Conversion 转换
conversion词汇学定义解释
Conversion词汇学定义解释引言在语言学中，转换（c o nv er si on）作为一种词汇学现象，是指词汇项在词性变化的过程中，保持其形态不变，并直接用于另一词性的情况。
转换是一种特殊的词形变化，它在语义和语法上都遵循一定的规则。
本文将深入解释转换现象，并展示一些常见的例子和应用场景。
一、转换的概述转换是一种词汇项的特殊变化方式，即同一个词汇项在不同的句法和语义环境中运用于不同词性。
转换是一种非常灵活的语言现象，使得词汇的使用变得更加丰富多样。
转换发生在各个层次的语言中，包括名词、动词、形容词和副词等。
二、名词到动词的转换转换中常见的一种类型是名词到动词的转换。
名词到动词的转换通常是通过词汇的语义特征和语法环境的需要实现的。
例如，单词“r un”（跑步）既可以作为名词表示“奔跑”，也可以作为动词表示“跑步”。
这种转换可以通过上下文的使用来区分，例如，“I li ke to ru ni nt he m or ni ng”（我喜欢早上跑步）中的“r u n”是动词，而“Iw en tf or ar uny e st er da y”（昨天我去跑步了）中的“r u n”是名词。
三、形容词到副词的转换另一种常见的转换类型是形容词到副词的转换。
形容词到副词的转换通常是通过在形容词后加上“-l y”的后缀实现的。
例如，“q u ic k”（快速的）可以通过加上“-ly”后缀变为“qu ic kl y”（迅速地）。
这样的转换在英语中非常常见，它使得我们可以更加准确地描述动作或情况的方式。
四、动词到名词的转换除了名词到动词的转换外，动词到名词的转换也是一种常见的现象。
动词到名词的转换通常通过加上特定后缀实现，例如，“a rri v e”（到达）可以通过加上“-a l”后缀变为“a rr i va l”（到达）。
这种转换使得我们可以将动作或状态转化为一个名词，从而更好地描述或引用某种特定情况。
五、应用场景转换概念在日常语言中经常被使用，我们可以在各种语言环境和书面文本中找到转换的例子。
Conversion_词类转换
1、Converting into Verbs
1） Nouns Converted into Verbs • 含有动作意味的名词： • The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me
with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到 心驰神往。 • 由动词派生的名词转译成动词： • Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭己被用来探索宇宙。
在那里，由于地心剧烈活动，使山脉和火山露 出水面。
• The air that sweeps the South Sea Islands is fragrant with flowers and spice.
散发着鲜花和香料芬芳的微风轻轻地吹拂着南 太平洋诸岛。
Warming up Activity
Warming up Activity
• Enchantment of the South Seas
南部诸海的魅力 迷人的南部诸海
• Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water.
英译汉的常用词类转换形式
1、Converting into Verbs 2、Converting into Nouns 3、Converting into Adjectives 4、Converting into Adverbs 5、Conversion of Sentence Elements
翻译转换法(亦称“转译”)
翻译转换法（亦称“转译”）转换法（conversion）所谓转换法（也称转译），是指翻译过程中由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类或词在句子中的作用，以使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。
转换法是翻译中最为常用的一种变通手段，是突破原文词法、语法与句法格局，化阻滞为忠实、通顺的重要技巧。
它不仅指词类的改变，而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化，当然主要是词类的变化。
By conversion we mean that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language. We cannot translate English mechanically word for word into Chinese. A good translator should try by all means to reproduce the thought of the author faithfully in another language, quite disregarding the parts of speech of individual words so used in his version. In practical translation work, words identical in meaning but different in part speech and the word order may also be changed.（一）词性转换一般说来，在翻译过程中词类转换是没有限制的，也就是说可以把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成名词、动词、副词和短语。
翻译转换法(亦称“转译”)
翻译转换法（亦称“转译”）转换法（conversion）所谓转换法（也称转译），是指翻译过程中由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类或词在句子中的作用，以使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。
转换法是翻译中最为常用的一种变通手段，是突破原文词法、语法与句法格局，化阻滞为忠实、通顺的重要技巧。
它不仅指词类的改变，而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化，当然主要是词类的变化。
By conversion we mean that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language. We cannot translate English mechanically word for word into Chinese. A good translator should try by all means to reproduce the thought of the author faithfully in another language, quite disregarding the parts of speech of individual words so used in his version. In practical translation work, words identical in meaning but different in part speech and the word order may also be changed.（一）词性转换一般说来，在翻译过程中词类转换是没有限制的，也就是说可以把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成名词、动词、副词和短语。
conversion转译法
e.g. 1) Party officials worked long hours on meagre food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. 党的干部们吃着粗茶淡饭，住着冰冷的窑 洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作 2) The government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 民有、民治、民享的政府将永存于世
3. 副词→形容词 The president had prepared meticulously for his journey 总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备
Assignments
1. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 2. I’m afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my brother is a better techer than I. 3. The garden-party is a great success 4. They strive for a lower birth rate. 5. We sang the old year out and the new year in 6. The meeting is two days away. 7. The daffodils are out.
一、名词的转换
1. 名词→动词 (英语中名词用得较多, 而在 汉语中，动词的使用频率较高. 这是因为, 英语句子往往只有一个谓语动词, 而汉语 句子可以连用几个动词或动词词组.) e.g. 1) The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy. 新形势要求制定新战略
Conversion(转换法)
• 这类名词有时并不指人，而是用来代替动词，如：
• 1)The real shocker was that things dragged on well beyond the two weeks I had anticipated．
• 最令人吃惊的是，事情拖了很久，远远超过我原来设想 的两周。 • • 2)Litmus paper can be used as an indicator of the presence or not of acid in a solution． 石蕊试纸可用于指示溶液中 of this principle can be tolerated. 绝对不许违反这个原则。
2.The basilica is a conglomeration of contrary styles and periods. 这座王宫把不同时期的不同建筑风格融为一体。 3. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal. 要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。 4. Transistors are fairly recent development. 晶体管就是这几年发展起来的。
• (3) Predicatives converted into Subjects （表语转作主语） • 1. Matter is anything that occupies space. • 凡占有空间的都是物质。
• (4) Subjects converted into Attributes （主语转作定语） • 1. Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics. • 各种材料的磁特性有很大的不同。
Conversion(转换法)
Conversion（转换法）Conversion of Word Classes（转换词类）Translate the following and compare the parts of speech employed in English and Chinese:1. 他请求领导分配他到基层去工作。
(5 verbs)2. 你写信叫他派人想办法去了解全部情况。
(6 verbs)3. 我去叫他派一个会计到这儿来帮助你算账吧。
(7 verbs)Conversion from English Nouns and Adjectives into Chinese Verbs and Adverbs（英语名词、形容词转换为汉语动词、副词）Examples:1. All peace-loving people demand the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclearweapons.一切爱好和平的人民都要求全面禁止核武器，彻底销毁核武器。
（cf. 核武器的全面的禁止和彻底的销毁）2. Ford’s first pledge was, “Mr. President, you have my support and my loyalty.”福特一开始就保证说，“总统先生，我支持你，并效忠于你。
”（cf. 你有我的支持和我的效忠）3. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
（cf. 已经发现宇宙探索的应用）4.For 20 years we were passive witnesses to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and anexcessive increase of the prices of manufactured goods.过去二十年，我们坐视我们的原料价格下跌，而工业品价格却暴涨。
II Conversion 转换(4)
e). She escorted the foreign guests around the sights of Haikou. 她陪同外宾游览海口的景点。 f). he is on Hainan Daily. 她在海南日报社任职。 g). The people are with him. 人民拥护他。 h). Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。
(B). E. Adjectives into C. Verbs(形—动）
a). He was a frustrated man at that time. 他那时已受挫折。 b). They are news-hungry. 他们迫切想弄到消息。 c). It was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了许多信息。 d). In order to carry through her policies of economic development, peace is necessary for China. 为了贯彻经济发展政策，中国需要和平。
d). They signed two agreements that served to warm up the atmosphere of their relations. 他们签订了两个协定，目的是使他们的关系热乎起 来。 e). A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. 一个穿着讲究的人上了车，他的外表和谈吐都像个美 国人。
a). Concern for the preservation of public property should not be confined to protecting it from thieves and wreckers. 关注保护公共财产不应仅限于使其免遭偷盗与破坏。 b). This shop has a large choice of hats and shoes. 这家商店有多种款式的鞋帽可供选择。 c). The cathedral is a conglomeration/combination of contrary styles and periods. 这座大教堂综合了不同时期的不同建筑风格。 d). Every state is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security. 每个国家最清楚应怎样维护自己的国家安全。 e). We are enemies of all aggressive wars. 我们反对一切侵略战争。
Conversion(转换法).
• 2)Litmus paper can be used as an indicator of the presence or not of acid in a solution．
• 石蕊试纸可用于指示溶液中是否含有酸。
Conversion from English Adjectives into Chinese Verbs
cooperative．(cooperate well) • 学生合作得很好，老师向学生表示感谢。 • 3)The doctor felt sympathetic with his patients．(sympathize) • 医生同情他的病人。
• 不少动词可以用其同源形容词来表达，如：support-supportive， thank-thankful，create-creative，sleep-asleep等。
Conversion （转换法）
• ．The doctor’ s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery． 医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因 此病人很快就康复了。
3. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal.
要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。 4. Transistors are fairly recent development.
晶体管就是这几年发展起来的。
• 汉语动词的重复或重叠，以及与此相关的句式排比或 对偶，可以明显，甚至常常在需要重复 的地方省略。相比之下，汉语动词出现的频率就更高 了
Conversion词的转换译法
Conversion词的转换译法（1）大体可分为7 种：①词类转换（转性）；②句子成分转换；③表达方式转换；④自然语序和倒装语序转换；⑤正面表达与反面表达转换；⑥主动语态与被动语态转换；⑦分句转换。
Converted into verb英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。
1. Noun-->verb一）英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。
1. 名词派生的动词1）Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。
2）To them, he personified the absolute power.在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。
2. 名词转用的动词1）Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。
2）The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way.植物没有专门的排泄系统，可用同样的方式加以说明。
3）As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。
Practice1.My admiration for him grows more and more.我对他越来越钦佩了。
2.An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the studies of current affairs.了解世界历史对研究时事很有帮助。
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Conversion 转换Warm-up Compare the following translations:1. The international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries.•国际粮食的缺乏对科威特和其他不毛的沙漠国家产生了一种直接的影响。
•全球性食品短缺现象直接影响了科威特等贫瘠的沙漠国家。
Warm-up2. Pictures show him in the company of men like Churchill，Einstein and Gandhi.•这些照片显示他和邱吉尔、爱因斯坦、甘地这些人的交往。
•在这些照片中我们可以看到他和邱吉尔、爱因斯坦、甘地这些人的交往。
Contents•Conversation in Part of Speech•词性的转换•Conversation in Sentence Components•句子成分的转换•Conversation in Sentence Pattern•句式的转换•Conversation in Voices•语态的转换词性的转换在翻译过程中，如果绝对地按照原语的词性进行翻译，有时译文会显得晦涩或不符合译语的表达习惯。
这时，我们可以对原语的词性进行转换翻译。
英译汉中常见的词性转换有以下几个方面：1.转译成动词2.转译成名词3.转译成形容词4.转译成副词1. 转译成动词A. 英语中具有动作意义的名词，汉译时往往可转化为动词。
They went on strike in demand of a 40 percent wage increase.他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。
An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation.读一点世界史对学习翻译是有帮助的。
A view of Mt. E-mei can be obtained from here.从这儿可以看到峨眉山。
Difference between the social system of states shall not be an obstacle to their approach and cooperation.国与国之间社会制度的不同不应妨碍彼此的接近与合作。
The origin of this particular culture is far from clearing.这种奇特的文化根源远没有弄清楚。
Your job here is looking after the old.你在这里的工作是照顾老人。
B. 英语中加后缀-er，-or的名词，在句中并不表身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意义。
He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.他倒不抽烟，但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽（是个老烟枪）C.介词转译成动词The road to development is long but we are firmly on it.发展的道路虽然漫长，可我们已坚定地走了上这条路。
He is walking in the park with an umbrella in his hand.他在公园散步，手里拿着一把伞。
It is our goal that the people in the undeveloped areas will be finally off poverty.我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。
The company has advertised in the newspaper for electronic experts.公司在报上登广告招聘电子方面的专家。
D.副词转译成动词She opened the window and let fresh air in.她打开窗子让新鲜空气进来As he ran out, he forgot to have his shows on.他跑出去时忘记穿鞋子了。
Let’s have an evening out at the theatre.我们到剧院去消磨一个晚上吧。
E.形容词转译成动词Integrity means you do what you do because it’s right and not just fashionable or politically correct.诚实意味着去做你认为对的事，而不仅仅是为了赶时髦或在政治上不出错。
Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。
Is Mr. Smith familiar with the performance of the laboratory equipment?史密斯先生熟悉实验室设备的性能吗？Success is dependent on his effort.成功与否取决于他的努力。
2. 转译成名词3.转译成形容词When tables and other materials are included，they should be conveniently placed，so that a student can consult them without turning over too many pages.当书中列有表格或其他参考资料时，应当将这些内容编排在适当的位置，以便使学生在查阅时，不必翻太多的书页。
The engineer had prepared meticulously for his design.工程师为这次设计做了十分周密的准备。
His address impressed me deeply.他的讲话给我留下很深的印象。
The English language has changed subtly and pervasively.英语的变化很敏感，很普遍。
Most teenagers feel no difficulty in learning and operating computers.绝大部分青少年在学习和操作电脑方面并不觉得困难。
The instrument has been welcomed by users because of its stability in serviceability，reliability in operation and simplicity in maintenance.该仪器性能稳定，操作可靠，维护简便，因而受到用户的欢迎。
4.转译成副词•Adjectives—Adverbs由于英语中带有动作意味的名词汉译为动词，因而原文修饰名词的形容词也相应地汉译为副词，以便修饰动词。
The wide application of electronic machines in scientific work, in designing and in economic calculations will free man from the labor of complicated computations.在科学研究、设计和经济计算方面广泛地应用电子计算机可以使人们从繁重的计算劳动中解放出来。
He is the right man I am looking for.他正是我要找的人。
The witness was so frightened that he can’t give a clear description of the robber.目击者吓坏了，没法清楚地描述出强盗的长相。
B.Nouns—AdverbsThe man nodded with satisfaction.那人满意地点了点头。
He had the honor to attend the congress.他荣幸地出席了代表大会。
句子成分的转换翻译过程中，为了符合汉语的表达习惯，往往需要对句子成分进行转换：•1.非主语译成主语•4.非状语译成状语1.非主语译成主语Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.电视和无线电的不同点在于电视能收发图像。
（表语译成主语）Matter is usually electrically neutral, that is, it has as many protons, as electrons.物质通常是不带电的，就是说，它的质子和电子数量是相等的。
（宾语译成主语）2.非谓语译成谓语There is a need for improvement in your study habits.你的学习习惯需要改进。
（主语译成谓语）Success is dependent on his effort.成功与否取决于他的努力。
（表语译成谓语）3.非宾语译成宾语He is admired by everybody.大家都很钦佩他。
（主语译成宾语）Materials to be used for structural purpose are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental condition.用于结构上的材料要有所选择，以确保它们在周围环境条件下具有弹性。
（状语译成宾语）4.非状语译成状语He drew a deep breath.他深深地吸了一口气。
（定语译成状语）Pictures show him in the company of men like Churchill, Einstein and Gandhi.在这些照片中我们可以看到他和邱吉尔、爱因斯坦、甘地这些人的交往。
（主语译成状语）句式的转换•1.简单句转译成复合句•2.复合句转译成简单句简单句转译成复合句At the slightest improvement in my work they would show warm approval.我工作稍有进步，他们就热情肯定。
复合句转译成简单句This causes the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together.这样就盖起了许多人聚居的高楼大厦。