语言学试卷1
(完整)语言学概论试卷1
语言学概论试卷1一、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每小题1分，共26分）1．关于“说话”这种口头交际行为,下列说法正确的一项是（）A．只涉及心理问题，不涉及物理和生理问题B．只涉及物理问题，不涉及生理和心理问题C．只涉及生理问题，不涉及物理和心理问题D．既涉及心理问题，又涉及生理和物理问题2．判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考（）A．相互理解程度B．语言结构的差异程度C．共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D．是否属于同一个国家3．关于语音四要素，下列说法不正确．．．的一项是( )A．在任何语言中，音高变化都是语调的主要构成要素B．能起区别语言意义作用的是绝对的音高、音强和音长C．音长是由发音体振动的持续时间决定的D．音强是由发音体振动的振幅大小决定的4．下列关于区别特征的表述中,不正确．．．的一项是( ）A．音位是通过区别特征相互区别的B．区别特征完全取决于语音的自然属性C．音位的辨义功能由区别特征负担D．区别特征通常都表现为二项对立5．关于“复辅音”，下列说法不正确．．．的一项是（）A．复辅音是一个音节内两个或几个辅音的组合B．复辅音内的几个辅音彼此之间有过渡音联结C．复辅音内的几个辅音的音质变化是突变式的D．复辅音并不是所有语言中都存在的语音现象6．下列各项中，都是低元音的一组是（）A．[y,æ] B．［a,Λ］ C．［u，ε] D．[Aα,]7．下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是（）A．[k,η] B．［m， n] C．［n，η] D．［k,p］8．北京话“面"单念时读作[miæn],但“面包”却读作[miæmpαu]，这种语流音变象A．弱化B．增音 C．同化D．异化9．关于现代汉语“洗”和“浴”两个语素，下列说法不正确．．．的一项是（）A．“洗”是成词语素，“浴”是不成词语素B．“洗”是自由语素，“浴”是黏着语素C．“洗"是不定位语素，“浴”是定位语素D．“洗”和“浴”都是实义语素10．下列各组中，三个复合词构词类型不一致．．．的一组是（）A．席卷耳鸣地震B．打倒切断推翻C．发光散热出气D．天地欢乐爱好11．下列各组词，吸收外来成分的手段存在不一致．．．情况的一组是（)A．丹麦挪威法兰西B．沙拉咖啡麦当劳C．卡车啤酒立邦漆D．香波克隆好莱坞12．语法规则的“抽象性”是指（）A．对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B．相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C．语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D．语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢13．语法现象可以分成“核心语法现象”和“外围语法现象"，其中“核心语法现象"主要是指（）A．词语搭配问题B．意义表达问题C．语音实现问题D．句法结构问题14．主要功能是用来“造句”的同一级语法单位是指( ）A．语素和语素组B．语素组和词C．词和词组D．词组和句子15．汉语中的词类（词的语法分类)可以首先分出的两个大类是( ）A．基本词和非基本词B．实词和虚词C．典型词和兼类词D．体词和谓词16．下列关于“直接组成成分分析法”（层次分析法）的表述，不正确．．．的一项是（）A．从最大的词组开始逐层切分，一直切分到词为止B．从最小的词开始逐层组合,一直组合到词组为止C．分析时要依据两条原则：“成结构”和“有意义”D．分析时采用的方法是“先分主干”和“后添枝叶”17．“汽车”和“卡车"是（）A．上下位词B．同义词 C．等义词D．近义词18．下列各项中,语义结构属于复合述谓结构的一项是（）A．这样做不值得B．他跑过去开门C．我们单位需要增加编制D．他们正在研究如何筹集资金19．下列各项中，甲和乙是预设关系的一项是（)A．（甲)他买了一支钢笔//（乙）他买了一支笔B．(甲)老王在小李的左边//（乙）小李在老王的右边C．（甲)他早就不在学校工作了//（乙)他以前在学校工作过D．（甲）什么水果他都吃过//（乙）他吃过苹果20．文字最基本的单位是（）A．笔画B．字符 C．偏旁D．部首21．根据字符跟什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来分类，已知自源文字都属于（)A．词语文字B．语素文字 C．音节文字D．音位文字22．在语言谱系分类的层级体系中，最大的类别是（）A．语族B．语支 C．语系 D．语群23．在儿童学会说话的过程中，“双词阶段”标志着儿童产生的语言能力是（）A．语音能力 B．语汇能力 C．语法能力D．语义能力24．“萨丕尔（E。
(完整word版)英语语言学试题(1)及答案
英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、elaborationB、simplificationC、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua francaB、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you thin k so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. ( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics,e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc. 37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English) 2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
2023年自考专业英语现代语言学模拟试卷1
自考专业(英语)现代语言学模拟试卷1一、单项选择题1、What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a ________ system of grammatical knowledge.A.phraseB.sentenceC.ruleD.symbol2、________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.A.BroadB.DetailedC.WideD.Narrow3、Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different ________ dialects.A.personalB.regionalC.socialD.professional4、________ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.A.PhonologyB.MorphologyC.LexicologyD.Phonetics5、________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.A.PhonologyB.PhoneticsC.MorphologyD.Phonemics6、The distinction between langue and parole was made by ________ early 20th century.A.American linguist N. ChomskyB.Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC.American linguist Edward SapirD.British linguist J. R. Firth7、A compound word consists of ________.A.two or more than two wordsB.two morphemesC.two root morphemesD.two or more morphemes8、Modern English has a much weak case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of ________.A.SOVB.SVOC.OSVD.VSO9、The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, ________, and kin term.A.title+first nameB.title+titleC.title aloneD.first name +last name +title10、In the phrase structure rule “S→NP VP” the arrow can be read as ________.A.consists ofB.is equal toC.hasD.generates参考答案：【一、单项选择题】 1~5CDBAB6~10BABC。
大学语言学概论考试(习题卷1)
大学语言学概论考试(习题卷1)第1部分：单项选择题，共66题，每题只有一个正确答案,多选或少选均不得分。
1.[单选题]语言符号只能一个接一个出现，这是语言结构的A)不变性特征B)线性特征C)约定性特征D)聚合性特征答案:B解析:2.[单选题]中国传统的文字学、音韵学、训诂学统称A)大学B)名学C)玄学D)小学答案:D解析:3.[单选题]下列各组词中全部属于复合词的一组是( )A)大学、人民、（英）readerB)劳动、阿姨、(英)railwayC)瓶子、教室、（英）unhappyD)道路、材料、（英）classroom答案:D解析:4.[单选题][]音素[i]和[y]的差别是由( )的差别形成的。
A)音高B)音强C)音长D)音质答案:D解析:D5.[单选题]下列关于直接组成成分分析法，(层次分析法)的表述不正确的一项是A)从最大的词组开始逐层切分可以任意切分B)从最小的词开始组成组合，一直组合到复杂词组为止C)分析时要依据两条原则“成结构和有意义”D)分析时采用的方法是先分主干和后天枝叶答案:A解析:6.[单选题]语言学概论应属于( )。
D)汉语言学答案:B解析:7.[单选题][]下面的派生意义中,属于隐喻的是( )。
A)英语的pen指笔B)“习”的“温习”义C)寺院的方丈D)法语的bureau指办公桌答案:B解析:B8.[单选题]英语中的”impossible、incomplete、irregular”的三个否定的变词语素”im、in、ir”从发音上解释它们在形式上不同的原因是因为:( )A)同化B)异化C)弱化D)脱落答案:A解析:9.[单选题]汉语中的“着、了、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到了现代成为表示类似体的意义的构形语素，这是（ ）。
A)词序的变化B)异化C)类推D)新的语法范畴的形成答案:D解析:10.[单选题]外语学习的高原期指的是A)听说阶段B)读写阶段C)初期D)后期答案:D解析:11.[单选题][]根据语言成分与人类经验的映像关系而得出的是( )。
语言学（1）
1 “赋，诗歌”等中国传统文学体裁的语言形成机制是（ D ）A 预设B 多余C 类推D 对称2.在时间线条的某一位置上，可以相互替换的语言符号之间的关系是( B )A.组合关系B.聚合关系C.层级关系D.表里关系3. 就表现形式来看，人类语言符号属于（B ）A.视觉符号B.听觉符号C.嗅觉符号D.触觉符号4. 可以归并在同一音位中的音素是（ A ）A.具有互补关系，语音上又相似的音素B.语音上相似的音素C.彼此能区分词的语音形式和意义的音素D.具有非对立性关系的音素5. 英语的长短音和汉语的声调能够区别意义，它们（ C ）A.都是音质音位B. 前者是音质音位，后者是非音质音位C.都是非音质音位D. 前者是非音位变体，后者是音质音位6.英语中“independent”和“impossible”中的“in”“im”都表示否定，这种语流音叫（B ）A.增音B.同化C.异化D.脱落7.“outstanding”这个词构词方式是（ B ）A.词缀+词根+加词尾B.词缀+词根C.词根+词缀D.词根+词尾8.汉语拼音bang中的韵腹a是( D )A.舌面前、低、圆唇元音B.舌面前、低、不圆唇元音C.舌面央、低、圆唇元音D舌面后、低、不圆唇元音9.下例语言单位，不是词的是（ D）A．马虎 B.瓜子 C.愿景 D.别去10.就“买书”，“借米”两例看，下列说法正确的是（ A）A “买”与“书”有组合关系，与“借”有聚合关系B “买“与”书“有组合关系，与”米“有聚合关系C “买“与”借”有组合关系，“与米”有聚合关系D “买”与“借”有组合关系，与“米”有聚合关系11.同一音位的各个变体之间的关系是（ D ）A.互相补充B.自由替换C.互相对立D.互不对立12.汉语的“我”，翻译成英语在不同的句子成分中，I分别是“I”和“me”“my”“mine”，这里使用的语法手段是（ B ）A.重叠法B.异根法C.重音移动法D.外部附和法13.“奥林匹克运动会”这个词包含的语素数量是（ C ）A.2个B.3个C.4个D.7个14.从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于（ C ）A．单纯词 B.派生词 C.复合词 D.简缩词15.“船头”“石子”的构词方式分别是（ D ）A．都是词根加词缀 B前者是词根加词缀，后者是词根加词根C．都是词根加词根 D.前者是词根加词根，后者是词根加词缀16.英国语言哲学家奥斯汀提出的著名语用学理论是( A )A,言语行为 B.会语含义 C礼貌原则 D 语境17.把现代汉语第三人称代词写成“他”“她”（ D ）A 表示性范畴B 表示格范畴C表示人称范畴D 什么语法范畴都不表示18.汉语普通话中没有的发音部位是( B )A.双唇 B 齿间 C唇齿 D 舌面19.下列关于”语言”和”言语”的说法不正确的是( C)A.语言是抽象的,言语是具体的B.语言是有限的,言语是无限的C.语言是个别的,言语是一般的D.语言是从大量的言语事实中抽象概括出来的20.下列特点中不属于屈折语的有（B ）A.有丰富的词形变化B.没有内部屈折C.一个变词语素可以同时表示好几种语法意 D：词根和变词语素之间结合紧密21 下列语言。
语言学概论-试卷1
一、在下列每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将其字母标号填入括号内。
1.A symbol consists of two parts: a concrete form and the which the object or form conveys. ( A )A. meaningB. meansC. signD. signature2. By saying language is ____ we mean we can’t give a sound reason wh y such a form ispronounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form. 我们无法给出合理的理由说明为什么以这种方式而不是以这种方式发音，以及为什么应该用这种形式而不是那种形式来表示特定的含义。
( B )A. systematicB. arbitrary任意的C. symbolicD. conventional3. Which of the following is an acceptable English form? ( D )A. / fsem /B. / uid /C. / mdik /D. / haid /4. Which of the following is a narrow transcription? ( D )A. /′kʌmfət/B. /′ritn/C. /fi: l /D. /kʌla: s /★5. The production of a stop consists of three stages: closure stage, hold stage and_____ stage ( B )A. relaxB. releaseC. stopD. relieve6. A phoneme is defined as a minimal, distinctive unit in the _____ system of a language. ( D )A.syntaxB. semanticsC. linguisticD. sound7. The same phrase or sentence may have two or more interpretations depending on the hierarchical arrangement of its constituents. 相同的短语或句子可能具有两种或更多种解释，具体取决于其组成的层次结构Such a case is called _____. ( A )A. structural ambiguityB. semantic ambiguityC. hierarchical orderD. linear order8. Which of the following is NOT an illocutionary（言外的）speech act according to Searle?(D )A. directivesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. representation9. Lexical(词汇的) semantics is concerned with _____ meaning. (C )A. sentenceB. syntacticC. wordD. discourse10.If sentences are syntactically well-formed but semantically ill-formed(句子在语法上格式正确，但在语义上格式错误，), they are known as semantically _____ sentences. (C )A. normalB. abnormalC. anomalous (异常的)D. well-formed二、填空题。
语言学概论练习题1-4套 (1)
语言学概论试题(1)一、填空1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（根词/基本词汇）。
2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的（辅助）交际工具。
•3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的（语文学），通称为“小学”。
4、英语属于印欧语系的（日耳曼）语族的西部语支。
•5、是否能够（独立/自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
6、语言发展的主要特点是（渐变性）和（不平衡性）。
二、选择题••••••1、中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ）••Ａ、文字学Ｂ、语音学••Ｃ、词汇学Ｄ、语法学•2、汉语属于（B）•Ａ、屈折语Ｂ、词根语•Ｃ、多式综合语Ｄ、粘着语•3、一种语言中数量最少的是（B）••Ａ、音素Ｂ、音位••Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音节•4、文字的前身是（C）••Ａ、结绳记事Ｂ、手势••Ｃ、图画记事Ｄ、实物记事•5、派生词中包含（B）••Ａ、词尾Ｂ、词根••Ｃ、虚词Ｄ、根词•6、语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（C）••Ａ、音素Ｂ、义素••Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音位7、汉语“忽然”出现的位置是（C）••Ａ、主语位置Ｂ、谓语位置••Ｃ、状语位置Ｄ、定语位置8、以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（D）•••Ａ、土话Ｂ、客家话•••Ｃ、客套话Ｄ、黑话9、下列语素中属于自由语素的是（C）•••Ａ、初Ｂ、视•••Ｃ、人Ｄ、民能够独立成词，也能够同别的语素组合成词语的语素叫自由语素。
例如：人——人们、人民、人类、人生、众人、强人……电——电灯、电话、电影、电视、闪电、静电……10、在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，•具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（D）••Ａ、转换关系Ｂ、组合关系••Ｃ、层级关系Ｄ、聚合关系三、试以国际音标标出下列各词的读音1、优秀2、维持3、宏观4、精神5、离开四、用义素分析法分析下列各组词1、瞻仰 [+用眼 +往一定方向 +崇敬地]鸟瞰 [+用眼 +往一定方向 +向下]2、生[+存在状态 +开始或继续]死[+存在状态 +结束]五、简答题1、指出汉语普通话a音位的几个条件变体，描述其发音特点和出现条件。
(完整版)英语语言学试题(1)及答案
英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、elaborationB、simplificationC、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua francaB、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. ( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains. ( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FV oicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generallyused in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) V owel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle. 4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1. We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist view意念论B. contextualism语境主义C. the naming theory命名论D. behaviorism行为主义2. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.脱离语境的D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.3. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic features.A. Predication analysis述谓结构分析B. Componential analysis成分分析C. Phonemic analysis 音位分析D. Grammatical analysis语法分析4.Alive” and“dead” are ___________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonyms 互补反义词D. None of the above5. ________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense6. _________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. Polysemy一词多义B. Synonymy同义词C. Homonymy同音异义D. Hyponymy下义关系7. Words that are close in meaning are called ___________.A. homonyms同音异义词B. polysemies一词多义C. hyponyms下义词D. synonyms同义词8. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictions选择限制，选限结构C. semantic rulesD. semantic features9. The pai r of words “lend” and “borrow” are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational opposites关系反义词C. co-hyponyms并列下义词D. synonyms同义词10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate，+male，+human，-adultB. +animate，+male，+human，+adultC. +animate，-male，+human，-adultD. +animate，-male，+human，+adult11. Cold and hot are called ____ antonyms.A. complementaryB. gradable 可分类的C. reversalD. converse12. “I bought some roses” ____ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposes假定，预料，以…为先决条件C. is inconsistent with与…不一致D. is synonymous with和…同义13. Of the following linguists, ____ should be grouped into Prague School.布拉格学派A. Bloomfield布罗姆菲尔德B. Saussure索绪尔C. Jakobson雅各布森D. Firth弗思14. According to Krashen克拉申（美国语言学家）, ____ refers to the gradual and subconsciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicativesituations.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisition15. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, ____ is a product of L2 training, mother tongueinterference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.A. interlanguage中介语B. interferenceC. language transferD. linguistic relativity16. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说has two thrusts: ____ and ____.A. Linguistic description, Linguistic determinismB. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic relativity （语言决定论，语言相对论）C. Linguistic relativity, Linguistic descriptionD. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic performance17. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and used by people who speakdifferent language for restricted purpose is ____.A. pidgin洋泾宾语B. creoleC. dialectD. blends18. ____ is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that the only things valid enough toconfirm or refute o scientific theory are interpersonally observable phenomena, rather than people’s introspections or intuitions.A. MentalismB. Functional grammarC. Case grammar格文法D. Behaviorism19. ____ is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.A. InterlanguageB. IdeologyC. DialectD. Interference20. “There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to”. This is the ____ view concerning the study of meaning.A. naming theoryB. conceptualist概念论者C. contextualist语境主义者D. behaviorist21. ____ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.A. SemanticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Pragmatics语用学D. Linguistics22. Modern synchronic linguistics共时语言学traditionally dates from the ____ of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure.A. Syntactic structureB. Cours de Linguitique GeneralC. De Lingua LatinaD. Language and Mind23.According to the strong version of the ____ hypothesis, language determines speakers’perceptions and patterns their way of life.A. Sapir WhorfB. inputC. GrimD.Innateness24. ____ theorized that acquisition of language is an innate process determined by biological factors which limit the important period for acquisition of a language from roughly two years of age to puberty.青春期A. Input hypothesisB. Interaction hypothesisC. Critical period hypothesis关键期假说D.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25. According to Chomsky, the child is born with a built – in set of rules, which have the specific function of enabling her to construct the grammar of her mother tongue. This view is to be seen as ____.A. Input hypothesisB. X-theoryC. Language acquisition device语言习得机制D.Universal grammar26. “Old” and “Young” are a pair of ____ opposites.A. complementaryB. relationalC. converseD. gradable27. Systemic-Functional Grammar系统功能语法, one of the most influential linguistic theories in the 20th century, is put forward by ____.A. ChomskyB. Halliday哈利迪C. FirthD.Malinowski28. From Halliday’s viewpoint, language is a form of realization of ____ rather than a form of realization of______.A. knowing, doingB. thinking, knowingC. doing, thinkingD.doing, knowing29. Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as .A. interferenceB. interlanguageC. fossilizationD. acculturation30. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “furniture/bed”? ____A. polysemyB. hyponymy下义关系C. homonymyD. antonymy31. Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman” is right? ____A. +human,-adult, -maleB. +human, + adult, -maleC. +human, + adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, +male32. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a ____.A. regional dialectB. registerC. fieldD. repertoire33. In structural grammar, distributional analysis is used to define ____, which are taken as the basic building blocks.A. morphemesB. wordsC. syllableD. phonemes音素，音位34. “Speech Act T heory” was proposed by ____ in 1962.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. Jane AustinD. John Austin35. The major new development in linguistics in 20th century was ____ grammar.A. speculativeB. traditionalC. structuralD. transformational-generative36. The study of how we do things with utterance is the study of ____, the nature of which is determined by context.A. contextB. pragmaticsC. speech actD. semantics37. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than onelanguage. As a characteristic of societies, ____ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.A. transferB. bilingualismC. diglossiaD. inter-language38. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in ____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context39. ---TRUTH.---Do not say what you believe to be false.---Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Those can be defined as the features of ____ of Gricean maxims.A. maxim of quantityB. maxim of quality 质量准则C. maxim of relationD. maxim of manner40. In the sentence “The angry man went furiously through the rooms.” The first division into immediate constitute should be between ____.A. angry and manB. man and wentC. furiously and throughD. The and angry41. ____ refers to the effect of the utterance.A. Illocutionary act 言外形为B. Locutionary act言内行为C. Perlocutionary act言后行为D. Speech act言语行为42. According to the author our brain is divided into two hemispheres. Language functions are mainly located in ____.A. right hemispheresB. front hemispheresC. left hemispheresD.back hemispheres43. “A language pattern which occurs in all known language” is called ____.A. a phonemic representationB. a phonetic representationC. a language universalD. language change44. In the sentence-------“The child found the puppy”, ____ is not a constituent.A. The childB. found the puppyC. found theD. the puppy45. What is the relationship between the two words “flower / rose”? ____A. Homonymy同音异义B. Antonymy反义词C. hyponymy下义关系D. Polysemy一词多义46. The function of the sentence “How are you?” ____A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic交际性的，交流感情的47. Homonyms同音异义词____.A. are words that share the same phonetic features and the same semantic featuresB. are words that share the same semantic features but have different sets of phonetic featuresC. are words that share the same phonetic features but have different sets of semantic featuresD. are two words that all but one of semantic features in common48. In the following dialogue, the maxim of ____ is not observed.A. What time is it?B. It’s terribly cold in here.A. qualityB. quantityC. relevanceD. manner49. ____ are linguistic units larger than sentences.A. MovesB. DiscoursesC. TopicsD. Tendencies50. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? __A. single/marriedB. big/smallC. hot / coldD. old /young51. Usually ____ refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but linguistics is used in other areas, as well.A. applied linguisticsB. theoretical linguisticsC. contextual linguisticsD. general linguistics52. “Love” and “hate” are ____.A. binary antonymsB. complementary pairsC. gradable antonymsD. relational opposites53. ____ refers to sentences not only describe or report information, but also help speakers accomplish things.A. Speech actB. DiscourseC. ContextD. Communication54. The feature that distinguishes “hotdog” and “hot dog” is ____.A. toneB. stressC. intonationD. aspiration55. Of the following linguists, ____ should be grouped into London school.A. FirthB. BloomfieldC. BoasD. Trubetzkoy56. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called ____.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. syntaxD. language change57. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the ____ principle proposed by J. Grice.A. comprehensiveB. generativeC. discourseD. cooperative58. “Autumn” and “fall” are used respectively in Britain and America, but refer to the same thin g. The words are ____ synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic59. ____ is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, namely, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.A. surface structureB. syntactic ambiguityC. syntactic componentD. deep structure60. ____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.A. DialectB. Idiolect 个人习语C. Ethnic dialectD. Linguistic repertoire BBBCA ADBBB BACDA BADABCBACC DBDAB BBDDD CBDBBCCCCC DCCBA ACABA ADBDB。