GRE-孙远的工具箱-教育类

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GRE-孙远的工具箱-社会

No.1 孙远的工具箱（社会类）社会类1.The function of ArtArt has an effect on the individual and on a particular culture in a society. Psychologically, art enhances life by adding beauty to our surroundings. It is a source of pleasure and relaxation from the stresses of life. Socially, art plays a number of different roles by virtue of its capacity to embody symbolic significance to its audience.Art and Social OrganizationArt fulfills a number of important social functions. It is used to communicate the various statues people hold. It can play a role in regulating economic activities. And it is almost always a means for expressing important political and religious ideas and religious ideas and for teaching principles that are valued in society. These and other social uses of art function to preserve the established social organization of each society.Status IndicationOne of the social functions of art is the communication ofstatus differences between individuals. For instance, gender differences in body decorations and dress are typical of cultures throughout the world. Age differences may be similarly indicated. Puberty rituals often include tattooing, scarification of the body in decoration designs, or even filing of the teeth to between children and adults. Social class differences in complex societies also involve aesthetic markers such as the clothing people wear and the kinds of artworks the use as decorations of their homes. According to Sahlins, social and economic class, age and gender differences are noticeable even in the kinds of fabrics people’s clothing is made from. For instance, silks in mist societies are predominantly worn by women, especially those who are part of the upper classes and those who are middle-aged.Economic FunctionsEconomic life, by virtue of its practical importance to its our survival and to our standard of living, can sometimes be a source of conflict between groups that must carry out exchange with one another. Sometimes art, perhaps because it is valued for its nonutilitarian qualities, can play arole of maintaining harmony in such settings.Religious FunctionsMuch of dramatic and emotional impact of religion derives from its use of art. Religious rituals everywhere include song and dance performances, and the visual arts function to heighten the emotional component of religious experience in all parts of the world, by portraying important scenes and symbols from religious history and mythology. In some cultures, art and religious ritual are inseparable. For instance, among the Abelam of Papua New Guinea, all art is produced for use in rituals.Didactic FunctionsArt is often employed as a means for teaching important cultural ideas and values. For instance, hymns in Western religious express theological concepts and encourage the support of specific religious values.Political functionsArt often functions to legitimize the authority of government.As a statement about the legitimacy of governmentalauthority, art is a conservative force in society. In this role, it is intended to elicit loyalty and to stabilize society and its political system. Governments also sometimes deliberately employ this aspect of art as propaganda urging public action that supports official policy. Thus, propagandistic are embodies both didactic and political functions.2.Intercultural PrejudicesIn complex societies with large populations and many competing groups, prejudices between groups within the society may become a common element of daily experience, varying from good-natures rivalry to direct antipathies. In the United States, we may think of our own state as “God’s own country,” our politics as the only rational way of doing things or our religion as the only road to salvation.The attitude that one’s own culture is the naturally superior one, the standard by which all other cultures should be judged, and that cultures different from one’s own are inferior is such a common way of reacting to other’s customs that it is given a special name by anthropologists. Ethnocentrism, centered in one’s ethos, the Greek word fora people or a nation, is found in every culture. People allow their judgments about human nature and about the relative merits of different ways of life to be guided by ideas and values that are centered narrowly on the way of life of their own society.Ethnocentrism serves a society by creating greater feelings of group unity. When individuals speak ethnocentrically, they affirm their loyalty to the ideals of their society and elicit in other persons of the group shared feelings of superiority about their social body. This enhances their sense of identity as members of the same society and as bearers of a common culture. A shared sense of group superiority—especially during its overt communications between group members—can help them overlook internal differences and prevent conflicts that could otherwise decrease the ability of the group to undertake effectively coordinated action.For most human history, societies have been smaller than the nations of today, and most people have interacted only with members of their own society. Under suchcircumstances, the role of ethnocentrism in helping a society to survive by motivating its members to support one another in their common goals has probably outweighed its negative aspects. However, ethnocentrism definitely has a darker side. It is a direct barrier to understanding among peoples of diverse customs and values. It enhances enmity between societies and can be a motivation for conflict among peoples whose lives are guided by different cultures.3.Culture ShockAnthropologies who engage in fieldwork in a culture that differs from the one in which they grew up often experience a period of disorientation or even depression known as culture shock before they become acclimatized to their new environment. Even tourists who travel for only a short time outside their own nations may experience culture shock, and unless they are prepared for its impact, they may simply transform their own distress into a motive for prejudice against their host society.4.GroupsThe members of social groups generally identify themselvessymbolically with a name or some other emblem of their group identity. Commonly, the identifying emblem indicates the activity that draws the members together or represents som e other important aspect of the group’s characteristics. Thus, the group identity of the United States of America is symbolized by a flag that portrays the political unity of that society’s 50 states by a group of 50 stars. The great Seal of the United States of America contains the image of an eagle clutching an olive branch and arrows, symbols of peace and war, which suggest that the major purpose of the nation as a political entity is to maintain internal order and to defend the group. A smaller, more face-to face group, such as a basketball team, may identify itself as a united body by naming itself and by symbolizing its athletic purpose with some symbol of its prowess, such as a changing bull or a flying hawk.5.AuthorityIt will not come as surprise that a society that admires independence and progress does not have an automatic respect of authority. What deference people in authority do command is base on their actual power rather than on theirage, wisdom, or dignity. Old people are often seen asbe hind times. It’s the young who are expected to have some special insight into the modem world.After all, it was by overthrowing the King of England that the United States was born, and suspicion of authority has remained a pillar of American life. This attitude has helped establish the USA as the birthplace of innovations that have changed the world. If a better way of doing something that changes as fast as ours, experience simply does not have the value that it does in traditional societies.6.The No-Status SocietyIn a status society, people learn their places and gain some dignity and security from having a place in the social order. Americans, however, are taught not to recognize their places and to constantly assert themselves. This can manifest itself in positive ways—hard work, clever ideas—but also in ongoing dissatisfaction.As an American is always striving to change his lot, he never fully identifies with any group. We have no expressions suchas in China “the fat pig gets slaughtered,” or in Japan, where “the nail that sticks out gets hammered down.” Here, everybody is trying to stick out, which limits closeness between people. We say, “It’s the squeaky where that gets the grease. According to Alan Roland, author of In Search of self in India and Japan, in the United States “a militant individualism has been combined with enormous social mobility,” leaving very group identity.Roland psychoanalyzed Americans, Indians and Japanese and discovered that the two Asian cultures had no concept of the strong inner separation from other that is characteristic of Americans. Because our society is so competitive, we feel in the end that we can only rely on ourselves.7.ConformityTo an American, what the world thinks of him is extremely important. Only through the eyes of others can success have significance. The theory of culture analyst David Riesman is that Americans are no longer primarily governed by inner values handed down through generations. Instead,he thinks American have become outer-directedpeople-guided not by their own consciences but by the opinions of others. To be like is crucial.Although individualism is central in American—in the sense that the self comes first—Americans are not individualists. Actually, persons in status societies who are secure in their niches are allowed more eccentricity than Americans, who rely heavily on signals that other people like them. In America, popularity is a sign of success and terribly important. Nobody can have too many friends—as long as they don’t take up too much of their valuable time.8.Debating Moral QuestionsNowhere is modern thinking more muddled than over the question of whether it is proper to debate moral issues. Many argue it is not, saying it is wrong to make “value judgments.” This vie w is shallow. If such judgments were wrong, then ethics, philosophy, and theology would be unacceptable in a college curriculum—an idea that is obvious silly. As the following cases illustrate, it is impossible to avoid making value judgments.No matter how difficult it may be to judge such moral issues, we must judge them. Value judgment is the basis not only of our social code, but of our legal system. The quality of our laws is directly affected by the quality of our moral judgments. A society that judges blacks inferior is not likely to accord blacks equal treatment. A society that believes a woman’s place is in the home is not likely to guarantee women equal employment opportunity.Other people accept value judgments as long as they are made within a culture, and not about other cultures. Right and wrong, they believe, vary from one culture to another. It is true that an act frowned upon in one culture may be tolerated in another, but the degree of difference has often been grossly exaggerated. When we first encounter an unfamiliar moral view, we are inclined to focus on the difference so much that we miss the similarity.Is it legitimate, then, for us to pass judgment on the moral standards of another culture? Yes, if we do so thoughtfully, and not just conclude that whatever differs from our viewsnecessarily wrong. We can judge, for example, a culture that treats women as property, or places less value on their lives than on the lives of men. Moreover, we can say a society is acting immorally by denying women their human rights.Surely it is irresponsible for us to withhold judgment on the morality of these cases merely because they occurred in a different culture. It is obvious that in both cases the men’s response, murder, was out of all proportio n to the women’s “offenses,” and therefore demonstrated a wanton disregard for the women’s human rights. Their response is this properly judged immoral. And this judgment implies another—that the culture condoning such behavior is guilty of moral insensitivity.9.Art as Nonverbal CommunicationLike language and social organization, art is essential to man. As embellishment and as creation of objects beyond requirements of the most basic needs of living, art has accompanied man since prehistoric times. Because of its almost unfailing consistency as an element of manysocieties, art may be a response to some biological or psychological need. Indeed, it is one of the most constant forms of human behavior.American art is functional. Its function is its purpose, whether it is economic, magical, or religious. There is, though, some of art for its own sake such as in the embellishment of pulleys used in weaving. The carving on the pulley may not take for a stronger pulley (a metal hook would be cheaper and stronger), but when asked why another king wasn’t used, the weaver answered, “One does not want to live without pretty things.”African art is a way of experiencing the world. All its forms, whether masks, sculpture, houses, fabrics, pottery, poetry, music, or dance, render the invisible and reveal the meaning of the confrontation between life and death (it was Paul Klee, influenced by African art, who said that the task of art was to make the invisible visible.)The African artist works from the force to the form that embodies it. Until the twentieth century, European artists,inspired by Greek traditions, started from a concrete form, usually that of the human figure, to express the divine. The African artist, however, begins with a sense of a spiritual presence inside him, which he then expresses through art, in a concrete form.The African artist works from the force to the form that embodies it. Until the twentieth century, European artists, inspired by Greek traditions, started from a concrete form, usually that of the human figure, to express the divine. The African artist, however, begins with a sense of a spiritual presence inside him, which he then express through art, in a concrete form.The African artist is not considered an artist. He may be a farmer who carves or a smith who is endowed with magical powers. The responsibility for understanding the operation of forces issuing from the divine power, and of controlling them in a meaningful way, lies in the medicine man or priest. It is the priest who communicates the need for a certain form to the carver if it is to have some spiritual endowment. (That is why carvers don’t see anything wrong in copyinganother carver’s work. Copying is just another form of flattery.)The African conception of art is a communal conception as compared with European individualistic expression. To the African, community existed prior to the individual, and the individual is just a small part of a long tradition. The sense of unity extends to nature and to the earth—earth belongs to ancestors.Secret societies, supporting the medicine man, maintain standards of behavior by special initiation tests, rituals for many occasions, oaths of secrecy, and the like. They supervise morality, uphold tribal traditions, and dispense justice. They set standards for art forms from birth through puberty, marriage, and death. Masks, sculptures in the form of ancestor figure, fetish, and ritual implements (rattles and drums) conform to these traditions. Fetishes are objects endowed with magical powers for a special purpose and are usually crudely fashioned by the medicine man.African art gives form to the supernatural and invisible. Its abstract imagery does not even attempt to imitate concrete appearances. How does one represent the power and virtue of an ancestor or the rhythm of an animal concretely? From this emerge a rhythmic unity and a reduction of every formal element to its eternal geometry.African art is one that is in equilibrium with nature and forms a communication with nature. To the African, sculpture can be a receptacle of the ancestor’s spirituality and has the ability to transmit that spirituality when necessary. Its message or meaning becomes its presence.African art is closer to life than the art of other countries. Its art forms are within every man’s reach. They are a necessity, an integral force, and a part of living. As functional forms, they invite direct participation in their uses. This is the vitality of American art.In summary, African art explains the past, describes values and a way of life, helps man relate to supernatural forces, mediates his social relations, expresses emotions, andenhances man’s present life as an embellishment denoting pride or status as well as providing entertainment (such as with dance and music).10.Turtle IslandThere are many things in Western culture that are admirable. But a culture that alienates itself from the very ground of its own being—from the wildness Outside (that is to say, wild nature, the wild, self-contained, self-informing, ecosystems) and from that other wilderness, the wilderness within—is doomed to a very destructive behavior, ultimately perhaps self-destructive behavior.A line is drawn between primitive peoples and civilized peoples. I think there is a wisdom in the world view of primitive peoples that we have to refer ourselves to, and learn from. If we are on the verge of postcivilization, then our next step must take account of the primitive world view which has traditionally and intelligently tried to keep open lines of communication with the forces of nature. You cannot communicate with the forces of nature in a laboratory. One of the problems is that we simply do notknow much about primitive people and primitive cultures. If we can tentatively accommodate the possibility that nature has a degree of authenticity and intelligence that requires that we look at it more sensitively, then we can move on to the next step.。

GRE写作科技类

1No.1 孙远的工具箱（科技类）科技类1 计算机和教育Computers enhance a student ’s learning experience in many ways. First of all, the computer has the ability to accommodate individual difference in learning speed because the user (the student) is the one who controls the pace of the lessons. In addition, the learner does not have to be afraid of reprisal or humiliation when making errors. A third advantage of computer assisted instruction is that a computer can give a student immediate feed back .Computer can make the teacher ’s job easier. One advantage lies in the preparation of instructional materials . In addition, the computer offers numerous advantages to teachers in managing their classrooms . Finally, computer can help teachers keep student records and chart student progress , thereby cutting down on time-consuming paperwork .2. 计算机与工作环境In an atmosphere of computer monitoring, inept workstations, inflexible pacing, and nerve-wracking anxiety, workman’s com pensation claims based on job stress have more than doubled since 1980, and now account for approximately 15 percent of all occupational disease claims . According to estimates by the OTA, stress-related illness costs business, between $50 and 75$ billion per year.3. 太阳能What’s making solar energy so hot? For one thing, the technology is getting better and cheaper . The price of the photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight to electricity has fallen sharply from $500 a watt in the 1960s to about $4 today. Companies are now rushing to break the $2 barrier. Texas Instruments and Southern California Edison have joined forces to produce flexible solar panels from inexpensive low-grade silicon. The innovative technology will allow the panels to be integrated into car and building design and, even more important; will crash the price to $2.50 a watt.4. 微型机器In the past, one of the biggest disadvantages of machines has been their inability to work on a micro (or tiny) scale. For example, doctors did not have devices allowing them to go inside the human body to identify health problems to perform delicate surgery . Repair crew did not have a way of identifying broken pipes located deep within ahigh-rise apartment building. However, that’s about to change. Advances in c omputers and biophysics have started a micro miniature revolution that’s allowing scientists to envision and in some cases actually build microscopic machines. These devices promise to radically change the way we live and work.5. 环境压力New technologies often cause new forms of pollution and environmental stress. Pollution may be defined as the addition to the environment of agents that are potentially damaging to the welfare of humans or other organisms. Environmental stress is a more general term that refers to effects of society on the natural environment. Pollution is the most common form of environmental stress, but it is not the only one.2One example of environmental stress resulting from technology is the surprising finding that winter fish killed in Wisconsin lakes were caused by snowmobiles. Heavy snowmobiles on lakes compact the snow, thereby reducing the amount of sunlight filtering through the ice and interfering with photosynthesis by aquatic plants . As the plant life dies, its decomposition further reduces the amount of oxygen in the water . The fish then die of asphyxiation. In sum, although scientific discoveries and technological advances have produced tremendous improvements in the quality of human life, they have often had negative consequences as well. The risk of cancer caused by the inhalation of asbestos particles, the possibility of large-scale industrial accidents, the ethical issues raised by the use of life-prolong technologies, and the ever-present danger of nuclear holocaust are as much a part of the modern era as space travel, miracle drugs, and computers that can operate whole factories. Although technology is not “out of control’, there is clearly a need for improved procedures for anticipating and preventing the negative consequences of new technologies.6. 高科技和就业The term high technology is associated with computers, advanced electronics, genetic engineering, and other frontiers of technological change. The term high technology implies:An extensive degree of technological sophistication embodied in a productA rapid rate of employment growth associated with an innovative product. A large research and development effort associated with production.One implication of this definition is that it includes job-creating process like research and development as well as technologies like computers, which also have created new growth in employment.Early machine technologies tended to replace human labor power, but high technology tends to reduce the need for human brainpower. Employment in occupations like drafting and industrial drawing in engineering and architecture, for example, is threatened by the accelerating use of computer design and graphics programs.7. 科技的影响It should be noted that the effects of new technologies are not always positive. The phrase technological dualism is sometimes used to refer to the fact that technological changes often have both positive and negative effects. The introduction of diesel locomotives , for example, greatly increase the efficiency of railroad operations, but it is also led to decline and eventual abandonment of railroad towns whose economies were based on the servicing of steam locomotives. Another example is the automation of industrial production . Automation has greatly improved manufacturing process in many industries. It has increased the safety of certain production tasks and led toimproved product quality in many cases. But it has also replaced thousands of manual workers with machines, and significant numbers of those workers find themselves unemployed and lacking the skills required by the high-tech occupations of postindustrial society.Technology is dangerous to the real world. (In movie and science fiction) Events like the accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear-power plant in 1979; the toxic gas leak that killed more than 2,000 people in Bhopal, India , in 1984; and the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear-power plant in the Soviet Union in 1986 seem to indicate human beings cannot control technologies they have created.The result of our dependence on the benefits of complex technologies is an increasingly complex set oforganizations and procedures for putting those technologies to work. This requires more human effort and skill,3and the chances of error and breakdown are greater. The point is not that technology is out of control but that often there is lag between the introductions of new technologies and the mature control over them .8. 科技和社会变化Inventions affect the size of populations, which in turn influences the course of history. Some inventions affect population directly: Improvements in sanitation , the development of cured for fatal illnesses , and more effective contraceptive techniques are examples. Some inventions can also have indirect effects on population: techniques that improve crop yields or permit long-term storage of food surpluses make it possible to support a largerpopulation with a given amount of farmland. And improvements in military technology have had dramatic effects on the conduct of war and hence on population size.9．对能量的要求Throughout human history a central aspect of technological change has been the quest for new sources of energy to meet the needs of growing populations. That quest has given rise to a succession of energy technologies, each more sophisticated than the last. (Animal power---steam-driven machines---internal-combustion engine---nuclear energy---fusion reaction, in which hydrogen atoms are fused into helium.)Many people believe that societies can meet their growing energy needs by continually investing in more sophisticated technologies. This approach has led to the development of huge nuclear-power plants to replace oil-fueled generators, and it is widely hoped that investment in fusion, an even more complex technology, will eliminate the dangers posed by nuclear power.The trend toward greater use of nuclear power to generate electricity has become a major social and political issue. Underlying the conflict over the safety of nuclear-power plants is the issue of control.10. 日常生活中的科技The place of technology in modern societies is a subject of continuing controversy. Key issues include not only the impact of technology on daily life but also the need to control the development and uses of technological innovations so that they benefit all sectors of society.11. 科技和社会: 医学科技Throughout most of human history, limitations on food production, together with lack of medical knowledge, have placed limits on the size of populations. Dreadful diseases like the bubonic plague have actually reducedpopulations. In England the plague, known as the Black Death , was responsible for a drastic drop in the population in 1348 and for the lack of population growth in the seventeenth century. In 1625 more than 35,000 residents of London died of the plague. Smallpox and dysentery have had similar, though less dramatic, effects.As medical science progressed toward greater understanding of the nature of disease and its prevention, new public-health and maternal-care practices contributed to rapid population growth. In the second half of the nineteenth century, such discoveries as antiseptics and anesthesia made possible other life-prolonging medical treatments.12. 科技的影响The case of medical technology illustrates once again that technology can be both a blessing and a curse. In recent decades we have become increasingly aware that the problems of human life cannot always be solved bytechnological means. The “technological fix” can have adverse consequences. In the case of medical technology,4vital ethical issues must be addresses. Other technologies, such as nuclear power and chemical plants, can directly threaten human life. As Charles Perrow writes, “Human -made catastrophes appear to have increased withindustrialization as we built devices that could not crash, sink, and burn or explode.” Perrow also points out that the increasing complexity of modern technology has led to a new kind of catastrophe: the failure of whole systems (i.e., activities and organizational networks as well as apparatus), as in the case of the Three Mile Island accident and the Challenger disaster .13 学院The work of scientists must be paid for, and the more their research is “pure” (in that it has no apparent uses that generate profits), the more it must be supported by other institutions like government or industry. This dependence of science on other institutions continually subjects scientists to pressure to make their work relevant to the needs of business or military.14. 科学的标准Universalism. One of the basic norms of scientific institutions universalism: The truth of scientific knowledge must be determined by the impersonal criteria of the scientific method, not by criteria related to race, nationality, religion, social class, or political ideology.Consider the case of the Russian geneticist Trofim D. Lysenko, who on the basis of some extremely unscientific research on plant genetics, claimed that acquired characteristics of plants could be inherited by the next generation. This claim seems to offer hope for improvement of the Soviet Union’s faltering agricultural production. It also fit well with Soviet ideology, which held that better human beings could be created through adherence to revolution. To Stalin and his advisers, science seemed to have proved the value of the Soviet culture and social system. Lysenko was granted a virtual dictatorship over biological research in the Soviet Union, and hundreds of Geneticists lost their jobs. Lysenko was deposed during the Khrushchev era, but the damage done to Soviet agriculture and biological research in the name of ideology lasted many years longer.Common ownership. Another norm of science is common ownership of scientific findings. Those findings are a result of collaboration and hence are not the property of any individual , although in some cases they may bear the name of the person who first published th em, as in “Darwin’s theory of evolution” or “Einstein’s theory of relativity”. Secrecy is out of place in science.Disinterestedness. A further norm of scientific institutions is disinterestedness. The scientist does not allow the desire for personal gain to influence the reporting and evaluation of results; fraud and irresponsible claims are outlawed. In fact, more than most other activities, scientific research is subject to the scrutiny of others. This is part of the nature of that research, which involves the search for results that can be verified; in other words, science is, in a sense, self-policing. The norm of disinterestedness does not imply that scientists cannot hope to profit from their findings, and there are many instances in which scientists have held lucrative patents for their discoveries. But it does imply that related norms of scientific research, such as unbiased observation and thoroughness inreporting findings, must take precedence over any selfish motives. (It appeared that a new era of------- might be on the horizon)15. 现代社会中的科技We noted earlier that a significant aspect of modern science is its contribution to the rapid pace of technological change. The technologies produced by scientific research are applied to all aspects human life and hence are a major force in shaping and changing other institutions in addition to scientific institutions themselves. An exampleis the impact of technological change on the institutions of mass communication. The advent of radio and thentelevision dramatically changed the ways in which social and cultural values are transmitted to various groups insociety.The industrial revolution completely changed the organization of economic institutions and also had significanteffects on other institutions, such as the family. Likewise, the internal-combustion engine, which made possible the development of the automobile, has completely transformed the ecology of North America. On the other hand,some technological changes are limited to modifications in the apparatus or technical skills needed for a particulartask (the surgical stapler is an example) and do not affect large numbers of people or have major social impacts.16 伽利略和宗教审判The first person to use a telescope to study the skies was Galileo Galilee, an Italian mathematician who lived from1564 to 1642. His observations convinced him that the earth revolved around the sun. Up to that time it had beentaken for granted that the earth was the center of the universe, and this belief was strongly entrenched in thedoctrines of the Catholic Church Galileo’s view were so radical that he was tried by the Institution, ordered todeny what he knew to be the truth, and forced to spend the last eight years of his life under house arrested.Today scientists are studying subatomic particles called quarks. They have proposed that dinosaurs had feathers rather than scales, and they have suggested that the universe began with abig bang and that stars eventually become black holes. They have discovered the process by whichthe continents were formed and the structure of human genes in none of these cases have thefindings been challenged by “the authorities,” religious or others. Rather, they have been judgedby the standards of scientific investigation, one of the functions of the institution that we call science.5。

孙远《写作宝典》：GMAT写作黄金句型

that deserve attention.
17. The example cited, while suggestive of these trends, is
insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason to
and technological.
4. But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and
how well it represented…
孙远《写作宝典》：GMAT写作黄金句型
编辑：admin | 作者：新东方教育在线 | 发布日期：2002-10-13 4:11:38
孙远博士，副教授，留美学者，长期从事英语教学，对英文写作尤有专攻。在国内外学术期刊上发表学术论文30多篇，出版学术著作两部，译著一部。在新东方主讲GMAT写作、GRE专项写作和TOEFL专项写作。主编《GMAT写作》、《GRE写作》和《TOEFL写作宝典》。“多背优美的英文篇章。我们学习汉语写作是从背诵开始的，这一点不言而喻。对于学习英语写作来说，背诵就更加重要了。不下苦功夫在上文所说的阅读的基础上背诵数百篇的优秀篇章，英文思维能力就不可能培养起来；而不能用英语进行思维就无法超越翻译式的写作阶段，也就永远不可能真正用英语进行创造性的写作，即创作。”在网络课堂中，名师孙远将为你提供更多的写作模式和套路。
7. The argument provides no direct information as to the degree to
which…
8. There is no evidence whatsoever to indicate that…

GRE考试：issue写作指导(提纲模板)

GRE考试：issue作文重点题目和提纲gre issue 提纲“It is dangerous to trust only intelligence.”只相信智力是危险的。

【分析题目】拿到一个题目后，我们不要忙于去写，一定要先对题目进行详细的分析。

通过题目我们知道主要论证的是intelligence的作用，因此，智力是这个题目最关键的突破点。

【提纲1】A. 无可否认的，智力因素在各个领域都很重要，无论是自然科学还是社会科学。

(论据1)Undoubtedly, intelligence plays an important role in many realms, including the natural science and the social sciences.B.要想成功光靠智力是远远不够的，还有很多其他的因素如勤奋、勇敢等。

(论据2)Intelligence by itself is not enough for one to succeed; many other factors such as diligence and courage must be taken into consideration.C.应该在此二者之间寻求平衡，即将两者结合起来。

We should strive for a balance between intelligence and emotion, that is, combine them with each other.【提纲2】Position: Intelligence is sufficient in some cases but not in any case.1、In scientific studies regarding the physical world, we should depend only on intelligence for discovering and testing truths.2、However, in the realm of human affairs, we have to use both our intelligence and our hearts for solving problems.3、Sometimes our intuition can give us valuable assistance in making a judgment.GRE考试：issue字数gre issue 字数要求是怎样的?很多考生担心考试时issue 字数上不去。

2024年GRE考试语文历年题目全扫描

2024年GRE考试语文历年题目全扫描GRE语文考试是世界上最具权威性的语言考试之一，广泛应用于全球各高校的研究生招生入学考试。

为了帮助考生更好地备考2024年的GRE语文考试，本文将全面扫描历年的考题，为大家提供全面准确的备考资料。

1. 阅读理解题2021年真题：Passaсk 1: 《人力资源管理的影响》Passaсk 2: 《环境保护的挑战与机遇》Passaсk 3: 《科技与社会变革》2022年真题：Passaсk 1: 《贫富差距与社会不公平》Passaсk 2: 《艺术对社会的影响》Passaсk 3: 《人工智能的发展与应用》2023年真题：Passaсk 1: 《全球化与经济发展》Passaсk 2: 《教育的重要性与改革》Passaсk 3: 《城市化带来的问题与挑战》2. 文字推理题2021年真题：Text 1: 《全球化对文化多样性的影响》Text 2: 《科技创新与社会进步》Text 3: 《环境保护的道德责任》2022年真题：Text 1: 《教育公平与社会流动》Text 2: 《良好诚信对个人与社会的重要性》 Text 3: 《技术革新的利弊分析》2023年真题：Text 1: 《社会媒体对沟通与互动的影响》 Text 2: 《全球化对职业发展的影响》Text 3: 《数字时代的隐私保护》3. 完型填空题2021年真题：Passage 1: 《科技对人类生活的变革》Passage 2: 《科学发展与道德伦理》Passage 3: 《生态文明与可持续发展》2022年真题：Passage 1: 《科技对教育的革新与应用》Passage 2: 《自由市场与经济竞争》Passage 3: 《科学与艺术的交叉与影响》2023年真题：Passage 1: 《社会媒体对消费习惯的影响》Passage 2: 《全球化对就业市场的变革》Passage 3: 《人工智能对人类思维的挑战》以上所列为历年GRE考试的部分语文题目，考生可以根据题目清单进行重点复习，了解近几年出题趋势，熟悉题目类型和难度水平。

URP高校网络教学系统V1.0

清华教育在线THEOL系列教学软件北京清元优软科技有限公司2009-7目录一、URP高校网络教学系统V1.0概述 (2)二、URP高校网络教学系统V1.0建设方案 (6)三、URP高校网络教学系统V1.0系统与资源描述 (9)第一部分通用网络教学平台 (9)第二部分精品课程申报、建设与评审平台 (14)第三部分专业与课程建设平台 (19)第四部分研究型网络教学平台 (21)第五部分教学资源库管理平台 (22)第六部分国内外开放课程资源 (26)第七部分数据共享方案 (30)四、技术路线、硬软件环境要求 (31)一、URP高校网络教学系统V1.0概述高校用户一览表网络教学平台已经在国内170余所知名院校中得到成功应用，其中包括985工程院校15所，211工程院校60余所，原国防科工委院校10余所以及国家示范性高职院校10多所，部分如下：清华大学、西安交通大学、南开大学、重庆大学、福州大学、吉林大学、湖南大学、中央民族大学、泰山医学院、重庆医科大学、广西医科大学、华南理工大学、兰州大学、新疆大学、内蒙古大学、青海大学、南昌大学、深圳大学、西北农林科技大学、华南农业大学、中国地质大学、北京石油化工学院、华北电力大学（北京）、北京理工大学、中国农业大学、外交学院、北京建筑工程学院、装甲兵工程学院、南京理工大学、昆明理工大学、西安理工大学、武汉理工大学、辽宁工程技术大学、东北农业大学、哈尔滨理工大学、南京航空航天大学、泉州师范学院、玉林师范学院、沈阳建筑大学、石河子大学、大连铁道学院、重庆工商大学、西南大学、河南农业大学、西北第二民族学院、青岛大学、太原科技大学、内蒙古工业大学、河南科技大学、西安邮电大学、新疆农业大学、贵州大学等。

二、URP高校网络教学系统V1.0建设方案“质量工程”在特色专业点建设、精品课程建设、高水平教学团队建设、教学资源建设、多种模式教学过程和教学环节信息化等方面都提出了更高的要求。

枝干--各部分的复习

枝干——各个部分的复习（1）math在我写的那篇机经里已经说过了，GMAT里的数学似乎有变难的趋势，所以即令勤奋聪慧如CD诸友者，仍未必能够轻松拿下数学。

因此我觉得这部分还是应该引起大家的重视。

我感觉，数学部分的复习还是最好从基本的概念开始，新东方老师的三本书我都有，吴强，钱永强，陈向东。

我感觉各有千秋，数学概念方面总结的都比较好。

但我本人比较喜欢吴强那一本，尽管里面有不少错误，但那本书里确实有不少很不错的解题思路，概率、统计和排列组合部分也总结了不少的难题，对于数学复习来说帮助不小。

数学准备的第二步应该就是OG了，我希望大家注意一点，那就是OG数学前面的题目确实很简单，但做到后面就会发现题目越来越难，换言之就是水平越来越高。

我第一次备考就是只做了ps的前100题，当时真的是狂妄的要命——就这题拿来考我？笑话！可是和逻辑一样，当我发现根本不是那么简单的时候一切都已经晚了。

这次备考OG数学认认真真的作了两遍。

我感觉解题思路对于math部分来说似乎不如verbal那么重要，但是语言表达方面却绝对值得引起大家重视，要知道因为不熟悉语言表达在math上失分是很冤的。

第三步就是狒狒宝典和机经了，那些题目确实很有价值，但我觉得大家最好还是以掌握解题思路为主，切勿强记答案。

原因有三，一、因为我们不可能把几百道题的答案全部准确地记下来；二、考试的时候的题目未必和宝典上的题目一致，说不定换了数字；三、即使考试的时候遇到了相似题目我觉得大概也没有谁敢直接去点答案，原因就是上面说的第二条，多数的情况就是会把真正考试的题目去和记忆中的题目进行比较，而这样很费时间。

但是时间对于考试来说又是至关重要的，所以我觉得宝典和机经的作用就在于让我们达到有宝典如无宝典，有机经如无机经的境界——一切了然于胸，无惧千变万化。

（当然了，我还差得远，不过我的数学水平基本上是等而下之，大家比我强得多，达到这样的境界只是时间问题）。

最后，也就是考前的阶段我觉得还是要回归OG和概念以及专有名词，把不熟悉的题目再作一作，基本上问题就不算大了。

ERP库存管理

Tiptop 5.0 Gui教育訓練庫存管理系統課程大綱八. Q & A 10分鐘10分鐘A 儲位C 儲位B 儲位批號1批號2批號3MRP 倉庫儲位保稅∕非保稅倉庫儲位(Main W/H)建立庫房概念多倉庫儲位批號存量庫房線上庫房可用或不可用MRP 使用或不使用倉儲料件存放之倉儲可事先設定不同倉儲可有不同單位1.取自料件主檔2.取自料件分群檔3.取自倉庫檔4.取自倉庫儲位檔倉庫系統作業流程2.倉庫實務作業流程工單完工入庫成品倉TIPTOP 單據別設定說明雜項發料流程領用需求發生領用單輸入(aimt301) (aimt311)領用單憑證列印(aimt301-O) (aimt311-O)材料領用點交出庫庫存過帳aimt301-S aimt311-SEnd庫存錯誤否理由碼過帳雜項發料計算成本需維護其單價雜項收料流程入庫／退料需求發生雜收入庫∕退料單輸入(aimt302) (aimt312)入庫／退料單憑證列印(aimt302-O) (aimt312-O)材料退回入庫庫存過帳aimt302-Saimt312-S檢驗良品否N(aimp379 Y庫存錯誤否雜項報廢流程報廢需求發生報廢單輸入(aimt303) (aimt313)報廢單憑證列印(aimt303-O) (aimt313-O)報廢品項點交出庫庫存過帳aimt303-S aimt313-SEnd庫存錯誤否W/H to W/H一階段調撥Stock StockStockPlant 1Plant 1Stock APlant2一階段調撥二階段調撥適用於庫房間距離較遠者Plant 2撥出確認撥入確認同一工廠內倉庫間調撥流程倉庫間直接調撥需求調撥單輸入aimt324調撥單憑證列印aimt324-O倉庫間轉撥出庫∕入庫庫存過帳aimt324-S調撥差異否工廠間直接調撥需求調撥單輸入aimt720調撥單憑證列印aimt720-O倉庫間轉撥出庫∕入庫撥入確認庫存過帳aimt720-S調撥差異否YNEnd撥出確認aimt720-Y不同工廠間庫存直接調撥流程同一工廠內庫存兩階段調撥流程倉庫間兩階段調撥需求調撥單輸入aimt325調撥單憑證列印aimt325-O倉庫間轉撥出庫∕入庫撥入確認庫存過帳aimt326-S撥出確認aimt325-Y 兩階段調撥明細表aimr510不同工廠間庫存兩階段調撥流程工廠間間接調撥需求調撥單輸入aimt700調撥單憑證列印aimr512倉庫間轉撥出庫∕入庫撥入確認庫存過帳aimp701數量差異否N撥出確認aimp700工廠間調撥報表aimr700∕r701工廠間調撥結案作業aimt701預收數量撥出確認撥入未確認撥入確認借還料概念廠商編號: B 系統提供相關報表：借料狀況表(aimr530)借料預償統計表(aimr531)料件預計償還一覽表(aimr309)同業間外借料∕還料流程借料需求發生借料請示單核准借料(Y/N)Y登錄借料明細aimt306借料過帳aimt306-S□1.原價償還□2.原數償還原價償還aimt308原數償還aimt309借料報表AP 立帳End回寫已還數量料件動態資料庫存料件之管理報表庫存週轉率分析報表(aimr620)低於訂購點資料分析報表(aimr503)庫存有效狀況分析報表(aimr506)呆滯料分析報表(aimr802)如超過六十天視為呆滯料可列印出材料六十天未異動之報表系統提供相關重要報表及查詢作業，以利查核:日報表明細查詢可查詢每一筆Transaction異動資料明細查詢ABC分析Start系統參數設定檢視asms220asms112ABC分類碼計算aimp500ABC分類表aimr500EndABC類碼設定用途異動量庫存量6/266/276/286/296/307/17/27/3(100)(105)(+5)(115)(120)(119)(+10)(+5)盤點標籤重計資aimp800aimr800aimt800(-1)Update 盤點標籤現有庫存量盤點標籤重計概念定期庫存盤點作業流程盤點標籤設定aimi800空白標籤產生否空白標籤產生aimp810盤點標籤產生(庫存及在製品)aimp800盤點標籤列印aimr800∕801/811/812A產生標籤與系統凍結間是否仍有出入庫異動盤點資料重新計算aimt800實地實物初盤初盤資料登入（第一組）aimt820/840初盤資料登入（第二組）aimt821/841差異分析表aimr820/822初盤資料差異否初盤資料調整aimt826/827報表稽核NB複盤作業(Y/N)實地實物複盤作業Y複盤資料登入（第一組）aimt850/870複盤資料登入（第二組）aimt851/871差異分析表aimr830/832複盤資料差異否複盤資料調整aimt836/837報表稽核C盤點資料過帳aimp880盤點盈虧表盤點資料清除否盤點資料清除aimp850∕851End單別設定輸入盤點量週期盤點概念依料品特性或價值設定週期盤點政策設定ABC參數給予料號之ABC分類碼盤點起始日設定第一天A類盤點10項次第二天A類盤點10項次第三天A類盤點10項次A類盤點週期30天B類盤點週期50天C類盤點週期60天A類300 item週期盤點概念方法二: 對所有材料作週期盤點列印材料盤點明細表(庫存量以當天數量為基準點)盤點輸入盤點量及過帳週期循環盤點作業流程週期盤點是否重計ABC級碼ABC參數重新設定否庫存ABC參數設定asms220Y庫存ABC碼計算aimp500料件ABC資料正確否庫存ABC碼調整aimi100-UY A。

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No.1 孙远的工具箱（教育类）前两天看见有同志说新书里没有写作工具箱的，恰好有一本原来的版本，恰好本人在假期里练打字，就把孙老师工具箱里的黑体字笔记了一下，想用的就拿去吧，先贴一部分，要是大家都有了就不再贴了。

黑体字部分都有，还摘抄了一部分有用的句子。

Issue教育类1.ProverbsThe primary of a liberal education is to make one‘s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one‘s time.Next in importance is to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.Education‘s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and the intelligence to create our own destiny.The most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is to ornamentation anddecoration of the structure.The essence of our effort is to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each an opportunity, not to become equal, but become to different-to realize whatever unique potential of a body, and spirit he or she possesses. If you can read and don‘t, you are an illiterate by choice.教育的目的Throughout the nation and history, it has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity and preparing new generations of citizens in society.The school‘s job is to enhance the natural deve lopment of the growing child, rather than to pour information.Life skills---logical thinking, analysis, creative problem solving.The actual content of lessons is secondary to the progress, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as uncreative and vulgar.Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities, thatsupposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc.Education should aim at improvement of bo th one‘s morals and faculties.Madison once wrote that, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share that we should want all students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of a country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one‘s faith.Honesty: Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents Courage: Aesop‘s shepherd boy who cried wolf Persistence: civil warRespect the law: Socrates---I must submit to the decree of AthensAs any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be not only healthy, happy, and successful, but decent strong and good. None of these happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. . It takes careful attention.I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure.The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics –an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field.Ultimatel y it will be the students‘ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be the prisoners of their parents‘ dreams and the classmates‘ fears. They must be jolt into believing in themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads.There is no one ―right way‖ to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point, and bound for a different destination.成功和失败Most people consider success and failure as opposite, but they are actually both products of the same process. As abaseball player suggests, an activity which produce a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy which generates good creative ideas also produces errors.If you learn that failing even a little penalizes you, you learn not to male mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself in situations where you might fall. This leads you to conservative thought patterns designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on ―failure‖.Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.From the practical point of view, ―to error is wrong‖ makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousands of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn‘t last long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand into a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won‘t keep their jobs very long.Nevertheless, to o great an adherence to the belief ―to err is wrong‖ can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you will probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain theses right answers. By doing this, you‘ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend little time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase, these errors are viewed as necessary by-product of creative thinking. As the player would put it, ―If you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.‖ That is the way the game of life goes.As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filled with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping atones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled onto the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions which were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb. Errors serve another useful purpose: they tell us when tochange directions. Negative feedback means that the current approach is not working, and it is up to you to figure out a new one. We learn by trail and error, not by trial and rightness. If we do things correctly every time, we should never have to change directions—we‘d ju st continue the current course and end up with more the same.Your error rate in any activity is a function of your familiarity with the activity. If you are doing things that are routine and have a high likelihood of correctness, then you will probably making very few errors. But if you are doing things that have no precedence in your experience or are trying different approaches, then you will be making your share of mistakes. Innovators may not bat a thousand—far from it—but they do get new ideas.Thomas J. Watson, the founder of IBM, has similar words: ― the way to succeed i s to double your failure rate. Errors, at the very least, are a sign that we are diverging from the main road to and trying different approaches. There are places where errors are inappropriate, but the germinal phase of the creative process isn‘t one of them. Errors are a sign that you are diverging from thewell-traveled path. If you are not failing every now and then,it‘s a sign you are not being very innovative.If you make an error, use it as a stepping atone to a new idea you might not have otherwise discovered. Differentiate between errors of ―commission‖ and those of ―omission‖. The latter can be more costly than the former. If you ‗re not making any errors, you might ask yourself, ―How many opportunities am I missing by not being more aggressive?‖Strengthen your ―risk muscle‖. Everyone has one, but you have to exercise it or else it will atrophy. Make it a point to take at least one risk every 24 hours.‘Remember these two benefits of failure. First, if you do fail, you learn what does not work; and second, the failure gives you an opportunity to try a new approach.教育类Liberal art teaches you how to think, how to read, write, and speak intelligently, get along with others, and conceptualize problems.Growing ranks of corporate executives are lamenting that college students are specializing too much and too early. What corporate America really needs is students soundly grounded in the liberal arts—English, especially---who thencan pick up more specific business or technical skills on the job. Today‘s best selling courses offer evidence that students want to take courses that provide direct job related skills rather than the most basic survival skills in the work place: communications and thinking skills. Education for education‘s sake is noble but impractical to today‘s college student who is facing a competitive and rapidly changing job market.Adaptability and lifelong learning are the cornerstones of success in today‘s complex and rapidly changing society. No longer can the person who is steeped in one academic discipline, but knows nothing about any thing else, meet today‘s demands.The time has come to rethink what education really is and how it relates to the functions of society. Perhaps what a liberal education does to an individual, which is more important than anything else, is to prepare him for more learning. The liberal arts background equips one with thinking skills, coupled with the desire to learn, are the best preparation for career and life that any of us can possess. First, granting that our graduates know a great deal, their knowledge lies about in fragments and never gets weldedtogether into the stuff of a tempered and mobile mind. Secondly, our university graduates have been so busy boring holes for themselves, acquiring special knowledge and skills, that in later life they have astonishingly little in common in the way of ideas, standards, or principles.But genuine education, as Socrates knew more than two thousand years ago, is not inserting the stuffings of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him; it is the drawing out of what is in the mind.The most important part of education is this instruction of a man in what he has inside him.He was being so stuffed with miscellaneous facts, with such an indigestible mass of material that he has no time (and was given no encouragement) to draw on his own resources, to use his own mind for analyzing and synthesizing, and evaluating this material.The job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within. Training is intended primarily for the service of society; education is primarily for the individual. Education is for the improvement of the individual, it also serves society by providing a leavening of men of understanding, ofperception, and wisdom. They are our intellectual leaders, the critics of our culture, the defenders of our free traditions, the instigators of our progress.In the liberal arts college, student is encouraged to explore new fields and old fields, to wander down the bypaths of the knowledge.The study of law gives him an understanding of the rules under which our society functions and his practice in solving legal problems gives him an understanding of fine distinctions.In general, certain courses of study are for the service of society and other courses are for self-improvement.。