语言学试题
语言学概论试题及答案
语言学概论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的科学？A. 语言的物理特性B. 语言的社会功能C. 语言的结构和功能D. 语言的起源和发展2. 语音学研究的主要内容是什么？A. 语言的语法结构B. 语言的词汇构成C. 语言的发音机制D. 语言的书写形式3. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 化学4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素M. 词汇C. 语素D. 句子5. 语义学研究的是语言的哪一方面？A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的书写D. 语言的语法6. 语言的词汇量是如何增长的？A. 通过新词的创造B. 通过旧词的淘汰C. 通过语言的混合D. 通过语言的简化7. 什么是语言的方言？A. 一种语言的书面形式B. 一种语言的口头形式C. 一种语言的地区变体D. 一种语言的官方标准8. 语言的同化现象是指什么？A. 语言的统一B. 语言的分化C. 语言的借用D. 语言的变异9. 语言的转换是指什么？A. 语言的翻译B. 语言的转写C. 语言的转述D. 语言的转换10. 什么是语言的语境？A. 语言的使用环境B. 语言的书写环境C. 语言的发音环境D. 语言的语法环境二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）11. 语言学的两大分支是________和________。
12. 语言的音位系统是由________构成的。
13. 语言的语法规则包括词法规则和________。
14. 语言的词汇化是指________转化为词汇的过程。
15. 语言的语用学研究的是语言在________中的使用。
三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）16. 简述语言的交际功能。
17. 简述语言的规范性与变异性。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）18. 论述语言与文化的关系。
19. 论述语言的演变过程及其影响因素。
五、案例分析题（每题20分，共20分）20. 请分析一种方言的形成过程，并讨论其对标准语的影响。
语言学自考纲要试题及答案
语言学自考纲要试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 文学作品B. 语言行为C. 语言结构D. 语言教学答案：C2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 社会语言学B. 神经语言学C. 文化研究D. 心理语言学答案：C3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 语义和语法B. 语音和语义C. 符号和象征D. 能指和所指答案：D4. 语音学中的“最小对立对”是指什么？A. 发音相似的词B. 发音不同的音节C. 只有一处发音不同的词对D. 音节数量不同的词答案：C5. 哪种语言现象说明了语言的任意性？A. 同义词B. 同音词C. 外来词D. 拟声词答案：B6. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔答案：B7. 在语言的词汇-语法连续体中，词汇通常位于哪个位置？A. 左端B. 右端C. 中间D. 两端都有可能答案：A8. 语言的同化现象通常发生在什么情况下？A. 语言接触B. 语言孤立C. 语言标准化D. 语言简化答案：A9. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容？A. 语境B. 言语行为C. 语义特征D. 隐喻答案：C10. 哪种语言现象可以体现语言的创造性？A. 套话B. 习语C. 新词创造D. 同音词答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言符号的任意性，即符号的形式与其指代的对象之间没有必然的联系。
答案：任意性原则12. 社会语言学研究的是语言与_______之间的关系。
答案：社会13. 在语言学中，“_______”是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。
答案：方言14. 语言的“_______”是指语言随时间演变的过程。
答案：历时变化15. “_______”是指语言在特定情境下的使用，包括语言的选择、组织和解释。
答案：语用学16. 语音学中的“_______”是指音素的最小区别特征。
(完整word版)语言学试题与答案
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as BritishEnglish and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, forexample, within British English or American English.2.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherentmeaning of the linguistic form.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations.4.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relationto the physical world of experience.5.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from orreduce meaning to observable contexts.6.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation inwhich the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differentlyaccording to their degree of formality.9.“it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10.In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12.The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic formand what it refers to.13.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it dealswith the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14.Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, theyare called h__________.16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationshipbetween the two items.17.C____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dividedinto meaning components.18.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19.An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with thenominal element(s) in a sentence.20.According to the n____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to belabels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents_______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism23. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Define the following terms.31.semantics 32.sense33.reference34.synonymy35.polysemy 36.homonymy37.homophones pletehomonyms40.hyponymy41.antonymy ponentialanalysis43.grammatical 44.predication45.Argumentmeaning46.predicate47.Two-placepredicationV. Answer the following questions.48.Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings ofall its components?49.What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.50.How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truthvalues?51.How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymousrelation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?52.According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonymsinto? Illustrate them with examples.53.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ?Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.l.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T7.F8.T9.T10.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.Semantics 12.direct13.Reference14.synonyms15.homophones16.Relational ponential18.selectional19.argument 20.namingIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.2l.A22.B23.D24.D25.B26.C27.A28.C29.D30.AIV. Define the following terms.31. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.32. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It isthe collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.33. Reference:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physicalworld; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience34. Synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.35. Polysemy: Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more thanone meaning.36. Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound orspelling, or in both.37. Homophones: When two words are identical in sound, they are calledhomophones.38. Homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.39. Complete homonyms: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling,they are called complete homonyms.40. Hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, moreinclusive word and a more specific word.41. Antonymy: Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.42. Componential analysis: Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning.It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.43. The grammatical meaning: The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to itsgrammaticality, i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.44. Predication: The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.45. Argument: An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generallyidentical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.46. Predicate: A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states thelogical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.47. Two-place predication: A two-place predication is one which contains twoarguments.V. Answer the following questions.48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components?The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example:(A) The dog bit the man.(B) The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning a nd semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another.49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.Componential analysis, proposed by structural semanticists, is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in themeaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example, the word “man” is ana lyzed as consisting of the semantic features of [+ HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE]50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truthvalues?Entailment is a relation of inclusion. Suppose there are two sentences X and Y: X: He has been to France.Y: He has been to Europe.In terms of truth values, if X is true, Y is necessarily true, e.g. if he has been to France, he must have been to Europe.If X is false, Y may be true or false, e. g. if he has not been to France, he may still have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe. If Y is true, X may be true or false, e.g. if he has been to Europe, he may or may not have been to France.If Y is false, X is false, e.g. If he has not been to Europe, he cannot have been to France.Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y is an entailment of X.The truth conditions that we use to judge presupposition is as follows:Suppose there are two sentences X and Y:X: John's bike needs repairing.Y:John has a bike.If X is true, Y must be true, e.g. if John's bike needs repairing, John must have a bike.If X is false, Y is still true, e. g. If John's bike does not need repairing, John still has a bike. If Y is true, X is either true or false, e.g. if John has a bike, it may or may notneed repairing. If Y is false, no truth value can be said about X, e.g. if John does not have a bike, nothing can be said about whether his bike needs repairing or not. Therefore, X presupposes Y, or Y is a presupposition of X.51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymousrelation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?In terms of truth condition, of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false, therefore X is synonymous with Y.e.g. X: He was a bachelor all his life.Y: He never married all his life.Of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true, then we can say A is inconsistent with Y.e.g. X: John is married.Y: John is a bachelor.52. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classifysynonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.According to the ways synonyms differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups.i. Dialectal synonymsThey are synonyms which are used in different regional dialects. British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language. For examples:British English American Englishautumn falllift elevatorThen dialectal synonyms can also be found within British, or American English itself. For example, "girl" is called "lass" or "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whisky" in Irish dialect.ii. Stylistic synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in style or degree of formality. Some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal, others tend to be casual, and still others are neutral in style. For example:old man, daddy, dad, father, male parentchap, pal, friend, companioniii. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaningThey are the words that have the same meaning but express different emotions of the user. The emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about. For exam ple, “collaborator” and “accomplice” are synonymous, sharing the meaning of "a person who helps another", but they are different in their evaluative meaning. The former means that a person who helps another in doing something good, while the latter refers to a person who helps another in a criminal act.iv. Collocational synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in their collocation. For example, we can use accuse, charge, rebuke to say that someone has done something wrong or even criminal, but they are used with different prepositions accuse. . . of, charge. . . with, rebuke. . .for.v. Semantically different synonymsSemantically different synonyms refer to the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean. For example, "amaze" and "astound" are very close in meaning to theword "surprise," but they have very subtle differences in meaning. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, "astound" implies difficulty in believing.53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How do they differ?One of the oldest was the naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, who believed that the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. The form and the meaning are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.For example, the meaning of the word "seal" in the sentence "The seal could not be found" can only be determined according to the context in which the sentence occurs:The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.(‘seal’ meaning an aquatic mammal)The seal could not be found. The king became worried.(‘seal’ meaning the king's stamp)Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of linguistic forms. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as "the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer".。
语言学：语言学概论考试试题
语言学：语言学概论考试试题1、填空题语言学的三大发源地：（）正确答案：中国、印度、希腊—罗马2、名词解释语言融合正确答案：是指某个民族或某个民族中一部分人放弃本民族的语言而专用其他民族的语言，一种语言取代其（江南博哥）他语言，成为不同民族共同的交际工具，又叫语言转用、语言同化或语言替换。
3、多选下列有关普通话的表述中，正确的有（）A.以北京语音为标准音B.以北京话为基础方言C.以北方方言为基础方言D.以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范E.以历代经典的文学作品为语法规范正确答案：A, C, D4、名词解释通语正确答案：或称凡语、凡通语、通名等，是杨雄《方言》一书用来指西汉时没有地域限制，通行比较广的共同语的术语。
5、名词解释词汇意义（词义）正确答案：由人们对现实现象的反映以及由此带来的人们对现实现象的主观评价。
词典的释义所说明的一般都是词的词汇意义。
6、填空题根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。
正确答案：语言的谱系分类、语言的发生学分类7、单选下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是（）A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家/首都北京C.铁路民航/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究正确答案：B8、名词解释社会语言学正确答案：用社会学的方法研究社会上的形形色色的语言变异等问题9、问答题简答复元音与几个相连的单元音的区别。
正确答案：复元音的几个成分同属于一个音节，发音时发音器官只有一次肌肉紧张；相连的单元音则各自分属于不同的音节，发音时有几个元音就有几次肌肉紧张；复元音是一个整体，发音时发音器官的运动是连续滑动的，元音的音质是不间断地逐渐变化的，中间会产生一连串的过渡音。
几个相连的单元音是彼此独立的整体，发音时发音器官的运动是跳跃式的，元音的音质是突变的，中间没有过渡音。
10、填空题句子结构关系的意义可以分为（）意义和（）意义两种。
正确答案：显性；隐性11、名词解释单纯字符正确答案：不能再分解为更小字符的字符。
语言学概论试题答案
语言学概论试题答案一、选择题1. 语言学是一门研究人类语言的学科，其研究对象是（B）。
A. 人类思维B. 人类语言C. 人类文化D. 人类行为2. 语音学是语言学的一个重要分支，它主要研究的是（C）。
A. 语法B. 词汇C. 声音系统D. 语义3. 语言学家关注的语言现象有哪些特征？（A）A. 具有普遍性、可刺激性、可被学得性、可被忘却性B. 具有多样性、诸变性、一致性、可被听说性C. 具有多样性、可被了解性、可被学得性、可被传承性D. 具有多样性、可刺激性、可被了解性、可被掌握性4. 语言是人类思维的外在表现，它的特点包括（B）。
A. 符号性、逻辑性、经验性、情感性B. 音素性、词汇性、语法性、交际性C. 语音性、声调性、音节性、语义性D. 文化性、习得性、传承性、社会性5. 语言学的研究方法主要包括哪些方面？（D）A. 观察法、统计法、实验法、调查法B. 比较法、分析法、综合法、实证法C. 形态法、句法法、语义法、语用法D. 理论法、实证法、历时法、内在法二、简答题1. 什么是语音学？简述语音学的基本研究对象。
语音学是语言学的一个分支学科，主要研究的是语言中声音的产生、传播和感知机制。
它研究的基本对象是语音。
语音是一种由声音信号组成的符号系统，通过声音的不同组合和规则，人们能够进行语言的交际和沟通。
2. 语言学的研究范围包括哪些方面？简要描述其中两个方面的内容。
语言学的研究范围涵盖了语音、词汇、语法、语义和语用等多个方面。
其中语音学主要研究语言中的声音系统，通过研究语音的音素、音位和音系等要素来揭示其规律和变化。
而语法学研究语言中的句子构成和组合规律，包括短语结构、词类、句法关系等内容。
三、论述题语言作为人类最为基本的交流工具和思维表达方式，对于人类社会和文化的发展起到了重要的作用。
语言学作为一门学科，对于深入研究和探索语言的本质和规律具有重要意义。
首先，语言学研究语言的普遍性和多样性。
语言在世界各地的人类社会中普遍存在，但不同语言之间又表现出多样性。
语言学考试题
语言学考试题一、选择题1. 下列哪个是语言学的基本研究对象？A. 数字B. 文字C. 语言D. 音乐2. 哪位学者提出了语言功能理论？A. #德维特B. 萨普尔斯C. 赫尔德D. #哈尔德格尔3. 语言学的分类方法通常可以分为几大类？A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 24. “语言符号”中包括哪些要素？A. 声音B. 符号C. 拼写D. A、B5. 在语法范畴中，“动宾关系”是指什么？A. 主语和谓语之间的语法关系B. 主语和宾语之间的语法关系C. 宾语和谓语之间的语法关系D. 主语和动词之间的语法关系二、填空题6. 语言学中研究音素的学科是---。
7. 没有逻辑意义的音节称为---。
8. 语音学的基本单位是---。
9. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支学科？10. 一种语言中声母、韵母和声调三者综合的组合称为---。
三、简答题11. 请简要说明音韵学和语音学的区别。
12. 什么是“方言”，方言和语言的关系是什么？13. 什么是语法，语法的作用是什么？14. “文字和语言的关系”是语言学中一个重要问题，请简述你对这个问题的理解。
15. 请简要介绍语言学的研究方法有哪些？四、论述题16. 语言是人类最重要的交流工具之一，请说明语言对个体和社会的重要性。
17. 语言学的发展历程是怎样的？过去、现在和未来的语言学会有怎样的发展趋势？18. 请解释语言与文化之间的关系，并谈谈语言多样性对世界文化的重要影响。
以上便是本次语言学考试题的全部内容，请同学们认真地完成每一道题目，祝大家取得优异的成绩！。
语言学试题及答案
语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的历史发展B. 语言的内在结构和功能C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言的学习和教学2. 下列哪个不是语音学的研究对象？A. 音素B. 音节C. 语法D. 音位3. 语义学主要研究的是：A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的语法结构C. 语言的意义D. 语言的书写形式4. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨皮尔5. 下列哪个词属于派生词？A. 快乐B. 快速C. 快乐地D. 快车6. 句法学研究的是：A. 句子的构成B. 词义的组合C. 语言的发音D. 语言的书写7. 社会语言学关注的是：A. 语言的变异与变化B. 语言与社会的关系C. 语言的起源和发展D. 语言的标准化8. 语言的功能主义理论是由下列哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 韩礼德D. 布隆菲尔德9. 语言的同源词是指：A. 同一种语言中的不同词B. 不同语言中意义相同的词C. 来自同一词根的词D. 不同语言中发音相同的词10. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容？A. 语境B. 言语行为C. 语言的逻辑结构D. 语言的交际功能答案：1-5 B C C B D 6-10 A C B C C二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. 语言学的四个主要分支是语音学、语法学、语义学和________。
2. 索绪尔是________语言学的创始人。
3. 语言的任意性原则是指语言符号的_______和_______之间没有必然的联系。
4. 词类转换是指通过改变词的形式来改变其_______。
5. 语言的同化现象是指不同语言在交流中逐渐_______的现象。
6. 语言的方言是指同一语言内部由于_______、_______等因素而形成的不同变体。
7. 语言的借词是指一种语言从另一种语言中借用的_______或_______。
语言学考试试题及答案
语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是语言学的主要分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 数学2. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 语音和语义B. 语形和语义C. 语形和语用D. 能指和所指3. 在语言学中，“深层结构”和“表层结构”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 乔姆斯基B. 索绪尔C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔4. 下列哪个术语是描述语言随时间变化的现象？A. 语言变异B. 语言演化C. 语言转换D. 语言借用5. 社会语言学研究的是语言与哪种因素之间的关系？A. 社会结构B. 文化传统C. 个人心理D. 经济发展6. 哪种语言现象是指在特定情境下，说话者选择不同语言或语言变体的能力？A. 语码转换B. 语码混用C. 语用学D. 语言礼貌7. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容？A. 言语行为B. 隐喻理解C. 语言礼貌D. 语言的生物学基础8. 什么是“双重否定”？A. 使用两个否定词来表达否定意义B. 使用两个否定词来表达肯定意义C. 使用一个否定词来表达否定意义D. 使用一个否定词来表达肯定意义9. 在语言学中，“同音词”是指什么？A. 意义相同但拼写不同的词B. 拼写相同但意义不同的词C. 发音相同但意义不同的词D. 发音和意义都相同的词10. 下列哪项是“语言接触”的一个例子？A. 语言的地理分布B. 语言的独立发展C. 语言的借用和融合D. 语言的孤立使用二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 语言学中的“_______”是指研究语言的结构特征，不涉及语言的社会功能。
答案：形式语言学12. 转换生成语法是由_______提出的，它强调语言的生成能力。
答案：诺姆·乔姆斯基13. “Hello”一词在不同的语境中可以有不同的功能，这属于_______的研究范畴。
答案：语用学14. 社会语言学中的“_______”是指语言随社会因素（如年龄、性别、社会阶层等）而变化的现象。
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1.1.Which of the following statements about language is not true?A .Language is a systemnguage is symbolieC . Animals also have languages .DLanguageis arbitrary2.Which of the following choices is NOT a constituent?A.I like the songB.IC.SongD.Like3.Of the following sound conbinations ,only is permissible.A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk4.The relation between the deter minmer”this” and the noun “man”in the phrase “this man”isermentB.concordC.bindingD.paradigmatic5.The sentence that has a NP and a VP is nostly shown in a formula “SNP+VP”A.A.HierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical6.”Big” and “small”are a pair of opposites.plementaryB. gradablepleteD.converse7.Which of the following phrases is exocentric?A.women and menB.on the tableC.a clever boyD.an ugly man8.Arbitrariness of language was first discussed by .A.ChomskyB.HallidyC.FirthD.Saussure9.Which pair of words is NOT a minimal pair?A.cat/batB.put/butC.jig/pigD.sit/bit10.Which function is the major role of Language?rmativeB. InterpersonalC.PerformativeD.Emotive11.If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are of the same phoneme.A.symbolsB. allophonesC. phonesD.signs12. Which branch of study cannot be included in the scope of Linguistics?A. SyntaxB. PragmaticsC. PhoneticsD. Anthropology13. Atom is a word of origin.A. LatinB. GreekC. ArabicD. Spanish14. The distinction of langue and parole is made by .A. HallB. SapirC. ChomskyD. Saussure15. are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds16. is the study of the relationship between symbols and their interpreter.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. AffixesD. Compounds17. is the defining properties of units like nouns (number, gender, case, etc) and verbs (tense, aspect, voice, etc).A. Parts of speechB. Word classesC. CategoriesD. Functions of words18. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are .A. homophonesB. homographsC. complete homonymsD. allophones19. The function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.A. performativeB. phaticC. recreationalD. emotive20. The term may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronic linguisticsB. comparative linguisticsC. diachronic linguisticsD. historical comparative linguistics21. examines how meaning is encoded in a language.A. SemanticsB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. Morphology22. Saussure distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker as .A. paroleB. languageC. systemD. langue23. This fundamental distinction between competence is discussed by .A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. Austin24. An affix can be added to certain type of to form a new word.A. infixB. affixC. stemD. word25. In a sentence, which of the following is usually NOT stressed?A. Nouns.B. Verbs.C. Prepositions.D. Adj.26. The maxim of requires that a partic ipant’s contribution be relevant to the conversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. mannerD. relation27. The relationship between “meat” and “meet” is.A. synonymyB. antonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy28. That there is no direct link between language and the real world is the view ofconcerning the study of meaning.A. namingB. conceptualistC. contextualistD. behaviorist29. What are the dual structures of language?A. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and meaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.30.30.Where are the vocal cords ?A.Sounds and letters.B.Sounds and meaning .C. Letters and meaning .D.Sounds and symbols.31.31.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true ?nguage is a means of means of verbal communication.nguage is some arbitrary symbols .C.The language system is unique to human begins.nguage is yet to be understand.32.32. studies the sound systems in a certain language.A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.SemanticsD.Syntax33.33. is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression andcontent.A. RootB. AllomorphC. MorphemeD. Word34.34.A speaker's actual utterance in Chomsky 's is called .A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammar C. surface structure35.35.A word with several meanings is called word .A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple36.36.The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is.A. general linguisticsB.PhonologyC. semanticsD.morphology37.37.Leech divided meanings into types .A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 738.38.English has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languagesexcept .A.FrenchB. KoreantinD. Greek39.39.Distinctive features are used to describe .A. phonesB. phonologyC. AllophonesD. phonemes40.40.The English word "untouchable" is composed ofmorphemes .A.fourB. threeC. twoD.five41.41.The process by which words are formed by putting the initial letters of several wordstogether is called .poundingB.clippingC.acronymD.blending42. “The Adam's Apple”is.A. a kind of appleB. related to AdamC. the front part of larynxD.on the top of larynx43. The founder of modern linguistics is .A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. BloomfieldD.Saussure44.44.Modern linguistics focuses on the present day language , and it will be possibleto describe languages from a perspective .A. sociologicalB.synchronicC. diachronicD. Psychological45. The four major modes of semantic change are .A. extension , narrowing , meaning shift and class shiftB. extension , generalization , elevation and degradationC. extension , narrowing , specialization and degradationD. extension , elevation , amelioration and degradation46. In the production of consonants at least articulators{发音器官}are involved.A. oneB. twoC. threeD.psychological47. The basic unit in the study of morphology is .A. the internal structureB. morphemeC. the rules by which words are formedD. word48. The relation between "food" and "bread" is called .A. SynonymyB. polysemyC. homonymyD. Hyponymy49. V oiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds are .A. closedB.apartC. totally closedpletely open50.50.Which of the following is NOT a compound word ?A.Pencil boxB.UnreasonableC. DeadlineD.Upstairs51. involve more than one manners of articulation .A.StopsB.FricativesC. Affricatesterals52.52.Which is NOT true for the vowel [i] ?A. HighB. UnroundedC. MidD. Front53. The sentence "I apologize !" belongs to the category ofaccording to thespeech act theory.A.expresstiveB. performativeC. representativeD. Constative54.General linguistics is the scientific study of .A. language of a certain individualB.the English LanguageC.human Language in generalD.the system of a particular language55. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in.A.the place of articulationB.the obstruction ofairstreamsC.the position of the tongueD. The shape of the lips56. studies how speech sounds are made , transmitted and received .A. PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.PhonemeD.Phonics57. sounds are produced with the back of the tongue and the soft palate.A.VelarB.PalatalC.GottalD.Alveolar58. is concerned with the study of the actual use of language in communication.A .Sociolinguistics B.Semantics C.PragmaticsD.Synchronic linguistics59.59.Where is the primary stress of the word "phonology" ?A.phoB. noC.loD.gy60. refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A.Locutinary actB.Illocutinary actC.Perlocutionary actD.Speech act61.61.Which of the following words is built by abbreviation ?62.62.Which of the following words is built by abbreviation ?A.SmogB.FridgeC.MotelD.Edit63.63.What is the full from of LAD?nguage associative districtnguage acquisition districtnguage associative devicenguage acquisition device63.The semantic components of the word "man" can be expressed as.A.+animate , +human , +male , adultB.+animate , +human , +male ,+ adultC.+animate , +human , -male ,- adultD.+animate , +human , -male ,+ adult64.A{n} is the smallest unit of sound in a language , which can distinguish two words .A.morphemeB. soundC.phonemeD. allophone65.Productivity is one of the features of languages .A.distinctiveB.designC.SuprasegmentalD.pragmatic66.66.What is the common feature of the three sounds :[b],[p],[m] ?A.,V oicelessB.V oicedC.NasalD.Bilabial67.67.Which of the following items is NOT one of grammatical categories of English pronouns ?A.GenderB.NumberC.CaseD.V oice68.68.In the word "internationalism",which part is the root ?A.interB.nationC. alD.ism69."voiced fricatives voiceless/voiceless '' is a .A.phonological ruleB.syntactic ruleC.phrase structure ruleD.functional rule70.70.The word "pen" originally meant "feather used for writing with ink". Now it refers to anydevise used for writing with ink.This is an example of .A.degradation of meaningB.broadening of meaningC.narrowing of meaningD.elevation of meaning71.The word “smog” is formed through ______.A. backformationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation72. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their _____language.A. firstB. secondC. dialectalD. individualized73. Which of the following statements are NOT true for vowels?A. V owels are sonorants .B. In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air.C. Tongue height is one criterion to distinguish vowels.D. V owels are also called obstruent74. All syllables must have a ____.A. codaB. onsetC. nucleusD. consonant75. Ikaps is not a possible word form in English due to ____.A. sonority scaleB. phonological ruleC. syntactic ruleD. morphological rule76. Which of the following is the major cause of invention of new lexical items?A. The rapid development of science and technologyB. The way of language teaching.C. The way of children’s language acquisition.D. Economic activities79. In Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which theory focuses discussion on government and binding?A. The classical TheoryB. The Standard TheoryC. The Extended Standard TheoryD. The Revised Extended Standard Theory80. When the suffix _____is added to a verb, it changes this verb into an adjective.A. lessB. nessC. fullyD. er81 .The function o f sentence “lovely weather isn’t it?” is______.A. informativeB. phaticC. performativeD. recreational82.Once the notion of _____was taken into consideration , semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content83.Which of the following criteria can NOT be used to classify vowels?A The part of the tongue that is held highestB The opnness of the mouthC The vibration of the vocal cordsD The shape of the lips84. there are _____maxims under the cooperative principle.A 2B 3C 4D 585. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of ____elements.A 2B 3C 4D 586. “Buy” and “sell’ form a pair of ______.A converse antonymsB gradable antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. marked antonyms87.If a phoneme is substituted for another in a word and the substitution results in a change of the word meaning, the two phonemes are said to be_____.A minimal pairB minimal setC distinctive phonemesD distinctive features88. _____is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of the meaning of each constituent word.A .collocationB .idiomC .semantic component D. synonym89.The well-known formula: S→r….s→R was put forward by ____.A. BloomfieldB. FirthC. HackettD. Harris90.______is a pair of complementary antonyms.A .wild and tame B. nimble and lameC .Cold and warm D. Alive and dead91. Firth’s se cond important contribution to linguistics is his method of his method of prosodic analysis , called_____.A. prosodic phonologyB. feature geometryC optimality phonology D. supersegmental phonology92. Which of the following is not a Supersegmental feature?A. SyllableB. StressC.ToneD.V oicelessness93. The s in drums is______A . a morpheme B. a stemC derivational word D. free morpheme94. The word bodyguard is a _______.A .compound word B. complex wordC .derivational wordD .free morpheme95. In English, the gender distinction are______.A. not related to real world entitiesB. on the whole naturalC divided into Feminine, Masculine and neuterD divided into Feminine and Masculine96. Halliday’s Systemic-Functional Grammar takes ____as the object of study.A actual uses of language B. ideal speaker’s linguistic competence C. children’s language D. adult’s language97.Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial?A.［b］B. ［m］mC.［p］D.［f］98._____can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots99. Which of the following words is a derivational one?A . Blackboard B. Sings C.Astonishment. D. Boys100. John Austin proposed ____in the late 1950s.A .Speech Ace Theory B. 7 types of meaningC. Cooperative PrincipleD. Predication Analysis101 .WTO is ______A. an abbreviationB. an acronymC. a word which is formed by blendingD. a word which is formed by backformation102. For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology and specifically of the brand of psychology known as______.A .behaviorism B. structuralism C. competence D performance 103. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop?A .［w］ B. ［m］ C. ［b］ D.［p］104._____is NOT a grammatical category of English verbs.A Tense B. Aspect C. Number D.Gender105. All words contain a ______.A. rootB. bound morphemeC. prefix D .suffix106.of the following word formation processes,_____ is the most productive.A .clippingB .blending C. initialism D. derivation107.______ practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics and its most important contribution to linguistics is that it sees language in term of function.A. the London SchoolB. American structuralismC. the Prague SchoolD. The TG Grammar108._______is not included in leech’s associative meaning .A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC . Collocative meaning D. Thematic meaning109._______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and nonlinguistic world of experience.A. SenseB. ReferenceC. SymbolD. Thought110. Luggage and baggage are _____synonyms.A. dialectalB. stylisticC. semantically differentD. collocational111. The maxim of quality requires: do not say what you believe tobe _______.A. falseB. trueC. indirectD. insufficient 112. Knight originally meant youth,but now it means a medieval gentleman soldier. This is a meaning ______.A . broadening B. narrowing C. meaning shift D. class shift 113. Expressions like “Tom” or “He” can both be filled in the black of the sentence “_____is smiling .” So Tom and He have _____relation.A. syntagmaitcB. paradigmaticC. systematicD. governing 114. Foolish which comes from “foll+ ish” is a ____word.A. derivationalB. syntaxC. morphologyD. phonology 115. The Prague School is best known for its contribution to____. A. phonetics B. syntax C. morphology D. phonology 116. Which of the following is NOT the function of language?A. Metalingual function.B. Interpersonal function.C. Emotive function.D.Cultural transmission.117. ”We can do things with words” is the main idea of _____.A. the speech act theoryB. the cooperative principlesC. the polite principlesD. pragmatics118. Motel is a(n)_____.A. abbreviationB. coinageC. blendingD. acronym 119. _____ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. “Fair” (adj) and “fair” (n)B. “Flea” and “flee”C. “Lead”(v)and“lead” (n)D. “Compliment” and “complement”120. The classic semantic triangle or triangle of significance mainly illustrates the view of _____.A. conceptualismB. contextualismC. behaviorismD. structuralism121. We can refer to Confucius, even though he has been dead for over 2, 500 years. This feature of language is called_____.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacement 122. Which function of language is also called ideational function (达意功能) in the framework of functional grammar?A. Informative function.B. Interpersonal functionC. Emotive functionD. Recreational function123. _____ investigates the interrelation of language and mind.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Anthropological linguisticsD. Computational linguistics 124. Morphology is concerned with_______.A. the meaning of wordsB. the pronunciation of wordsC. the internal organization of wordsD. the combination of words into sentences125. The sentence “ You schould never use cliché in writing” is______.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. systematicD. narrative 126. If a study focuses on Shakespearean language , it is _____ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. systematicD. pragmatic 127. _____ is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Acoustic phoneticsD. Phonology128./l/ is the only ____ in English.A. fricativeB. affricativesC. nasalD. lateral129.[f, v ] are both labiodentals and _______.A. nasalsB. fricativesC. affricativesD. alveolar130. The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian.A. Otto JespersenB. Daniel JonesC. A.J.EillsD.A.M.Bell 131. The Sound Patterns of English (SPE 1968) mainly deals with ____.A. multi-level phonologyB. non-linear phonologyC. super segment phonologyD. linear approach of phonology132. In Chinese Putonghua , only ____ can occur after the vowel.A. nasalsB. stopsC. lateralD. vowel133. A compound is composed of _____.A. a root and an affixB. a stem and an affixC. a root and a free morphemeD. two free morphemes134. The word hamburger is of _____ origin.A. AmericanB. ItalianC. GermanD. French135. The phrase “the three small Chinese “ is ____construction.A. endocentricB. exocentric C hierarchical D. linear136. The conceptualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from ______.A. functionB. contextC. instinctD. observation137. If one word has more than one meaning , then we call it ____.A. polysemyB. synonymyC. homonymyD. hyponymy 138. The words “male “or “female “ are ____antonyms.A. gradableB. complementaryC. converseD. complete139. The words “amaze “ and “astound” are very close in meaning , they are _____synonyms.A. dialectalB. stylisticC. semantically differentD. collocational140. Which pair is the emotive synonym?A. dad and fatherB. flat and apartmentC. mean and frugalD. charge and accuse141. The words “rain “ and “reign “ are______.A. homographsB. complete homonymsC. homophonesD. allophones142. B.L.Whorf was the student of _____.A .Bloomfield B. Firth C. Halliday D. Sapir143. Which of the following functions are NOT the functions put forward by Halliday?A. the Ideational FunctionB. The Interpersonal FunctionC. Generative FunctionD. The Textual Function144. Which of the following is NOT Saussure’s field of study?A. LinguisticsB. SociologyC. PsychologyD. Anthropology145. Grice introduced four categories of maxims, which one means we should be clear in our meaning?A. Quantity MaximB. Manner MaximC. Quality MaximD. Relation Maxim146. The Q-principle is ______.A. hearer-basedB. speaker-basedC. both the hearer and the speaker basedD. context-based147. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of _____.A . word function B. word meaning C. word formation D. word system148. The notion of Functional Sentence Perspective is used to describe____.A. how information is distributed in sentencesB how sentences ate formedC the function of sentencesD the relation between language and its users149. The first major theory in the study of language in use is called _____.A. illocutionary theoryB.Speech Act theoryC. conversational implicatureD. the Q and R-principle150._____ is the major concern of semantics.A. MeaningB. WordsC. Sentence structures D .Phrase structure rules答案：1.C2.A3.A4.B5.C6.B7.B8.D9.B10.A11.B12.D13.B14.D15.C16.C17 .C18.B19.D20.C21.A22.D23A.24.C25.C26.D27.D28.B29.B30.D31. B32.B33.C34.D35.A36.B37.D38.B39.D40.B41.C42.C43.D44.B45. A46.B47.B48.D49.B50.B51.C52.C53.B54.C55.B56.A57.A58.C59. B60.A61.B62.D63.B64.C65.B66.D67.D68.B69.A70.B71.B72.A73. D74C75.A76.D77.C78.D.79.D80.A81.B82.B83.C84.C85.B86.A87. C88.B89.A90.D91.A92.D93.D94.A95.B96.A97.D98.A99.C100.A10 1.B102.A103.D104.D105.A106.D107.C108.D109.A110.A111.A112. B113.B114.A115.D116.D117.A118.C119.C120.A121.D122.A123.A 124.C125.B126.B127.C128.D129.B130.A131.D132.A133.D134.C135.A136.B137.A138.B139.C140.C141.C142.D143.C144.D145.B14 6.A147.B148.A149.B150A。