工业工程论文

2010082020023张明建设有特色的工业工程专业论文摘要:旨在探索工业工程专业建设的特点和规律,应用理论联系实际的方法,在分析工业工程学科体系和一般特点的基础上,结合综合性大学的学科特点,提出了南京大学工业工程专业的培养目标和课程体系及教学实践等所体现的专业特色,为工业工程专业发展和成熟提供理论指导。

根据最近的统计资料,目前全国已有161所高等院校开设工业工程(IE)专业。

有迹象表明,开办工业工程专业的院校还在不断增加。

南京大学是在2003年向教育部申请开办工业工程专业的,在全国开办工业工程专业的院校中,属于新办院校。

当年即在南京大学其它专业选拔了愿意转入工业工程专业的23名学生作为第一届学生。

2004年正式在全国招生。

2007年将有第一届毕业生,接受社会和市场的检验,目前就业情况良好。

从着手开办工业工程专业开始,我们一直在思考的问题是如何培养具有南京大学特色的IE专业?我们的培养目标是什么?因为这两个问题不解决,后面的教学计划、课程设置、教学实践将无法设计、安排和落实。

1 工业工程的学科体系在回答上述两个问题之前,首先必须弄清楚的是工业工程的学科体系和特点,即回答什么是工业工程以及如何区别工业工程与其它学科的界限问题。

说到什么是工业工程,业内人士自然会想到AI-IE(美国工业工程师协会)关于工业工程的那一大段定义,把定义念完之后,非工业工程专业人士还是未能理解什么是工业工程。

简单地说,工业工程就是“用技术的方法系统、经济、有效地解决技术和管理问题”。

这一简单定义首先将IE专业与其它专业区别开来。

IE用技术的方法来解决管理问题,而其它管理专业( 企业管理、公共管理等)则不能用技术的方法来解决管理问题[1]; IE与其它工程学科的不同在于:①IE 可以解决管理问题,其它工程学科则只能解决技术问题;②IE用系统方法解决复杂系统的技术和管理问题,其它工程学科做不到。

下面我们再来分析这一简单定义背后所隐含的IE学科体系和特点。

①交叉性。

IE是把技术和管理有机结合起来的一门边缘学科/交叉工程学科[2], 这意味着IE专业学生不仅要学习技术类课程,而且要学习管理类课程,更重要的是把技术和管理有机地结合起来,这需要在整个的教学过程中具体贯彻落实;同时也决定了IE专业培养的是复合型人才[3]。

②系统性。

IE用系统方法解决复杂系统的技术和管理问题,这意味着IE专业学生对系统有着更高、更抽象的见解,能够站在系统的高度,对系统问题进行规划、设计、管理、改进和创新[4];这同时意味着IE专业学生能够领导跨学科团队进行工作,能够成为一个有效的管理者。

③创新性。

从IE发展历史看,一百多年来,这一古老的学科,仍然具有生命力,长盛不衰,其根本原因就在于它的创新性,根据社会发展需求,不断改革课程体系和教学方法,以适应社会经济环境的发展变化[5]。

这也印证了IE专业的一句行话,“改善无止境”( It is always a betterway)。

④工程实践性。

IE专业的目标是用技术的方法来经济、有效地解决社会系统的现实问题,这意味着IE培养的学生具有解决社会系统现实问题的能力。

IE重在应用、重在实践,离开了实际系统的应用,离开了实践, IE也就不复存在了。

在充分分析IE特点的基础上,再来描述IE学科体系如图1所示[6-12]。

第一层:公共基础,包括数学、物理学、文学和外语。

第二层:专业公共基础,包括社会学、经济学、管理学、工程学、系统科学。

第三层:专业基础,包括运筹学、计算机与信息科学、控制论。

第四层:专业课程与应用方向,包括设计改善、分析评价与决策、过程控制和综合应用。

2 培养目标在对IE学科体系及特点充分讨论,形成共识的基础上,我们制定了IE专业的培养目标:使学生具有良好的人文素养和沟通技能;掌握扎实的数理基础理论、宽广的经济管理知识、实用的工程信息技术;能够熟练运用工业工程的基本原理和方法,对生产和服务系统进行分析、规划、设计、运作和管理,成为适合制造业和服务业需求的复合型高级工程技术管理人才。

上述培养目标勾画出了南京大学工业工程专业的基本特色:①强调文理基础。

在南京大学办工科,应充分利用南京大学文理见长的优势,这也是大学科交叉的基础,将文、理、工融合起来,要比将技术与管理融合起来具有更加深远的意义和影响。

②明确工业工程技术体系。

在前面的IE定义中,我们只强调用技术的方法来解决技术和管理问题,并没有规定用什么样的技术,这就给各个学校的IE专业发展提供了广阔的空间,各校在开办IE专业时,将根据各自学校的优势和师资的优势,选择恰当的技术作支撑。

全世界各个学校的IE专业几乎都各不相同,其最大不同,就在于所采用的技术不同。

文献[13]认为,工业工程的技术体系包括三大类,社会学、经济学、管理学、工程学和系统科学是其理论基础,工程技术、信息技术是其支撑技术。

我院在信息技术方面具有长期的研究积累和成果,不少教师具有计算机或信息科学专业背景,大部分教师具有信息系统设计、开发与实施经验,未来的社会将是信息社会,因此,将信息技术作为IE的关键技术之一写入培养目标,是恰当的[9],也是符合我院实际的。

③明确具体的应用对象。

前面谈到, IE特点之一是工程实践性,培养的IE学生在什么行业发挥作用呢,我们的培养目标明确指出在制造业和服务业。

制造业包括各类离散制造型企业和流程型企业,主要应用工程信息技术来解决制造过程中的技术和管理问题,如管理控制一体化问题、企业内部物流问题等。

服务业主要是指物流与供应链管理以及金融工程,这是我院的强项,可以将许多科研成果应用到教学工作中。

④强调从系统级解决问题。

作为南京大学培养的IE专业学生,要求能从系统角度解决生产与服务系统存在的问题。

3 课程设置明确了IE专业学科体系和培养目标之后,课程设置应该不是一件困难的事。

但在教学实践中,我们发现如何教好每一门课和界定课程之间的联系与差别是关键。

从图1可以清楚地看出IE学科体系及其相互关系,但不能保证所有任课教师都是IE出身,都能理解IE,这就是困难之所在。

我们的学生经常会问,为什么要学习这一门课,它和IE有什么关系?不是每一个任课教师都能清楚地回答这样的问题,也不是每个任课教师的回答都正确。

这需要IE专业的教师来回答。

我们可以把IE专业课程体系分成6个模块,如图2所示。

每个模块包含若干课程。

如分析计算模块,课程包括运筹学、高级运筹学、概率与数理统计、数值分析;计算机信息技术模块,包括计算机技术基础、C++程序设计、数据结构、数据库原理与应用、微机原理与应用、管理信息系统等;工程技术模块,包括工程图学和计算机图学、机械设计基础、机械制造基础、现代制造系统等;经济模块,包括管理经济学、财务会计、工程经济学、金融工程、金融计量学等;管理模块,包括管理学、供应链管理、人力资源管理、质量管理、项目管理等; IE 核心模块,课程包括工业工程基础、生产管理、人因工程、物流工程等;每一个模块内的课程有实验和设计项目,每一个模块内的课程之间也有实验或设计项目,在模块之间也有实验和综合性实验项目,以培养学生综合应用所学知识解决实际问题能力;最后还有产业/方向模块,其目的是给学生在某些产业方面更多更强的知识和训练。

在实施这一教学理念的过程中,我们强调, 1)要界定清楚每一个模块内的课程之间的联系和区别。

规定课程的学时数、课程大纲和教学要求,规定哪些内容在哪门课程中介绍,介绍到何种程度,后面的课程在内容上如何覆盖和加深等。

2)模块之间的衔接和关联,这是体现技术与管理有机结合的关键。

4 教学实践由于IE的工程实践性,在教学过程中必然要强调IE专业的实践环节。

这可能包括两个方面,实验教学和实践教学。

在我国,经过十多年的发展,在管理科学与工程教学指导委员会的指导下,再加上学习发达国家的先进经验, IE实验教学体系已基本形成,各门课程所要求的实验内容已基本确定,但问题在于如何开展实验课,保障实验课的质量,改善实验效果。

由于受实验场地、设备资源和时间的约束,实验已成为一个验证过程。

我们的理念是提供一个实验平台和实验要求,让学生自己来设计实验,分析实验结果并提出改进方案,真正让学生自己动手做实验,使学生印象深刻。

实验中出现的问题,让学生自己解决,不知不觉中培养了学生利用所学知识综合解决实际问题的能力。

鉴于现在的学生极少经历过社会实践的事实,在教学环节上加强实践教学环节。

如金工实习、工厂参观、短期企业调查、专业实习等,使学生对企业有一个感性认识。

这虽然加大了教学投入,但对于改善教学效果,起到了良好的促进作用。

5 结论实践已经证明, IE无论是在发达国家,还是在发展中国家都得到了蓬勃发展,在社会经济建设中发挥了重大作用,中国对IE专业人才的需求将大大超过供给。

而且,社会对IE专业人才的需求是多方面、多层次的,各个学校在办学过程中,如能注意发挥各自的特色和优势,必将充分发挥IE专业潜能。

良好的培养目标和教学计划的设计是成功的基础,但真正的成功还有待于社会实践的检验。

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There are signs that open industrial engineering professional colleges and universities is increasing. Nanjing university in 2003 education department offered to apply for the industrial engineering major, in the national start industrial engineering major colleges, is among the new do colleges and universities. That year namely in nanjing university other professional selection into the industrial engineering major is willing to 23 students as the first students. 2004 the formal in admissions. 2007 will have the first graduates, accept social and market inspection, the present employment in good condition. To start from the industrial engineering major is started, we have been thinking of problem is how to train with the nanjing university characteristics of IE professional? Our training target is Because the two problem is solved, the back of the teaching plan, the curriculum, teaching practice will not design, arrangement and implementation.1 subject system of industrial engineeringIn answer to these two questions before, first must make it clear that the industrial engineering discipline system and characteristics, that is, what answer is industrial engineering and how to distinguish between industrial engineering and other disciplines the boundary issue. What is said to industrial engineering, industry insiders naturally think of AI-IE (American industrial engineer association) about theindustrial engineering a large section of the definition, the definition finish after, non-industrial engineering professionals or failed to understand what is the industrial engineering. Say simply, industrial engineering is "with the technology method system, economic and effective solution to the technology and management problems". This simple definition will first with other professional IE professional from the rest. IE with the technology method to solve the problem of management, and other management professional (enterprise management, public management, and so on) are not using technology method to solve the management [1]; IE and other engineering disciplines is different: (1) can solve problems IE management, and other engineering disciplines can only solve the technical problems; (2) system to solve the complex method with IE system technologyBelow we come again analysis this simple definition hidden behind IE subject system and characteristics. (1) does. IE is the technology and management of the combined a borderline subject/cross engineering discipline [2], this means that students should not only learn IE technical course, but also to learn management course, more important is the technology and management organically, this needs to be in the whole teaching process to specific implementation; At the same time also decided the professional training IE multi-talents [3]. (2) the systematic. IE methods to solve complex system with system of technology and management problems, this means that students have to system IE higher, more abstract ideas, can stand in the height of the system, the problems of system planning, design, management and improvement and innovation [4]; This also means that students can lead the IE team for interdisciplinary work, can be an effective managers. (3) the innovation. From IE development history look, for more than one hundred years, this old discipline, still have vitality, changsheng don'tIn the full analysis based on the characteristics of the IE, again to describe IE subject systemThe first layer: public foundation, including maths and physical science, literature and language.The second floor: professional public foundation, including sociology, economics, management, engineering, system science.The third floor: professional basis, including operations research, calculating machine and information science, cybernetics.The fourth floor: professional curriculum and application direction, including design improvement, and analysis and evaluation and decision, process control and comprehensive application2 training targetIn IE subject system and characteristics of full discussion, on the basis of consensus, we developed the IE professional training goal: to make the student to have the good humanity accomplishment and communication skills; Solid grasp the basic theory of mathematical, broad economic management knowledge, the practical engineering information technology; Proficient in industrial engineering, basic principle and method of production and service system analysis, planning, design, operation and management, manufacturing and services will be a good fit for the demand of the complex engineering technology management talent.The training target Outlines the nanjing university of industrial engineering major basic features: (1) emphasize arts foundation. In nanjing university do engineering, should make full use of the advantage of nanjing university/arts, this also is the foundation of course cross, will the combine, science, engineering, than to technology and management is a more profound combine the significance and influence. (2) industrial engineering technology system clearly. In front of the IE definition, we only emphasized with the technology method to solve the technical and management problems, and no provisions with what kind of technology, this will give each school IE professional development to provide a broad space, the schools offered professional in IE, according to their respective will school the superiority and the advantage of teachers, choose the right technology as support. World each school IE professional almost each are not identical, the biggest different, lies in the technology employed different. Literature [13] think, industrial engineering technology system includes three major categories, sociology, economics, management, engineering and system science is the theoretical basis, engineering3 coursesClear the IE professional subject system and training target after, curriculum should not be a difficult thing. But in the teaching practice, we find that how to teach a course and define each course and the connection between the difference is the key.Figure 1 can clearly see IE subject system and their relationship, but cannot guarantee that all the teachers are IE background, can understand IE, that is where the rub is. Our students often ask, why to want to learn this lesson, it and IE have what relation? Not all of the teachers can clearly answer the question, not every professional teacher answer is correct. This requires IE professional teachers to answerWe can put the IE professional curriculum system is divided into six module, as shown in figure 2 shows. Each module contains several courses. Such as analytical calculation module, course includes operations research, senior operations research, probability and mathematical statistics, numerical analysis; Computer information technology module, including computer technology foundation, the c + +programming, data structure, principle and application of database, microcomputer principle and application, management information systems; Engineering technology module, including engineering graphics and computer graphics, mechanical design basis, machinery manufacturing base, modern manufacturing systems; Economic modules, including management economics, financial accounting, engineering, economics, financial engineering, financial metrology, etc.; Management module, including management, supply chain management, human resources management, quality management, project management, etc.; IE core module, course includes industrial engineering foundation, the production management, the people for engineering, logistics engineering, etc.; Each module of the course has experiment and design project, and each module of the course are also connected experiment or design item4 teaching practiceBecause of the engineering practice in IE, in the course of teaching must emphasize IE professional practice. This may include two aspects, the experiment teaching and practice teaching. In China, after 10 years of development, in management science and engineering education committee, under the guidance of developed countries plus learn advanced experience, IE experimental teaching system has basically formed, various curriculum requirements of experiment content is almost certain, but the problem lies in how to carry out the experiment, guarantee the quality of the experiment, improve the experimental effect. By experiment site, equipment resources and time constraint, the experiment has become a validation process. Our philosophy is to provide a experimental platform and experimental requirements, let the students to design experiment, analyzing the results and put forward the improvement scheme, real let students to do the experiment, so that the students a deep impression. Experimental problems, let student solve, imperceptible in developing the students' use of knowledge comprehensive ability to solve practical problems.In view of students now rarely experienced social practice facts in teaching should strengthen the practice teaching. Such as the metalworking practice, visit the factory, short term enterprise survey, the professional training, enables the student to the enterprise have a perceptual knowledge. Though this increases the teaching into, but to improve teaching effect, have a good stimulative effect.5 conclusionPractice has proved, IE both in developed countries, developing China's home or developed vigorously, in the social economic construction played a major role, China to IE specialized talented person's demand will greatly exceed supply. And, society to IE specialized talented person's demand is many aspects and levels, each school in running process, such as attention to bring their own characteristics andadvantages, will give full play to the IE professional potential. Good training objectives and teaching plan of the design is the foundation of success, but the true success remains to be social the test of practice.。