Chapter 8 Steady Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits (Part B)
Hagen-Poiseuille
General T eaching Outline forPrinciples of Chemical EngineeringCourse Number:Suitable for:Majors of chemical engineering and technology, biochemical engineering, food engineering, environment engineering, applied chemistry, industry equipment and control engineering, pulp and paper, polymer and inorganic material engineering.Course character: Basic course for technologyAcademic Credits: 7Academic Hours: 114Written by Hao Shixiong Writing Date: 2006.03.06 Proofread by Proofreading Date: 2006.03.06Section ⅠBasic requirements1. The Course objectiveThe ‘principles of chemical engineering’is a requirement course for general chemical engineering speciality. It is suitable for undergraduate students in the senior years who have the usual training in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and mechanics. It includes the principles of a fluid flow, heat transfer, principles of mass transfer and separation processes, the construction and operating principle of typical equipment, the experimental and researching methods of unit operation, and the calculation and selection of typical equipment. The course aims are to train and educate students to know or understand basic unit operations of chemical engineering. The course emphasizes the combination between the theory and practices, and ability of analysis and solution to practical process.2. Previous coursesAdvanced mathematics, physics, physical chemistry, mechanics, mechani cal drawi ng3. The basic requirements and contents for each chapterChapter 1 Definitions and principlesBasic law; Material balance; Law of motion; Energy balance; Equilibrium; Units and dimensions; Physical quantities; Primary and secondary quantities; Dimensions and dimensional formulas; Conversion of units; Dimensionless equations and consistent units; Dimensi onal equati ons.Chapter 2 Fluid statics and its applicationsNature of fluids; Hydrostatic equilibrium; Applications of fluid statics; Manometers continuous gravity decanter.Chapter 3 Fluid flow phenomenaThe velocity field; Laminar flow; Shear rate, and shear stress; Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids; Viscosity; Kinematic viscosity.Turbulence; Laminar and turbulent flow; Reynolds number and transition from laminar to turbulence flow; Nature of turbulence; Deviating velocities in turbulence flow; Eddy viscosity; Flow in boundary layers; Laminar and turbulent flow in boundary layers; Boundary-layer formation in straight tubes; Boundary-layer separation and wake formation.Chapter 4 Basic equations of fluid flowOne-dimensional flow; Mass balance; Macroscopic momentum balance; Layer flow with free surface; Momentum balance in potential flow; Discussion of Bernoulli equation; Bernoulli equation: correction for effects of solid boundaries; Kinetic-energy correction factor; Correction of Bernoulli equation for fluid friction; Pump work in Bernoulli equation.Chapter 5 Incompressible flow in pipes and channelsShear stress and skin friction in pipes; Relation between skin friction and wall shear; Relations between skin-friction factor; Laminar flow of Newtonian fluids; V elocity distribution in a pipe;A verage velocity for laminar flow in a pipe; Hagen-Poiseuille equation; Relations between maximum velocity and average velocity; Laminar flow in an annulus; Friction factor in flow through channel of noncircular cross section; Turbulent flow in pipes and channels; Effect of roughness; Hydraulically smooth; The friction factor and friction coefficient chart; Friction from changes in velocity or direction; Friction loss from sudden expansion of cross section; Friction loss from sudden contraction of cross section; Effect of fittings and valves; Form-friction losses in the Bernoulli equation.Chapter 6 Flow past immersed bodiesDrag, Drag coefficients; Drag coefficients of typical shapes; Mechanics of particle motion, Equation for one-dimensional motion of particle through fluid; Terminal velocity, drag coefficient, movement of spherical particles; The terminal velocities at the different Reynolds number; Criterion for settling regime.Chapter 7 Separation equipmentsGravity settling processes; Centrifugal settling processes; Separation of solids from gases; cyclones, filtration; Clarifying filters; Gas cleaning; Liquid clarification, discontinuous pressure filters; Filter press; Shell-and-leaf filters; Continuous pressure filters; Principles of cake filtration; Pressure drop through filter cake; Filter medium resistance; Constant-pressure filtration; Continuous filtration; Washing filter cakes.Chapter 8 T ransportation and metering of fluidsPipe and tubing; Selection of pipe sizes; Fluid-moving machinery; Developed head; Power requirement; Suction lift and cavitation; Suction lift; Positive-displacement pumps; V olumetric efficiency; Rotary pumps; Centrifugal pumps; Centrifugal pump theory; Head-flow relations for an ideal pump; The relation between head and volumetric flow; Effects of speed and impeller sizechange; Characteristic curves; Head-capacity relation; Efficiency; Centrifugal-pump characteristics; System head curve; Operating point; Operating point change; Operation in parallel and in series of centrifugal pump; Multistage centrifugal pumps; Pump priming; Fans; Blowers.Measurement of flowing fluids; Full-bore meters; V enturi meter; The basic equation for venturi meter; V enturi coefficient; Flow rate; Pressure recovery; Orifice meter; Pressure recovery; Area meters: rot meters; Theory and calibration of rotameters; Inserti on meters; Pi cot tube.Chapter 10 Heat T ransferNature of heat flow; Heat transfer by conduction; Basic law of conduction; Unsteady-state conduction; Steady-state conduction; Thermal conductivity; Steady-state conduction; Compound resistance in series; Heat flow through a cylinder.Chapter 11 Principles of heat flow in fluidsTypical heat-exchange equipment; Countercurrent and parallel-current flows; Single-pass shell-and-tube condenser; Energy balances, heat flux and heat transfer coefficient; Heat flux, A verage temperature of fluid stream; Overall heat-transfer coefficient; Mean temperature difference; Individual heat-transfer coefficients; Special cases of the overal l coeffi ci ent.Chapter 12 Heat transfer to fluids without phase changeRegimes of heat transfer in fluids; Heat transfer by forced convection in turbulent flow; Empirical equation; Effect of tube length; Estimation of wall temperature t w; Cross sections other than circular; Heat transfer in transition region between laminar and turbulent flow; Heating and cooling of fluids in forced convection outside tubes, fluids flowing normal to a single tube; Natural convection; Natural convection to air from vertical shapes and hori zontal pl ates.Chapter 13 Heat transfer to fluids with phase changeHeat transfer from condensing vapors; Dropwise and film-type condensation; Coefficients for film-type condensation; V ertical tubes, Horizontal tubes; Effect of noncondensables; Heat transfer to boiling liquids; Pool boiling of saturated liquid.Chapter 14 Radiation heat transferFundamental facts concerning radiation; Emission of radiation; Wavelength of radiation; Emissive power; Blackbody radiation; Emissivities of solids; Practical source of blackbody radiation; Laws of blackbody radiation; Absorption of radiation by opaque solids; Radiation between surfaces.Chapter 17 Principles of Diffusion and Mass T ransfer Between PhasesTheory of diffusion; Comparison of diffusion and heat transfer; Diffusion quantities; V eloc ities in diffusion; Molal flow rate, velocity, and flux; Relations between diffusivities; Interpretation of diffusion equations; Equimolal diffusion; One-component mass transfer (one-way di ffusi on).Prediction of Diffusivities; Diffusion in gases; Diffusion in liquids; Turbul ent di ffusi on.Mass transfer theories; Mass transfer coefficient; Film theory; Two-fi l m theory.Chapter18. Gas AbsorptionDefinition of absorption; Principles of absorption; Material balances; Limiting gas-liquid ratio; Rate of absorption; Calculation of tower height; Number of transfer units; Alternate forms of transfer coefficients; Effect of pressure; Temperature variations in packed towers; Stripping factor method for calculating the number of transfer units; Absorption efficiency A.Empirical correlations for mass transfer coefficients in absorption.Chapter 19 Introduction to Mass T ransfer and Separation ProcessesDefinition of separation processes; Importance and variety of separations; Economic significance of separation processes; Categorizations of separation processes; General separation process; Technological maturity of processes; Terminology and symbols.Supplementary:Phase equilibria: Phase rule; Equilibrium and equilibrium stage; Thermodynamic relationships: Equilibrium ratio ( or equilibrium constant or K value); Relative volatility----key separation factor in distillation; Ideal system and Dalton’s law, Raoult’s law; Phase equilibrium diagrams for ideal systems(t-x-y diagram; x-y diagram); Henry’s law; Azeotropes; Effect of total pressure on vapor/liquid equilibrium.Chapter 20 Equilibrium-Stage OperationsCascades. Ideal stage/equilibrium stage/theoretical stage; Equipment for stage contacts; Principles of stage processes; Terminology for stage-contact plants; Material balances; Enthalpy balances; Graphical methods for two-component system; Operating line diagram; Ideal contact stages; Determining the number of ideal stages; Absorption factor method for calculating the number of ideal stages.Supplementary:Introduction to distillation: Process description; Equilibrium/flash distillation; Principles and flow diagram of distillation.Chapter 21 DistillationContinuous distillation with Reflux. Material balances in plate columns: Overall material balances for two-component systems; Net flow rates; Operating linesNumber of ideal plates; McCabe-Thiele Method. Constant molal overflow; Reflux ratio; Condenser and top plate; Bottom plate and reboiler; Feed plate; Feed line; Construction of operating lines; Optimum feed plate location; Heating and cooling requirements; Minimum number of plates/total reflux; Minimum reflux/infinite number of plates; Invariant zone; Optimum reflux; Nearly pure products; Some special cases of distillation (Multiple feeds and side-stream drawoffs; Direct steam heating); Use of Murphree efficiency/determining the number of actual plates.Batch distillation. Simple distillation; Batch distillation with reflux. Calculation and analysisfor the operation of a distillation column.Chapter 24 Drying of SolidsIntroduction to methods for removing liquid from solid materials; Purposes and applications of drying; Classification of drying processes; Drying conditions for convecti ve dryers.Properties of moist air and humidity chart. Moist air properties: Humidity; Relative humidity; Humid volume; Humid heat; Total enthalpy of moist air; Dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature; Adiabatic saturation temperature; Dew point. Humidity chart of Air-Water system. Applications of H-I diagram.Material and energy balances; Expressions of water (moisture) content of solids; Material balances; Heat balances; Thermal efficiency of drying process; Air states when passing through the drying system.Phase equilibria and drying rates. Phase equilibria: Equilibrium water(moisture) and free water(moisture); Equilibrium-moisture curves; Bound and unbound water; Drying curves and drying rate curves under constant drying conditions; Drying mechanism of wet solids and the influencing factors: Constant-rate period (Period of controls of surface water vaporization); Drying in the falling-rate period (period of controls of water diffusing from interior to solid surface); Critical water(moisture) content and its influencing factors. Methods for increasing rate of drying.Calculation of drying time under constant drying conditions.4. T extbook and reference booksT extbook:Unit operation of chemical engineering(Sixth edition) Author: Warren L. McCabe, Julian C. Smith and Peter HarriottReference books:[1]. 姚玉英主编. 化工原理(上、下册)(新版)[M] . 天津: 天津大学出版社, 1998[2]. 赵汝溥, 管国锋. 化工原理[M] . 北京: 化学工业出版社, 1995.[3]. 大连理工大学化工原理教研室编. 化工原理(上、下册)[M]. 大连:大连理工大学出版社, 1992[4]. 陈敏恒，丛德滋，方图南，齐鸣斋编. 化工原理(上、下册)[M].（第二版）.北京: 化学工业出版社, 1999[5]. 朱家骅，叶世超等编. 化工原理(上、下册)[M]. 北京：科学技术出版社, 2002[6]. 姚玉英. 化工原理例题与习题[M]（第三版）. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2003[7]. 柴成敬,王军,陈常贵,郭翠梨编.化工原理课程学习指导[M]. 天津: 天津大学出版社, 2003[8]. 匡国柱. 化工原理学习指导[M]. 大连: 大连理工大学出版社, 20025. Periods for Every Unitl. Fluid flow 20 hours2. Fluid transportation 10 hours3. Separation of heterogeneous mixture 10 hours4. Heat transfer 20 hours5 Gas Absorption 24 hours6 Distillation 18 hours7 Drying of Solids 12 hours6. Evaluation Methods of the CourseThe assess method: quiz, homework and course report et al. which are determined by the teacher, and the unified final examination。
流体力学中英文术语
流体力学中英文术语Index 翻译（Fluid Mechanics）Absolute pressure,绝对压力（压强）Absolute temperature scales, 绝对温标Absolute viscosity, 绝对粘度Acceleration加速度centripetal, 向心的convective, 对流的Coriolis, 科氏的field of a fluid, 流场force and，作用力与……local, 局部的Uniform linear, 均一线性的Acceleration field加速度场Ackeret theory, 阿克莱特定理Active flow control, 主动流动控制Actuator disk, 促动盘Added mass, 附加质量Adiabatic flow绝热流with friction,考虑摩擦的isentropic,等熵的air, 气体with area changes, 伴有空间转换Bemoullii’s equation and, 伯努利方程Mach number relations,马赫数关系式，pressure and density relations, 压力-速度关系式sonic point，critical values, 音速点，临界值，stagnation enthalpy, 滞止焓Adiabatic processes, 绝热过程Adiabatic relations, 绝热关系Adverse pressure gradient, 逆压力梯度Aerodynamic forces, on road vehicles, 交通工具,空气动力Aerodynamics, 空气动力学Aeronautics, new trends in, 航空学，新趋势Air空气testing/modeling in, 对……实验/建模useful numbers for, 关于……的有用数字Airbus Industrie, 空中客车产业Aircraft航行器airfoils机翼new designs, 新型设计Airfoils, 翼型aspect ratio (AR), 展弦比cambered, 弧形的drag coefficient of , 阻力系数early, 早期的Kline-Fogleman, 克莱恩-佛莱曼lift coefficient, 升力系数NACA,(美国) 国家航空咨询委员会separation bubble, 分离泡stalls and, 失速stall speed, 失速速度starting vortex, 起动涡stopping vortex, 终止涡Airfoil theory, 翼型理论flat-plate vortex sheet theory, 平板面涡理论Kutta condition, 库塔条件Kutta-Joukowski theorem, 库塔-儒科夫斯基定理1thick cambered airfoils, 厚弧面翼型thin-airfoils, 薄翼型wings of finite span, 有限展宽的翼型A-380 jumbo jet, 大型喷气式客机Alternate states, 交替状态American multiblade farm HA WT, 美式农庄多叶水平轴风机Angle of attack, 攻角Angle valve, 角阀Angular momentum角动量differential equation of , 关于…的微分方程relation/theorem, 联系/理论Annular strips, 环形带Applied forces, linear momentum, 外加力，线性冲力Apron,of a dam, 大坝的护坦Arbitrarily moving/deformable control volume, 任意运动/可变形控制体Arbitrary fixed control volume, 任意固定控制体Arbitrary viscous motion, 随机粘性运动Archimedes, 阿基米德Area changes, isentropic flow. 域变换，等熵流Aspect ratio (AR), 展弦比Automobiles, aerodynamic forces on, 汽车，气动力A verage velocity, 平均速度Axial-flow pumps. 轴流泵Axisymmetric flow, stream function 轴对称流，流函数Axisymmetric Potential flow, 轴对称有势流hydrodynamic mass, 水力学质量Point doublet, 点偶极子point source or sink, 点源与点汇spherical Polar coordinates and, 球极坐标uniform stream in the x direction, x方向的均匀流uniform stream plus a point doublet, 均匀流附加点偶极子uniform stream plus a point source, 均匀流附加点源BBackward-curved impeller blades, 后向曲叶轮片,Backwater curves, 回水曲线Basic equations, non dimensional, 基本方程，无量纲的Bernoulli obstruction theory, 伯努利障碍理论Bernoulli's equation, 伯努利方程with adiabatic and isentropic steady flow, as绝热、等熵稳态流frictionless flow, 无摩擦流assumptions/restrictions for, 假想/约束HGLs and EGLs, 水力坡度线和能量梯度线steady flow energy and, 定常流动能量in rotating coordinates. 在旋转坐标下，Best efficiency point (BEP), pumps, 最佳效率点，Betz number, 贝兹数Bingham plastic idealization, 宾汉塑性理想化，Biological drag reduction, 生物学阻力衰减Blade angle effects, on pump head, 叶片安装角效率，泵头处Blasius equation, 布拉修斯方程Body drag, at high Mach numbers, 机体阻力，在高马赫数下Body forces, 体力Boeing Corp., 波音公司Boundaries, of systems, 边界，系统Boundary conditions. 边界条件，differential relations for fluid flow, 流体的微分关系nondimensionalizalion and, 无量纲化Boundary element method (BEM), 边界元方法2Boundary layer (BL) analysis, 边界层分析boundary layer flows, 边界层流动boundary layer separation on a half body, 边界层半体分离displacement thickness, 位移厚度drag force and, 阻力equations, 方程flat-plate. 平板，Karman's analysis, 卡门分析momentum integral estimates, 动量积分估计momentum integral relation. 动量积分关系momentum integral theory, 动量积分理论pressure gradient 压力梯度separation on a half body, 半模分离skin friction coefficient, 表面摩擦系数two-dimensional flow derivation, 二维流推导Boundary layers with Pressure gradient, 边界层压力梯度adverse gradient, 反梯度favorable gradient, 正梯度laminar integral theory, 层流积分理论，nozzle-diffuser example,喷口扩散算例Bourdon tube, 波登管Bow shock wave, 弓形激波Brake horsepower,制动马力Broad-crested weirs, 宽顶堰Buckingham Pi Theorem, 白金汉定理Bulb Protrusion, 球形突出物（船头）Bulk modulus. 体积模量Buoyancy, 浮力Buoyant particles, local velocity and, 悬浮颗粒，局部速度Buoyant rising light spheres, 浮力作用下自由上升的球体Butterfly valve, 蝶形阀CCambered airfoils, 弓型翼Cauchy-Riemann equations, 柯西-黎曼方程Cavitation/Cavitation number, 气穴/气蚀数Celsius temperature scales, 摄氏温标Center of buoyancy, 浮心Center of Pressure (CP),压力中心，压强中心Centrifugal pumps, 离心泵backward-curved impeller blades, 后曲叶轮片blade angle effects on pump head, 泵头处叶片安装角效率brake horsepower, 制动马力circulation losses, 环量损失closed blades, 闭叶片efficiency of, 效率的elementary pump theory. 基泵理论Euler turbomachine equations, 欧拉涡轮机方程eye of the casing, 泵体通风口friction losses, 摩擦损失hydraulic efficiency, 水力[液压]效率mechanical efficiency.机械效率open blades, 开放式叶片output parameters, 输出参数power, delivered, 功率，传递pump surge, 泵涌，scroll section of casing, 卷形截面，泵体，shock losses, 激波损失vaneless, 无叶片的3volumetric efficiency, 容积效率[系数]water horsepower, 水马力Centripetal acceleration, 向心加速度Channel control Point, 传送控制点Characteristic area. external flows, 特征区域，外流Chezy coefficient, 薛齐系数Chezy formula, 薛齐公式Chezy coefficient,薛齐系数flow in a Partly full circular pipe, 流体非充满的圆管流Manning roughness correlation. 曼宁粗糙度关系，normal depth estimates, 法向深度估计Choking, 壅塞；堵塞of compressors, 压缩机的due to friction, compressible duct and, 由于摩擦，可压缩管的isentropic flow with area changes, 变横截面积等熵流simple heating and, 单纯加热Circular cylinder, flow with circulation. 圆柱体，Circulation环量and flow past circular cylinder, 流体经过圆柱体losses, in centrifugal pumps, 损失，离心泵potential flow and, 有势流Circumferential pumps, 环型泵Classical venturi, 标准文氏管Closed blades, centrifugal pumps. 闭叶片，离心泵Closed-body shapes, 闭体外形，circular cylinder, with circulation, 圆柱体，环量Kelvin oval, 开尔文椭圆，Kutta-Joukowski lift theorem,库塔－儒科夫斯基升力定理，Potential flow analogs, 有势流模拟Rankine oval, 兰金椭圆rotating cylinders. lift and drag, 旋转柱体，升力与阻力Coanda effect, 柯恩达效应( 沿物体表面的高速气流在Cobra P-530 supersonic interceptor, 眼镜蛇超音速拦截机Coefficient matrix. 系数矩阵Coefficient of surface tension, 表面张力系数Coefficient of viscosity, 粘滞系数Commercial CFD codes, viscous flow, 商业的计算流体力学代码，粘流Commercial ducts, roughness values for, 商业管道Composite-flow, open channels, 合成流，开槽道Compressibility, non dimensional. 压缩性，无量纲Compressibility effects, 压缩效果Compressible duct flow with friction, 伴有摩擦的可压缩管流adiabatic, 绝热的, 隔热的choking and, 壅塞；堵塞isothermal flow in long pipelines, 管线中的等温流动，long pipelines, isothermal flow in, 管线，等温流动，mass flow for a given pressure drop, 给定压降下质量流动minor losses in, 最小损失subsonic inlet, choking due to friction, 亚音速进口，摩擦引发阻塞，supersonic inlet, choking due to friction, 超音速进口，摩擦引发阻塞，Compressible flow, 可压缩流flow with friction摩擦流choking and, 壅塞；堵塞converging-diverging nozzles, 拉瓦尔喷管converging nozzles, 收缩喷嘴Fanno flow, 法诺流动，gas flow correction factor, 气流校正参数hypersonic flow, 高超音速气流4incompressible flow, 不可压缩流isentropic.等熵的isentropic Process, 等熵过程，Mach number, 马赫数normal shock wave. 正激波the perfect gas, 理想气体Prandtl-Meyer waves. 普朗特－麦耶膨胀波shock waves. 激波specific-heat ratio, 比热比speed of sound and,声速subsonic, 亚音速的supersonic,超音速的transonic, 跨音速的two-dimensional supersonic, 二维超音速的Compressible gas flow correction factor, 可压缩气流校正因数Compressors, 压缩机Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 计算流体力学pump simulations, 泵模拟viscous flow. 粘流Concentric annulus, viscous flows in, 同心环Cone flows, 锥体绕流Conformal mapping, 保角映射[变换] Conservation of energy, 能量守恒定律Conservation of mass. 质量守恒定律Consistent units, 相容单元Constants, 常量dimensional, 空间的pure, 纯粹的Constant velocity, fluid flow at, 常速度, 等速度Constructs, 结构Contact angle, 交会角Continuity, 连续性，equation of ,方程nondimensionalization and, 无量纲的Continuum, fluid as, 连续流体Contraction flow, 收缩流动Control Point, channel, 控制点，管道Control volume analysis,控制体分析angular momentum theorem. 角动量定理，arbitrarily moving/deformable CV,任意运动/可变形控制体arbitrarily fixed control volume, 任意固定控制体conservation of mass, 质量守恒定律control volume moving at constant velocity, 控制体以等速运动control volume of constant shape but variable velocity作变速运动的刚性控制体energy equation. 能量方程introductory definitions, 介绍性定义linear momentum equation. 线性动量方程，one-dimensional fixed control volume, 一维固定控制体，one-dimensional flux term approximations, 一维通量项近似Physical laws. 物理定律。
Ansys Workbench Fluid Flow(FLUENT)经典问题
1 对于刚接触到FLUENT新手来说，面对铺天盖地的学习资料和令人难读的FLUENT help，如何学习才能在最短的时间内入门并掌握基本学习方法呢？学习任何一个软件，对于每一个人来说，都存在入门的时期。
认真勤学是必须的，什么是最好的学习方法，我也不能妄加定论，在此，我愿意将我三年前入门FLUENT心得介绍一下，希望能给学习FLUENT的新手一点帮助。
由于当时我需要学习FLUENT来做毕业设计，老师给了我一本书，韩占忠的《FLUENT流体工程仿真计算实例与应用》，当然，学这本书之前必须要有两个条件，第一，具有流体力学的基础，第二，有FLUENT 安装软件可以应用。
然后就照着书上二维的计算例子，一个例子，一个步骤地去学习，然后学习三维，再针对具体你所遇到的项目进行针对性的计算。
不能急于求成，从前处理器GAMBIT，到通过FLUENT进行仿真，再到后处理，如TECPLOT，进行循序渐进的学习，坚持，效果是非常显著的。
如果身边有懂得FLUENT 的老师，那么遇到问题向老师请教是最有效的方法，碰到不懂的问题也可以上网或者查找相关书籍来得到答案。
另外我还有本《计算流体动力学分析》王福军的，两者结合起来学习效果更好。
2 CFD计算中涉及到的流体及流动的基本概念和术语：理想流体和粘性流体；牛顿流体和非牛顿流体；可压缩流体和不可压缩流体；层流和湍流；定常流动和非定常流动；亚音速与超音速流动；热传导和扩散等。
/dvbbs/viewFile.asp?BoardID=61&ID=1411A.理想流体（Ideal Fluid）和粘性流体（Viscous Fluid）：流体在静止时虽不能承受切应力，但在运动时，对相邻的两层流体间的相对运动，即相对滑动速度却是有抵抗的，这种抵抗力称为粘性应力。
流体所具备的这种抵抗两层流体相对滑动速度，或普遍说来抵抗变形的性质称为粘性。
粘性的大小依赖于流体的性质，并显著地随温度变化。
实验表明，粘性应力的大小与粘性及相对速度成正比。
学习fluent (流体常识及软件计算参数设置)
luent中一些问题----(目录)1 如何入门2 CFD计算中涉及到的流体及流动的基本概念和术语理想流体（Ideal Fluid）和粘性流体（Viscous Fluid）牛顿流体（Newtonian Fluid）和非牛顿流体（non-Newtonian Fluid）可压缩流体（Compressible Fluid）和不可压缩流体（Incompressible Fluid）层流（Laminar Flow）和湍流（Turbulent Flow）定常流动（Steady Flow）和非定常流动（Unsteady Flow）亚音速流动(Subsonic)与超音速流动（Supersonic）热传导（Heat Transfer）及扩散（Diffusion）3 在数值模拟过程中，离散化的目的是什么如何对计算区域进行离散化离散化时通常使用哪些网格如何对控制方程进行离散离散化常用的方法有哪些它们有什么不同离散化的目的计算区域的离散及通常使用的网格控制方程的离散及其方法各种离散化方法的区别4 常见离散格式的性能的对比（稳定性、精度和经济性）5 流场数值计算的目的是什么主要方法有哪些其基本思路是什么各自的适用范围是什么6 可压缩流动和不可压缩流动，在数值解法上各有何特点为何不可压缩流动在求解时反而比可压缩流动有更多的困难可压缩Euler及Navier-Stokes方程数值解不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程求解7 什么叫边界条件有何物理意义它与初始条件有什么关系8 在数值计算中，偏微分方程的双曲型方程、椭圆型方程、抛物型方程有什么区别9 在网格生成技术中，什么叫贴体坐标系什么叫网格独立解10 在GAMBIT中显示的“check”主要通过哪几种来判断其网格的质量及其在做网格时大致注意到哪些细节11 在两个面的交界线上如果出现网格间距不同的情况时，即两块网格不连续时，怎么样克服这种情况呢12 在设置GAMBIT边界层类型时需要注意的几个问题：a、没有定义的边界线如何处理b、计算域内的内部边界如何处理（2D）13 为何在划分网格后，还要指定边界类型和区域类型常用的边界类型和区域类型有哪些14 20 何为流体区域（fluid zone）和固体区域（solid zone）为什么要使用区域的概念FLUENT是怎样使用区域的15 21 如何监视FLUENT的计算结果如何判断计算是否收敛在FLUENT中收敛准则是如何定义的分析计算收敛性的各控制参数，并说明如何选择和设置这些参数解决不收敛问题通常的几个解决方法是什么16 22 什么叫松弛因子松弛因子对计算结果有什么样的影响它对计算的收敛情况又有什么样的影响17 23 在FLUENT运行过程中，经常会出现“turbulence viscous rate”超过了极限值，此时如何解决而这里的极限值指的是什么值修正后它对计算结果有何影响18 24 在FLUENT运行计算时，为什么有时候总是出现“reversed flow”其具体意义是什么有没有办法避免如果一直这样显示，它对最终的计算结果有什么样的影响26 什么叫问题的初始化在FLUENT中初始化的方法对计算结果有什么样的影响初始化中的“patch”怎么理解27 什么叫PDF方法FLUENT中模拟煤粉燃烧的方法有哪些30 FLUENT运行过程中，出现残差曲线震荡是怎么回事如何解决残差震荡的问题残差震荡对计算收敛性和计算结果有什么影响31数值模拟过程中，什么情况下出现伪扩散的情况以及对于伪扩散在数值模拟过程中如何避免32 FLUENT轮廓（contour）显示过程中，有时候标准轮廓线显示通常不能精确地显示其细节，特别是对于封闭的3D物体（如柱体），其原因是什么如何解决33 如果采用非稳态计算完毕后，如何才能更形象地显示出动态的效果图34 在FLUENT的学习过程中，通常会涉及几个压力的概念，比如压力是相对值还是绝对值参考压力有何作用如何设置和利用它35 在FLUENT结果的后处理过程中，如何将美观漂亮的定性分析的效果图和定量分析示意图插入到论文中来说明问题36 在DPM模型中，粒子轨迹能表示粒子在计算域内的行程，如何显示单一粒径粒子的轨道（如20微米的粒子）37 在FLUENT定义速度入口时，速度入口的适用范围是什么湍流参数的定义方法有哪些各自有什么不同38 在计算完成后，如何显示某一断面上的温度值如何得到速度矢量图如何得到流线39 分离式求解器和耦合式求解器的适用场合是什么分析两种求解器在计算效率与精度方面的区别43 FLUENT中常用的文件格式类型：dbs，msh，cas，dat，trn，jou，profile等有什么用处44 在计算区域内的某一个面（2D）或一个体（3D）内定义体积热源或组分质量源。
Ulysses Chapter 8
196Ulysses: Chapter 8LestrygoniansThis chapter has an almost conventional narrative style. It is reticent and impersonal. Reticent narration gets Bloom across a street or conveys information swiftly and efficiently and cooperates with Bloom in free indirect discourse but there are no ironic passages such as the one Joyce lavishes on Deasy at the end of Nestor. This chapter is to Bloom as Proteus was to Stephen.Bloom watches a Christian Brother buy candy. (References to the Christian Brothers are frequent in Joyce. Is it reparation for the way in which he suppressed any mention of his having been briefly a student of the brothers between Clongowes and Belvidere?) Bloom receives a throwaway about an evangelist, Dowie, a real person but he was not in Ireland in 1904. Bloom thinks about Torry and Alexander who had conducted revivalist meetings in Ireland. In priest controlled Ireland one wonders who attended such meetings.Bloom thinks about phosphorescent religious images. He describes these as “Pepper’s ghost idea.” This turns up again in the most famous passage of Finnegans Wake as “ ghostwhite horse of the Peppers,” 214.15-16.It is now one o’clock and Bloom recognizes one of Simon’s daughters outside Dillon’s auction rooms. If this is Dilly, she is waiti ng for Simon and it will not be until three o’clock that he will show up. Bloom contrasts the celibate clergy and their parishioners, condemned to impoverishing themselves with too many children. He regards Dilly, raggedly dressed and undernourished, with pity.197 Bloom, observing the gulls, experimentally throws his crumbled throwaway into the Liffey. The gulls ignore it. He buys two Banbury cakes from a street peddler and feeds them to the gulls. He composes some doggerel about the gulls and contrasts it with a quotation from Shakespeare.While he meditates on the fact that saltwater fish don’t taste salty, he notices an ad for Kino’s trousers painted on a rowboat. As an adman he approves and wonders who receives the money for it. He thinks of other places good for ads. None better, he thinks, than the quack doctor who posted ads (to cure the clap) in men’s urinals. In sudden panic he fears for Molly if Boylan (called, as usual, ‘he’) is infected. He tries to think of other things. He begins with astronomy but ends with Molly and her amusing refusal to be impressed by big words. As Blamires points out, Bloom’s preoccupation with parallax and Molly’s with metempsychosis are the two keys to Ulysses.He encounters six sandwichmen with boards that spell out HELYS. He thinks they might be Boylan’s men at first and his professional interest almost betrays him into pronouncing the dread name but he stops in time and the word forms in his thoughts as ‘Boyl.’ He thinks contemptuously of Hely’s primitive ideas for effe ctive advertising. They are on the same level as the placement of the Plumtree’s potted meat ad under the obituaries. He is thinking of his old job at Hely’s and of his past life with Molly when an old friend, Mrs Breen, interrupts his reveries. Bloom asks about her husband and she rummages through her purse to find a postcard. The card says ‘U.P.’ The meaning is not obvious but Mr Breen is angry and wishes to sue the sender, if discoverable, for damages of ten thousand pounds.198 Before she became wife of the very odd Mr Breen she was Josie Powell and a woman in whom Bloom was for a time interested before his choice fell at last on Molly. He asks her about Mrs Purefoy, a common acquaintance but, thinking of the writer of the Titbits story, calls her Mrs Beaufoy. This error of his will persist throughout the day. She is, Josie tells him, at Horne’s maternity hospital and has been in labor for three days. Josie is about to get clinical when Bloom calls her attention to a local eccentric who walks outside of lampposts. Mr Breen appears and she leaves Bloom hurriedly to join him.As Bloom passes the offices of the Irish Times, he wonders about the possibility of other answers to his ad. The ad –placed by Henry Flower –wanted “a smart lady typist to aid gentlemen in literary work.” Bloom has already waded through forty-four replies; one, of course, from Martha Clifford but another was from Lizzie Twigg, an acquaintance of A.E.His thoughts stray to other ads, to the typical readers of certain papers, especially to horsy women of the masterful type that he admires. He remembers that he failed to get tea from Tom Kernan. The sight of Tommy Moore’s statue reminds him of the song that the late Julia Morkan sang so well. That she is dead fulfills Gabriel Conroy’s premo nition in ‘The Dead’ and that she predeceased her older sister Kate, another part of his premonition, is confirmed at 17.140.He watches constables –the symbol of this chapter is the constable –and remembers how a mounted policeman once menaced him at an antiwar demonstration. Many of the companions of his demonstration have calmed down and found secure establishment positions. By an easy transition he considers the fact that Irish society is199 riddled by spies. Corny Kelleher, Bloom suspects, is a police spy and this appears probable on the basis of the scene at 10.225-6.But spies imply treachery and, thinking also of the brevity of life, Bloom becomes gloomy. This, he decides, is the worst hour of the day. “No-one is anything,” he claims, another denial of reality like that in the cemetery: “If we were all suddenly somebody else.” Bloom had been thinking of Parnell’s brother and now sees him. He had been thinking of A.E. and now sees him too. The slatternly woman with him could very well be Lizzie Twigg. He overhears part of A.E.’s conversation, something about the end of the world as a two-headed octopus with a Scotch (sic) accent. Joyce will bring this curiosity on stage in Circe. The presence of the poet induces Bloom to produce more bad verse – again about gulls – of his own.He would like to know more about astronomy and devises plans, more devious and lazy than studious, but abandons the project as too difficult. He seeks resignation as he considers Molly’s forthcoming betrayal and his troubled feel ings are reflected in the difficult and disordered text. He sees Bob Doran (‘The Boarding House’), a poor omen for one with a troubled marriage, and again seeks solace in the memory of earlier days. “I was happier then,” he observes but is not certain that he and Molly are the same persons that they once were. He knows that all was different after Rudy’s death.A display of sumptuous fabrics in shop windows turns his thoughts in a voluptuous direction. The passage of which Joyce claimed that he had the words but struggled to find the correct order is part of this section.Apparently –if the word ‘jingling’ is a clue –Bloom turns a corner to avoid a meeting with Boylan. In his mind he rehearses an imaginary and somewhat muddled love200 scene, another of the mental storms with which he typically covers his dismay about his marriage.He enters the Burton for lunch but the scene is a nasty one with the diners showing crude table manners. This display sickens Bloom who, with unnecessary delicacy, pretends to be looking for someone and, not finding him, makes it his excuse to leave.It is at the Burton that Bloom quotes a bit obscurely from Hamlet: “Look on this picture then on that.” Would Bloom have known the play all that well? Although not truly alike in al l respects it is reminiscent of the phrase in ‘Counterparts:’ the retort that “was after the manner of the liberal shepherds of the ecologues.” And yet Bloom quotes from Hamlet before this and the quotes are as obscure as this one.After the cannibal scene at the Burton, Bloom thinks more kindly of vegetarianism than he did a mere page or two earlier. At Davy Byrne’s he settles significantly for a gorgonzola sandwich and a glass of burgundy. He greets Nosey Flynn by his last name as if this kind of greeting were appropriate to him as one who is typically greeted by his last name. As he talks to Nosey he composes a mildly obscene limerick that, by today’s standards, is offensively racist. The limerick concerns a cannibal king who eats a missionary. Nosey asks about the tour and Bloom gives the smooth Boylan-less reply with which we are familiar. Nosey, however, remembers that Boylan is the organizer. As Bloom reflects that Boylan’s tryst with Molly has not yet taken place, Nosey rhapsodizes on Boylan’s abilit y as a conniver and the skill with which he manipulated a recent boxing match.201 Nosey chatters of horseracing but Bloom considers that he will dine about six, by which time, he realizes incoherently, Molly will have betrayed him. He attempts to divert his thoughts by a consideration of food but this fails. His thinks about the aphrodisiac qualities of oysters and his thoughts again fix on Boylan. The sight of two copulating flies stimulates him to remember his lovemaking with Molly on Howth. His conclusion is a sad one: “Me. And me now.”He idly thinks of goddesses and, ever practical, of how the difference between the divine and human diets must affect physiology. He resolves to examine the statues of the goddesses at the library for evidence of posterior orifices. Conscious of his own mortality and its needs, he leaves to urinate. Nosey gossips about him with Davy Byrne in his absence. Unlike most of the Dublin gossip that we have listened to, it is not malicious and its truth is a little distorted but has a foundation in fact. Bloom is probably a Mason although Nosey is surely wrong to think that this has done Bloom much good. Nosey admits that Bloom is a kind person, a fact that seems to have escaped the notice of Dubliners far smarter than Nosey.Paddy Leonard (‘Counterparts’) enters with Bantam Lyons and Tom Rochford. They do a comic turn about ordering drinks and talk about the race. Lyons has a tip that he refuses to share with the others but gives Bloom the credit for it to the incredulity of the others. Bloom, having returned from the lavatory, gives the group a wave of farewell.Bloom strolls down the street, comfortably thinking still of food. He reckons his probable profits from various transactions – including the repayment of the three shillings owed him by Hynes – and thinks of a gift for Molly but he banishes her from his thoughts.202 The blind stripling appears. Bloom helps him across the street and remembers the name –it is Penrose – that he could not remember earlier (8.11-12)He meditates on blindness and how such deprivation affects reality. Like Stephen earlier he experiments with temporary blindness.His thoughts, however, collapse in confusion as he sees Boylan. He puts on a great act to avoid an exchange of greetings and takes refuge in the library. He even pulls out the Palestine promotion ad to simulate intense concentration. The time of the tryst is still vague. “Afternoon she said.” later he will know –but we will not know how he knows –that it is four o’clock.。
流体力学专业英语词汇
流体力学专业词汇(V ocabulary of Fluid Mechanics )CHAPTER-1acceleration 加速度average velocity 平均速度Bernoulli 伯努力boundary layer 边界层calculus 微积分coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数compressible(incompressible) (不)可压的conservation of mass(momentum, energy) 质量(动量,能量)守恒continuum 连续介质control-volume 控制体density(mass per unit volume) 密度differential 微分dimension 量刚尺度dynamics 动力学Euler 欧拉eulerian (lagrangian) method of description欧拉(拉格郎日)观点，方法field of flow 流场flow pattern 流型（谱）fluid mechanics 流体力学function 函数inertia 惯性, 惯量integral 积分kinematics 运动学kinetic (potential, internal) energy 动(势,内)能Lagrange 拉格郎日liquid 流体Newtonian fluids 牛顿流体(non)linear (非)线性(non)uniform （非）均匀one-dimensional 一维pathline 迹线perfect-gas law 理想气体定律pressure 压力压强Reynolds 雷诺shear(normal) stress 剪(正)应力solution 解答statics 静力学steady(unsteady) (非)定常strain 应变streamline(tube) 流线(管)thermal conductivity 热传导thermodynamics 热力学variable 变量vector 矢量velocity distribution 速度分布velocity field 速度场velocity gradient 速度梯度viscous(inviscid) (无)粘性的volume rate of flow 体积流量CHAPTER -2absolute (gage,vacuum) pressure 绝对（表，真空）压力area moment of inertia 惯性面积矩atmospheric pressure 大气压力barometer 气压计body force 体力Cartesian [rectangular] coordinates 直角坐标（系）centroid 质心elliptic 椭圆的equilibrium 平衡horizontal 水平的hydrostatic 水静力学，流体静力学hyperbolic 双曲线的mercury 水银moment 矩parabolic 抛物线plane (curved) surface 平（曲）面plate 板pressure center 压力中心pressure distribution(gradient) 压力分布（梯度）reservoir 水库rigid-body 刚体scalar 标量specific weight 比重surface force 表面力vertical 垂直的, 直立的CHAPTER -3Bernoulli equation 伯努力方程Boundaries 边界Conservation of mass 质量Control volume 控制体Energy(hydraulic) grade line 能级线Flux 流率Free body 隔离体Heat transfer 热传到Imaginary 假想Inlet, outlet 进、出口Integrand 被积函数Jet flow 射流Linear(Angular)-momentum relation 线（角）动量关系式Momentum(energy)-flux 动量（能量）流量Net force 合力No slip 无滑移Nozzle 喷嘴Rate of work 功率Reynolds transport theorem 雷诺输运定理Shaft work 轴功Stagnation enthalpy 制止焓Surroundings 外围System 体系Time derivative 时间导数Vector sum 矢量合Venturi tube 文图里管V olume(mass) flow 体积（质量）流量V olume(mass) rate of flow体积（质量）流率CHAPTER -4Soomth 平滑Laminar 层流Transition 转捩Roughness 粗糙度Random fluctuations 随机脉动Reynolds number 雷诺数（Re）Instability 不稳定性Breakdown 崩溃Mean value 平均值Drag 阻力Osborne ReynoldsDye filament 染色丝Internal (external) flow 内(外)流Cartesian 笛卡坐标Infinitesimal 无限小local acceleration 当地加速度dot product 点乘total derivative 全导数convective acceleration 对流加速度substantial(material) derivative 随体(物质)导数operator 算子partial differential equation 偏微分方程Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Navier-Stokes Equations N-S方程Second-order 二阶Similarity 相似Nondimensionalization 无量纲化Flat-plate boundary layer 平板边界层Thermal conductivity 热传导Heat flow 热流量Fourier’s law 傅立叶定律Couette Flow 库塔流动Channel 槽道Parallel plates 平行平板Pressure gradient 压力梯度No-slip condition 无滑移条件Poiseuille flow 伯肖叶流动Parabola 抛物线Wall shear stress 壁面剪应力Prandtl 普朗特Karman 卡门Momentum-integral relation 动量积分关系Momentum thickness 动量厚度Skin-friction coefficient 壁面摩擦系数Displacement thickness 排移厚度Blasius equation 布拉修斯方程Coordinate transformation 坐标变换Composite dimensionless variable 组合无量纲变量Shape factor 形状因子Velocity profile 速度剖面流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum 能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationKDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition 数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition近似因子分解法approximate factorization method 人工压缩artificial compression人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method配置方法collocation method能量法energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method涡方法vortex method隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving difference scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme 迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics 简单物质simple material纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differential type积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论incompatibility theory微极理论micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic continuum 内时理论endochronic theory非局部理论nonlocal theory混合物理论theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor声张量acoustic tensor半向同性张量hemitropic tensor各向同性张量isotropic tensor应变张量strain tensor伸缩张量stretch tensor连续旋错continuous dislination连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutive relations共旋导数co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative 非完整分量anholonomic component爬升效应climbing effect协调条件compatibility condition错综度complexity当时构形current configuration能量平衡energy balance变形梯度deformation gradient有限弹性finite elasticity熵增entropy production标架无差异性frame indifference弹性势elastic potential熵不等式entropy inequality极分解polar decomposition低弹性hypoelasticity参考构形reference configuration响应泛函response functional动量平衡momentum balance奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint物理分量physical components本原元primitive element普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient测粘流动viscometric flow当地导数local derivative岩石力学rock mechanics原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力tectonic stress三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test 三轴试验triaxial test岩层静态应力lithostatic stress吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure水力劈裂hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度intrinsic shear strength 循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength 残余抗剪强度residual shear strength 土力学soil mechanics孔隙比void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率porosity围压ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance 渗流力seepage force表观粘聚力apparent cohesion粘聚力cohesion稠度consistency固结consolidation主固结primary consolidation次固结secondary consolidation固结仪consolidometer浮升力uplift扩容dilatancy有效应力effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure被动土压力passive earth pressure 土动力学soil dynamics应力解除stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect贯入阻力penetration resistance沙土液化liquefaction of sand泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow马格努斯效应Magnus effect韦伯数Weber number环状流annular flow泡状流bubble flow层状流stratified flow平衡流equilibrium flow二组份流two-component flow冻结流frozen flow均质流homogeneous flow二相流two-phase flow气-液流gas-liquid flow气-固流gas-solid flow液-气流liquid-gas flow液-固流liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流liquid-vapor flow浓相dense phase稀相dilute phase连续相continuous phase离散相dispersed phase悬浮suspension气力输运pneumatic transport气泡形成bubble formation体密度bulk density壅塞choking微滴droplet挟带entrainment流型flow pattern流[态]化fluidization界面interface跃动速度saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学non-Newtonian fluid mechanics 非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid触变流体thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid流变测量学rheometry震凝性rheopexy体[积]粘性bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应Weissenberg effect流变仪rheometer稀薄气体动力学rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics 空气热化学aerothermochemistry绝对压强absolute pressure绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule活化能activation energy绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度adiabatic flame temperature电弧风洞arc tunnel原子热atomic heat雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition自动氧化auto-oxidation可用能量available energy缓冲作用buffer action松密度bulk density燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity接触面contact surface烧蚀ablation。
流体力学英语词汇
流体力学英语词汇acceleration 加速度average velocity 平均速度Bernoulli 伯努力boundary layer 边界层calculus 微积分coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数compressible(incompressible) (不)可压的conservation of mass(momentum, energy) 质量(动量,能量)守恒continuum 连续介质control-volume 控制体density(mass per unit volume) 密度differential 微分dimension 量刚尺度dynamics 动力学Euler 欧拉eulerian (lagrangian) method of description欧拉(拉格郎日)观点,方法field of flow 流场flow pattern 流型(谱)fluid mechanics 流体力学function 函数inertia 惯性, 惯量integral 积分kinematics 运动学kinetic (potential, internal) energy 动(势,内)能Lagrange 拉格郎日liquid 流体Newtonian fluids 牛顿流体(non)linear (非)线性(non)uniform (非)均匀one-dimensional 一维pathline 迹线perfect-gas law 理想气体定律pressure 压力压强Reynolds 雷诺shear(normal) stress 剪(正)应力solution 解答statics 静力学steady(unsteady) (非)定常strain 应变streamline(tube) 流线(管)thermal conductivity 热传导thermodynamics 热力学variable 变量vector 矢量velocity distribution 速度分布velocity field 速度场velocity gradient 速度梯度viscous(inviscid) (无)粘性的volume rate of flow 体积流量CHAPTER -2absolute (gage,vacuum) pressure 绝对(表,真空)压力area moment of inertia 惯性面积矩atmospheric pressure 大气压力barometer 气压计body force 体力Cartesian [rectangular] coordinates 直角坐标(系)centroid 质心elliptic 椭圆的equilibrium 平衡horizontal 水平的hydrostatic 水静力学,流体静力学hyperbolic 双曲线的mercury 水银moment 矩parabolic 抛物线plane (curved) surface 平(曲)面plate 板pressure center 压力中心pressure distribution(gradient) 压力分布(梯度) reservoir 水库rigid-body 刚体scalar 标量specific weight 比重surface force 表面力vertical 垂直的, 直立的CHAPTER -3Bernoulli equation 伯努力方程Boundaries 边界Conservation of mass 质量Control volume 控制体Energy(hydraulic) grade line 能级线Flux 流率Free body 隔离体Heat transfer 热传到Imaginary 假想Inlet, outlet 进,出口Integrand 被积函数Jet flow 射流Linear(Angular)-momentum relation 线(角)动量关系式Momentum(energy)-flux 动量(能量)流量Net force 合力No slip 无滑移Nozzle 喷嘴Rate of work 功率Reynolds transport theorem 雷诺输运定理Shaft work 轴功Stagnation enthalpy 制止焓Surroundings 外围System 体系Time derivative 时间导数Vector sum 矢量合Venturi tube 文图里管Volume(mass) flow 体积(质量)流量Volume(mass) rate of flow体积(质量)流率CHAPTER -4Soomth 平滑Laminar 层流Transition 转捩Roughness 粗糙度Random fluctuations 随机脉动Reynolds number 雷诺数(Re)Instability 不稳定性Breakdown 崩溃Mean value 平均值Drag 阻力Osborne ReynoldsDye filament 染色丝Internal (external) flow 内(外)流Cartesian 笛卡坐标Infinitesimal 无限小local acceleration 当地加速度dot product 点乘total derivative 全导数convective acceleration 对流加速度substantial(material) derivative 随体(物质)导数operator 算子partial differential equation 偏微分方程Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Navier-Stokes Equations N-S方程Second-order 二阶Similarity 相似Nondimensionalization 无量纲化Flat-plate boundary layer 平板边界层Thermal conductivity 热传导Heat flow 热流量Fourier's law 傅立叶定律Couette Flow 库塔流动Channel 槽道Parallel plates 平行平板Pressure gradient 压力梯度No-slip condition 无滑移条件Poiseuille flow 伯肖叶流动Parabola 抛物线Wall shear stress 壁面剪应力Prandtl 普朗特Karman 卡门Momentum-integral relation 动量积分关系Momentum thickness 动量厚度Skin-friction coefficient 壁面摩擦系数Displacement thickness 排移厚度Blasius equation 布拉修斯方程Coordinate transformation 坐标变换Composite dimensionless variable 组合无量纲变量Shape factor 形状因子Velocity profile 速度剖面流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件 Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure 涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter 几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number 前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件 Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number 冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave 激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity 波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 水击 water hammer空化 cavitation空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow 水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow 堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure 猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity 运动粘性 kinematic viscosity 动力粘性 dynamic viscosity泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation 湍流分离 turbulent separation 分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness本文来自: 恒星英语学习网() 详细出处参考：/word/sxwl/2009-01-26/66896.html动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfer coefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer辐射传热 radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equation KDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modified differential equation 拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity。
流体力学常用名词中英文对照
流体力学常用名词流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow 周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow 浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter 几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex 附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle 普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow 水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula 欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow 堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation 泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid 边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation 边界层厚度boundary layer thickness 位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method 说明氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel 水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer 热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer 动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer 热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationKDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition 数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition近似因子分解法approximate factorization method 人工压缩artificial compression人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method配置方法collocation method能量法energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method,FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method 通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method 质点法particle method预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method涡方法vortex method隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme 穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme 迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates [自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method。
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A. hfo=hfw； C. hfo<hfw；
B. hfo>hfw； D.uncertain.
8.9 Single Pipe Flows：solution basics
Four simultaneous equations: ① continuity V = 4 : Regions on plot of Nikurades’s data
d /2ks
d /2ks
d /2ks
Figure : Regions on plot of Nikurades’s data
d /2ks
1.2 1.0 lg (100λ ) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
ks
Ⅲ 紊流粗糙区
越 来 越 光 滑
Ⅱ 紊流光滑
lg ( Re )
Laminar flow： Re < 2000 (lg Re = 3.30)，λ＝f（Re）
λ ＝ 64 /Re
d /2ks
1.2 1.0 lg (100 λ) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
Chapter 8 Steady Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits (Part B)
Outline
8.8 Head loss during turbulent flow in a pipe 8.9 Solution of Single Pipe Flows 8. 10 Local Head Losses 8.10.1 Losses at Sudden Enlargement 8.10.2 Losses at Sudden Contraction
过渡区
层流到紊流的过渡区 Ⅱ 紊流光滑
lg ( Re )
Smooth turbulent ：The limiting line of turbulent flow. All value of relative roughness tend toward this as Re decreases.
d /2ks
d /2ks
1.2 1.0 lg (100 λ) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
15 30.6 60 126 252 507 Ⅰ层流区
Δ Ⅲ 紊流粗糙区
越 来 越 光 滑
⎡ 5.74 ⎞⎤ ⎛ e ⎢log10 ⎜ 3.7 D + Re 0.9 ⎟⎥ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎣
2
Laminar
Transition
Turbulent
Regions on plot of Nikurades’s data
Turbulent flow in a circular pipe may be classified as: smooth pipe region, rough pipe region and transition region.
1.2 1.0 lg (100 λ) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
15 30.6 60 126 252 507 Ⅰ层流区
Δ Ⅲ 紊流粗糙区
越 来 越 光 滑
过渡区
越 来 越 光 滑
层流到紊流的过渡区 Ⅱ 紊流光滑
lg ( Re )
Rough turbulent. λ remains constant for a given relative roughness. It is independent of Re.
Nikuradse’s Experiments
8.8.2 Moody chart
Colebrook-White Equation Colebrook and White proposed the following general equation after studying flow in real pipes:
e 1 2.51 = −2 lg( + ) 3.7d Re f f
The values of friction factor obtained from the equation are plotted on a Moody diagram, which shows a family of curves for f plotted against the relative roughness and Reynolds number. The Moody chart is a graphical method to find the friction factor in pipes.
过渡区
层流到紊流的过渡区 Ⅱ 紊流光滑
lg ( Re )
Transitional turbulent：The region which ssλvaries with both Re and relative roughness. Most pipes lie in this region.
λ = f (Re,
Ⅱ 紊流光滑
lg ( Re )
d /2ks
1.2 1.0 lg (100 λ ) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
15 30.6 60 126 252 过渡区 507 Ⅰ层流区 层流到紊流的过渡区
Pipe roughness
pipe material glass, drawn brass, copper commercial steel or wrought iron asphalted cast iron galvanized iron cast iron concrete rivet steel corrugated metal PVC
A increases；
B reduces；
C keeps constant.
Question
There are two pipes, one transports oil and the other transports water. If diameter d ,length l and roughness coefficient of the two pipes are all the same, kinematic viscosity υoil is bigger thanυ water, the Reynolds Numbers are equal, then the Frictional Loss______
Viscous sublayer
32 .8d δ0 = Re λ
Re = vd
ν
8.8 Head loss in Turbulent Flow
When flow is turbulent, the viscous dissipation effects cannot be derived explicitly as in laminar flow, but the following relation is still valid.
A good approximate equation for the turbulent region of the Moody chart is given by Haaland’s equation:
Haaland’s equation is valid for turbulent flow (Re > 2300)
pipe roughness e (mm) 0.0015 0.045 0.12 0.15 0.26 0.18-0.6 0.9-9.0 45 0.12
8.24
Question
If the flow is in turbulent transition region, the Frictional factor f of the industrial pipes _____ with the increase of the Reynolds number
λ=
Smooth pipe curve All curves coincide @ ~Re=2300 Rough pipe zone All rough pipe curves flatten out and become independent of Re 0.25
λ=
64 Re
Smooth Blausius OK for smooth pipe
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
15 30.6 60 126 252 507 Ⅰ层流区
Δ Ⅲ 紊流粗糙区 过渡区
越 来 越 光 滑
Laminar
层流到紊流的过渡区
Transition
Turbulent
ks ) d
d /2ks
1.2 1.0 lg (100 λ) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
15 30.6 60 126 252 507 Ⅰ层流区
Δ Ⅲ 紊流粗糙区
Head loss (Review)
We will be looking here at the flow of real fluid in pipes – real meaning a fluid that looses energy due to friction as it interacts with the pipe wall as it flows.