it pack one Jar file the label storehouse to need only, then only need use this label storehouse in other systems afterwards, needn't develop codes again , has raised the system and developed efficiency greatly, have reduced the development cost.③The easy code is safeguarded: All application logic is encapsulated in label processor and JavaBeans, all labels concentrate on a label storehouse. If need to upgrade codes or need to revise the function on a webpage, only need to revise the corresponding label. Maintain way in unison through this kind , it is unnecessary in each webpage is it is it fix to act as to get onning, have reduce the work load safeguarded greatly, has economized the cost of safeguarding.④The easy system is expanded : If need to add the new function to the system , only need to define a new label to finish this function, do not need to do any change to other respects of thesystem. Can inherit JSP normal characteristics of various fields in the label storehouse. Can expand and increase the function of JSP unrestrictedly like this, and does not need to wait for the appearance of the next edition JSP .Systematic composition and realizing：(1)The system making upThis system is made up of four parts mainly：1、The database joins some: This system supports several daily databases , including Oracle, Sybase, MSSQLServer, MySQL and DB2, use JDBC and database to link to each other according to database type and database name , user name , password that users offer that users choose.2、The basic form of system produces some: After joining with the database , produce the basic form TC-Tables and TC-Columns of two systems according to the user name linking to each other with the database , TC-Tables form includes English name , Chinese name and some attribute of form belonging to this user in this database , for instance can revise , can inquire about ; The Chinese and English name of the row and some other attribute that TC-Columns form includes belonging to all forms of this user's in this database . For instance can show , can inquire about . Basic information of the database that these basic forms of two systems provide to user's institute for use in the course of development of the whole system.3、The template is chosen to produce some with the webpage: This part is a key part of a system. It includes two pieces of sub module .①The template is chosen some: The system offers the template to user and chooses the interface, let users choose the templates used from the template storehouse according to the need.②The template is dealt with some: According to template that user choose, system transfer designated template deal with module is it punish to go on to these template. When dealing with the label that the procedure meets in the template, offer the mutual interface to user, let user input parameter for designated label , prove system validity of label that user input. Finished the formulation of JSP page systematically finally.Webpage preview is with revising some: After the webpage was produced out, the system has offered a webpage preview window and code to user and looked over that revises the window. Through this preview window, users can look at the result of JSP page produced out in advance . If user static result of respect in page very satisfied, user can through code look over revise window revise HTML code of code. If users have further demands for the static result of the page, the system has also offered a piece of interface which transfers DreamWeaver editing machine to user, users can use it to carry on further modification and perfection to the static result of JSP page that is produced out .(2)Systematic realization1、Realization of the template storehouse and label storehouseThe planning and design of the label storehouse are essential in the whole system design, efficiency that the degree and system that are put in an position have operated that its relation has reached codes. Its planning should follow the following principle .(1) Should try one's best little including static HTML among label. To general user, the label is transparent. Users can not look over and revise labels . If include too many static HT-ML sentence in the label , will influence the modification and perfection of user's static result to the page, limit the use of the label.(2) Try one's best to raise the paying most attention to degree of the code. Is it is it is it is it is it is it get to JSP public JSP out to withdraw to use to try one's best to classify to go on to use, form labels. Do not use and realize this application repeatedly in each label . While revising and perfecting to using like this , only need to revise this label, maintenance of the easy code.(3) Facilitate users' use. While designing the label storehouse , should fully consider users' operating position , it can very easy and understanding and using labels conveniently to use the family.①Definition of the label storehouse: Define a label storehouse, must define a label storehouse and describe the file (TLD ) at first . This is a file of script based on XML, have defined the edition of XML in this file , codes used, the edition , name and definition and parameter of all labels included in this storehouse of the label storehouse of the edition of the label storehouse , JSP used describe, including the name of the label, corresponding Javas of label, description information of the label ,etc..②Realization of the label: One label first special Java type, this each must inherit TagSupports , this each is in javax. servlet. jsp. Define in tagext bag . In the labels, the parameter which includes this label initializes the subject treatment method (Handler ) of method (Set/Get ) , label and method available for making the first class label to adjust,etc..③Realization of the template : A template is that one contains JSP file that labels quoted . In order to quote the labels defined in the template , must introduce the label storehouse at first .＜％＠taglib uri＝“tag．tld”prefix＝“ctag”％＞Among them uri appoints the label storehouse to describe the route of the file ; Prefixes used when prefix appoints to quote labels.While quoting the designated label in the template , use the designated prefix while introducing the label storehouse, appoint the name of the label; It is the parameter assignment of the label.2、Systematic development environmentWhat this systematic subject procedure making is used is JBuilder 6 of Borland Company. 0, it is Front-Page2000 of Microsoft Company that the template is developed and used, what the label storehouse is developed and used is UltraEdit editing machine, what JDK is adopted is JDK1.4. The system testing environment is JRun3. 0.Java future mainstream to develop language, and Java using JSP will become major technology that Web will be developed in the future too mainly at Web. This system has adopted the label storehouse , one of the biggest characteristics of JSP, enable the general Web developer to use JSP strong dynamic page function conveniently too, develop JSP dynamic Web page of the modern techniques. Because this system adopts Java to develop, can run under the operating system of any support graphic interface , have realized complete having nothing to do with the platform. This system is easy to expand and perfect. Can consider offering the interface to user afterwards , will use the family to expand the template storehouse and label storehouse by oneself, strengthen the systematic function further.List of references：[1] Cay S. Horstmann,Gary Cornell. Java 2 key technology (CoreJava 2 ) [M ]. Beijing: Publishing house of the mechanical industry.[2] Bruce Eckel. Java programming thought (Thinking in Java ) [M ]. Beijing: Publishing house of the mechanical industry.[3] Joseph L. Weber. Java 2 programming is explained in detail (Using Java 2) [M ]. Beijing: Electronic Industry Press.[4] Borland Company. Building Applications with JBuilder.基于JSP网页自动生成工具的设计与实现Web开发技术是Internet应用的一个重要方面，而JSP又是Web开发的最先进的技术，是当前Web开发人员的首选技术。
计算机外文翻译---基于PHP和MYSQL的网站设计和实现
译文二：基于PHP和MYSQL的网站设计和实现摘要PHP和MYSQL因为其免费以及开放源码已经成为主要的web开发工具。
作者就基于PHP和MYSQL开发网站进行开发环境问题的讨论。
关键词PHP;MYSQL;发展和实现。
1.介绍随着网络技术的发展，不可避免的带动各种企业传统营销与网络营销的增长。
其中最有效的方法是为他们的公司建立一个网站。
目前网站开发的主流平台包括LAMP(Linux操作系统，Apache网络服务器，MYSQL数据库，PHP编程语言)，J2EE 和.NET商业软件。
因为PHP和MYSQL是免费的，开源等等，他们是为专业的IT 人士开发的。
从网站流量的角度来看，超过70%的网站流量是有LAMP提供的，这是最流行的网站开发平台。
在本文中，我们基于PHP和MYSQL设计了一个网站。
本文的组织如下。
第一节分析开发环境。
第二节中，我们提出基于PHP的开发模型。
然后，第四节是案例研究。
在第五节我们做出结论。
2.发展环境分析A.开发语言的选择，PHP&JSP是三个主流的网站开发语言，它们分别具有各自的优点和缺点，它们之间的比较见表1。
这个项目我们采用PHP作为开发语言的原因如下：免费的。
这个项目小，不需要使用支付开发平台如 and JSP。
强大的支持。
中小型网站，甚至一些大型网站如百度，新浪都把PHP作为开发语言，可以有组与解决在编程上的问题。
良好的可移植性。
尽管起初只能在Linux和Apache Web服务器环境中开发，现在已经可以移植到任何的操作系统，并兼容标准的Web服务器软件。
简单的语法。
PHP和C编程语言有许多的相似之处，所以会C的程序员很容易的就能使用PHP程序语言。
发展快速。
因为其源代码是开放的，所以PHP能迅速的发展。
B.构建开发环境目前有很多基于PHP的开发平台。
通常大多数开发人员喜欢LAMP开发环境。
那些有一定开发经验的可以通过选择相关的服务器，数据库管理系统和操作系统设置他们的开发平台。
基于JavaWeb的博客网的设计与实现
图 二 博 客 系统 前 台功 能 结 构 图
Hale Waihona Puke 图四 博 客 系统 用 例 图
ｒ 裔 ； ¨ １
登 陆
图 三 博 客 系 统后 台功 能 结构 图
２ ． １ ． １ 用 户需求 分析
本 系统允许 用户 有三种 身份 ：
（ １ ） 博客访问者（ 可以浏览信息、 发表评论或留
言） 。
（ ２ ） 博客管理员（ 注册后登陆， 可以发布 １ ３ 志、 管
理个 人 主页 ） 。
图五 浏 览模 块 流 程 图
（ ３ ） 系统管理员（ 对博客管理员的基本信息进行
统一 管理 ） 。
题链 接进 入显 示 日志页 面。二是 点击博 客主题链 接
进 入个 人博客 的首 页 ，然后 在首 页点击 日志标 题链
接 进入 显示 日志页 面 。 三是 通过搜 索功 能 ， 搜索 所需 的 日志 ，然后 在结果 列表 中选择 所需 的 日志标 题链
博客 系统用 例 图如 图四所示 。
２ ． １ ． ２系统流程
博客系统前 台用户浏览模块流程如图五所示。
前台用户浏览模块主要用于用户浏览 日志信息。它
为 用户 提供 了三种 浏 览方 式 ： 一 是直 接 点击 日志标
接 进入 显示 日志页 面 。 浏览 日志 的 同时 ， 用户 可 以查 看 别人 对该 日志 的评 论 ，也可 以对该 日志发 表 自己
的评论 。
计算机专业毕业设计论文外文文献中英文翻译——java对象
1 . Introduction To Objects1.1The progress of abstractionAll programming languages provide abstractions. It can be argued that the complexity of the problems you’re able to solve is directly related to the kind and quality of abstraction。
By “kind” I mean，“What is it that you are abstracting?” Assembly language is a small abstraction of the underlying machine. Many so—called “imperative” languages that followed （such as FORTRAN，BASIC, and C) were abstractions of assembly language。
These languages are big improvements over assembly language，but their primary abstraction still requires you to think in terms of the structure of the computer rather than the structure of the problem you are trying to solve。
The programmer must establish the association between the machine model (in the “solution space，” which is the place where you’re modeling that problem, such as a computer) and the model of the problem that is actually being solved (in the “problem space,” which is the place where the problem exists). The effort required to perform this mapping, and the fact that it is extrinsic to the programming language，produces programs that are difficult to write and expensive to maintain，and as a side effect created the entire “programming methods” industry.The alter native to modeling the machine is to model the problem you’re trying to solve。
Java编程思想(Java和因特网)毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：Java编程思想 (Java和因特网)文献、资料英文题目：Thingking in Java（Java and the Internet）文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14文献来源：Bruce Eckel.Thinking in Java [J]. Pearson Higher Isia Education,2006-2-20.Java编程思想 (Java和因特网)既然Java不过另一种类型的程序设计语言，大家可能会奇怪它为什么值得如此重视，为什么还有这么多的人认为它是计算机程序设计的一个里程碑呢？如果您来自一个传统的程序设计背景，那么答案在刚开始的时候并不是很明显。
Java除了可解决传统的程序设计问题以外，还能解决World Wide Web(万维网)上的编程问题。
1、客户端编程Web最初采用的“服务器－浏览器”方案可提供交互式内容，但这种交互能力完全由服务器提供，为服务器和因特网带来了不小的负担。
服务器一般为客户浏览器产生静态网页，由后者简单地解释并显示出来。
基本HTML语言提供了简单的数据收集机制：文字输入框、复选框、单选钮、列表以及下拉列表等，另外还有一个按钮，只能由程序规定重新设置表单中的数据，以便回传给服务器。
用户提交的信息通过所有Web服务器均能支持的“通用网关接口”（CGI）回传到服务器。
包含在提交数据中的文字指示CGI该如何操作。
最常见的行动是运行位于服务器的一个程序。
那个程序一般保存在一个名为“cgi-bin”的目录中（按下Web页内的一个按钮时，请注意一下浏览器顶部的地址窗，经常都能发现“cgi-bin”的字样）。
大多数语言都可用来编制这些程序，但其中最常见的是Perl。
这是由于Perl是专为文字的处理及解释而设计的，所以能在任何服务器上安装和使用，无论采用的处理器或操作系统是什么。