2015高考前周阅读一
【高考必备】2015年新课标卷1阅读理解D篇原文及译文
【1】Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two ofFrance’s favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. Theycustomers-some thirty Parisians who pay just under $$2 (plus drinks) per session-care quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels,’or‘people think’,”Lehane told them. “Say‘I think,’‘Think me’.”【2】A café society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldn’t seem more un-French. But Lehanne’s psychology café is about more than knowing oneself: It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle- longer working hours, a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.32.What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?A. Learn a new subjectB. Keep in touch with friends.C. Show off their knowledge.D. Express their true feelings.33. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?A. They are less frequently visited.B. They stay open for longer hours.C. They have bigger night crowds.D. They start to serve fast food.34. What are theme cafes expected to do?A. Create more jobs.B. Supply better drinks.C. Save the cafe business.D. Serve the neighborhood.35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?A. They bring people true friendship.B. They give people spiritual support.C. They help people realize their dreams.D. They offer a platform for business links.参考答案：DACB参考译文：“冲突”上了杯之家咖啡馆今晚的菜单。
高中英语真题-2015高考英语阅读理解(暑假)训练(1)
高中英语真题:2015高考英语阅读理解（暑假）训练（1）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A study has showed that the brain makes decisions about 10 se conds before a person realizes it.Experts involved in the study said that looking at brain activity w hile making a decision,they could predict the choices the subjects would make, before they realized that they had made a decision. Lead researcher J ohn-Dylan Haynes, a neuroscientist (神经学家)at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain S ciences in Leipzig, said that the new findings called into questio ns for “consciousness”of decisions that people make, and might even challenge ideas as to how“free”people are to make a deci sion at a particular moment.“We think our decisions are conscious, but these data show tha t consciousness is just the tip of the iceberg,”Nature magazine quoted (引用) him as saying. Thinking the results“quite dramatic”, Frank T ong of Vanderbilt University in , , said that 10 seconds is“a lifetime”in terms of brain activity.During the study, the brains of 14 volunteers were imaged as th ey performed a decision-making task. The subjects had two buttons before them, each t o be operated by a different hand, which they could press when they felt the urge to. They were sim ultaneously (同时地)shown a stream of letters, which appeared on a screen at ha lf-second intervals (间隔). The volunteers had to remember which letter was showing when they decided to press their button.Upon analysis of the data, the researchers realized that the earl iest signal they could catch started seven seconds before the v olunteers reported having made their decision. Given the delay of a few seconds in the imaging, they reckoned (估计) that the brain activity could have begun about ten seconds b efore the conscious decision. The researchers showed that the signals were picked up from a region (区域)called the frontopolar cortex (脑额极皮层),which is located at the front of the brain, immediately behind the forehead.While writing about the observations made during the research i n his study report, Haynes said that the frontopolar cormight be the brain region where decisions are started. He also showed that the next step in the research would be to speed up the data analysis so as to enable his team to predict people’s c hoices as their brains would make them.1. The passage tells us that ______.A. we are aware of our whole process of decision-makingB. people don’t make decisions until they realize itC. experts have no way to tell what decision one will makeD. the decision-making process starts before it is made2. The underlined word “subjects”in Para. 2 probably refers to _ _____.A. the topic of the experts’ research paperB. the scientific subjects that the experts were studyingC. the things that experts don’t know clearlyD. the volunteers that the experts worked on for their research3. The underlined sentence“consciousness is just the tip of the i ceberg”in Para. 4 means that ______.A. our decision-making is consciousB. the data contains a lot of information besides consciousnessC. consciousness is the major part of the dataD. 10 seconds is“a lifetime”in terms of brain activity4. The final purpose of the research ______.A. is not stated clearly in the passageB. is not acknowledged by expertsC. is to show where decision-making startsD. is to analyze the data picked up5. The passage implies that ______.A. the research has been completedB. the research was conducted by two expertsC. the decision-making process lasts only about 10 secondsD. we may predict what decisions people will make in the future 【参考答案】25.DDBA【四川省成都市2014届高三英语摸底测试模拟试题（一）】Humans are naturally drawn to other life forms and the worlds o utside of our own. Wetake delight in the existence of creatures and even whole societ ies beyond our everyday lives.This sense of wonder is universal. Look at the efforts that scient ists have made to find out whether life of some kind exists on Mars, and the popularity of fantasy literature or movies like The L ord of the Rings. This sense of wonder draws us to each other, to the world around us, and to the world of make-believe. But have we gone so far in creating worlds of fantasy t hat we are missing the pleasure of other worlds that already exi st all around us?Human beings, as biologists have suggested, possess an inbor n desire to connect with and understand other life forms, Howev er, people, especially in big cities, often lead rather isolated live s. In a study of British schoolchildren, it was found that children by age eight were much more familiar with characters from tele vision shows and video games than with common wildlife. With out modern technology, a small pond could be an amazing worl d filled with strange and beautiful plants, insects, birds, and ani mals. When we lack meaningful interaction with the world aroun d us, and sometimes even with our families and friends, we see k to understand and communicate with things that exist only in our imaginations or on a computer screen.The world of make—believe is not necessarily bad. But when the world of fantasy be comes the only outlet for our sense of wonder, then we are reall y missing something. We are missing a connection with the livin g world. Other wonderful worlds exist all around us. But even more interesting is that if we look closely enough, we can see that these worlds, in a broad sense, are really part of our own.47.The popularity of The Lord of the Rings proves _____.A. the close connection between man and the fantasy worldB. the wonderful achievements of fantasy literatureC. the fine taste of moviegoers around the worldD. the general existence of the sense of curiosity48.What can we infer from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3?A. People are far less familiar with the world of fantasy.B. The world around us could serve as a sound of wonder.C. The world of fantasy can be mirrored by a small and lively pond.D. Modern technology prevents us from developing our sense of wonder.49.If our sense of wonder relies totally on the world of make—believe, we will _____.A. fail to appreciate the joy in our livesB. be confused by the world of make—believeC. miss the chance to recognize the fantasy worldD. be trapped by other worlds existing all around us50.What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To show us the hidden beauty in our world.B. To warn us not to get lost in the fantasy world.C. To argue against the misuse of the sense of wonder.D. To discuss the influence of the world of make—believe.47. D 48.B49.A50.B[【上海市闵行区2014高考英语质量调研考试】Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For e ach of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choo se the one that fits best according to the information given in th e passage you have just read.(A)Foxes and farmers have never got on well. These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals. Th ey are officially classified as harmful and farmers try to keep their numbers down by shooting or poisoning them.Farmers can also call on the services of their local hunt to control the fox population. Hunting consists of pursuing a fox across the countryside, with a group of specially trained dogs, followed by men and women r iding horses. When the dogs eventually catch the fox they kill it or a hunter shoots it.People who take part in hunting think of it as a sport; they wear a special uniform of red coats and white trousers, and follow strict codes of behavior. But owning a horse and hunting re gularly is expensive, so most hunters are wealthy.It is estimated that up to 100,000 people watch or take part in fo x hunting. But over the last couple of decades the number of pe ople opposed to fox hunting, because they think it is cruel, has r isen sharply. Nowadays it is rare for a hunt to pass off without s ome kind of conflict between hunters and hunt saboteurs (阻拦者). Sometimes these incidents lead to violence, but mostly sab oteurs interfere (干涉) with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of t he fox’s smell, which the dogs follow.Noisy conflicts between hunters and saboteurs have become s o common that they are almost as much a part of hunting as th e pursuit of foxes itself. But this year supporters of fox hunting face a much bigger threat to their sport. A Labour Party Member of the Parliament, Mike Foster, is trying to get Parliament to ap prove a new law which will make the hunting of wild animals wit h dogs illegal. If the law is passed, wild animals like foxes will be protected under the ban in .66. Rich people in Britain have been hunting foxes ________.A. for recreationB. to limit the fox populationC. in the interests of the farmersD. to show off their wealth67. What is special about fox hunting in Britain?A. It involves the use of a deadly poison.B. It is a costly event that rarely occurs.C. The hunters have set rules to follow.D. The hunters have to go through strict training.68. Fox hunting opponents often interfere in the game ____ ____.A. by leaning upon violenceB. by taking legal actionC. by confusing the fox huntersD. by demonstrating on the scene69. A new law may be passed by the British Parliament to ________.A. prohibit farmers from hunting foxesB. forbid hunting foxes with dogsC. stop hunting wild animals in the countrysideD. prevent large-scale fox hunting6 6.A67.C68.C69.BIntellectual property (IP) is a product of the mind that has comm ercial value．The concept dates back to 1623,when the first pat ent law to protect IP rights was passed．IP rights protect an arti st from having his/her creative ideas copied by another．For ex ample, if somebody generates an idea for a novel, that idea is p rotected by IP rights．If someone else wishes to represent the i dea or develop it further, he/she must consult the original artists , who will normally be rewarded financially for its use．Back in t he 17th century, IP rights were primarily carried out to protect n ewly developed manufacturing processes against stealing, but t oday, intellectual property rights, are also enjoyed by those who create music, art and literature．In recent years, IP rights have been the focus of a great deal of discussion because of a technology which looks set to weaken t hem altogether: the Internet．Many years ago, if you wanted a recording of a song, you would have to purchase it from a musi c store; if a novel, from a book store．In those days, IP rights w ere easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectu al property without paying for it．However, a lot of IP, including songs, films, books and artwork, can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet．This practice has now taken the w orld by storm, dramatically affecting the way in which we view I P rights．68．According to the writer, in the beginning, IP rights were mai nly of use to ____ __．A．those creating music, art and literatureB．novelistsC．engineers and inventorsD．those not receiving financial reward for their work 69．What do we know about the Internet according to the pass age?A．It makes IP rights harder to protect．B．It sells songs and films．C．It does not affect the way we understand IP rights．D．It prevents the production of artwork．70．According to Paragraph 2, what has “taken the world by st orm”?A．Intellectual property rights． B．The Internet．C．Free downloading． D．The large number of songs, fi lms and books．71．A possible title for this passage could be _____ _．A．A History of IP Rights B．Ways to Protect Your IP RightsC．The Present and the Future of IP D．IP Rights and O ur Attitudes参考答案 68.C 69.A 70.C 71.D阅读理解A friend of mine named Paul received an expensive car from hi s brother as a Christmas present. On Christmas Eve when Paul came out of his office, a street urchin (顽童)was walking around the shining car. "Is this your car, Paul?"he asked.Paul answered, "Yes, my brother gave it to me for Christmas." The boy was surprised. "You mean your brother gave it to you a nd it didn't cost you anything. Boy, I wish..."He hesitated (犹豫). Of course Paul knew what he was going to wish for. He was goi ng to wish he had a brother like that. But what the boy said surp rised Paul greatly."I wish," the boy went on, "that I could be a brother like that." Pa ul looked at the boy in surprise, then he said again; "Would you like to take a ride in my car?" "Oh, yes, I'd love that." After a sho rt ride, the boy turned and with his eyes shining, said, "Paul, wo uld you mind driving in front of my house?"Paul smiled a little. He thought he knew what the boy wanted. H e wanted to show his neighbors that he could ride home in a big car. But Paul was wrong again. "Will you stop where those two steps are?" the boy asked.He ran up to the steps. Then in a short while Paul heard him co ming back, but he was not coming fast. He was carrying his littl e crippled ( 残疾 ) brother. He sat him down on the step and pointed to the car ."There he is, Buddy, just like I told you upstairs. His brother gav e it to him for Christmas and it didn't cost him a cent. And someday I'm going to give you one just like it. Then youcan see for yourself all the nice things in the Christmas window that I've been trying to tell you about."Paul got out and lifted the boy to the front seat of his car. The s hining-eyed older brother climbed in beside him and three of them beg an an unforgettable holiday ride.67. The street urchin was very surprised when______________ .A. Paul received an expensive carB. Paul told him about the carC. he saw the shining carD. he was walking arou nd the car68. From the story we can see the urchin_____________ .A. wished to give his brother a carB. wanted Paul's brother to give him a carC. wished he could have a brother like Paul'sD. wished Paul could be a brother like that69. The urchin asked Paul to stop his car in front of his house______________ .A. to show his neighbours the big carB. to show he had a rich friendC. to let his brother ride in the carD. to tell his brotherabout his wish70. We can infer from the story that______________.A. Paul couldn't understand the urchinB. the urchin had a deep love for his brotherC. the urchin wished to have a rich brotherD. the urchin's wish came true in the end71. The best title of the story is__________ .A. A Christmas PresentB. A Street UrchinC. A Brother Like ThatD. An Unforgettable Holiday Ride参考答案------67---B A D B C2015高考英语阅读理解（暑假）训练（1）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
2015山东卷高考语文试题及答案
2015山东卷高考语文试题及答案第Ⅰ卷（共36分）一、（每小题3分，共15分）阅读小面一段文字，完成1~3题。
浙江云和梯田，虽然不及云南元阳梯田、广西龙胜梯田那般规模（洪大/宏大），气势雄伟，但却玲珑纤巧，别有特色。
群山逶迤,阳光扑面而来，俯瞰山中梯田，好似面对着一座宽大的露天体育馆。
无论冬夏，太阳每天都（沿/攀）着湿淋淋（银闪闪/亮堂堂）、绿油油或金灿灿的梯子，从山间的水田里爬上来。
正是清明时节，梯田已开始灌水，咕嘟咕嘟的流水声犹如______。
每块田池的边缘都留有缺口，一畦注满，便自动流入下一层田里。
_____，一畦畦平展展，好似神灵于夜半在山上放置的无数面镜子。
天亮之后，整个山谷成了镜子创意博览会——弧形椭园形拱形牛角形簸箕形……无数面镜子顺着山坡层层叠叠地铺展开去。
1．文中加点的词语，有错别字的一项是A．玲珑群山逶迤B．俯瞰金灿灿C．边缘层层叠叠D．椭园博览会2．依次选用文中括号里的词语，最恰当的一项是A．宏大沿亮堂堂B．宏大攀银闪闪C．洪大沿银闪闪D．洪大攀亮堂堂3．在文中两处横线上依次填入语句，衔接最恰当的一项是A．节奏均匀的弹拨乐在梯田里蓄满水B．弹拨乐的均匀节奏蓄满水的梯田C．弹拨乐的均匀节奏在梯田里蓄满水D．节奏均匀的弹拨乐蓄满水的梯田4．下列各句中，加点的成语使用正确的一项是A．新闻发布会上，他讲话仅用了八分钟，简洁明了，新闻性、针对性强，没有一句穿靴戴帽的空话套话。
B．联合国大会曾经两次召开会议，讨论是否应该废除死刑的问题，但因各方立场南辕北辙，讨论无果而终。
C．本届展销会邀请到了安徽、浙江、上海等地知名企业，湖笔、宣笔、徽墨、宣纸、歙砚等文房四宝济济一堂。
D．写一篇小说并不太难，但要想让自己的作品在擢发难数的小说中引起读者广泛关注，就不那么容易了。
5．下列各句中，没有语病、句意明确的一项是A．除了驾驶员要有熟练的驾驶技术、丰富的驾驶经验之外，汽车本身的状况，也是保证行车安全的重要条件之一。
2015年高考语文新课标全国一卷(含详细解析)
2015年高考语文新课标全国1卷（解析版）（河南河北山西江西陕西）甲必考题一、现代文阅读（9分，毎小题3分）阅读下面的文字，完成1-3题宋代的农业、手工业、商业在唐代的基础上又有了新的发展，特别是商品经济出现了空前的繁荣。
在此背景下，宋代的货币流通和信用进入迅速发展时期，开创了古代金融的新篇章。
宋代在信用形式和信用工具方面都呈现出新的特点。
信用形式有借贷、质、押、典、赊买赊卖等多种形式。
借贷分为政府借贷和私人借贷。
政府借贷主要表现为赈贷的形式，在紧急情况下通过贷给百姓粮食或种子的方式，帮助他们度过困境。
私人借贷多为高利贷，它可以解决社会分化和“钱荒”带来的平民百姓资金严重不足的问题，满足特殊支付和燃眉之急的需要。
质、押是借贷的担保形式，由质库、解库等机构经营。
质属于动产担保,它必须转移动产的占有；押属于不动产担保，通常将抵押物的契约交付债权人即可。
债务人违约时，债权人可用变卖价款优先受偿。
典作为不动产转移的一种形式是在宋代形成和发展起来的。
其特点是典权人向出典人支付典价后，在典期内就占有了出典人典产的使用权和收益支配权，出典人也不必向典权人支付利息。
宋代的商业贸易非常发达，但存在着通货紧缩现象，故赊买赊卖行为也很普遍，几乎生产、流通、消费领域的所有物品都能进行赊买赊卖。
从实际效果看，它解决了军需、加强了流通，更重要的一点，它对束缚生产流通扩大和发展的高利贷构成了冲击。
随着社会经济的发展，宋代商业贸易对货币的要求越来越高，但是社会中货币供给和流通状况不尽理想，表现为货币流通区域的割据性、货币供给数量的有限性，以及大量流通的钢铁钱细碎和不便携带的特性，其结果是抑制了经济发展。
为了解决这类问题，在高度发达的纸币和印刷技术保障下，通过民间自发力量的作用和官府的强制推行，宋代社会陆续出现了诸如茶引、盐引、交子、关子和会子等新型纸质信用工具。
茶引、盐引要求相关人员先用粮草或现钱的付出作为取得的条件，然后凭此类纸质信用工具异地兑取现钱或政府专卖货物。
2015年高考英语全国卷1含解析
2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标I)第Ⅰ卷第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分60分）第一节（共15小题；每小题3分，满分45分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
AMonthly Talks at London Canal MuseumOur monthly talks start at 19:30 on the first Thursday of each month except August. Admission is at normal charges and you don’t need to book. They end around 21:00.November 7thThe Canal Pioneers, by Chris Lewis. James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers. He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building. Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early “civil engine e rs”.December 5thIce for the Metropolis, by Malcolm Tucker. Well before the arrival of freezers, there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering, Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells, and how London’s ice trade grew.February 6thAn Update on the Cotsword Canals, by Liz Payne. The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening. The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer. We will have a report on the present state of play.March 6thEyots and Aits- Thames Islands,by Miranda Vickers. The Thames had many islands. Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them. She will tell us about those of greatest interest.Online bookings:More into:London Canal Museum12-13 New Wharf Road, London NI 9RTTel:21. When is the talk on James Brindley?A. February 6th.B. March 6th.C. November 7th.D. December 5th.22. What is the topic of the talk in February?A. The Canal Pioneers.B. Ice for the MetropolisC. Eyots and Aits- Thames IslandsD. An Update on the Cotsword Canals23. Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames.A. Miranda VickersB. Malcolm TuckerC. Chris LewisD. Liz PayneBThe freezing Northeast hasn’t been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter, so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota, Florida, my bags were packed before you could say “sunshine”. I left f or the land of warmth and vitamin C(维生素C), thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air, I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness. Swimming pools, wine tasting, and pink sunsets(at normal evening hours, not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend, but the best part- particularly to my taste, dulled by months of cold- weather root vegetables- was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers’ market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.The market, which was founded in 1979, sets up its tents every Saturday from 7:00 am to 1 p.m , rain or shine, along North Lemon and State streets. Baskets of perfect red strawberries, the red-painted sides of the Java Dawg coffee truck; and most of all, the tomatoes: amazing, large, soft and round red tomatoes.Disappointed by many a broken, vine-ripened(蔓上成熟的) promise, I’ve refused to buy winter tomatoes for years. No matter how attractive they look in the store, once I get them home they’re unfailingly dry, hard, and tasteless. But I homed in, with uncertainty, on one particular table at the Brown’s Grove Farm’s stand, full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist. These were the real deal- and at that moment, I realized that the best part of Sarasota in wint er was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn’t be experiencing again for months.Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown’s Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton, where- luckily for me- I was planning to have dinner that very night. Without even seeing the menu, I knew I’d be ordering every tomato on it.24. What did the author think of her winter life in New York?A. Exciting.B. Boring.C. Relaxing.D. Annoying.25. What made the author’s getting up late early worthwhile?A. Having a swim.B. Breathing in fresh air.C. Walking in the morning sun.D. Visiting a local farmer’s market.26. What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter?A. They are soft.B. They look nice.C. They taste great.D. They are juicy.27. What was the author going to that evening?A. Go to a farm.B. Check into a hotel.C. Eat in a restaurant.D. Buy fresh vegetables.CSalvador Dali (1904-1989) was one of the most popular of modern artists. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more. Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces, most importantly The Persistence of Memory.There is also L’Enigme sans Fin from 1938, works on paper, objects, and projects for stage and screen and selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artist’s showman qualities.The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning, the world of birth. The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain.The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities (无限). “From the infinity small to the infinity large, contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus: amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum-theatre in Figueras ,” explains the Pompidou Centre.The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作)with the Musen Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida .28. Which of the following best describe Dali according to Paragraph 1?A. Optimistic.B. ProductiveC. Generous.D. Traditional.29. What is Dali’s The Persistence of Memory considered to be?A. One of his masterworks.B. A successful screen adaptation.C. An artistic creation for the stage.D. One of the beat TV programmes.30. How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali?A. By popularity.B. By importance.C. By size and shape.D. By time and subject.31. What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?A. Artworks.B. Projects.C. Donations.D. Documents.DConflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. They customers-some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session-care quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels,’ or ‘people think’,” Lehann e told them. “Say ‘I think,’ ‘Think me’.”A café society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldn’t seem more un-French. But Lehanne’s psychology caféis about more than kn owing oneself: It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle-longer working hours, a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at h ome. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.32.What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?A. Learn a new subjectB. Keep in touch with friends.C. Show off their knowledge.D. Express their true feelings.33. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?A. They are less frequently visited.B. They stay open for longer hours.C. They have bigger night crowds.D. They start to serve fast food.34. What are theme cafes expected to do?A. Create more jobs.B. Supply better drinks.C. Save the cafe business.D. Serve the neighborhood.35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?A. They bring people true friendship.B. They give people spiritual support.C. They help people realize their dreams.D. They offer a platform for business links.第二节（共5小题，每小题2分，满分10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
2015年高考全国3卷语文试卷
2015年高考全国3卷语文试卷第I卷阅读题甲必考题、现代文阅读（9分．每小题3分）阅读下面的文宇，完成1?3題．艺术品的接受在过去并不被看作是重要的美学问題，20世纪解释学兴起，一个名为“接受美学”的美学分支应运而生，于是研究艺术品的接受成为艺术美学中的显学。
过去，通常只是从艺术家的立场出发，将创作看作艺术家审美经驗的结晶过程．作品完成就意味着创作完成．而从接受美学的角度来看，这一完成并不说明创作已经终结．它只说明创作的第一阶段告一段落，接下来是读者或现众、听众的再创作．由于未被阅读的作品的价值包括审美价值仅仅是一种可能的存在，只有通过阅读，它才转化为现实的存在，因此对作品的接受具有艺术本体的意义．也就是说，接受者也是艺术劍作的主体之一、艺术文本即作品对于接受者来说具有什么意义呢？接受美学的创始人．德国的伊瑟尔说艺术文本是一个“召唤结构”，因为文本有“空白，“空缺” “否定”三个要素．所谓“空白”是说它有一些东西没有表达出来，作者有意不写或不明写，要接受者用自己的生活经验与想象去补充；所谓“空缺”，是语言结构造成的各个图像间的空白．接受者在阅读文本时要把一个个句子表现的图像片断连接起来．整合成一个有机的田像系统；所谓“否定'指文本对接受者生活的现实具有否定的功能，它能引导接受者对现实进行反思和批判，由此可见，文本的召唤性需要接受者呼应和配合，完成艺术品的第二次创作，正如中国古典美学中的含蓄与简洁，其有限的文字常常引发出读者脑海中的丰富意象．接受者作为主体，他对文本的接受不是被动的，海德格尔提出“前理解”，即理解前的心理文化结构，这种结构影响着理解．理解不可能是文本意义的重现，而只能是文本与前理解”的统一、这样，文本与接受訧呈现出一种相互作用的关系：一方面文本在相当度上规定了接受者理解的范围、方向，让理解朝它的本义靠拢；另一方面，文本不可能将接受者完全制约住．规范住，接受者必然会按照自己的方式去理解作品，于是不可避免地就会出现误读或创造．从某种意义上说，理解就是误读，创造也是误读，不要希望所有的接受者都持同样的理解．也不要希望所有的理解都与艺术家的本旨一致．那样并不意味着艺术作品的成功。
2015年山西高考一模试卷及答案
（山西省）2015年高考前质量监测试题·语文第1卷阅读题甲必考题一、现代文阅读（9分，每小题3分）阅读下面文字，完成1-3题。
商周时期的异族婚姻王进锋商周时期，在今天的中国境内生活着很多不同族群。
人们用华夏族与蛮、夷、戎、狄来区分他们。
异族婚姻就是华夏族与蛮、夷、戎、狄之间的通婚。
商朝的开国君主成汤通过与戎狄的有莘氏通婚，取得了“有莘氏媵臣”伊尹的辅佐，从而实现了灭夏的大业。
实际上，早在商族始祖契的时候，就已经与戎狄女子通婚。
根据《史记·殷本纪》，“殷契，母曰简狄，有娀氏之女，为帝喾次妃”。
末代商纣王屡次与外族女子婚配。
商纣曾以“西伯昌、九侯、鄂侯”担任商朝的三个重要官职，九侯就是鬼侯，为蛮狄之人。
鬼侯为了讨好商纣，将自已的女儿进献给他，然而这位女士“不喜淫”，纣非常生气，就把她杀害了。
汉晋学者皇甫谧在其著作《帝王世纪》中也记载了此事。
商朝末年，周族的首领姬昌遵祖宗之法，各方贤能之士都前往投靠。
看到这点，商朝另外一位方国首领崇侯虎甚是紧张，担心周族强大后会危及自己的方国利益，就对商纣说到姬昌将不利于商朝的统治。
商纣果然听信谗言，把西伯囚禁了起来，关押在羑里。
周族人十分担忧，千方百计营救，大臣闳夭多方搜求美女奇珍，终于得到“有莘氏美女，骊戎之文马，有熊九驷，他奇怪物”，通过商朝宠臣费仲进献给商王。
商纣看到后非常高兴，就把西伯释放了。
可以想见，周族进献的有莘氏美女，应与商纣结成了婚姻。
商王之子也与异族女子通婚。
商王武丁时期有这样一条甲骨卜辞，内容为“己亥卜，王：子白羌毓，不其白”。
这条卜辞是占问商王之子宠幸的白皮肤羌族女子将要生育，所生之子的皮肤是否为白色。
在西周君王和他们的祖先中，有多人与夷狄女子结婚。
根据《诗经·鲁颂·閟宫》，周族始祖后稷是姜螈所生，而“西羌之本，……姜姓之别也”，所以姜塬是羌族女子。
另外，周人祖先古公亶父娶的太姜、太王娶的周姜、周武王娶的邑姜也都是羌族女子。
高考(2015年)试卷语文---新课标全国1卷(答案详解)详解
2015年高考语文试卷新课标全国1卷甲必考题一、现代文阅读（9分，毎小题3分）阅读下面的文字，完成1-3题宋代的农业、手工业、商业在唐代的基础上又有了新的发展，特别是商品经济出现了空前的繁荣。
在此背景下，宋代的货币流通和信用进入迅速发展时期，开创了古代金融的新篇章。
宋代在信用形式和信用工具方面都呈现出新的特点。
信用形式有借贷、质、押、典、赊买赊卖等多种形式。
借贷分为政府借贷和私人借贷。
政府借贷主要表现为赈贷的形式，在紧急情况下通过贷给百姓粮食或种子的方式，帮助他们度过困境。
私人借贷多为高利贷，它可以解决社会分化和“钱荒”带来的平民百姓资金严重不足的问题，满足特殊支付和燃眉之急的需要。
质、押是借贷的担保形式，由质库、解库等机构经营。
质属于动产担保,它必须转移动产的占有；押属于不动产担保，通常将抵押物的契约交付债权人即可。
债务人违约时，债权人可用变卖价款优先受偿。
典作为不动产转移的一种形式是在宋代形成和发展起来的。
其特点是典权人向出典人支付典价后，在典期内就占有了出典人典产的使用权和收益支配权，出典人也不必向典权人支付利息。
宋代的商业贸易非常发达，但存在着通货紧缩现象，故赊买赊卖行为也很普遍，几乎生产、流通、消费领域的所有物品都能进行赊买赊卖。
从实际效果看，它解决了军需、加强了流通，更重要的一点，它对束缚生产流通扩大和发展的高利贷构成了冲击。
随着社会经济的发展，宋代商业贸易对货币的要求越来越高，但是社会中货币供给和流通状况不尽理想，表现为货币流通区域的割据性、货币供给数量的有限性，以及大量流通的钢铁钱细碎和不便携带的特性，其结果是抑制了经济发展。
为了解决这类问题，在高度发达的纸币和印刷技术保障下，通过民间自发力量的作用和官府的强制推行，宋代社会陆续出现了诸如茶引、盐引、交子、关子和会子等新型纸质信用工具。
茶引、盐引要求相关人员先用粮草或现钱的付出作为取得的条件，然后凭此类纸质信用工具异地兑取现钱或政府专卖货物。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
“再见！我的跑道我的栏！”——“飞人”刘翔正式宣布退役4月7日下午，中国“飞人”刘翔在自己的微博上发布一篇名为《我的跑道！我的栏！》的个人声明，正式宣布退役。
“从今天起，我将结束我的职业运动生涯，正式退役。
”刘翔在微博中写道：“一晃你们已经陪伴了我19年。
初次见面时，我还只是个13岁的孩子，那时我其实只是把你们当成了我的大玩具。
然而从今天起，我恐怕要离开你们了，虽然舍不得，但是我真的‘病’了、‘老’了，我无法再与你尽情奔跑，我无法再与你擦肩跨跃。
我要‘退休’了，我要开始一段新的旅程。
再见！我的跑道我的栏。
”刘翔回忆北京奥运会退赛时的情形：“记得那一天比赛检录时，我只记得的就是痛，脚痛，心更痛，这也是我入场之前用脚使劲踢墙垫，又怨恨又无奈的原因。
我为什么无法忍受伤痛？为什么各种治疗都无效？为什么我辜负了全国人民的期待？我为什么……”伦敦奥运会伤退，刘翔写道：“我的人生就是这样的戏剧性，我再次在奥运会上带伤忍痛上场，虽然已经知道自己凶多吉少，但我当时真的很想替自己的人生扳回一局，我不想人们再骂我是懦夫、是临阵脱逃的‘刘跑跑’。
虽然在疾跑后起跨的一刻，我已感觉到自己的脚跟突然变空了，虽然我在跑道上摔倒了，虽然我只能带着遗憾和无奈单腿蹦到终点，虽然我只能似乎是告别式地最后亲吻一下我的栏。
但我真的尽力了……”“退役后，我将去完成剩余的学业进一步充实自己，做一些对中国青少年体育发展和提升国人健康体质有利的事，力所能及推动和促进中国田径在国际舞台上的影响力。
”最近两个月，刘翔作为北京世锦赛形象大使，分别为世锦赛倒计时200天和网上门票实时销售开启仪式助阵，应该从那时起，他的退役念头已然形成。
孙海平教练对刘翔参加北京田径世锦赛曾作过一个假设，“如果能够正常参加世锦赛，那么在世锦赛前必须在六七月左右参加一些小型比赛，找找状态，这就需要刘翔的训练负荷逐渐强化，以便达到比赛状态”。
依此说判断，差不多在三四月，刘翔就应该正常、系统地逐步加大训练量，可从种种迹象看，刘翔根本赶不上世锦赛的节奏，唯有退役一条路可走。
无论怎样，赛场上的刘翔已经足够成功，有人称他是“中国田径界百年不遇的天才”，作为一个在直线跑道上真正战胜欧美选手的中国运动员，刘翔职业生涯参加了48次世界大赛，夺得36次冠军、6次亚军、3次季军，一次打破世界纪录，一次获奥运会金牌，创造了无数空前绝后的壮举。
对于31岁的刘翔来说，告别赛场，或许是种解脱，等疗好身体和心里的伤痛，找个新的方向，继续往前走，对于昔日的“飞人”将会是最好的抉择。
《光明日报》（2015年04月08日09版）省事的祭奠电影里代人扫墓的一幕成了现实，清明将至，网上真有商家做起了代人祭祀的生意。
委托人只要留下墓地名、楼门牌号、逝者姓名，即可代为祭祀，支持直播。
可把手机放在墓地边与亲人“通话”、通过QQ与墓碑视频，服务价格从几十元到上万元不等，通常包含常规祭品，送跪拜磕头，哭坟每人100元，10人以上需提前5天预约……有人形象地称之为“雇人装孙子，花钱骗祖宗”，清明祭祖这么严肃的事，岂能雇人代劳？也有网友表示虽不赞成，倒也不至于贴上“不孝”标签口诛笔伐。
现在没几个人能做到“父母在，不远游”了，一年一度的春运返乡已足够震撼，又有多少游子清明专程回乡祭祖？当越来越多的传统节日遭遇现实尴尬，一个接一个地被网络纳入麾下：春节抢红包、情人节秀恩爱、中秋节吐槽月饼、光棍节电商狂欢……现在，清明这个最不需要被“忽悠”的节日，也有可能要被网络收编。
事实上，尽管一边说着年不像年，人们还是千里万里赶回家，哪怕只是坐在一起玩手机。
说到底，节日无非是种形式，有的用来团圆，有的用来思念，不是所有的都用来捞钱。
作为唯物主义者，我不相信逝去的亲人有永恒的灵魂，清明祭祀寄托的只是自己真挚的哀思，雇人打扫坟墓尚可理解，若买上一捧假泪，反倒扰了故人的清净，得不偿失。
从《平凡的世界》看劳动价值感《平凡的世界》新版电视剧播完了。
从开播之日起，这部电视剧和原著小说以及作者路遥就成为人们热议的话题。
有人批评这部书只是一部高级的心灵鸡汤、励志小说；有人为《平凡的世界》在文学批评和文学史中遭到的冷遇鸣不平；更多的普通读者则追忆它，给自己的青春岁月带来感动和激励。
这种多阶层认认真真讨论和争论一部电视剧的情景，已许久未见。
小说所表现的是1975年到1985年中国当代变革最为剧烈的十年，也是普通人从集体生活走向个人生活的关键时期。
小说的出版及广泛传播，则是中国市场经济及其文化体系建立和勃兴的阶段。
而在新版电视剧播出的2015年，中国人一方面试图重新理解和评判改革开放的历史，另一方面又对未来生活开始了新的想象。
在这样复杂的节点上，如何讲述“平凡”和怎样应对“世界”是众多话题的核心。
《平凡的世界》在二十多年的时间里，获得了无数普通读者的喜爱，正是得益于它对“平凡世界”里的普通人生活的尊严、价值的描写，电视剧编导试图让小说中的价值观和当下观众的接受心理相契合，为此不惜把孙少安变为主角，并加大了他和润叶、秀莲之间的爱情戏。
但这种做法的结果是两边不讨好，尊崇原著的读者不愿接受如此改编，而真正喜欢消费曲折爱情戏的观众也不可能得到满足。
在小说中，劳动是一个关键词，不管是孙少安还是孙少平，劳动都是他们存在的唯一确证。
但对兄弟二人来说，这种存在却有不同。
在孙少安那里，劳动的主要价值是吃饱饭，过上好日子；而在孙少平那里，劳动不仅仅是活着的主要形式，还成了灵魂自我磨炼、净化和成长的途径。
电视剧恰恰在这一点上表现得最为薄弱，特别是在呈现乡村劳动场景时，所有的画面几乎都是农民拿着锄头在土地上摆架势，明眼人一眼就能看出，这与真正的劳动场面相隔太远。
这么说，并非要求电视要照搬劳动场景，但是如果不能把劳动对人物的根本性表现出来，这些人物的存在便无所依傍。
这却又是电视剧所不可逃避的命运，因为如今的时代，劳动已经不具有路遥所尊崇的价值感，而是变成一种手段，可以直接标明价格。
对照近些年其他农村题材电视剧，如一连拍了多部的《乡村爱情》，还有《马向阳下乡记》《老农民》等，就会发现《平凡的世界》本身就是一个另类。
它对着历史隔空喊话，又努力要实现历史和当下的对话，结果失落在夹缝之中。
它很可能成为中国传统农村题材电视剧的挽歌，就像最后一集里无所不在的悲剧色调——新年的热闹和个人生活的悲喜交织同时呈现，对于剧中人来说，他们生存的世界在本质上并没有更改自己的运行逻辑，他们唯一能做的，无非是抬头欣赏烟花的灿烂，低头承受日子的苦乐。
2015-04-07 《光明日报》创新就是让你稍稍有点不适吴晓波1889年，高达300米的埃菲尔铁塔在巴黎塞纳河左岸建成，莫泊桑、左拉、小仲马等300多位文化名流联名抵制，他们还组织了一场示威游行，理由是“巴黎不适应这么一个丑陋的铁家伙”。
不过，抵制不久后就消弭了，参与游行的莫泊桑后来经常到铁塔的二楼就餐，他说，“这里是唯一看不到铁塔的地方。
”好吧。
2008年，北京为了奥运会修建了鸟巢、水立方和鸭蛋圆一样的国家大剧院，很多人痛心疾首，极尽嘲讽挖苦之能事，理由是“北京有故宫和四合院就足够了，不适应这些太西方、太现代的东西”。
不过到了今天，在一部关于北京的宣传片中若没有这些建筑的影子，你会怀疑地问，“这是最近拍的片子吗？”好吧。
2010年1月底，我在台湾参加书展，就在那几天，乔布斯发布了第一代iPad。
我去一家著名的平板电脑公司总部，那里的工程师向我演示了iPad的所有功能和数据，最后，他们告诉我的结论是：“这个东西不适合看书，不适合打电话，也不适合当电脑用，没有人会适应它。
”好吧。
在我个人的写作经验中，貌似也发生过类似的事情。
14年前，我写出《大败局》的时候，很多人说：“这到底是报告文学还是纪实小说，哪有这样写企业案例的？”后来大家读着读着就喜欢了。
六年前，我写出《激荡三十年》的时候，很多人又说：“这不就是‘剪刀加糨糊’吗，哪有这样写当代商业史的？”现在，大多数人都把它当“信史”来读了。
【素材点拨】在很多时候，创新并不是干一件开天辟地的事情，而是用一种新的方式满足了原本就有的某一个需求，它紧挨在“传统”的旁边，因而让人稍稍有点不适。
这种不适感要么被排异，要么被接受，世界就是这样被一点一点地改变着，这个过程非常的微妙和美好。
【适用主题】传统与创新;打破思维定势;创新源于生活……穹顶之下，同呼吸共命运——柴静（雾霾中的上海）人民网专访柴静：人去做什么事因为心底有爱惜人民网记者：你告别央视之后，为什么选了雾霾这么一个题材？柴静：这不是一个计划中的作品，当时因为孩子生病，我辞职后打算用相当的一段时间陪伴她，照顾她，所以谢绝了一切工作邀请。
照顾她过程中，对雾霾的感受变得越来越强烈，整个生活都被它影响了，加上全社会对空气污染问题也越来越关心，职业训练和母亲本能都让我觉得应该回答这些问题：雾霾是什么？从哪儿来?该怎么办？所以就做了这个调查。
人民网记者：你怎么想到公之于众的？柴静：一开始没有想要公开，只是自己找资料，找专家问，想解开一些迷惑。
我调取了十年来华北上空的卫星图片，可以看到空气污染早已存在。
我就在北京生活，怎么没意识到？我找了奥运空气质量保障小组组长唐孝炎院士，她提供给我2004某个月的PM2.5数据曲线，相当于今天的严重污染，首都机场也关闭了，只是当天新闻报道是雾。
可见当时整个社会对空气污染缺乏认识。
我深感作为传媒人的一员，也有责任，因为当时我在北京，但我浑然不觉。
我做过不少污染报道，总觉得好象看到烟筒，看到厂矿才会有污染，所以生活在一个大城市里就无知无觉。
人都是从无知到有知，但既然认识到了，又是一个传媒人，就有责任向大家说清楚。
不耸动，也不回避，就是尽量说明白。
因为如果大家低估了治理的艰巨和复杂，容易急，产生无望的情绪。
如果太轻慢，不当回事，听之任之，更不行。
所以尽可能公开地去说明白，也许可以有很多人象我一样有改变，为治理大气污染做一点事。
人民网记者：这一年你都去了哪里？柴静：我拜访了国内外多家研究大气污染的学术机构，去了一些污染严重的现场调研，调查了背后的执法困境。
接触了国务院发展研究中心、发改委能源所、工信部产业司、环保部等职能机构，也去了伦敦、洛杉矶这些曾经污染严重的城市，想找到一些空气污染治理的教训与经验。
人民网记者：发现了什么？柴静：我想回答三个问题：雾霾是什么？它从哪儿来？我们怎么办？以PM2.5之微小，人眼无法看到，这是一场看不见敌人的战争。
所以这次我携带仪器，做雾霾健康测试，作为志愿者参与人体实验，分析呼吸成份，拍摄肺部深处碳素沉淀的后果，想向大家解释“雾霾是什么”，性质、危害、构成。
通过科学家向我展示的源解析结果，可以回答“雾霾从哪儿来”。
我国的空气污染60%以上来自煤和油的燃烧，雾霾问题很大程度上是能源问题。