英语写作基础教程
大学英语写作基础教程
大学英语写作基础教程大学英语写作基础教程以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的'功能相同或相似，考可根据自己的情况选择其中的个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。
1．表示原因1）There are three reasons for this2）The reasons for this are as follows3）The reason for this is obvious4）The reason for this is not far to seek5）The reason for this is that6）We have good reason to believe that例如：There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been great ly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。
如：Great changes have taken place in our life．There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
2．表示好处1）It has the following advantages2）It does us a lot of good3）It benefits us quite a lot4）It is beneficial to us5）It is of great benefit to us例如：Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our mindsand widen our horizons．Therefore reading extensively is of great benefit to us3．表示坏处1）It has more disadvantages than advantages2）It does us much harm3）It is harmful to us例如：However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient, possible）for sb．to do sth．2）We think it necessary to do sth．3）It plays an important role in our life．例如：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon, computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．5．表示措施1)We should take some effective measures．2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted （faced）with．例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with Is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．6 ．表示变化1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．2)A great change wi ll certainly be produced in the world’s communications．3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．例如：Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain tomeat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．7．表示事实、现状1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．2）No one can deny the fact that．．．3）There is no denying the fact that．．．4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．5）However，that’s not the case．例如：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．T o solve these problems，we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．8．表示比较1）Compared with A，B．．．2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．3）There is a striking contrast between them．例如：Compared with cars ,bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．9．表示数量1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％compared with that of January．例如：With the improvement of the living standard,the proportion o f people’s in some spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．再如：From the graph listed above,it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．10．表示看法1）People have（take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth．2）People have different opinions on this problem．3）People take different views of（on）the question．4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．．例如：People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However ,others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．再如：Do“lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it（注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。
英语写作基础教程(effective Sentences 1)
Do not use different forms to express parallel ideas. E.g. Do not make unnecessary shifts in person and number, and the voice, tense or mood of verbs. E.g.
(Unity does not mean a writer can write only simple sentences.)
A long sentence expresses ideas that are closely connected. They are either ① A central idea supported or modified by various subordinate ideas, or ② Two or more related parallel ideas. e.g. The explorer who has just returned from the Antarctic is busy
Go on to p13 (after break)
Textbook: Instructor:
Class:
Size:
Classroom: Time:
Effective Sentences
Aim: Qualities of an effective sentence and ways to achieve effectiveness. Correctness alone cannot make a good sentence because it may not express the idea it intends to express very clearly or forcefully. It has to be effective at the same time.
英语写作基础教程(第三版)chapter
and a few books - are here. (4). introduce a summarizing clause after a series of
h
11
一、Manuscript Form
1. Arrangement
(10) attention: Never begin with a comma(,), a period(.), a colon(:), a question mark (?), an exclamation mark(!)
Never ends with 【 “ ( h-
h
20
二、 Punctuation
3. The Dash / Hyphen (-)
(1). indicates a break in thought or a change in tone, or a speaker's confusion or hesitation e.g. Many people went there - did you go?
2. The Period (.)
(1). used at the end of a declarative sentence, a mildly imperative sentence, and an indirect question
(2). Abbreviations U.S.A. a.m.
(3). Three spaced periods make the ellipsis mark
英语写作基础教程(1)
第 二 章 用 词 (Using Proper Words)
第三章造句
(Making Correct and Effective Sentences)
第四章
段 落 (Developing Paragraphs)
第 六 章 完 整 的 作 文 (Composing Essays)
第七章 应用文(Writing for Practical Purposes)
Chapter one
Manuscript Form and Punctuation 1. why is it important to write in correct
manuscript? 2. What are the rules for titles?
Focus 1 Manuscript Form (P1)
学习方法例举
根据自己的情况，选择不同的学习方式： 方式一：如果你能够写出语法基本正确的句子和
段落，那么，你就可以直接开始学习第六章（完整的 作文）或第七章（应用文写作）。将前面四章的学习 内容作为自学内容，如：标点符号的运用、信件的格 式等；
方式二：如果还没有自信能写出语法基本正确的 句子和段落的同学，可以从第一章开始逐章学习。基 础学习准备好后，对教学重点的内容也就容易把握了。
教学重点
1. 第六章“短文的写作” (Composing Essays) 2. 第七章“应用文的写作” (Writing for Practical Purposes)
巴基斯坦驻华大使鸿德致辞
非常感谢院长先生。谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很 高兴来到这里。我夫人与我为有这次机会再次来到贵校访问感到 荣幸。感谢贵校对我们的欢迎，特别感谢鸿德学院的热情接待， 我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们，我们此行带来了大使馆统和 巴基斯坦人民的良好祝愿。
英语写作基础教程(effective_Sentences_1)
content is rather poor. (?3) Back
Do not make unnecessary or confusing shifts in person, number, tense, mood, and voice.
(Unity does not mean a writer can write only simple sentences.)
A long sentence expresses ideas that are closely connected. They are either
① A central idea supported or modified by various subordinate ideas, or
(The central idea: The explorer is writing reports on his adventures in the Antarctic.)
unity
Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s, he grew up to be a famous musician.
name on this sheet or paper. their names (person and number) He looks up difficult words in his dictionaries, and it
is very helpful. which is (person: wrong modifier/antecedent) She reviewed the lesson taught last week and all the
英语写作基础教程(chapter 3)01
and arranges his history books accordingly. It is odd,
but it is convenient. #
.
Assignments
Reading:
pp 41-45
Exercises:
pp 49-54 ▪ Exercise 1: Chronological order ▪ Exercise 2: Process ▪ Exercise 3: Space
(ways of developing paragraphs)
Development by Time
In telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time; earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This method is also called chronological sequencing.
An effective paragraph
❖ 3 features of an effective paragraph: 1. A paragraph should have one, and only
one, central idea. 2. The main idea is generally expressed in
Example:
In the old days, train travel was not much fun. Back in the 1830’s, passenger coaches on western and southern roads looked like cabins on wheels. Until late in the 1840’s, passengers who wanted heat bought heated bricks from boys at the stations. There were no sleeping cars, either, until 1859, when George R. Pullman remodeled two day coaches into sleeping cars, to run from Chicago to Bloomington, Illinois. They were lighted by candles and heated by wood-burning stoves. Passengers near the stoves were too hot, and those far away were too cold. Even years later, after trains had better heating systems, passengers were often most uncomfortable. Open windows let in showers of soot and cinders; and closed windows meant stifling temperatures. Travelers reached their destinations in those days sooty, jostled, and travel-worn. #
英语写作基础教程课件.
Word division (P2)
-le Single letter Two-letter ending Hyphen Double consonants The last word of a page
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Focus 1 Manuscript Form (P1)
Capitalization 1. proper names 2. key words in titles 3. the first words of sentences
right
12
ArrangementBiblioteka 13Arrangement
14
Arrangement
Hyphen
-
Article
a/an/the
Preposition of/in/at/on…
Coordinating conjunctions and/or/but….
Infinitives
to+…
Question mark ?
Quotation mark “…”
15
Task 1 P2
1. where i lived, and what i lived for 2. are transgenic crops safe? 3. well-known dramatists of the ming dynasty 4. a day to remember 5. approaches to teaching english as a foreign
1. A comma is used to join clauses. It is put before the conjunction (and, but, or, for, so, nor, yet ) 2. A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase. 3. Commas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with the same function in the sentence.
英语写作基础教程第三版课后答案
英语写作基础教程第三版课后答案1、—Is this Tony’s history book?—No, it isn’t ______.（）[单选题] *A. himB. his(正确答案)C. heD. himself2、She _______ so much _______ her mother. [单选题] *A. looks; like(正确答案)B. looks; forC. looks; afterD. looks forwards; to3、Could you please ______ why you can’t come to attend the meeting? [单选题] *A. explain(正确答案)B. understandC. giveD. reach4、77．You can watch TV when you finish________ your homework. [单选题] *A．to doB．doC．to doingD．doing(正确答案)5、I’m still unable to make myself_____in the discussion, which worries me a lot. [单选题]*A.understandB.understood(正确答案)C.understandingD.to be understood6、The hall in our school is _____ to hold 500 people. [单选题] *A. big enough(正确答案)B. enough bigC. very smallD. very big7、--What would you like to say to your _______ before leaving school?--I’d like to say"Thank you very much!" [单选题] *A. workersB. nursesC. waitersD. teachers(正确答案)8、The news is?_______. We are all _______ at it. [单选题] *A. exciting;?excited(正确答案)B. excited;?excitingC. exciting;?excitingD. excited;?excited9、74．In England people drive________. [单选题] *A．on the left(正确答案)B．in the leftC．on leftD．in left10、--Whose _______ are these?? ? ? --I think they are John·s. [单选题] *A. keyB. keyesC. keys(正确答案)11、-Do you have tickets for Friday? -Sorry, we've got _____ left. [单选题] *A. eitherB. none(正确答案)C. no oneD. neither12、I’ve _______ a job interview today. [单选题] *A. haveB. had(正确答案)C. hasD. have gone to13、The Titanic is a nice film. I _______ it twice. [单选题] *A. sawB. seeC. have seen(正确答案)D. have saw14、Customers see location as the first factor when_____a decision about buying a house. [单选A.makeB.to makeC.making(正确答案)D.made15、One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but at least can help cover my living（）. [单选题] *A. billsB. expenses(正确答案)C. pricesD. charges16、_______ win the competition, he practiced a lot. [单选题] *A. BecauseB. In order to(正确答案)C. Thanks toD. In addition to17、Modern plastics can（）very high and very low temperatures. [单选题] *A. stand(正确答案)B. sustainC. carryD. support18、Tomorrow is Ann’s birthday. Her mother is going to make a _______ meal for her. [单选题] *A. commonB. quickC. special(正确答案)D. simple19、Jack can speak Japanese, and his brother can _______ speak Japanese. [单选题] *A. tooB. also(正确答案)C. eitherD. as well20、( ) No matter _____ hard it may be, I will carry it out. [单选题] *A whatB whateverC how(正确答案)D however21、57．Next week will be Lisa's birthday. I will send her a birthday present ________ post. [单选题] *A．withB．forC．by(正确答案)D．in22、In winter, animals have a hard time_____anything to eat. [单选题] *A.to findB.finding(正确答案)C.foundD.to finding23、--What’s your _______, Jim Green?--Jim. [单选题] *A. full nameB. first name(正确答案)C. last nameD. family name24、Don’t read in bed. It’s _______ your eyes. [单选题] *A. good atB. good forC. bad atD. bad for(正确答案)25、In order to find the missing child, villagers _______ all they can over the past five hours. [单选题] *A. didB. doC. had doneD. have been doing(正确答案)26、______ in the library. （）[单选题] *A. Don’t smokingB. No smokeC. No smoking(正确答案)D. Doesn’t smoke27、--Miss Li, could you please help me _______ math problem？--OK. Let me try. [单选题] *A. look upB. work out(正确答案)C. set upD. put up28、Three ______ died of water pollution last winter. [单选题] *A. hundreds of villagersB. hundred villagers(正确答案)C. hundreds villagersD. hundred of villagers29、I don’t think he will take the case seriously,_____? [单选题] *A.don’t IB.won’t heC.does heD.will he(正确答案)30、These two films are very interesting. I like them _____. [单选题] *A. eitherB. neitherC. allD. both(正确答案)。
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I found the room rather cold. I felt the room rather cold.
On Sundays I always sleep late. On Sundays I always get up late.
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❖ E.g . 国家 ❖ Country emphasizes the territory. ❖ Nation emphasizes the people. ❖ State emphasizes political organization. ❖ Land is often used to connote certain feeling.
A good man : kind / honest / just / generous / sympathetic / warm-hearted / selfless / honorable
Good food: tasty / nourishing / rich / wholesome / high-priced / fresh / substantial
water-sensitive-crops, snow-poor-winter, …
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3.Avoid slang
❖ On hearing that his father had kicked the bucket, we wrote him a letter to express our deep sympathies.
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❖ The blanket felt soft to her. She felt the blanket soft.
His level of English has been proved. His English has improved.
He came out the fourth in the exam. He received the fourth place in the exam.
❖ Everybody should return the books he borrowed within a week.
agreement between pronoun and antecedent
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Correct the following sentences:
❖ She told my sister that her idea was practicable.
❖ The shade of meaning ❖ Eg1: eagle and hawk ❖ Eagle is a bird that soars high and thus see far.
to have an eagle eye (to have excellent vision) ❖ Hawk is a bird of pray, symbolizes harshness,
In spring, the wind blows all day long. The air is then filled with fine dust which sometimes shuts out the sun. There is no escape from the fine dust. It gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils, and your hair.
Public servant
bureaucrat
Financier
speculator
Law officer
cop
Captain of industry tycoon
Investigator
spy
Captive
jailbird
neutral government emp investor policeman successful busine detective prisoner
❖ My father purchased a large automobile. ❖ My dad bought a big car.
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Chapter II Making Correct and Effective
Sentences
I. Elements of a sentence II. Requirements of a correct sentence III. Requirements of an effective sentence
❖ The big banquet held in honor of the distinguished state guests was really neat.
❖ [俚语]呱呱叫的；了不起的，极好的 ❖ Unexceptionable/ admirable/ excellent
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II. Using words accurately
❖ A far-away / foreign land; a land of liberty/
opportunity
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● Different connotation reflects the different attitude of the speaker.
Complimentary derogatory
thus people call the hard line politician “the hawk”.
❖ Eg2: dumb and mute
❖ He is a dumb / mute man.
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1. Specific and concrete words
❖ Specific and general
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2. Denotation and Connots the basic ,direct, literal meaning of a word. As defined by the dictionary.
❖ Connotation is the association around and the overtone about the word. it’s the feeling or idea suggested by the word.
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General: In spring, the weather in Beijing can be very bad. Specific: In spring, it is often windy and dusty here.
More specific with the help of details:
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I. Elements of a sentence
❖ 1. Completeness in structure; ❖ 2. Begin with a capital letter; ❖ 3. End with a full stop, or a question mark, or
an exclamation mark; ❖ 4. Express a single complete idea.
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II. Requirements of a correct sentence
❖ 1. completeness in structure
❖ 2. the right subject
❖ 3. agreement between the subject and the predicate verb
❖ An island country ; neighboring country
❖ peace-loving nation; the awaking nation of Africa
❖ State-owned enterprises
❖ Our state system is the people’s democratic dictatorship.
● Words or meaning which have gone out of use altogether are called obsolete. Eg: admirable[废语]令人惊奇的 fine n. [废语]惩罚，处罚；为接受惩罚支付的钱
● Newly-coined words Eg: junior-high-schooler, tube-steak,
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3. Synonyms
❖ Synonyms :Two or more forms with very closely related meaning, which are often but not always, intersubstitutable in a sentence.
❖ According to formality:
❖ 9. proper use of comparisons
❖ 10.correct use of the tense
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Correct the following sentences:
❖ Because he hadn’t finish his assignment, so he continued working in the classroom. completeness in structure
English and French. .
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Examples:
❖ The concert concluded with a performance of Beethoven’s 5th symphony.
❖ They ended the concert with Beethoven’s 5th symphony.