工业工程类本科毕业论文外文文献翻译(下)(翻译)
工业工程专业英语最全翻译
UNIT ONEIndust rialEngine ering Educat ion for the 21st Centur y21世纪的工业工程教育The 21st centur y is just a few yearsaway. Strate gic planne rs all over the world a re usingthe year 2000 as the pointfuture busine ss activi ties.Are we all ready f or that time? As the indust rialworldprepar es to meet the techno logic al chall e n gesof the 21st centur y, thereis a need to focuson the people who will take it there. People will be the most import ant of the “man-machin e-materi al” system s compet ing in the next centur y. IEs should play a crucia l role in prepar ing organ i z atio ns for the 21st centur y throug h theirrolesas change initia torsand facil i t ator s. Improv ement s are needed in IE underg radua te educat ion if that role is to be succes sfull y carrie d out.21世纪来临在即，全世界的战略家们把2000年作为商业活动的焦点。
本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院：机械自动化专业：工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师：潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers ＆Industrial Engineering，2013,65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。
假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。
该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。
基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。
本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。
此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。
关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性; 鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。
零部件依次向下移动直到完工。
它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。
在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。
生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。
那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。
就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP）,混合模型(MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。
外文翻译--客户关系管理(CRM)的理论及应用研究
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文题目：A Strategic Framework for Customer Relationship Management 译文题目：客户关系管理的战略框架学生姓名：专业：工业工程指导教师姓名：评阅日期：Adrian Payne & Pennie FrowA Strategic Framework for Customer RelationshipManagementOver the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in customer relationship management (CRM) by both academics and executives. However, despite an increasing amount of published material, most of which is practitioner oriented, there remains a lack of agreement about what CRM is and how CRM strategy should be developed. The purpose of this article is to develop a process-oriented conceptual framework that positions CRM at a strategic level by identifying the key crossfunctional processes involved in the development of CRM strategy. More specifically, the aims of this article are•To identify alternative perspectives of CRM,•To emphasize the importance of a strategic approach to CRM within a holistic organizational context,•To propose five key generic cross-functional processes that organizations can use to develop and deliver an effective CRM strategy, and•To develop a process-based conceptual framework for CRM strategy development and to review the role and components of each process.We organize this article in three main parts. First, we explore the role of CRM and identify three alternative perspectives of CRM. Second, we consider the need for a cross-functional process-based approach to CRM. We develop criteria for process selection and identify five key CRM processes. Third, we propose a strategic conceptual framework that is constructed of these five processes and examine the components of each process.The development of this framework is a response to a challenge by Reinartz, Krafft, and Hoyer (2004), who criticize the severe lack of CRM research that takes a broader, more strategic focus. The article does not explore people issues related to CRM implementation. Customer relationship management can fail when a limitednumber of employees are committed to the initiative; thus, employee engagement and change management are essential issues in CRM implementation. In our discussion, we emphasize such implementation and people issues as a priority area for further research.CRM Perspectives and DefinitionThe term “customer relationship management” emerged in the information technology (IT) vendor community and practitioner community in the mid-1990s. It is often used to describe technology-based customer solutions, such as sales force automation (SFA). In the academic community, the terms “relationship marketing” and CRM are often used interchangeably (Parvatiyar and Sheth 2001). However, CRM is more commonly used in the context of technology solutions and has been described as “information-enabled relationship marketing” (Ryals and Payne 2001, p.3). Zablah, Beuenger, and Johnston (2003, p. 116) suggest that CRM is “a philosophically-related offspring to relationship marketing which is for the most part neglected in the literature,” and they conclude that “further exploration of CRM and its related phenomena is not only warranted but also desperately needed.”A significant problem that many organizations deciding to adopt CRM face stems from the great deal of confusion about what constitutes CRM. In interviews with executives, which formed part of our research process (we describe this process subsequently), we found a wide range of views about what CRM means. To some, it meant direct mail, a loyalty card scheme, or a database, whereas others envisioned it as a help desk or a call center. Some said that it was about populating a data warehouse or undertaking data mining; others considered CRM an e-commerce solution, such as the use of a personalization engine on the Internet or a relational database for SFA. This lack of a widely accepted and appropriate definition of CRM can contribute to the failure of a CRM project when an organization views CRM from a limited technology perspective or undertakes CRM on a fragmented basis.The definitions and descriptions of CRM that different authors and authorities use vary considerably, signifying a variety of CRM viewpoints. To identify alternativeperspectives of CRM, we considered definitions and descriptions of CRM from a range of sources, which we summarize in the Appendix. We excluded other, similar definitions from this list.Grabner-Kraeuter and Moedritscher (2002) suggest that the absence of a strategic framework for CRM from which to define success is one reason for the disappointing results of many CRM initiatives. This view was supported both by the senior executives we interviewed during our research and by Gartner’s (2001) research. Our next challenges were to identify key generic CRM processes using the previously described selection criteria and to develop them into a conceptual framework for CRM strategy development.Our literature review found that few CRM frameworks exist; those that did were not based on a process-oriented cross-functional conceptualization of CRM. For example, Sue and Morin (2001, p. 6) outline a framework for CRM based on initiatives, expected results, and contributions, but this is not process based, and “many initiatives are not explicitly identified in the framework.” Winer (2001, p. 91) develops a “basic model, which contains a set of 7 basic components: a database of customer activity; analyses of the database; given the analyses, decisions about which customers to target; tools for targeting the customers; how to build relationships with the targeted customers; privacy issues; and metrics for measuring the success of the CRM program.” Again, this model, though useful, is not a crossfunctional process-based conceptualization. This gap in the literature suggests that there is a need for a new systematic process-based CRM strategy framework. Synthesis of the diverse concepts in the literature on CRM and relationship marketing into a single, process-based framework should provide practical insights to help companies achieve greater success with CRM strategy development and implementation.Interaction ResearchConceptual frameworks and theory are typically based on combining previous literature, common sense, and experience (Eisenhardt 1989). In this research, weintegrated a synthesis of the literature with learning from field-based interactions with executives to develop and refine the CRM strategy framework. In this approach, we used what Gummesson (2002a) terms “interaction research.” This form of research originates from his view that “interaction and communication play a crucial role” in the stages of research and that testing concepts, ideas, and results through interaction with different target groups is “an integral part of the whole research process” (p. 345). The sources for these field-based insights, which include executives primarily from large enterprises in the business-tobusiness and business-to-consumer sectors, included the following:•An expert panel of 34 highly experienced executives;•Interviews with 20 executives working in CRM, marketing, and IT roles in companies in the financial services sector;•Interviews with six executives from large CRM vendors and with five executives from three CRM and strategy consultancies;•Individual and group discussions with CRM, marketing, and IT managers at workshops with 18 CRM vendors, analysts, and their clients, including Accenture, Baan, BroadVision, Chordiant, EDS, E.piphany, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Gartner, NCR Teradata, Peoplesoft, Oracle, SAP, SAS Institute, Siebel, Sybase, and Unisys;•Piloting the framework as a planning tool in the financial services and automotive sectors; and•Using the framework as a planning tool in two companies: global telecommunications and global logistics. Six workshops were held in each company.Process Identification and the CRM FrameworkWe began by identifying possible generic CRM processes from the CRM and related business literature. We then discussed these tentative processes interactively with the groups of executives. The outcome of this work was a short 170 / Journal of Marketing, October 2005 list of seven processes. We then used the expert panel of experienced CRM executives who had assisted in the development of the process selection schema to nominate the CRM processes that they considered important andto agree on those that were the most relevant and generic. After an initial group workshop, each panel member independently completed a list representing his or her view of the key generic processes that met the six previously agreed-on process criteria. The data were fed back to this group, and a detailed discussion followed to help confirm our understanding of the process categories.As a result of this interactive method, five CRM processes that met the selection criteria were identified; all five were agreed on as important generic processes by more than two-thirds of the group in the first iteration. Subsequently, we received strong confirmation of these as key generic CRM processes by several of the other groups of managers. The resultant five generic processes were (1) the strategy development process, (2) the value creation process, (3) the multichannel integration process, (4) the information management process, and (5) the performance assessment process.We then incorporated these five key generic CRM processes into a preliminary conceptual framework. This initial framework and the development of subsequent versions were both informed by and further refined by our interactions with two primary executive groups: mangers from the previously noted companies and executives from three CRM consulting firms. Participants at several academic conferences on CRM and relationship marketing also assisted with comments and criticisms of previous versions. With evolving versions of the framework, we combined a synthesis of relevant literature with field-based interactions involving the groups. The framework went through a considerable number of major iterations and minor revisions; the final version appears in Figure 2.This conceptual framework illustrates the interactive set of strategic processes that commences with a detailed review of an organization’s strategy (the strategy development process) and concludes with an improvement in business results and increased share value (the performance assessment process). The concept that competitive advantage stems from the creation of value for the customer and for the business and associated cocreation activities (the value creation process) is well developed in the marketing literature. For large companies, CRM activity will involvecollecting and intelligently using customer and other relevant data (the information process) to build a consistently superior customer experience and enduring customer relationships (the multichannel integration process). The iterative nature of CRM strategy development is highlighted by the arrows between the processes in both directions in Figure 2; they represent interaction and feedback loops between the different processes. The circular arrows in the value creation process reflect the cocreation process. We now examine the key components we identified in each process. As with our prior work, we used the interaction research method in the identification of these process components.客户关系管理的战略框架在过去的十年里，管理层和学术界对客户关系管理（CRM）的兴趣激增。
机械工程专业外文文献及翻译
机械工程专业外文文献及翻译文献一（外文标题）
摘要：
该文献研究了机械工程领域中的某个具体问题。
通过实验方法和数学模型的分析，作者得出了一些有意义的结论。
本文介绍了作者的研究方法和结果，并讨论了其在机械工程领域的应用前景。
翻译：
（将文献的主要内容用简洁准确的语言翻译成中文）
文献二（外文标题）
摘要：
该文献探讨了机械工程领域中的另一个重要问题。
通过实证分析和理论推导，作者提出了解决方案，并对其进行了验证。
本文阐述了作者的方法和实验结果，并探讨了其在实践中的应用潜力。
翻译：
（将文献的主要内容用简洁准确的语言翻译成中文）
文献三（外文标题）
摘要：
该文献研究了机械工程领域中的另一个新颖课题。
作者通过数
值模拟和实验验证，得出了一些有趣的发现。
本文介绍了作者的研
究过程和结果，并讨论了其对机械工程领域的影响。
翻译：
（将文献的主要内容用简洁准确的语言翻译成中文）
总结
本文档介绍了三篇机械工程专业的外文文献，包括摘要和翻译。
这些文献都对机械工程领域中的不同问题进行了研究，并提出了相
关的解决方案和发现。
希望这些文献能为机械工程专业的学生和研
究人员提供有价值的参考和启发。
工业工程类本科毕业论文外文文献翻译下翻译
中文译文基于IE技术的工时定额确定摘要工时定额是核算企业运营成本与工人收入的基础,直接关系着企业的生产效率与工人的生产积极性。
针对中小型企业的工时定额建立方法缺乏标准性与科学性，并严重依赖技术人员的经验.本文提供了一种基于IE技术的综合性工时定额确定方法。
工时定额由辅助时间、人机操作时间、工作时间等组成.辅助时间可以通过基于基本工作分解的模特排时法来确定,工作时间由工时定额标准时间来确定。
此外,学习曲线被应用于优化计算结果。
文章的最后用一个实例来验证该方法的有效性。
关键词：工时定额;工时定额标准数据;模特排时法;学习曲线引言工时定额是工厂制定生产计划与进行经济核算所依据的一种主要指标,它的确定方法对于工厂的成本计算是非常重要的.大部分中小型企业采用多品种、小批量的生产方式,产品的规格经常改变，因此工时定额的确定是非常困难的。
现阶段的企业通常采用经验估工法、标准数据法以及既定时间标准设定法来计算工时定额，这需要经验丰富的技术人员与管理人员经过长期的修正才能确定。
无疑,这需要一个比较长的工作周期以及比较高的工作量，而且，工时定额的最终结果很容易被主观因素所影响，从而很难保证准确性与科学性。
所有的这些因素都会为生产计划制定与成本控制造成不利影响。
近年来,学者对这一课题进行了广泛的研究并取得了比较大的进展。
一些研究表明，标准时间可以基于典型操作来进行计算，并阐述了选择典型操作方法的规则.另外一些学者提出了一种包含基于范例推理与基于知识推理的混合推理模型。
这个模型已经成功应用于装配复杂且影响因素众多的一个框架.参考文献3针对提高私营企业生产效率这一目标建立了一种对所有动作进行分类的工时定额基础数据。
另外，使用神经网络来进行工时定额计算是一种新的思路．我们可以发现,工时定额的建立没有统一的规范与标准,所以，寻找出一种更科学,更有效的工时定额确定方法是十分有意义的.本文应用基础的IE知识以及基本元素分解法与模特排时法来详细说明各项基本操作,接下来用更加更合理与人性化的方法来计算工时定额。
外文资料翻译--工业工程的真正价值
毕业论文外文资料翻译学生姓名：学号：学院：经济管理学院专业：工业工程指导教师：外文出处： Professional English for IndustrialEngineering 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文工业工程的真正价值工业工程师非常善于解决问题。
可是具有讽刺性的却是他们仍有一个长期性的问题得不到解决----一致性。
而且这个问题解决起来一直很困难。
事实上，“一致性”恰好是目前工业工程领域所面临的众多挑战性问题之一。
今天激烈的世界竞争和紧张的公司预算都迫使工业工程师们去解决被人们忽视很久的问题。
公司开始重新组合团队结构；工业工程部被逐渐被取消或者重新命名；而且大学和学院也承担着向工业界提供被更好的培训而掌握了更广泛工作能力的毕业生的压力。
另一方面，现在的工业工程师可以使用许多他们30年前的同行想都想不到的技术和工具。
新技术已经提高了精确度和速度并逐渐提高了工业工程师们解决更多样问题的能力。
值得一提的是，工业工程现在有更多的机会去集中于现在许多企业已经视为独立的学科的众多领域中的一个-----包括防真学、运筹学、人因学、物料搬运和物流学。
命名问题什么问题可能会在如此明亮的机会阵列上投下阴影呢？对于初学者来说，随着工业工程新的机遇的产生，诸如工业工程师到底能胜任什么样的工作问题也随之产生。
曾经，定义工业工程是很容易的。
“工业工程那时候在解决问题，制订工作标准和工作简明化方面很简单”有限公司的经理卡罗.彻罗宾如是说。
“但是现在需要放弃那些落后的工业工程定义了。
”甚至现在，在许多公司，工业工程仍然在从事那些现在看来是经典工业工程的传统的工作。
“埃斯曼.柯达公司的人力资源部经理约翰帕娃说：“最大的变化就是工业工程领域的商业化使它们成为具有竞争性的舒适职业。
”而且，工业工程师已经适应了这种竞争技能。
他们现在正在争取这份工作。
联合包装服务公司的工业工程经理杰瑞说：“如果一个人不能对整项工作做全面把握而只是将注意力放在个别的方面，那么结果就不会令人满意。
外文翻译--生产制造过程中对于环境有利的改进方法
中文3210字本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文题目：Improved Methods for Production Manufacturing Processes in Environmentally Benign Manufacturing译文题目：生产制造过程中对于环境有利的改进方法学生姓名：专业：工业工程0901指导教师姓名：评阅日期：Improved Methods for Production Manufacturing Processes inEnvironmentally Benign ManufacturingHow to design a production process with low carbon emissions and low environmental impact as well as high manufacturing performance is a key factor in the success of low-carbon production.It is important to address concerns about climate change for the large carbon emission source manufacturing industries because of their high energy consumption and environmental impact during the manufacturing stage of the production life cycle. In this paper methodology for determining a production process is developed.This methodology integrated process determination from three different levels new production processing, selected production processing and batch production processing.This approach is taken within a manufacturing enterprise based on prior research.The methodology is aimed at providing decision support for implementing Environmentally Benign Manufacturing (EBM) and low-carbon production to improve the environmental performance of the manufacturing industry. At the first level.a decision-making model for new production processes based on the Genetic Simulated Annealing Algorithm (GSAA) is presented.The decision-making model considers not only the traditional factors, such as time, quality and cost, but also energy and resource consumption and environmental impact,which are different from the traditional methods.A manufacturing system is an input-output system in which manufacturing resources (materials and energy) are transformed into products or semi-products. Manufacturing is the backbone industry for economic growth; meanwhile, it consumes a large amount of limited resources and is the root of the current environmental pollution problems. It is reported that 70–80% of the global environmental pollution is caused by manufacturing. Production processing is one of the stages in the life cycle of a production that directly consumes resources, produces environmental pollution emissions and causes occupational health and safety problems [1,2]. Therefore, it is essential for the manufacturing industry to implement environmental benign manufacturing (EBM) and low-carbon manufacturing strategiesthat, with high technology application and economic efficiency, have less resource consumption and less environmental pollution.Since the 1970s, creating the concept has been greatly expanded. 1998 U.S. National Research Council NRC confirmed that manufacturing is still create the most basic means of social wealth, the country's economic engine is running strong pillars and to create defined as: the creation, development, support and provide products and services required by the process of the process And organizational entities. 1999 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT that manufacturers include: product planning, design and development, sales and service and the achievement of these functions by the use of the technology and processes, and to enable the integration of technology and human way.As an industry, modern manufacturing has expanded to include: hardware, software or integrated hardware and software, biotechnology and agricultural production of certain products. China's industrial projects must actively participate in and help manufacturers deal with the following six major challenges:①The use of information technology enterprise organizations to enhance the market's rapid response capability. To this end, manufacturers must make full use of e-commerce and concurrent engineering and other technical means and tools.②Rapid captures, collect competitive information, and quickly put them into competitive intelligence and knowledge. Industrial projects must make full use of competitive intelligence (competitive intelligence), horizontal comparison (benchmarking) and the relations (relationship) and other advanced methods and tools.③Rapid deployment and system integration, technology and resources. Manufacture and development of the network based on Internet and intranet communication.④Eliminate or control pollution, enhance their adaptability to the environment. Executive: the smallest non-renewable resource use, minimize energy use, air and water pollution minimization, so that work and living environment of the four criteria for green guidelines.⑤The development of recombinant enterprises (Reconfigurable Enterprise). The so-called reorganization of enterprises can be in a good infrastructure (such as laws, regulations and administrative, and the orderly and efficient financial and market operation, distribution of resources and communication networks, and other social conditions) support, according to task or project requests for cooperation can quickly "Polymerization" (that is composed of dynamic alliance or virtual), once the task is completed, we can fast-track "dissolution" of a new generation of variable organization and management of enterprises.⑥Innovation and improvement in the flow of (the) way. It is based on elementary particle physics, biotechnology, nanotechnology and micro and small parts of the production and manufacture of materials and innovations in technology to improve the methods and processes.At the same time,Industrial projects should actively participate in the response to the challenge of the 10 key technology research and development, they are:① Reconfigurable Manufacturing System RMSs (Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems). Manufacturing Practice has proved that enterprises in the three core elements of competition in the manufacturing system often meet customer demand for the development of new products to market and rapid response to market the business activities of the bottleneck. RMSs of traditional manufacturing systems planning, design, construction and operation of the innovation theory and method, which uses system component / module configuration (layout) of the variability can be updated with the realization of the manufacturing system variability. It will of the products, manufacturing systems and the installation of hardware and software design and manufacturing have a profound impact.②No loss of processing (Waste2free Processing). The future of the manufacturing process is energy consumption and minimize the consumption of resources.③New course materials (New Materials Process). It is built on the innovations of raw materials and spare parts manufacturing methods and processes on the basis of.④Manufacturing biotechnology (Biotechnology for Manufacturing). It is the useof technology to automate the processing and assembling a new generation of manufacturing technology.⑤Enterprise modeling and simulation (Enterprise Modeling and Simulation). Such technology to solve enterprise system transformation, business processes and manufacturing operations of all the modeling, simulation and systems integration and other issues effectively integrated.⑥ IT (Information Technology). It is the correct and efficient decision-making at all levels to provide key information in all directions and the rapid conversion of intelligence information and knowledge technologies.⑦Product and process design (Product and Process Design Methods). It requires innovative systems, products and processes/process design theory, methods and tools, is the next generation of computer-aided design principle,methods and tools.⑧Enhanced machines - the interface (Enhanced Machine Human Interfaces). It is machines and people to solve the problem of a new generation of human-computer interface engineering technology, focused on solving the physical interface design and enhance the learning ability of the staff problems.⑨Staff education and training (Workforce Education and Training). It requires the construction of a rapid Lenovo knowledge of education and training and development of direct communication between the different language translation machine, and different cultures, languages staff cooperation.⑩Intelligence cooperation system software (Software for Intelligent Collaboration Systems). Its purpose is to a different language and cultural background of the expert intelligence cooperation through the integration of software as one. It includes group communication protocol; an agreement creating private networks, distributed business process control methods and standards and sharing of knowledge, such as software development is the use of the interactive and dynamic model of cooperation between all the smart software and interface software form of virtual cooperation Space.A process route diagnosis and improvement method that uses EBM concepts differs from traditional enterprise diagnosis methods. EBM concepts consider theenvironmental impact, resource efficiency and resource consumption. The goal of this work is to offer a fundamental solution to a recurrent enterprise problem by establishing an evaluation model that incorporates EBM concepts. The ultimate aim is to balance the economic and social benefits.China has adopted the former Soviet Union's industrial system, people on the efficiency and standardization of awareness is relatively weak. A considerable number of enterprises exist: the lack of scientific practices, systematic, standardized, mainly to use their experience and personal desire to act; operating methods of improving the general workers from the spontaneous acts of individuals; still use a rough estimation method developed experience in the fixed time, Standard time is not fixed reunification. These conditions led to corporate data based on the practicality and accuracy of poor, can not play for top companies to provide reliable support for decision-making role.A. work on technology in hand, and restrictions on the work of the universal:With the scientific and technological progress, development and production of computer technology in industrial engineering in the field of application, it is necessary to improve the method and scale of efficiency and quality of work, but work on technology has long been dependent on the skill level of operations Has been designed by researchers working with its work on the production of knowledge and practical experience to design processes and calculated the corresponding fixed working hours. Researchers working in the design practices and the development of the process of fixed working hours required a substantial amount of information processing, thinking the decision-making, data and the complexity of calculating the word-processing work. With the development of the times, this boring repetitive work of the cumbersome way gradually exposed the many shortcomings of the design: Design a long time, the design of low efficiency; operating standards of the poor consistency; document the lack of quantitative analysis of operations, can not effectively guide the production process.B. the lack of work on software system:At present, many domestic and foreign software companies in China into thesoftware systems are mostly concentrated in the CAD, CAPP, CAM, PDM, ERP and other popular software, and software investment in research work and development are very few. The reason, of course, there are software vendors in this area of neglect, but the main reason for domestic enterprises has exposed the basic data on the attitude of indifference, lack of work on software systems understanding. Research failed to keep pace with the computerization of work, led to the development of enterprises based on data lag, and high-level production systems,For example MRP, ERP, and so on can not be accurate and timely data to support the foundation, causing the whole production system inefficient.With the development and strengthening of modern enterprises, the size of the business growing based on data increasingly huge and updated data based on speed has accelerated, the traditional manual work study has been unable to meet the needs of modern enterprises. Business-to-basic data accuracy, timeliness and standardization of the requirements of basic data and experience of traditional means of access to the conflict between has become increasingly prominent.To solve these problems and contradictions, some domestic enterprises began to explore the work on computer-aided system, in particular the labor scale computer-aided system. These systems for enterprise work on the implementation of the convenience brought about certain, but not mature, mostly in the experimental stage, only to individual enterprises often work in some areas of research, not to promote universal. Therefore, a comprehensive research and development work on a common computer-aided system (Computer Aided Work Study System referred to CAWS system) is China's current work on the key areas of innovation. CAWS system for enterprises to adopt the scientific processes, methods and the development of reliable standards of the time, labor fixed the provision of supporting decision-making; Not only work on the computerization of various applications, but also with other highly integrated production systems to the business hours of work and study methods developed to provide reliable technical support, improving the accuracy of the data based enterprises and the standardization of the collection and management, and Work on improving the efficiency and quality.Resource consumption and waste materials are the roots of environmental pollution. Thus, before the environmental characteristics of resources are analyzed deeply in process planning, in terms of EBM, the resource flow and its environmental impact in the manufacturing system have to be analyzed and described first China's enterprises, implementation of research and innovation, exploration work on the theory and information technology integration means, the development and application of computer-aided research systems (CAWS system), a research work to solve our problems and contradictions of the inevitable Road..生产制造过程中对于环境有利的改进方法如何使一个生产过程达到低碳排放、对环境的影响减小以及高生产性能的一个关键因素就是低碳生产。
工业工程——外文翻译
AAA学校外文翻译如有雷同，纯属巧合专业工业工程学生姓名xxx班级 B工业 072 学号指导教师完成日期 2011年3 月19日外文资料名称: Various stages of theprojectcostcontrol外文资料出处：Accreditation and QualityAssurance附件： 1. 外文原文2.外文资料翻译译文Various stages of the project cost controlChung-Ho ChenAbstract:Project Cost Management is the basic content of determining reasonable and effective control of the project cost. There are two projects cost implications, the corresponding project cost management has two, one for the management of project investment, a price for the project management. Works against investment management, the so-called project cost effective control is to optimize the building programme, designed on the basis of the programme, in the various stages of construction procedures, using certain methods and measures the cost of the project have control at a reasonable scope and approved Within the limits of the cost.KEY WORDS:Engineering project cost cost management cost control cost limit 1. Project cost management problems that exist inChina's current stage of the project cost for project management to settle at for the purpose, focus only on the construction process of cost control, neglect of pre-construction project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of the construction project investment estimate is an important basis for decision-making, it has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. As a result of this project is the initial stage of work, the information can not be full, comparable projects in this area or less accumulated relatively little information, estimate the approach flawed and unscientific, making construction cost management and the cost of work At this stage difficult to accomplish something.Construction cost management to a passive design drawings prepared in accordance with the budget estimate and project cost calculated mainly ignored in the design stage to optimize the design of construction cost management, effective cost control. According to relevant statistics show that the impactof the design phase of investment for the possibility of more than 75 percent, but China's designers, most of the pursuit of high safety and design fees, the design does not consider economic factors, resulting in a number of large projects waste materials Phenomenon.Construction Cost Management divorced from each other at all stages, investment estimates, budget for the design and construction budget plans, the contract price, prices, accounts for price, the cost of these six stages from construction units and departments in charge of the design units, the respective management of construction enterprises, The former do not have control of the latter, which affected the former project cost effective management system.China's current construction cost management information system to collect finishing imperfections. The project has been completed the construction cost of collection, collation and analysis of information on the cost of the division is of great reference value. At present, China's very limited information on this part, most of all a personal cost engineer, can not share data. Cost can not be division between the exchanges and learn from each other, causing a big waste of resources.The following projects from the various stages of construction of a concrete analysis of how to strengthen the whole process of project cost management:(1)The decision-making phase of the project cost management is the beginning. In the investment decision-making phase of the project, the project's economic decision-making and various kinds of technology, investment and the project after the completion of the project have a decisive impact on economic efficiency, control of the project investment is a very important stage. Specifically, the decision-making phase of the project, a project in the new project proposals approved, the project cost advisory body should be based on long-term national economic development planning, economic development invarious sectors in economic development planning the basic requirements of the proposed project to Technically advanced and economically reasonable, and favourable in the community can create benefits, financial and other aspects of the implementation of a comprehensive and full investigation, analysis and feasibility studies, do a good job in the feasibility study. For policy makers decided to provide a reliable basis for the project. Investmentdecision-making phase of the construction cost of the entire process of project cost if Lan has a decisive impact on the overall situation. The construction project feasibility studies and investment decision-making is a source of the project cost. Cost is determined reasonable assessment of construction projects, the key follow-up work.（2）Phase of the project design phase of the design expenses only construction costs of the entire life of less than 1%, but the impact of the project cost accounts for more than 75 percent, and often easy to be ignored. Therefore, the project cost advisory body should be the design phase of cost management as a whole process of cost management in the key task. Preliminary design of the project budget for the accuracy of a certain country or industry and meet the depth requirements, effective control of project cost is the premise. Seize this critical design of the project cost control can be achieved multiplier effect. The design phase of cost control, is the source of cost control, is the most fundamental and important control.（3）Bidding phase of the project cost management is an important component of an acceptable kind of works commissioned by the owners of the list (or engineering Base Price) and a series of relevant documents, basic price of the pipeline is bidding management of the core work, because the basic price is Determine the price of the contract basis, with only the basic price of science, can we correctly judge the tender reported by the reasonable prices and reliability can be when the make the right decisions, strictly implement the project bidding regulations, grasp Price is reasonable and competitive. Evaluation and calibration of the cost Practitioners and the preparation ofcost as the basis for the legitimacy of the tender evaluation is based on legitimate and effective to ensure that the scientific and reasonable price. The market for the tender offer, the basic price of the provision of social services, and create an environment for fair competition.（4） Phase of the project implementation, cost management can not be ignored. Project implementation stage is a stage of building products, the entire process of building the project cost management is also the most difficult, most complicated stage. In addition to this stage of the passage of time with the other construction costs, a large number of investment funds through the construction of this part of the "materialization", the ultimate form of fixed assets, and investment projects. Effective cost control can be a good adjustment of the contracting parties and interests, namely the owners to reduce the input costs and increase the project's profit, but also to standardize the construction of the contractor. As a project cost advisory body, the actual operation in strict accordance with the owners agreed to assist the analysis of the claims handling matters, clearly define the responsibilities in the timely submission of counter-claims, to restore the unnecessary loss of the contract and the provisions have been agreed, calculated each time changes caused by Cost changes for the control of owners provide the basis for investment decisions.（5）Clearing stage is the completion of construction projects truly reflect the price of the product, is also the terminus of construction cost management. The stage should carefully examine the pre-clearing, more than one operator works out of high fixed sets, Takatori, are not realistic and visa, unreasonable technical measures such as increasing the cost should be based on the information available price information, on review Whether or not to raise prices of materials; should strengthen contract management, implementation of the contract itemized review system so that the project cost through a legally binding contract to identify and control; In addition, the completion of the project delivery, to conduct post-project evaluation,according to the original Rules, analysis and comparison project scope, progress and the changes in the cost, sum up experience, and cost information collated entry computer, so that future use.2.Effective control of the principles of project costTo the planning stage, the design stage as the focus of the entire process of construction cost control. Project cost control throughout the entire process of building projects, but must be focused. Clearly, the project cost control is the key to the project before the implementation of the investment decision-making and design phase of the project to make investment decisions, project cost control is the key to the design. According to some western countries analysis, design fee is generally equivalent to lifetime cost of all construction projects of less than 1%, but this is less than 1 percent of the cost of the construction project cost to the impact of more than 75 percent, thus, important that the design stage Sexual. However, for a long time, China's generally ignored the project phase of the preparatory work for cost control, project cost control are often the main focus on the construction phase - review of budget plans and reasonable settlement of the purchase price Jianan. This approach, while also effective, but is, after all, "remedial measures", Shibeigongban. To effectively control the project cost, we must shift the focus to control the project's initial stage of construction - the planning stage and the stage of design.Active Control, in order to obtain satisfactory besults. Since the eardy 1970s, the people vill control theory, system theory and research results for project management, will be controlled based on the decisions taken in advance of active measures to reduce and avoid as much as possible0the target value and acdual value of the deviations from this Is an active, positive control method, known as the active control. In other words, the project cost control, not only to reflect the investment decision-making, reflecting the design, contracting and construction, passive control project cost, more dynamic tothe impact of investment decisions, the impact of design, contracting and construction and taje the initiative to control project cost. Cost of dhe project to identify and control between interdependenae and mutual restraint, the ddtermination of the project cost control project cost is the basis and the carrier. At the same time, cost control resides in the project cost determine the whole process of determining the cost of the process that is cost control process.Technology and economic integration of project cost control is the most effective means. In the process of building projects, technology and the organic integration of economic, technological, economic analysis and evaluation, correctly handle the advanced technology and economic strength between the unity of opposites relations, and strive to achieve the advanced technology and reasonable under the conditions of the economy , On tha basis of reasonable economic advanced technology, the project cost control to infiltrate into the concept of the design and construction techjology measures. Project Management Project Cost control is an effective way. Construction supervision system is highly developed market economy, constrection project management professional and social level continuously improve the `roduct. Construction supervision of the mission, organization and management from the perspective of science and to take measures to ensure the construction project cost goals, objectives and time limit to achieve a reasonable quality objectives for the owners seek the best input and output. Practice has proved that the engineering supervision of the project cost control is an effective way.3.Various stages of the project cost controlDecision-making phase of project cost control. The planning phase of the project cost, many owners have the wrong understanding that the cost of the lower the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and should be a multi-factor problem, should be integrated engineering practice, considering. In the investment decision-making phase of construction projects,the project's technical and economic decision-making, the project cost and the economic benefits of the project when completed, has a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage, rationally determine the cost of the project and control the direction of the exact location And building optimization of guiding role.The design phase project cost control. The design phase is the construction of intent from investors to the idea of the changing reality of a critical stage, the design phase of the project cost control is a key link. From the following aspects of project cost control: the design implementation of the tendering system, strengthen supervision of the design phase, determine a reasonable design, mature technology, to reduce the construction phase of major design changes and programmes of change in the effective control of the works Cost will play a role. An engineering design, if the Commissioner of participation into the project, excluding unfavorable factors may generally be excluded 80 percent of the error. In the entire process of construction cost control, the start of construction at best can only invest 20 percent savings, the key lies in the cost of construction period to identify and control. Commissioner of the design phase of work: Design Institute under the provision of design drawings and notes to help owners examine different design options for the economy, develop the preliminary capital expenditure plan to ensure that the investment will be the most effective use of support Owners of the Commissioner of work: Design Institute under the provision of design drawings and notes to help owners examine different design options for the economy, develop the preliminary capital expenditure plan to ensure that the investment will be the most effective use of the owners meet The different design options, the need to work out their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost analysis and research, design and cost proposals to assist them in the investment limit within the limits designed to reduce investment. To seek a one-time small investment and economic good design, the most rational economic indicators.The use of optimal design principles. At the design stage to reduce the use of value engineering cost 25 percent ￣ 40 percent, with notable results. Also known as value engineering value analysis, is a modern scientific management techniques, is a new technical and economic analysis, through analysis of the product's features to save resources and reduce the cost of the purpose of an effective method. It made up for the cost of traditional management that simply reduce costs and improve quality management always stressed that the quality of the deficiencies and is conducive to resolving the long-term construction period long, waste, poor quality, high cost of the problem. Value Engineering laws generally carried out in three steps: assessing the design of targeted technical scores and scores of economic calculation of the design object technology index and economic index, calculated each design object of the geometric mean, from which to compare, choose the best design .Construction of the tender stage project cost control. Construction of the tender stage of the project cost control should be accurate grasp of design drawings, construction projects through the analysis of the specific circumstances of the units and pre-qualification of bidders, preparation of tender documents, works basic price determined through Pingbiaodingbiao, select the successful bidder units, and to determine the contract price . Reasonably sure of is the basic price of the tender stage of the project cost control an important way of determining the basic price is often incomplete because of the design, material changes, or the market price because of the constantly changing and difficult to have an accurate value. When these happen, you can use fuzzy identification, fuzzy clustering analysis, computer simulation technology (Monte Carlo simulation) Three mathematical methods, the project cost to more accurately determine.The construction phase project cost control. Project implementation phase of the project cost control can proceed from the following: careful review of the contract price and volume list, the basic unit prices and other relevantdocuments in conjunction with the progress of the project and the quality of works carried out the correct measurement, review payment of bills, according to the provisions The price of clearing; correctly understand the design intent, strictly control the design changes, the design is wrong with the local timely corrections; strengthen engineering claims control, contract management in all its aspects; skilled use of the budget over the fixed and reasonable conduct on-site visa; review of organizational design, Use of technology economy is relatively comprehensive assessment method, using the value of works on the construction phase and construction materials to optimize options, select a reasonable construction plan; strengthen project construction supervision.On the review of the list of projects, supervision engineers should pay attention to inventory control measures in the project. Price list of projects provided in the list of measures, for the completion of the project is the construction project occurred in the pre-construction and construction process technology, life, security and other non-engineering aspects of the project entity. At this stage because many projects are the construction plans and construction of circumstances imperfections at the scene on the tender, until tender, construction projects and measures designed to have greater access to the actual scene. Supervising engineer in the handling of raw data to collect first-hand, itemized checking identification, not of the proposed amendments.Clearing the completion of phase project cost control. For a long time, the completion of the construction plans ultra-clearing budget is cost management issues requiring urgent solution. The completion phase of the project cost control, should conscientiously do a good job the following points: check the terms of the contract, clearing the completion of the preparation of the audit, preparation of the project refers to the preparation of the completion of the works and the cost of clearing areas. Examine whether the content of the completion of the contract requirements, whether qualifiedacceptance, review billing methods, pricing methods, concessionary terms whether the contract; completion of the audit plans of projects in the audit, the plans should be based on the completion of the design changes, such as visa at the scene, according to state In terms of engineering works required by the rules of each check; strictly enforced in accordance with the valuation method of valuation; rigorous review design changes to visa fees for inspection standards, different regions of the rate of price index may be different. Therefore, the project must be in accordance with the standards of admission fees under the contract requirements, according to grade the quality of construction unit, the type of construction work, such as setting a reasonable standard admission fee.翻译：译者：AAA工程项目各阶段的成本控制Chung-Ho Chen摘要：工程项目成本管理的基本内容就是合理确定和有效的控制工程项目成本。
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中文译文基于IE技术的工时定额确定摘要工时定额是核算企业运营成本与工人收入的基础，直接关系着企业的生产效率与工人的生产积极性。
针对中小型企业的工时定额建立方法缺乏标准性与科学性，并严重依赖技术人员的经验。
本文提供了一种基于IE技术的综合性工时定额确定方法。
工时定额由辅助时间、人机操作时间、工作时间等组成。
辅助时间可以通过基于基本工作分解的模特排时法来确定，工作时间由工时定额标准时间来确定。
此外，学习曲线被应用于优化计算结果。
文章的最后用一个实例来验证该方法的有效性。
关键词：工时定额；工时定额标准数据；模特排时法；学习曲线引言工时定额是工厂制定生产计划与进行经济核算所依据的一种主要指标，它的确定方法对于工厂的成本计算是非常重要的。
大部分中小型企业采用多品种、小批量的生产方式，产品的规格经常改变，因此工时定额的确定是非常困难的。
现阶段的企业通常采用经验估工法、标准数据法以及既定时间标准设定法来计算工时定额，这需要经验丰富的技术人员与管理人员经过长期的修正才能确定。
无疑，这需要一个比较长的工作周期以及比较高的工作量，而且，工时定额的最终结果很容易被主观因素所影响，从而很难保证准确性与科学性。
所有的这些因素都会为生产计划制定与成本控制造成不利影响。
近年来，学者对这一课题进行了广泛的研究并取得了比较大的进展。
一些研究表明，标准时间可以基于典型操作来进行计算，并阐述了选择典型操作方法的规则。
另外一些学者提出了一种包含基于范例推理与基于知识推理的混合推理模型。
这个模型已经成功应用于装配复杂且影响因素众多的一个框架。
参考文献3针对提高私营企业生产效率这一目标建立了一种对所有动作进行分类的工时定额基础数据。
另外，使用神经网络来进行工时定额计算是一种新的思路。
我们可以发现，工时定额的建立没有统一的规范与标准，所以，寻找出一种更科学，更有效的工时定额确定方法是十分有意义的。
本文应用基础的IE知识以及基本元素分解法与模特排时法来详细说明各项基本操作，接下来用更加更合理与人性化的方法来计算工时定额。
考虑到本文中的具体实例，我们采用过程分析、人机分析、动作分析以及模特排时法来进行辅助时间的确定，参照工时定额标准数据来确定加工时间，然后采用学习曲线来对计算结果进行数据优化。
对于中小型企业的工时定额确定，这种方法更科学、更准确、更适合。
工时定额计算的实现加工时间的确定主要基于生产过程分析，生产流程操作与加工流程的相互影响。
通过人机分析来寻找一种有理运算，根据基本元素分解将操作进行分步。
使用ECRS（取消、合并、调整顺序、简化）准则对每一步操作进行优化处理，最终得到标准操作方法。
结合模特排时法以及工时定额标准数据，就可以计算每个工件的标准定额时间。
通过使用这种更加准确的方法，工时定额的确定过程将更加科学与人性化。
最终，通过使用学习曲线以及经验与知识的累积，进一步的优化工作将被完成。
步骤一：工艺流程分析工艺流程分析是由生产部门来完成的。
工艺流程分析的开展需要获取产品的形状、尺寸以及其它精度信息以及企业现有的生产设备等信息，然后需要对详细的工序信息进行分析并形成工序卡片，然后安排工人进行加工。
工艺流程分析是加工的基础，所以这一步骤可以用来改善不合理的工艺过程。
步骤二：人机操作分析人机操作分析适用于单人单机操作。
这一步骤主要通过观察工人的实地操作并同时记录机器型号和工人的实际操作条件。
分析这些信息以得到合理的操作步骤，这样就可以提高工人以及机器的效率，缩短整个工艺周期。
部分工序工时定额的减少对于缩短整个加工时间的作用是相当大的。
步骤三：基本元素分析基本元素分析由吉尔布雷斯提出。
他对作业进行细微的运作分解与观察，对每一个连续动作进行分解，通过手、足动作、和眼、头活动，把动作的顺序和方法与双手、眼的活动联系起来进行详尽的分析，用动素记号记录和分类，找出动作顺序和方法存在的问题，如单手等待、不合理动作及浪费动作等问题并加以改善。
他提出了3大类的18种动作要素。
第一类是有效动作，也叫做必须动作，共包括九种：伸手、握取、移物、定位、装配、拆卸、使用、放手、检查。
第二类是需要取消或改善的辅助动作，包括五种：寻找、发现、选择、计划、预定位。
第三类是宽放动作，与工作没有直接关系，但有些时候需要延长。
包括持住、延迟、故延、休息。
通过分解工人们的这些特定动作，可以精确到固定元素，并使用ECRS准则来提高这个最终结果。
力争实现采用最少的动作要素来完成该项工作，然后这将成为更加人性化与标准化的操作流程。
步骤四：模特排时法分析技术人员、管理人员与操作工人均可以使用模特排时法来制定标准时间。
它基于身体的不同部位、产品的重量、移动距离与所需时间的关系来预测所需的总时间。
它采用手指的动作时间为动作时间单位MOD，其它部位的动作时间是以手指动作时间的整数倍来表示的。
该方法包括21种人体基本动作，其中11种是上肢的基本动作，4种是下肢和腰部的基本动作，其余的为辅助动作。
其中，一动作时间单位（MOD）为0.129秒。
然后这些动作就可以被折算成时间，最终得到总的基本工作时间单位数，总的辅助时间也就很容易被计算。
操作被改进后就可以被当做标准操作。
因此，采用基于模特排时法的动作研究结果来计算辅助时间是非常合理可行的。
步骤五：工时定额标准数据的确定对于加工时间，只要我们知道工件的尺寸参数以及机器的进给速度、加工速度，工序工时就可以很容易地被获取。
工时定额标准数据由经验丰富的技术人员制定，是一项非常优秀的参考标准。
因此，机床上的工序加工时间可以通过查阅工时定额标准表格来确定。
步骤六：学习曲线的应用随着总产量的增加，操作者的经验与能力也会随着响应增加。
换句话说，经过一段时间的学习，单个工件的加工时间将会被缩短，揭示它们之间一定比例关系的学习曲线将可以被生成。
操作时间可以通过结合该曲线来预测。
一些学术研究表明：机器的自动化程度越高，对工人来说学习效率也就越高，反之则学习效率越低。
学习效率在75%至95%之间波动。
如果把特定产品的生产能力设置为n，那么学习曲线就可以定义如下：（1）工时间如式（3）所示（2）（3）因此，辅助时间由基本动作分析法和模特排时法来确定，加工时间由工时定额标准数据来确定。
结合以上两者，总的加工时间就可以被确定。
最后，学习曲线的应用可以进一步对加工时间进行优化，从而缩短总的加工时间。
实例验证本文从一家小企业中选取一个特定的零件来验证此方法。
研究对象是一个推爪，它的二维零件图如下所示图1 零件二维图由上图，我们可以清楚地获得零件形状、尺寸信息与加工精度，我们选择了普通的立式铣床来制定加工工艺过程。
相应的工序信息如表一所示。
经过分析。
零件的加工工艺过程比较合理，不需要再进行任何的完善。
因为工时定额的确定仅仅考虑钳工以及铣削等切削工序，故淬火等热处理工序在本文中并未纳入考虑。
由同一个工人在一台机床上所进行的零件加工适合用于人机分析。
因为被加工零件的所有表面都经过了反复铣削加工，因此这里只挑选一个表面进行分析。
结果如表7所示。
根据加工工艺路线的顺序，并考虑到是否所有操作可以同时进行，经过改善的操作如表8所示。
比较表7和表8中的操作，因为工件在磨削过程中可同时进行锉毛刺操作所以机床与操作者可以同时分别进行操作，最多可以减少1.2分钟的加工时间，同时，机器的使用率也增加了8.9%（如表9所示）。
通过使用基本工作分析对准备与终结时间进行分解，辅助时间可以准确地被计算出来。
基于ECRS准则的基本操作优化如表2所示，优化结果如表3所示。
比较以上两个表，不同之处如表5所示。
我们可以从中发现，对第一个基本动作进行优化可以减少39个基本时间单位；通过对第二个基本辅助元素进行不必要操作的简化，我们可以减少23个时间单位；虽然第三项增加了工人们的休息时间，但减轻了他们的工作强度，最终极大地减少了总的基本工作数量。
从而极大地提高了学习使用模特排时法的时间。
完成基本工作分析之后，辅助时间就可以通过模特排时法估计出来（如表4所示）。
从表四中，我们可以计算出总的动作时间单位数：1406+946=2352（动作时间单位）；转换成时间就是：2352×0.129=303.408秒=5.0568分钟。
由于工人需要22%的宽放时间，故总的辅助时间为：5.5068×（1+22%）=6.17分钟。
根据《机加工与铸造的标准工时定额》，结合实际的产品分析，工序工时定额可以通过查阅工时定额标准数据来确定。
1.铣削时间定额通过查阅铣削工序的标准时间定额，这一操作的工时计算步骤如下所示：（4）（5）均切削余量除以工件的平均切削轨迹长度。
基于以上公式，铣削时间就可以计算出来（如表6所示）。
2.钻孔时间定额钻孔基本时间定额公式：（6）6所示。
3.钳工时间定额钳工时间定额与孔、槽划线定位以及锉圆角的时间有关，详细时间可由工时定额标准数据来获得（如表6所示）。
通过模特排时法计算出的辅助时间加上加工时间，就可以计算出总的工时定额时间：23.73+6.17=29.9分钟。
这样，工时定额计算就结束了。
将与人工时间和机器加工时间相关的学习比率设置为78%，学习效率a=0.358.假设制造100个工件，总的加工时间可以用式2来计算。
（7）单件加工时间可以使用式（3）计算：（8）从计算出我们可以看出，单件工时定额为29.9分钟。
通过使用学习曲线，这一过程仅需要8.49分钟；工时定额的减少达到252.18%，比大规模生产缩短的时间更多。
结论本文选择了一个中小型企业的特定零件作为研究对象，应用基础的工业工程技术（工作测定、方法研究）来进行工件加工时间与辅助时间的确定，然后就可以确定工件的总工时定额。
该方法具有理论上与实践上的可行性。
加工时间是确定的，我们通过查阅工时定额标准数据来计算。
但辅助时间是可变的且可以被压缩的，我们使用模特排时法来确定该项时间。
分析准备与加工时间之后，可以简化与改善这一操作，并通过模特排时法来建立标准操作，再结合宽放时间，工件工时定额的计算就完成了。
通过使用学习曲线理论，工人们的经验在实际加工操作过程中可以积累，工人们的熟练程度也显著增加。
通过实例验证，我们发现工件的工时定额数据从29.9分钟减少到8.49分钟，工时压缩比例达到了252.18%。
我们可以发现，人工操作时间所占的比例越大，工时数据可供压缩的空间也就越大，这也是传统的中小型企业改善管理体制的一种方法。
中国大部分中小型企业缺乏完善的管理体制，工时定额应用广泛但不标准。
通过使用包括模特排时法、学习曲线、工时定额标准数据等的完整工时定额确定方法，可以提高工时定额计算的准确性、科学性与可操作性。
表1 加工工艺表4 模特排时法时间分析表8 人机分析与比较（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。