中南大学湘雅医院外科学(脊柱外)2015年考博真题试卷
中南大学外科学(普外科)2018年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学湘雅二医院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释雷诺综合征 3. Miles手术 4. 壶腹周围癌 5. warrant手术 二、简答题：每题15分 1. 胃大部切除术的并发症。 2. 肛瘘的病因、病理、分型、临床表现及治疗。 3. 食管静脉曲张破裂的手术处理原则。 4. 甲状腺结节的诊断思路及处理。 5. 细菌性肝脓肿和阿米巴肝脓肿的鉴别。
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中南大学湘雅三医院麻醉学2015年考博真题试卷
4.context-sensitive half-time
5.Perioperative surgical Home（answer in English）
二、简答题（第1题必答，2和3任选其一）
1.2010AHA心肺复苏急救指南将A-B-C改为CAB原因；如何做到高质量心肺复苏？（25分）
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学湘雅三医院
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（5*5分）
1.Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy
2.Horner's syndrome
2.试述麻醉对免疫系统的影响机制。
3.外科手术切除肿瘤，也会刺激肿瘤转移及复发，机制。（20分）
三、论述题（任选1题，30ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้）
1.术后认知功能障碍的危险因素及发病机理（每一机理举一简单例子）。
2.一个病例分析题。
男科(考博)复习试题
男科（考博）复习试题1、男性不育的病患中，大约有20%的患者会有性激素的异常，下列选项中何者不是针对不育患者做性激素检查的适应症：（A）精液分析中精子密度小于10x106/ml（B）性功能障碍（C）甲状腺功能异常（D）先天输精管缺乏（E）以上皆是2、下列叙述何者为非？（A）非梗阻性无精子症患者中约有3﹪～18﹪的病例具有Y染色体基因缺损。
（B）Kallmann 氏症候群患者大部分是因为Y染色体长臂上之基因缺损引起。
（C）先天性双侧输精管发育不全症和CFTR基因突变具有相关性。
（D）男性不育症患者中最常见的染色体疾病为Klinefelter氏症候群。
（E）男性不育症患者若有Y染色体上AZFa 或AZFb整段缺损，则睪丸取精术的成功率明显降低。
3、下列何种药物不会导致性功能障碍？（A）Insulin（胰岛素）（B）Marijuana（大麻）（C）Estrogen（雌激素）（D）Digoxin（地高辛）（E）Ketoconazole（酮康唑）4、用选择性5-羟色胺再吸收抑制（SSRI，抗压抑药物）治疗早泄病患时，哪一种具有最强的延迟早泄效果。
（A）Paroxetine（帕罗西丁）（B）Fluoxetine.（氟西汀，百忧解）（C）Sertraline.（舍曲林）（D）Clomipramine.（氯丙咪嗪）（E）Imipramine.（丙咪嗪）5、睪丸切除是否会降低血液中总睾酮、游离睾酮或雌二醇的含量，下列叙述何者正确？（A）只有总睾酮减少（B）总睾酮和游离睾酮减少（C）总睾酮和雌二醇减少（D）游离睾酮和雌二醇减少（E）总睾酮、游离睾酮及雌二醇均减少6、下列何种药物会抑制阴茎勃起？（A）Nitroglycerin（硝酸甘油）（B）Imipramine （丙咪嗪）（C）Guanethidine （胍乙啶）（D）Phenoxy benzamine （苯氧基苯扎明）（E）Sildenafil（西地那非）7、长期肾衰竭的病人引起不育，请问下列何者不是其生殖功能异常的表现？（A）Gynecomastia（男子女性型乳房）（B）Hypogonadism （性腺机能减退）（C）FSH及LH降低（D）性欲降低（E）Oligospermia （性腺机能减退）8、电刺激射精可以使脊椎受伤的病人排出精液，以进行人工生殖。
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析Part I: Listening comprehension(略)Part II: Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never____from dring and smorking.A. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. people with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to____their hearing.A. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD. supplement33. impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to____larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. when the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.A. accordinglyB. alternativelyC. considerablyD. relatively35. it is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_____ future adults with appreciation of music.A. acquaintB. familiarizedC. endowD. amuse36. if the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_____A. level outB. stand outC. come offD. wear off37. heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____ from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_____ of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. the newly designed system is ____ to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. every year more than 1000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. his imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47. the discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.A. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. a veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze(10%)Direction: in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cellsof the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the fires 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case----microchimerism 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 70 percent of cases and to go the other way about half,56.As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger”. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s immune system is extremely low.51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition59. A. therefore B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. conclusively60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: in this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish byhalf.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-first-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.61. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. in cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now ____A. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion’s shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. from the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that____A. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. from the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question___A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. the tone of the author of this passage seems to be_____A. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. potimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the US, chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.The livers aren’t grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架) with liver cells isolated from health livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also translated some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rat’s vascular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and can not seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat thansplant).But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong—and especially if stem-cell research established a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. it can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to____A. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the US.D. address the source of liver transplants67. what does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from scratch?A. the making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architectureB. a huge step toward building functioning livers in the labC. the building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. growing liver cells in the donor organ68. the biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until____A. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. what seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. the rats as wrong recipientsB. the time point of the transplantationC. the short period of the recellularizationD. the insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels70. the research team holds high hopes of_____A. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful on several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The result of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journalof Medicine.71. what is the main idea of this passage?A. stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.B. the vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restoredC. the restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 yearsD. the burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons72. the Italian technique reported in this passage_____A. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?A. the places in which people workB. the accidents that involve using household cleaning productsC. the mishaps that involved vehicles batteriesD. the disasters caused by battery explosion at home74. what is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. the stem cells taken from a healthy eyeB. the patient physically healthyC. the damaged eye with partial visionD. the blindness due to damaged optic nerves75. which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new method?A. sarcasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. positivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the us by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday, a typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only party explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health , similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to while poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science” with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s most deprived members. More important, it’s time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.76. as shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. where to liveB. which race to belong toC. how to adjust environmentallyD. what medical problem to suffer78. the Chicago-based project focuses its management on_____A. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. the racial perspectiveB. the environmental aspectC. the biological dimensionD. the psychological angel80. the author is a big fan of______A. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8,2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African—American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found ”broadly neutralizing antibodies”, which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization , is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.81. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that_______A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African—American gay man was cured of this HIV infection82. what is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African—American gay man?A. they can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the worldB. they may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugsC. they will kill all the HIV virusesD. they will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection83. the newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_____.A. pathologyB. pharmacologyC. HIV neutralizationD. HIV epidemiology84. according to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to____.A. advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infectionB. facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDSC. develop more effective antiretroviral drugs85. the passage is most likely_____.A. a news reportB. a paper in ScienceC. an excerpt from an Immunology TextbookD. an episode in a science fiction novel.Passage SixWhitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.Lightening-up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journalEnvironmental Research Letters.Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roofs by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color -- which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof, Berkeley Lab says.The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the cars in the world, for 20 years.Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas, and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities aresignificantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder -- and therefore more expensive -- to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect.Energy Secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laureate in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into action Monday by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof."Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change," he said in a statement.86. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. a Decline in Car EmissionsB. white Roofs or Black PavementsC. the Effect of Linghting-up RoofsD. climate Change and Extreme Weathers87. a indicated by the passage, black roofs______A. are better than snowy white onesB. reflect not heat from the sunC. are more expensive to build in the urban areasD. are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones88. if they are converted to white or cooler colors, all roofs in the world in their lifetime_____A. can absorb 1.2 gigattons of CO2 a yearB. could serve as 300 million cars in terms of emissionC. would offset the emissions from 300 million carsD. would offset about 24 gigatons of CO2 as emitted from the cars89. according to the passage, it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______A. the heat-island effectB. the lack of seasonal windsC. the local unique weatherD. the fast urban shrinkage90. energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_____A. nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocatedB. the method in question still needs to be justified in the futureC. our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installedD. weather change and global warming can be addressed in no timePart V Writing(20%)Directions: in this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.什么是健康？人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。
中南大学麻醉学2014--2015,2017--2018年考博真题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（5*5分）
1.Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy
2.Horner's syndrome
3.massive Transfusion
4.context-sensitive half-time
三、论述题（任选1题，30分）
1.术后认知功能障碍的危险因素及发病机理（每一机理举一简单例子）。
2.一个病例分析题。
中南大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（5*4分=20分）
1.前负荷
2.POCD
3.吗啡耐受
4.长链非编码RNA
5.VAS
二、问答题（2*10分=20分）
1.麻醉期间呼吸道梗阻的常见原因。
2.Hale Waihona Puke 痉挛和支气管痉挛的原因表现和处理。
三、论述题（4*15分=60分）
1.急症饱胃病人气管插管发生返流误吸的紧急处理。
2.可视化技术在临床麻醉中的应用。
3.神经炎症和胶质细胞在神经病理性疼痛中的作用。
5.Perioperative surgical Home（answer in English）
二、简答题（第1题必答，2和3任选其一）
1.2010AHA心肺复苏急救指南将A-B-C改为CAB原因；如何做到高质量心肺复苏？（25分）
2.试述麻醉对免疫系统的影响机制。
3.外科手术切除肿瘤，也会刺激肿瘤转移及复发，机制。（20分）
中南大学湘雅医院外科学(脊柱外)2012年考博真题考博试卷
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷Leabharlann 医学考博真题试卷第1页 共1页
中南大学
2012 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（脊柱外） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 外科总论部分： 一、名词解释：（每题 5 分，共 15 分） 1.crash injury 2.controlled hypotension 3.predeposited autotransfusion 二、简答题（共 15 分） 1.water intoxication 的定义、临床表现及治疗方法？（10 分） 2.预防性使用抗生素的适应症。（5 分）
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中南大学湘雅二院外科学(脊柱外)(3966)2019年考博真题试卷
二、名词解释（4×4分）
1.脊髓震荡2.脊髓休克3.脊髓运动单元4. Kummell分s disease
三、简答题（49分）
1.什么是寰枢关节脱位，如何分型？（10分）
（1）该患者的X线片和MRI特点是什么？
（2）该患者的初步诊断是什么，还需要完善哪些检查？
（3）该患者的治疗原则是什么？
（4）该患者的手术指征是什么？有哪些手术方式可以选择，其各自的优缺点是什么？
A. Osteoid osteoma B. Osteoblastoma C. Osteosarcoma D. Giant cell tumor
5. Which of the following is ture regarding postoperative spinal infection?
A. Infection is caused by hematogenous inoculation of the wound by skin flora.
A. Double major(DM) B. Triple major(TM) C. Double thoracic(DT)
D. Main thoracic(MT) E. Thoracolumbar/lumbar(TL/L)
4. A 18-year-old man presents to your office with chronic back pain that is relieved by the use of non-steroidal anti-anflammatory drugs(NSAIDs).CT scan demonstrates a 15-mm circular radiolucency surrounded by sclerotic bone changes.What is the most likely diagnosis?
2015医学考博试题
2015医学考博试题2015年中山大学肿瘤防治中心分子医学专业考博试题生物化学（一）六选五1.米氏方程式公式是什么？Km，Vmax的意义。
三种可逆性抑制剂存在情况下，Km，Vmax的变化。
2.如何进行克隆的构建以及质粒的扩增与抽提？3.衰老的细胞分子机制（至少五点并作解释）。
4.分子量20KD，PI=5.5的核蛋白的抽提。
5.蛋白质的翻译后修饰及生理作用，写出修饰的氨基酸。
6.可以进行分子标记三种酶，并比较底物和作用方式。
细胞生物学六选五1.应用抗原抗体反应的分子生物学技术（至少五种）2.比较细胞自噬，细胞凋亡，细胞坏死3.细胞骨架的组成及如何调控胞质分裂和核分裂4.细胞周期各时期的物质合成5.膜泡运输的方式及调控2015中山医肿瘤学考博真题必答题（15*4）1. 良恶性肿瘤的区别2. 肿瘤三级预防的定义和方法3. 简述第二信使4. P53基因异常表达的形式选答题（6选2 20*2）5. 肿瘤化疗用药的原则6. NHL和HL的区别（病理类型上，治疗方案上）7. 食管癌手术的注意事项8. 乳腺癌放疗原则9. 对不起忘啦10. 肿瘤干细胞的定义和特征11. 实验设计题，给出肿瘤转移可能相关基因，设计实验进行功能验证12. 细胞周期各期特点和关键check-point2015年浙大考博专业基础课--病理与病理生理学真题（回忆版）病理学部分一、名词解释（3*8）：表观遗传学，细胞信号传导，DNA甲基化，凋亡，基因芯片，转录因子，异型性，癌前病变二、简答题（六选三，3*12）：1.简述病毒与肿瘤的关系。
2.请简述肿瘤的分子分型。
3.目前结直肠癌发生的分子机制有几种，请你谈谈你的评价。
4.消化道常见的溃疡性病变有哪些（至少4种）及其病理学特点及鉴别要点。
5.肿瘤上皮间质转化（EMT）的概念，它与肿瘤存在哪些联系，谈谈你所了解的机制。
6.免疫组织化学技术的概念及其应用范围。
病理生理学部分（四选二，2*20）1.抑癌基因失活的机制有哪些？请举例说明其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用。
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中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学湘雅医院
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题பைடு நூலகம்
考试科目：外科学（脊柱外） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 DIC
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少尿 骨筋膜室综合征 cullen症 夏洛克三联征 脊髓休克 hangman骨折 反射通 盘源性腰痛 冷脓肿 hoffman症 二、简答题 1、PE的临床表现。 2、何为5P症，常见于哪些疾病。 3、补钾原则。 4、颈椎病的分类。 5、肌力分级及判断方法。 6、脊柱侧凸的病因学分类。 7、腰椎滑脱的分级方法。 三、问答题 1、脊髓型颈椎病的临床诊断及手术治疗原则。 2、腰椎管狭窄症的解剖及病理解剖基础。