TPO10阅读(1)(2)(3)整理
托福TPO10阅读原文及答案解析Part1
托福TPO10阅读原文及答案解析Part1托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO10阅读原文及答案解析Part1，望喜欢！托福TPO10阅读原文Part1Chinese PotteryChina has one of the worlds oldest continuous civilizations-despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. A country as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complex social and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a major role.The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors, or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types-earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain-for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures,but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip-as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value. Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain waresimported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. T o twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment hadmeaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.Paragraph 2: The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors, or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types-earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain-for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles,and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.托福TPO10阅读题目Part11.The word status in the passage is closest in meaning to○origin○importance○quality○design2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of Chinese ceramics?○The function of ceramics remained the same from dynasty to dynasty.○The use of ceramics as trade objects is better documented than the use of ceramics as ritual objects.○There was little variation in quality for any type of ceramics over time.○Some religious sculptures were made using the earthenware type of ceramics.Paragraph 3: The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazedsurfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip-as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.3. The word evolve in the passage is closest in meaning to○divided○extended○developed○vanished4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○While stonewares and porcelains are found throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to the ancient period.○Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelains because some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.○While stonewares and porcelains changed throughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use. ○The historical development of religious sculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resemble earthenware architectural ornaments.5. Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:○The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.○Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.○Earthenware ceramics were produced in China beforestonewares were.○The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.Paragraph 4: Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorativepatterns especially for the European market.6. The word instigate in the passage is closest in meaning to ○improved○investigated○narrowed○caused7. According to paragraph 4, one consequence of the trade of Chinese ceramics was○the transfer of a distinctive blue pigment from China to the Middle East○an immediate change from earthenware production to porcelain production in European countries○Chinese production of wares made for the European market ○a decreased number of porcelain vessels available on the European marketParagraph 5: Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative,whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragonrepresented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.8. The word whereas in the passage is closest in meaning to ○while○previously○surprisingly○because9. In paragraph 5, the author compares the designs on Chinese pots to those on Greek pots in order to○emphasize that while Chinese pots were decorative, Greek pots were functional○argue that the designs on Chinese pots had specific meanings and were not just decorative○argue that twentieth-century scholars are better able to understand these designs than were ancient scholars○explain how scholars have identified the meaning of specific images on Chinese pots10. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 5 as being symbolically represented on Chinese ceramics?○Chinese rulers○love of homeland○loyally to friends○success in trade11. Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the decorations on Chinese pottery?○They had more importance for aristocrats than for ordinary citizens.○Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.○They contain some of the same images that appear on Greek pots○Their significance is now as clear to twentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.Paragraph 6: From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist thatassist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.12. The word these in the passage refers to○religious ceremonies○descriptions○types of ware○potsParagraph 4: Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. ■So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. ■From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. ■In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought toEurope, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. ■The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Foreign trade was also responsible for certain innovations in coloring.Where could the sentence best fit?14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Ceramics have been produced in China for a very long time. ●●●Answer choices○The Chinese produced earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain pottery and they used their ceramics for a variety of utilitarian, architectural, and ceremonial purposes.○The shape and decoration of ceramics produced for religious use in China were influenced by Chinese ceramics produced for export.○As a result of trade relations, Chinese ceramic production changed and Chinese influenced the ceramics production of other countries.○Chinese burial ceramics have the longest and most varied history of production and were frequently decorated with written texts that help scholars date them.○Before China had contact with the West, the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was well understood.○Ceramics made in imperial factories were used in both religious and non-religious contexts.托福TPO10阅读答案Part1参考答案：1. ○22. ○43. ○34. ○25. ○16. ○47. ○38.○19. ○210. ○111. ○212. ○213. ○214. The Chinese producedAs a result of tradeBefore China had contact托福TPO10阅读翻译Part1参考翻译：中国的陶瓷尽管中国曾饱受入侵，偶尔丧失主权受制于外国，她仍然拥有世界上最源远流长的文明。
TPO-10 Reading 2 解析
Q1正确答案：B解析：以human activities做关键词定位至第一句，提到在判断人类对气候的影响之前必须断定自然的影响，所以B正确。
Q2正确答案：C解析：以proxy records做关键词定位至最后一句，a better picture of fluctuations further back in time，指的是时间更久远，所以答案是C，这个比较简单，跟文章说的完全一样。
Q3正确答案：D解析：去掉定语从句后，原文变成substance can be deposited to record…，A和C 的因果关系是硬造出来的，原文没有，错误；而且A说unchanging，原文是变化，A与原文相反；B原文是record，不是infer，B错误；而且C说difficult to observe，原文未提及，错误；D正确。
Q4正确答案：B解析：以proxy temperature records做关键词定位至第四句，本句说了重建温度的很多方法，无论是冰川，沉积物还是碳酸盐，都属于substance，所以B正确，其他都未提及。
Q5正确答案：A解析：striking“显著的，吸引人的”，所以noticeable“引人注意的”正确。
句子一开始就提到同样striking的是，说明之前一定有一个很striking的东西。
前一句说有significant natural changes，所以significant的同义词就是striking。
Q6正确答案：C解析：第四段很短，快速读完。
A和D在第一句，说气候在一段时间内会变化；第二句里的stability对应B中的changed little，所以这三项都正确，不选；只有C未提及，所以C是答案。
Q7正确答案：C解析：erratic“古怪的，飘忽不定的”，所以C的unpredictable正确。
原句说equally erratic，所以之前一定得有一个跟erratic意思差不多的词，之前有chaotic fluctuation，所以erratic和chaotic是同义词，chaotic“混乱的”，备选项中只有unpredictable跟这个意思接近，A“剧烈”B“重要”D“常见”都不正确。
托福TPO10综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福】
托福TPO10综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福整理】在备考托福写作的过程中，总是将托福的独立作文放在了第一位，但是实际上，综合作文也是占到了作文总分30分里面的50%的分值，不要等到分数出来了，才发现其实是综合作文的limited或者fair极大的影响了自己的分数。
考过的同学会发现托福综合作文分数不高，很大程度上是受我们听力实力的影响，我们很多托福考生的听力分数只有16分上下的时候，对于托福综合作文的听力妥妥的是束手无策，而且很多托福考生还感觉自己都听懂了，那也只能说明你听懂了大意，但是听力里面要的是每一个细节！请注意，是每一个细节！雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。
如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。
文末教你如何使用这个材料。
TPO10 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingThe sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because sea otters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the more likely of the two.The first reason why pollution seemed the more likely cause was that there were known sources of it along the Alaskan coast, such as oil rigs and other sources of industrial chemical pollution. Water samples from the area revealed increased levelsof chemicals that could decrease the otters' resistance to life-threatening infections and thus could indirectly cause their deaths.Second, other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the Alaskan coast were also declining, indicating that whatever had endangered the otters was affecting other sea mammals as well. This fact again pointed to environmental pollution, since it usually affects the entire ecosystem rather than a single species. Only widely occurring predators, such as the orca (a large predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to hunt much larger prey, such as other whales.Third, scientists believed that the pollution hypothesis could also explain the uneven pattern of otter decline: at some Alaskan locations the otter populations declined greatly, while at others they remained stable. Some experts explained these observations by suggesting that ocean currents or other environmental factors may have created uneven concentrations of pollutants along the coast.ListeningProfessor: Well, ongoing investigations have revealed that predation is the most likely cause of sea otter decline after all. Well, ongoing investigations have revealed that predation is the most likely cause of sea otter decline after all.First, the pollution theory is weakened by the fact that no one can really find any dead sea others washing off on Alaskan beaches. That's not what you would expect if infections caused by pollution started killing a lot of otters. On the other hand, the fact that it's so hard to find dead otters is consistent with the predator hypothesis. If an otter is killed by a predator, it's eaten immediately so it can't wash up on shore.Second, although orcas may prefer to hunt whales, whales have essentially disappeared from the area because of human hunters. That means that orcas have had to change their diet to survive and since only smaller sea mammals are now available,orcas have probably started hunting those. So it probably is the orcas that are causing the decline of all the smaller sea mammals mentioned in the passage - the seals, the sea lions and the sea otters.And third, the uneven pattern of otter decline is better explained by the orca predation theory than by the pollution theory. What happens to otters seems to depend on whether the location where they live is accessible to orcas or not. In those locations that orcas can access easily, the number of sea otters has declined greatly. However, because orcas are so large, they can't access shallow or rocky locations. And shallow and rocky locations are precisely the types of locations where sea otter populations have not declined.首先，就是在自己做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！很多时候，我们的综合作文之所以分低，就是因为听力写的不全！第二点，也可以用于在托福考试前来做跟读，有不少托福考生跟小托君说，自己的口语实力不够，那么做跟读，仔细地来模仿ETS官方素材，是一个很好的提高自己口语的方式。
托福阅读TPO 10-2 Variations in the Climate
Variations in the ClimateOne of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate. We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention. We also know that the global climate system is immensely complicated and that everything is in some way connected, and so the system is capable of fluctuating in unexpected ways. We need therefore to know how much the climate can vary of its own accord in order to interpret with confidence the extent to which recent changes are natural as opposed to being the result of human activities.Instrumental records do not go back far enough to provide us with reliable measurements of global climatic variability on timescales longer than a century. What we do know is that as we include longer time intervals, the record shows increasing evidence of slow swings in climate between different regimes. To build up a better picture of fluctuations appreciably further back in time requires us to use proxy records.Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. Generally, the layering occurs on an annual basis, hence the observed changes in the records can be dated. Information on temperature, rainfall, and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap, calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe, ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, ice cores from Peruvian glaciers, and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant natural changes in the climate over timescales longer than a few thousand years. Equally striking, however, is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10,000 years (the Holocene period).To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability, it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change have combined. These include the chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere, the slower but equally erratic behavior of the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity, solar activity, and, possibly, human activities.One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the global climate. They can do only so much to represent the full complexity of theglobal climate and hence may give only limited information about natural variability. Studies suggest that to date the variability in computer simulations is considerably smaller than in data obtained from the proxy records.In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself, there is the added factor of external influences, such as volcanoes and solar activity. There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.Paragraph 1: One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate. We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention. We also know that the global climate system is immensely complicated and that everything is in some way connected, and so the system is capable of fluctuating in unexpected ways. We need therefore to know how much the climate can vary of its own accord in order to interpret with confidence the extent to which recent changes are natural as opposed to being the result of human activities.1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following must we find out in order to determine the impact of human activities upon climate?○ The major changes in climate over the past millennia○ The degree to which the climate varies naturally○ The best method for measuring climatic change○ The millennium when humans began to interfere with the climateParagraph 2: Instrumental records do not go back far enough to provide us with reliable measurements of global climatic variability on timescales longer than a century. What we do know is that as we include longer time intervals, the record shows increasing evidence of slow swings in climate between different regimes. To build up a better picture of fluctuations appreciably further back in time requires us to use proxy records.2. According to paragraph 2, an advantage of proxy records over instrumental records is that○ they are more-reliable measures of climatic variability in the past century○ they provide more-accurate measures of local temperatures○ they provide information on climate fluctuations further back in time○ they reveal information about the human impact on the climateParagraph 3:dated. Information on temperature, rainfall, and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap, calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe, ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, ice cores from Peruvian glaciers, and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in theinformation.○ Because physical and chemical properties of substances are unchanging, they are useful records of climate fluctuations over time.○ For hundreds or thousands of years, people have been observing changes in the chemical and physical properties of substances in order to infer climate change.○ Because it takes long periods of time for the climate to change, systematic changes in the properties of substances are difficult to observe.○ Changes in systematically deposited substances that are affected by climate can indicate climate variations over time.4. According to paragraph 3, scientists are able to reconstruct proxy temperature records by○ studying regional differences in temperature variations○ studying and dating changes in the properties of substances○ observing changes in present day climate conditions○ inferring past climate shifts from observations of current climatic changesParagraph 4: What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant naturalrelative stability of the climate in the past 10,000 years (the Holocene period).in the passage is closest in meaning to○ noticeable○ confusing○ true○ unlikelyParagraph 3: Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change withchanges in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. Generally, the layering occurs on an annual basis, hence the observed changes in the records can be dated. Information on temperature, rainfall, and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap, calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe, ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, ice cores from Peruvian glaciers, and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.Paragraph 4: What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant natural changes in the climate over timescales longer than a few thousand years. Equally striking, however, is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10.000 years (the Holocene period).6. According to paragraphs 3 and 4, proxy data have suggested all of the following about the climate EXCEPT:○ Regional climates may change overtime.○ The climate has changed very little in the past 10,000 years.○ Global temperatures vary more than regional temperatures.○ Important natural changes in climate have occurred over large timescales.Paragraph 5: To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability, it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change haveof the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity, solar activity, and, possibly, human activities.7. The in the passage is closest in meaning to○ dramatic○ important○ unpredictable○ common8. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as natural causes of climate change EXCEPT○ atmospheric changes○ the slow movement of landmasses○ fluctuations in the amount of ice and snow○ changes in ocean activityParagraph 6: One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the global climate. They can do only so much to represent the full complexity of the global climate and hence may give only limited information about natural variability. Studies suggest that to date the variability in computer simulations is considerably smaller than in data obtained from the proxy records.9. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is true of computer models of the global climate?○ The information they produce is still limited.○ They are currently most useful in understanding past climatic behaviors.○ They allow researchers to interpret the data obtained from proxy records.○ They do not provide information about regional climates.Paragraph 7: In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself, there is the added factor of external influences, such as volcanoes and solar activity. There is a growing body of opinion thatconsiderable amount of the in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth10. The word in the passage is closest in meaning to○ records○ discussions○ results○ variations11. The in the passage is closest in meaning to○ demonstrated○ called upon○ supported○ expected12. What is the author's purpose in presenting the information in paragraph 7?○ To compare the influence of volcanoes and solar activity on climate variability with the influence of factors external to the global climate system○ To indicate that there are other types of influences on climate variability in addition to those previously discussed○ To explain how external influences on climate variability differ from internal influences○ To argue that the rapid warming of Earth in recent decades cannot be explainedParagraph 7: In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself, there is the added factor of external influences, such as volcanoes and solar activity. ■There is a growing body of opinion thatboth these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. ■Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. ■Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Indeed, the contribution of volcanoes and solar activity would more likely have been to actually reduce the rate of warming slightly.Where would the sentence best fit?14．Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.A number of different and complex factors influence changes in the global climate over long periods of time.●●●Answer choices○ In the absence of instrumental records, proxy data allow scientists to infer information about past climates.○ Scientists see a consistent pattern in the global temperature variations that have occurred in the past.○ Computer models are used to estimate how the different causes of climate variability combine to account for the climate variability that occurs.○ Scientists have successfully separated natural climate variation from changes related to human activities.○ Scientists believe that activities outside the global climate system, such as volcanoes and solar activity may have significant effects on the system.○ Scientists have concluded that human activity accounts for the rapid global warming in recent decades.参考答案：1. ○22. ○33. ○44. ○25. ○16. ○37. ○38.○29. ○110. ○211. ○212. ○213. ○414. In the absence ofComputer models are Scientists believe that。
新托福TPO10阅读原文及译文(二)Variations in the Climate
新托福TPO10阅读原文(二):Variations in the ClimateTPO10-2：Variations in the ClimateOne of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate. We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention. We also know that the global climate system is immensely complicated and that everything is in some way connected, and so the system is capable of fluctuating in unexpected ways. We need therefore to know how much the climate can vary of its own accord in order to interpret with confidence the extent to which recent changes are natural as opposed to being the result of human activities.Instrumental records do not go back far enough to provide us with reliable measurements of global climatic variability on timescales longer than a century. What we do know is that as we include longer time intervals, the record shows increasing evidence of slow swings in climate between different regimes. To build up a better picture of fluctuations appreciably further back in time requires us to use proxy records.Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. Generally, the layering occurs on an annual basis, hence the observed changes in the records can be dated. Information on temperature, rainfall, and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap, calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe, ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, ice cores from Peruvian glaciers, andice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant natural changes in the climate over timescales longer than a few thousand years. Equally striking, however, is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10,000 years (the Holocene period).To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability, it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change have combined. These include the chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere, the slower but equally erratic behavior of the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity, solar activity, and, possibly, human activities.One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the global climate. They can do only so much to represent the full complexity of the global climate and hence may give only limited information about natural variability. Studies suggest that to date the variability in computer simulations is considerably smaller than in data obtained from the proxy records.In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself, there is the added factor of external influences, such as volcanoes and solar activity. There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth tothe early twentieth centuries, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.译文TPO10-2：气候变化要证实当前气候是否受到人类的影响，最困难的一方面是很难得到一种构成气候自然变化的方法。
托福阅读课件tpo10-3 17th century enropean economic growth
Much of the potential for European economic development lay in what at first glance would seem to have been only sleepy villages. Such villages, however, generally lay in regions of relatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survival of peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus for investment. They had access to urban merchants, markets, and trade routes.
Prosperous繁荣 Medieval period中世纪 Productivity生产力 Expansion拓张 Rural economy农村经济 Feed喂养 Cultivation耕作 Spectacular壮丽的 Accumulation积累 Had access to能接近，有途径
Paragraph 1： 1. According to paragraph 1, what was true of Europe during the medieval
period? ○ Agricultural productivity declined. ○ There was relatively little economic growth. ○ The eral level of prosperity declined. ○ Foreign trade began to play an important role in the economy. B
托福阅读真题第10套
第10套Individual Performance and the Presence of OthersParagraph1：A person's performance on tasks can be enhanced or impaired by the mere presence of others,and a person's behavior as part of a group can be quite different from the person's behavior when acting alone.1..The word enhanced in the passage is closest in meaning to○interrupted○improved○influenced○hurt2..What role does paragraph1play in the passage○It introduces a common opinion that the rest of the passage challenges on the basis of scientific evidence.○It explains why the passage focuses on actions people take individually rather than on actions people take as part of a group.○It offers a specific example of a general principle discussed in the rest of the passage.○It describes two phenomena,possible explanations of which are considered in the rest of the passage.Paragraph2：In certain cases,individual performance can be either helped or hindered by the physical presence of others.The term social facilitation refers to any effect on performance,whether positive or negative,that can be attributed to the presence of others.Research on this phenomenon has focused on two types of effects:audience effects(the impact of passive spectators on performance)and coaction effects(the effect on performance caused by the presence of other people engaged in the same task).3..According to paragraph2,the term"social facilitation"refers to the phenomenon that a person's performance○is intended to help someone○is influenced by the presence of other people○is evaluated by other people○has an effect on others working on the same taskParagraph3：In one of the first studies in social psychology,psychologist Norman Triplett looked at coaction effects.He had observed in official bicycle records that bicycle racers pedaled faster when they were pedaling against other racers than when they were racing against the clock.Was this pattern of performance peculiar to competitive bicycling Or was it part of a more general phenomenon whereby peoplework faster and harder in the presence of others than when performing alone Triplett set up a study in which he told40children to wind fishing reels as quickly as possible under two conditions:alone or in the presence of other children performing the same task.He found that the children worked faster when other reel turners were present than when they performed alone.4..The phrase peculiar to in the passage is closest in meaning to○damaging to○unique to○rare in○new in5..The study conducted by Norman Triplett described in paragraph3supported the hypothesis that○coaction effects are stronger on the performance of children than they are on the performance of adults○coaction effects are limited to situations in which the time taken for a task matters ○people perform better when they know that their performance is being measured by someone○people perform better in the presence of others who are doing the same thing they areParagraph4：Social psychologist Robert Zajonc proposed an explanation for these seemingly contradictory effects.He reasoned that we become aroused by the presence of others and that arousal facilitates the dominant response the one most natural to us. On simple tasks and on tasks at which we are skilled,the dominant response is to perform effectively.However,on tasks that are difficult or tasks we are just learning, the incorrect response(making a mistake or not performing effectively)is dominant. This reasoning accounts for the repeated findings that,in the presence of others, performance improves on tasks that people do easily but suffers on difficult tasks. Other researchers have suggested that concern over the observers'evaluation is what most affects people's performance,particularly if they expect a negative evaluation.6..According to paragraph4,Robert Zajonc proposed that whether the presence of others hurts or helps a person's performance is determined by○how skilled the observers are in the task that they are observing○how closely the person is being watched○whether or not the person finds the task difficult○whether or not the person likes the people who are watching7..According to paragraph4,if other people are present,a person's performance on a task that he or she is just learning would most likely be○somewhat worse than if no one else is there○somewhat better than if no one else is there○completely unaffected by the presence of those other people○dependent on the number of people who are presentParagraph5：What happens in cooperative tasks when two or more people are working together instead of competing Do they increase their effort or slack off Researcher Bibb Latan used the term social loafing to refer to people's tendency to exert less effort when working with others on a common task than when they work alone.Social loafing occurs in situations where no one person's contribution to the group can be identified and individuals are neither praised for a good performance nor blamed for a poor one.In one experiment,Latan and others asked male students to shout and clap as loudly as possible,first alone and then in groups.In groups of two,individuals made only71percent of the noise they had made alone;in groups of four,each student put forth51percent of his solo effort;and with six students,each made only a 40percent effort.8..The word exert in the passage is closest in meaning to○put forth○waste○demand○accept9..According to paragraph5,people tend to engage in social loafing when they○prefer to work alone○fear being blamed for a poor performance○believe that their individual performance will not be identified○desire to be loyal to their group10..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph5about Bibb Latan¨¦'s research on social loafing○The less a person likes to work alone,the harder that person is likely to work as a member of a group.○The less a person contributes to a group,the more likely it is that person will be blamed if the group performs poorly.○The more people there are in a group,the more likely they are to compete with each other.○The fewer people there are in a group,the less likely it is that social loafing will occur.Paragraph6：Harkins and Jackson found that social loafing disappeared when participants in a group believed that each person's performance could be monitored and evaluated;indeed,even the idea that the group performance may be evaluated against some standard can be sufficient to eliminate the loafing effect.When a group is relatively small and group evaluation is important,some members will even expendextra effort if they know that some of their coworkers are unwilling,unreliable,or incompetent to perform well.Moreover,social loafing is unlikely when participants can evaluate their own individual contribution or when they have a personal stake in the outcome.It is also unlikely when participants feel that the task is challenging or when they are working with close friends or teammates.Some80experimental studies have been conducted on social loafing in diverse cultures.Based on evidence these studies have produced,social loafing probably occurs in almost all cultures.11..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Social loafing does not occur when participants in the group believe that evaluating individual performance will improve the group's performance.○The loafing effect is eliminated if the members of the group accept the standard by which their performance and that of the group is evaluated.○Social loafing tends to disappear if the members of the group believe that their or the group's performance may be evaluated.○Researchers have found that when group members receive monitoring and evaluation of their performance,their performance improves.12..According to paragraph6,which of the following has NOT been shown to decrease social loafing○Participants know that fellow group members are willing,reliable,and competent.○The group's task is seen as a challenge.○Group members know and like each other.○Participants know that their group is being judged on its performance.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Paragraph6：Harkins and Jackson found that social loafing disappeared when participants in a group believed that each person's performance could be monitored and evaluated;indeed,even the idea that the group performance may be evaluated against some standard can be sufficient to eliminate the loafing effect.【】When a group is relatively small and group evaluation is important,some members will even expend extra effort if they know that some of their coworkers are unwilling, unreliable,or incompetent to perform well.（担心队友偷懒采取行动）【】Moreover, social loafing is unlikely when participants can evaluate their own individual contribution or when they have a personal stake in the outcome.【】It is also unlikely when participants feel that the task is challenging or when they are working with close friends or teammates.Some80experimental studies have been conducted on social loafing in diverse cultures.Based on evidence these studies have produced,social loafing probably occurs in almost all cultures.【】However,it appears to be most common in individualistic Western cultures such as that of the United States.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○When people are present,the performance of individuals generally improves on tasks they already do well but worsens on tasks they generally do poorly.○Studies show that bicycle racers pedal faster when they are competing against other racers,but children wind fishing reels slower when in the presence of others than when alone.○People's performance on a task is more affected by the presence of others when those others are engaged in the same task than when the others are passive spectators.○When people work together on a common task but no one's contribution is measured,there is a tendency for individuals to work less hard than if they were working alone.○Social loafing decreases under certain conditions,such as when the performance of the group or its members is evaluated or when a positive outcome matters to the participants.○While social loafing occurs in almost all groups across cultures,the extent to which it occurs in any particular group depends on the individual personalities of the group's members.The Identification of the Genetic MaterialParagraph1：The history of biology is filled with incidents in which research on one specific topic has contributed richly to another,apparently unrelated area.Such a case is the work of Frederick Griffith,an English physician whose attempts to prevent the disease pneumonia led to the identification of the material in cells that contains genetic information the information that determines an organism's characteristic structure.In the1920s,Griffith was studying the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae,or pneumococcus,one of the organisms that cause pneumonia in humans. He was trying to develop a vaccine against this devastating illness.He was working with two strains of the bacteria pneumococcus.A bacterial strain is a population of cells descended from a single parent cell;strains differ in one or more inherited characteristics.Griffith's strains were designated S and R because,when grown in the laboratory,one produced shiny,smooth(S)colonies or groups of bacteria,and the other produced colonies that look rough(R).1..The word apparently in the passage is closest in meaning to○seemingly○surprisingly○relatively○previously2..According to paragraph1,Griffith experimented with strains of the pneumococcus bacteria because he wanted to discover which of the following○A strain of bacteria that could be used to develop a vaccine○How bacterial strains developed under laboratory conditions○Why the strains of bacteria differed in appearance○Which bacterial strains were most infectious in humansParagraph2：When the S strain was injected into mice,the mice became diseased. When the R strain was injected,the mice did not become diseased.Bacteria of the S strain are virulent(able to cause disease)because they are surrounded by a protective jelly-like coating that prevents the mouse's immune defense mechanisms from destroying the bacteria before they can multiply.The R strain lacks this coating. 3..Why does the author provide the information that The R strain lacks this coating○To provide an example of variations within strains of pneumococcus bacteria○To explain why the R strain is not able to cause disease○To suggest that the R strain has other ways to defend itself from immune defense mechanisms○To explain why mice became diseased when injected with the R strainstrainParagraph3：With the hope of developing a vaccine against pneumonia,Griffith injected some mice with heat-killed S pneumococci.These heat-killed bacteria did not produce infection.Griffith assumed the mice would produce antibodies to the bacteria that would allow them to fight the virulent form if they were exposed to it.However, when Griffith inoculated other mice with a mixture of living R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria,to his astonishment,the mice became ill with pneumonia. When he examined blood from these mice,he found it full of living bacteria many with characteristics of the virulent S strain.Griffith concluded that,in the presence of the dead S pneumococci,some of the living R pneumococci had been transformed into virulent S-strain organisms.4..The word astonishment in the passage is closest in meaning to○alarm○surprise○disappointment○interest5..According to paragraph3,why did Griffith conclude from his experiment injecting both R and S strains pneumococci into mice that some of the R strain bacteriatransformed into disease-causing S strain pneumococci○All the living bacteria he found in the blood of the injected mice were S strain bacteria.○He already knew from earlier experiments that R strain pneumococci sometimes transform into S strain pneumococci.○He could tell from examining the bacteria under a microscope that some individual pneumococci cells had characteristics of both the S and R strains.○He observed living cells in the mice's blood with S strain characteristics,but the only living cells injected were R strain pneumococci.Paragraph4：Did this transformation of the bacteria depend on something the mouse did to the bacteria No.It was shown that simply putting living R and heat-killed S bacteria together in a test tube yielded the same transformation.Next it was discovered that a cell-free extract of heat-killed S cells also transformed R cells.(A cell-free extract contains all the contents of cells,but no intact cells.)This result demonstrated that some substance called at the time a chemical transforming principle from the extract of S pneumococci could cause a heritable change(a change that could be passed on to future generations)in the affected R cells.From these observations,some scientists concluded that this transforming material carried heritable information,and thus was the genetic material that scientists had been searching for.6..According to paragraph4,why was Griffith's experiment repeated in a test tube○To provide additional support for the transformation of R-strain into S-strain pneumococci○To establish whether or not the transformation of R cells was caused by something the mouse's body did○To determine why the S-strain pneumococci somehow survived if they were in the presence of the R-strain○To test the results of adding a cell-free extract to the mixture7..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○This result showed that the chemical transforming principle in S pneumococci was passed on to future generations of S pneumococci.○After exposure to the cell-free extract from the S pneumococci,R pneumococci strain cells acquired the ability to transform themselves into S pneumococci.○The transformation of R cells by a cell-free extract of S pneumococci demonstrated the existence of a chemical transforming principle that brought about heritable change.○This transformation showed that the characteristics that the S pneumococci possess are superior to the characteristics of R pneumococci.Paragraph5：The identification of the transforming material was a crucial step in the history of biology,accomplished over a period of several years by Oswald Avery and his colleagues at what is now Rockefeller University.They treated samples of the transforming extract in a variety of ways to destroy different types of substances proteins,nucleic acids,carbohydrates,and lipids and tested the treated samples to see if they had retained transforming activity.The answer was always the same:If the DNA(deoxyribo nucleic acid)in the extract was destroyed,transforming activity was lost;everything else could be eliminated without removing the transforming ability of the extract.As a final step,Avery,with Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty,isolated virtually pure DNA from a sample of pneumococcal transforming extract and showed that it caused bacterial transformation.8..According to paragraph5,why did Oswald Avery and his colleagues treat the transforming extract in a variety of destructive ways○They hoped to destroy the virulent part of the transforming extract.○They wanted to identify the substance responsible for the transforming activity.○They wanted to identify which methods would destroy particular substances in the transforming extract.○They needed to determine which treatments were most successful in destroying DNA.9..The word virtually in the passage is closest in meaning to○perfectly○nearly○partially○relativelyParagraph6：In retrospect,the work of Avery,MacLeod,and McCarty,published in 1944,was a milestone in establishing that DNA is the genetic material.However,at the time,it had little impact on scientists'view about the physical basis of inheritance. The genetic material had to encode all the information needed to specify an organism, and the chemical complexity and diversity of proteins were known to be impressive. So during the first half of the twentieth century,the hereditary material was generally assumed to be a protein.Nucleic acids,by contrast,were known to have only a few components and seemed too simple to carry such complex information.10..The phrase In retrospect in the passage is closest in meaning to○By general agreement○In reality○Looking back○Practically speaking11..According to paragraph6,why did scientists continue to believe that the hereditary material was a protein○Scientists thought that the research of Avery and his colleagues provided insufficient information about the nature of DNA.○Scientists believed that only proteins were complex enough to carry genetic information.○Scientists thought Avery and his colleagues had little understanding of the physical basis of inheritance.○Scientists ignored important milestones that indicated the chemical complexity of DNA.12..Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the transformed R-strain pneumococci○They had acquired the genetic information for producing a protective coating.○They were unable to cause transformation in other strains of pneumococci.○In the presence of heat-killed R-strain bacteria,they lost their virulence.○They did not multiply as quickly as nontransformed cells did.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.WhyWhere would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.此题被插入句不完整，无法做14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○From the1920s through1944,researchers used pneumococcus bacteria to discover the properties of DNA because the bacteria was relatively simple,having only two strains.○Frederick Griffith discovered that a nonvirulent strain of bacteria could be transformed into a virulent strain by being exposed to dead cells from the virulent strain.○By selectively destroying various substances in the cells of pneumococci bacteria, Oswald Avery and his colleagues identified DNA as the substance that caused bacterial transformation.○Oswald Avery injected the combination of heat-killed,virulent cells and nonvirulent cells into mice because he hoped this would lead to a vaccine for pneumonia.○Avery and his colleagues were able to isolate Griffith's transforming principle by injecting mice with the extract that contained the transforming principle.○Scientists did not initially recognize the importance of the discovery that DNA could cause genetic transformation because the hereditary material was assumed to be a protein.How Birds Acquire Their SongsParagraph1：Most songbirds hatch in the spring and then merely listen to the songs of adult male birds until sometime in late summer or autumn,when the adults stop singing,not to resume until the end of winter the following year.It is usually male birds that are doing the singing in northern latitudes,though female singing is common in the tropics.Many young songbirds do no singing of their own until nearly a year after their birth.With the coming of their second spring,their testosterone levels rise and this in turn prompts them to begin singing,with their song development following a predictable pattern over a period of weeks.At first,their songs may be a quiet,jumbled series of chirps and whistles.Over time,young birds begin to use the syllables of their species'songs,though the order in which these syllables appear will vary.Finally,their songs crystallize(take form)into the clear, orderly song of their species.1..The word prompts in the passage is closest in meaning to○stimulates○strengthens○prepares○forces2..According to paragraph1,which of the following is true of male songbirds in the first year of life○They do not begin singing until sometime in late summer or autumn.○They begin singing earlier in the tropics than in northern latitudes.○They listen to songs of adults for an extended period of time before they themselves sing.○Their earliest songs contain the characteristic order of syllables for their species. Paragraph2：There is a songbird,called the white-crowned sparrow,whose song development follows this general script while providing some variations that are instructive about the interplay of internal influences and learning in birdsong. White-crowned sparrows raised in captivity will follow the pattern of song acquisition just described:they listen to songs in their first spring and summer but do not themselves begin singing until they are perhaps six months old.In nature,however, things are different.For example,the white-crown found year-round in the San Francisco area sings a particular regional variant or dialect of the basic white-crown song and begins singing within six weeks or so of birth and may progress to fully crystallized song as early as three months after birth,meaning about September. 3..The word particular in the passage is closest in meaning to○popular○specific○well-known○complexParagraph3：Why would there be a difference between singing in nature and singing in the laboratory█The pressures of nature.█As year-round residents,the San Francisco white-crowns do not fly into an area in spring and then establish territories.█Rather,they establish territories as early as their first autumn.█One function of birdsong is to announce,I have a territory here.Young white-crowns,like many species,will extend this practice by counter singing,meaning a male,upon hearing the song of a nearby male of its species,will repeat the exact song he has heard,thus setting off a back-and-forth duel,like two children in an argument,each of them saying,I'm still here.4..According to paragraphs2and3,all of the following are true about San Francisco white-crowns EXCEPT:○They do not migrate to another area in spring to establish territories.○They completely acquire their song as early as three months after birth.○They establish territories in their first autumn.○They begin singing much earlier in captivity than they do in nature.5..In paragraph3,the author points out that San Francisco white-crowns establish their territories in the area in which they are born in order to explain which of the following○Why they practice counter-singing○Why they get better territories than white-crowns that establish territories in areas in which they are not born○Why they are more competitive than white-crowns raised in captivity○Why in their natural habitat they start singing earlier than white-crowns raised in captivity6..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Many species,including white-crowns,use a dueling technique to spread the practice of countersinging to other males of the species.○A young white-crown male uses countersinging to learn the songs of nearby males by repeatedly practicing them.○A young white-crown male engages in countersinging with a nearby male in order to assert its continuing presence in its territory.○Young white-crown males,much like young children,are competitive.Paragraph4：Internal influences and learning are also on display in white-crowns in the way they acquire their songs.We know that there is often a so-called sensitive period for animal learninga kind of window in which an animal is able to acquire certain skills or information.In laboratory-raised white-crowns,the sensitive periodstarts at about ten days after birth and extends until about fifty days after birth.A white-crown that became deaf prior to the opening of the sensitive period eventually will sing individual notes,but it will never learn to sing its species'song.Meanwhile, white-crowns that are raised in nature through part of their sensitive period and then taken to the laboratory will begin singing the following winter in the dialect of the area in which they were hatched.Two points are worth observing about this.First, note that these birds are learning the white-crown song months before they ever start practicing it themselves.Indeed,the learning window will be closed completely(in their first summer)before these lab-reared birds ever sing a note(the following winter).Second,learning is important enough in song acquisition that white-crowns learn not just their species'song but local or regional variants of it,which they are able to recall months after last hearing them.7..The word eventually in the passage is closest in meaning to○generally○probably○in the end○at the least8..The word recall in the passage is closest in meaning to○repeat○remember○recognize○complete9..According to paragraph4,white-crowns with which of the following life histories demonstrate the importance of memory in song acqusition○White-crowns that learn a dialect before they learn their standard song○White-crowns that first heard a dialect of the white-crown song before they were ten days old○White-crowns that were moved from where they were born to a different region during their sensitive period○White-crowns that were raised in nature through part of their sensitive period and then transferred to the laboratory10..What can be inferred from paragraph4about the local dialect of the species song that a white-crown sings after the sensitive period has closed○Those dialects must be learned during the sensitive period and are retained thereafter even in new environments.○Those dialects can be learned after the sensitive period if they are common in the local area.○Those dialects can be learned after the sensitive period if the birds are raised in the laboratory.○Those dialects are learned during the sensitive period and afterward used only when。
TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译+解析+答案】
TPO1-34综合写作TPO 1 (1)1. 阅读部分 (1)2. 听力部分 (3)3. 范文赏析 (5)TPO 2 (7)1. 阅读部分 (7)2. 听力部分 (10)3. 范文赏析 (12)TPO 3 (14)1. 阅读部分 (14)2. 听力部分 (16)3. 范文赏析 (17)TPO4 (19)1. 阅读部分 (19)2. 听力部分 (21)3. 范文赏析 (22)TPO5 (24)1. 阅读部分 (24)2. 听力部分 (24)3. 范文赏析 (24)TPO6 (25)1. 阅读部分 (25)2. 听力部分 (25)3. 范文赏析 (25)TPO7 (26)1. 阅读部分 (26)2. 听力部分 (26)3. 范文赏析 (26)TPO8 (27)1. 阅读部分 (27)2. 听力部分 (27)3. 范文赏析 (27)TPO9 (28)1. 阅读部分 (28)2. 听力部分 (28)3. 范文赏析 (28)TPO10 (29)1. 阅读部分 (29)2. 听力部分 (29)3. 范文赏析 (29)TPO11 (30)1. 阅读部分 (30)3. 范文赏析 (30)TPO12 (31)1. 阅读部分 (31)2. 听力部分 (32)3. 范文赏析 (34)TPO13 (35)1. 阅读部分 (35)2. 听力部分 (36)3. 范文赏析 (38)TPO14 (39)1. 阅读部分 (39)2. 听力部分 (40)3. 范文赏析 (41)TPO15 (43)1. 阅读部分 (43)2. 听力部分 (44)3. 范文赏析 (45)TPO16 (47)1. 阅读部分 (47)2. 听力部分 (48)3. 范文赏析 (49)TPO17 (51)1. 阅读部分 (51)2. 听力部分 (52)3. 范文赏析 (54)TPO18 (55)1. 阅读部分 (55)2. 听力部分 (55)3. 范文赏析 (55)TPO19 (56)1. 阅读部分 (56)2. 听力部分 (56)3. 范文赏析 (56)TPO20 (57)1. 阅读部分 (57)2. 听力部分 (57)3. 范文赏析 (57)TPO21 (58)1. 阅读部分 (58)2. 听力部分 (58)3. 范文赏析 (58)TPO22 (59)1. 阅读部分 (59)3. 范文赏析 (59)TPO23 (60)1. 阅读部分 (60)2. 听力部分 (60)3. 范文赏析 (60)TPO24 (61)1. 阅读部分 (61)2. 听力部分 (61)3. 范文赏析 (61)TPO25 (62)1. 阅读部分 (62)2. 听力部分 (62)3. 范文赏析 (62)TPO26 (63)1. 阅读部分 (63)2. 听力部分 (63)3. 范文赏析 (63)TPO27 (64)1. 阅读部分 (64)2. 听力部分 (64)3. 范文赏析 (64)TPO28 (65)1. 阅读部分 (65)2. 听力部分 (65)3. 范文赏析 (65)TPO29 (66)1. 阅读部分 (66)2. 听力部分 (66)3. 范文赏析 (66)TPO30 (67)1. 阅读部分 (67)2. 听力部分 (67)3. 范文赏析 (67)TPO31 (68)1. 阅读部分 (68)2. 听力部分 (68)3. 范文赏析 (68)TPO32 (69)1. 阅读部分 (69)2. 听力部分 (70)3. 范文赏析 (70)TPO33 (71)1. 阅读部分 (71)3. 范文赏析 (71)TPO34 (72)1. 阅读部分 (72)2. 听力部分 (73)3. 范文赏析 (74)TPO 11. 阅读部分In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。
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学生名字：贺泽华
做题日期：7/12/2015
做题耗时：16min
篇章套数：TPO10（1）
错第____4、6、9________题
共____14___ 题，错__3___道。
问题总览：写出错题题型、错题原因、相应题型答题步骤
1.第12题，错选D。
复述题。
D项的主要信息错误，比原文多表达了一层意思，但逻辑关系正确（因果）
答题步骤：精读原句、找出主干，读选项，看选项是否符合原句主干意思，检查选项（修饰的正确性，宁缺毋滥）；若有逻辑关系：读原句、找出主干和逻辑关系，找出有同样逻辑关系的选项，比较主要信息、排除筛选。
2.第6题，错选A。
词汇题。
Instigate指教唆、鼓动，引申为引起，与cause同义。
带回原文时并列关系也弄错了（A项improve中没有并列）
3.第9题，错选D。
修辞目的题。
D项中添加了how，与原文不符。
答题步骤：读题干，读懂原段中信息所在句，找论点（先往前找）
段落大意：
1.引出陶瓷在中国的地位
2.陶瓷的种类，用法和功能
3.陶瓷的制造历史和艺术历史
4.由于贸易而产生的陶瓷技术的改进改良
5.瓷器上装饰图案和其表示的内容
6.陶瓷在宗教、政治上的使用
生词：
Instigate to cause sth bad to happen v.煽动，唆使。
Slip n.失足，跌倒，事故
Pomegranate n.石榴树
学生名字：贺泽华
做题日期：7/12/2015
做题耗时：14min
篇章套数：TPO10（2）
错第____7、11、14________题
共____13___ 题，错__3___道。
问题总览：写出错题题型、错题原因、相应题型答题步骤
1.第7题，错选B。
词汇题。
Erratic（不认识）指古怪的、飘忽不定的，与unpredictable 意思接近，且与chaotic（不认识，指混乱的）并列。
2.第11题，错选D。
词汇题。
Invoke（也不认识）指引起，求助，与call upon义同。
但带入时发现D项是可以的，所以选错了。
3.第14题，错选ADE。
归总题。
答题步骤：读题干，看全文，选出可以概括段落大意的选项，且要与文意符合，不能选细节。
段落大意：
1.确定气候变化的难度的具体表现
2.仪器记录可以更加客观地描述近代气候的变化
3.地理发现有助于人们了解气候的变迁
4.全新世的气候呈稳定
5.记录中揭示了气候变化的原因
6.建立气候计算机模型
7.外部因素对地球气候的影响（火山和太阳）
生词：
Erratic not happening at regular times; not following any plan or regular pattern; that you cannot rely on a.不规则的；不确定的；不稳定的
Chaotic In a state of complete confusion and lack of order a.混乱的；杂乱的Invoke to make a request (for help) to sb, especially a god v.请求帮助。
Call upon to ask or demand that sb do sth 请求，要求
学生名字：贺泽华
做题日期：7/13/2015
做题耗时：16min
篇章套数：TPO10（3）
错第_____11______题
共__14_____ 题，错_1___道。
问题总览：写出错题题型、错题原因、相应题型答题步骤
1.第11题，错选D。
指代题。
D项里English law 是错误的，指代词是经济上的。
A项在下
文有解释
答题步骤;读题干、找对应，找上文（指代词往往向前指代），优先指代主干。
段落大意：
1.（总起）欧洲16、17世纪的经济增长离不开农业和贸易
2.欧洲农业用地的扩大
3.经济发展源于乡镇的原因
4.贸易的扩张和手工业的发展带来的经济增长
5.银行等金融业对经济增长的贡献
6.贷款对贸易和经济的帮助
7.经济增长带来的衍生物
生词：
Spectacular a.壮丽的，引人注意的
Promissory a.应允的，约定的
Joint-stock a.合资的，股份组织的
Linen n.亚麻布a.亚麻布的。