第十二讲 科技文本的英译
英语学习科技文章的翻译PPT课件
1
科技英语词汇特点与翻译
2 科技英语句法的特点和翻译
3
科技英语翻译实践
4
科技文献写作常用句例
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一、科技英语词汇的特点
1．专业词汇和技术词汇的使用 2．来源于构词法的专业词汇，如前后缀, 希腊语和拉丁语,缩写词的使用； 3．经常用名词来代替动词，这样就避免了表达人的 活动。
reduction in the patients’ blood
cholesterol from a level of 349 milligrams 毫克per 100 milliters毫升of blood. • 研究人员发现，病人血液中的胆固醇含量从每 100毫升血液349毫克的水平下降了12%。
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semi·conductor tacho·meter macro·meteorology bathy·thermograph deoxy·ribonucleic
dioxide bronko·laxi·sol visi·corder
半导体 转速表 大气象学 海水测温仪 脱氧核糖核
二氧化物 支气管松散液
程教学装置手册 • 3-feet glass manhole door: • a manhole door in glass with 3-feet in length三英尺长玻璃人孔门
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第二节 科技英语的句法特点与翻译
与日常普通英语相比，科技英语有所不同，其主要特点表 现在： 被动语态多； 非谓语动词多； 名词化结构多； 复杂长句使用频率高。
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科技词汇
合成法 合成法是指将两个或两个以上的旧词合成一个新词
科技文本翻译
普通科技文体
普通科技文体主要包括两个方面:科普文章 (popular science article)及技术文本(technical document).其语场是传播科技知识,描写生产 过程,说明产品的使用方法等.语旨是内行对外 行(scientist-to-layperson writing).语式是采用自 然语言,用词生动,句法简易,文风活泼,多用 修辞格. 无论是科普文章或是技术文本都有较强的劝导性 (persuasiveness),所以普通科技文体常以简洁的 语言,生动的方式把信息传递给受众.
普通科技文体与专用科技文体
Food is digested as it passes along the long tube which begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food is crushed by the teeth and made wet by the juices in the mouth. After it is swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a tube having muscles and going to the stomach. Food is digested as it passes along the alimentary canal. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food is chewed and moistened by the saliva. After being swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a muscular tube leading to the stomach. 通过对比,发现词汇和句法上的差异是明显的.专用科技 文体用术语表达,普通科技文体常用解释性的文字表示.
科技英语原文及简单翻译
科技英语原文及简单翻译How ASIMO WorksIntroduction to How ASIMO WorksWant a robot to cook your dinner, do your homework, clean your house, or get your groceries? Robots already do a lot of the jobs that we humans don't want to do, can't do, or simply can't do as well as our robotic counterparts.Honda engineers have been busy creating the ASIMO robot for more than 20 years. In this article, we'll find out what makes ASIMO the most advanced humanoid robot to date.The Honda Motor Company developed ASIMO, which stands for Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility, and is the most advanced humanoid robot in the world. According to the ASIMO Web site, ASIMO is the first humanoid robot in the world that can walk independently and climb stairs.Rather than building a robot that would be another toy, Honda wanted to create a robot that would be a helper for people -- a robot to help around the house, help the elderly, or help someone confined to a wheelchair or bed. ASIMO is 4 feet 3 inches (1.3 meters) high, This allows ASIMO to do the jobs it was created to do without being too big and menacing.ASIMO's Motion: Walk Like a HumanHonda researchers began by studying the legs of insects, mammals, and the motion of a mountain climber with prosthetic legs to better understand the physiology and all of the things that take place when we walk -- particularly in the joints. For example, the fact that we shift our weight using our bodies and especially our arms inorder to balance was very important in getting ASIMO's walking mechanism right. The fact that we have toes that help with our balance was also taken intoconsideration: ASIMO actually has soft projections on its feet that play a similar role to the one our toes play when we walk. This soft material also absorbs impact on the joints, just as our soft tissues do when we walk.ASIMO has hip, knee, and foot joints. Robots have joints that researchers refer to as \degrees of freedom.\A single degree of freedom allows movement either right and left or up and down. ASIMO has 34 degrees of freedom spread over different points of its body in order to allow it to move freely. There are three degrees of freedom in ASIMO's neck, seven on each arm and six on each leg. The number of degrees offreedom necessary for ASIMO's legs was decided by measuring human joint movement while walking on flat ground, climbing stairs and running.ASIMO also has a speed sensor and a gyroscope sensor mounted on its body. They perform the tasks of:? ?sensing the position of ASIMO's body and the speed at which it is moving relaying adjustments for balance to the central computer These sensors work similarly to our inner ears in the way they maintain balance and orientation.ASIMO also has floor surface sensors in its feet and six ultrasonic sensors in its midsection. These sensors enhance ASIMO's ability to interact with its environment by detecting objects around ASIMO and comparing gathered information with maps of the area stored in ASIMO's memory.To accomplish the job our muscles and skin do in sensing muscle power, pressure and joint angles, ASIMO has both joint-angle sensors and a six-axis force sensor.Unless you know a lot about robotics, you may not fully grasp the incredible milestone it is that ASIMO walks as we do. The most significant part of ASIMO's walk is the turning capabilities. Rather than having to stop and shuffle, stop and shuffle, and stop and shuffle into a new direction, ASIMO leans and smoothly turns just like a human. ASIMO can also self-adjust its steps in case it stumbles, is pushed, or otherwise encounters something that alters normal walking.In order to accomplish this, ASIMO's engineers had to find a way to work with the inertial forces created when walking. For example, the earth's gravity creates a force, as does the speed at which you walk. Those two forces are called the \inertial force.\ground, called the \posture has to work to make it happen. This is called the \zero moment point\(ZMP). To control ASIMO's posture, engineers worked on three areas of control:? ?Floor reaction control means that the soles of the feet absorb floor unevenness while still maintaining a firm stance.Target ZMP control means that when ASIMO can't stand firmly and its body begins to fall forward, it maintains position by moving its upper body in the direction opposite the impending fall. At the same time, it speeds up its walking to quickly counterbalance the fall.?Foot-planting location control kicks in when the target ZMP control has been activated. It adjusts the length of the step to regain the right relationship between the position and speed of the body and the length of the step.ASIMO's Motion: Smooth MovesASIMO can sense falling movements and react to them quickly; but ASIMO's engineers wanted more. They wanted the robot to have a smooth gait as well as do something that other robots can't do -- turn without stopping.When we walk around corners, we shift our center of gravity into the turn. ASIMO uses a technology called \predictive movement control,\Intelligent Real-Time Flexible Walking Technology or I-Walk, to accomplish that same thing. ASIMO predicts how much it should shift its center of gravity to the inside of the turn and how long that shift should be maintained. Because this technolgy works in real time, ASIMO can do this without stopping between steps, which other robots must do.Essentially, with every step ASIMO takes, it has to determine its inertia and then predict how its weight needs to be shifted for the next step in order to walk and turn smoothly. It adjusts any of the following factors in order to maintain the right position:? ? ? ?the length of its steps its body position its speedthe direction in which it is steppingWhile reproducing a human-like walk is an amazing achievement, ASIMO can now run at speeds up to 3.7 miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour). In order to qualify as a true running robot, ASIMO must have both feet off the ground for an instant in each step. ASIMO manages to be airborne for .08 seconds with each step while running. Honda engineers encountered an entirely new set of challenges while trying to give ASIMO the ability to run. They gave ASIMO’s torso a degree of freedom to aid in bending and twisting so that the robot could adjust its posture while airborne. Without this ability, ASIMOwould lose control while airborne, possibly spinning in the air or tripping when landing.In order to make turns smoothly while running, the engineers enhanced ASIMO's ability to tilt its center of gravity inside turns to maintain balance and counteractcentrifugal force. ASIMO could even anticipate turns and begin to lean into them before starting the turn, much like you would if you were skiing or skating.ASIMO如何工作介绍如何工作。
第十二讲 科技文本的英译
第十二讲科技文本的英译科技文本：科学专著、科学论文、实验报告、工程技术说明、科技文献、科普文献等。
I. 科技文本的特点与英译原则12.1 特点：用词严谨、准确，行文规范，逻辑严密，注重客观性，一般不带个人感情色彩。
已经从ESP中形成一个分支：EST.12.2 科技文本的英译原则1）用词多样化，专业术语多，使用缩略语purely technical words:nuclear physics: proton, neutron, electron, reactor, radioactivity.semi-technical words:fastener（建筑扣件）, carrier（车床底座）, gear switch, clamp（夹钳）, spade.non-technical words:vapourate, minimize, reciprocate2）语法特点：多用一般现在时，见P170名词化现象，注意转换（汉语-动态语言，英语-静态语言）The house is under construction.(The house is being constructed.)例句：中国已经成功地发射了第一课实验通讯卫星。
这颗卫星是由三级火箭推动的，一直运转正常。
它标志着我国在发展运载工具和电子技术方面进入了一个新阶段。
The successful launching of C hina’s first experimental communication satellite, which was propelled by a three-stage rocket and has been in operation ever since, indicates that our nation has entered a new stage in the development of carrier rockets and electronics.科技英语多使用陈述句科技英语被动语态和非人称句较多现决定将垂直测斜仪V15的钻孔作为初次试验，以测试该施工方法的可行性。
Lesson 12 新闻文本、旅游文本、科技文本的翻译
I Translation of News
新闻文体主要是 新闻报导（news story, news report） 评论（comments） comments 特写（features）
词汇特点
1. 常用词汇有特定的新闻色彩 nadir 两国关系的最低点 2. 使用“小词”（midget words） back（支持）, ban（禁止） 3. 大量使用缩略语 WB（world bank世界银行）, ASP（American selling price美国销售价） biz （business商业） 4. 临时造词 Euromart（European market 欧洲市场）
新闻标题的翻译
尽量与原文一样简短，要注重译文能象 原文一样传神达意 Four Killed and Five Hurt in a House Fire “房屋起火五伤四亡”； Soccer kicks off with Violence "足球开赛脚踢拳打".
标题中的省略
Largest Chinese trade delegation to visit US in Nov. Deposits, loans rising in 2 Workmen Injured in Electrical Accident
科技文本的特点
1. 人称： This paper，firstly，analyzes the language function of tourism English， and then analyzes the language characteristics of tourism English． 第三人称以示客观
On one of those sober and rather melancholy days in the later part of autumn when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together and throw a gloom over the decline of the year… ----Washington Irving Westminster Abbey 译文：时方晚秋，气象肃穆，略带忧郁，早晨 的阴影和黄昏的阴影几乎连在一起，不可分割。 岁将暮兮、终日昏暗… ----夏济安 译
外研社《英语初级听力》第12课课文翻译
Lesson TwelveSection one:A）DialoguesDialogue 1:--Do you think you could stop whistling? 你觉得你能停止吹口哨吗？I’m trying to write an essay.我正想写一篇文章。
--Oh,I’m sorry. I thought you were in the other room.哦，我很抱歉，我以为你在另一个房间里。
Dialogue 2：--Is it alright if I leave my rucksack on the back seat? 我把背包放在后座上行吗?--Yes of course. Go ahead. 是的，当然可以。
放吧。
--And would you mind if I took off my shoes? 你介意我脱下我的鞋子吗?My feet are killing me.我的两只脚真要我的命。
--Well, I’d rather you didn’t. 额，我希望你不要做。
It’s rather a hot day. 这是相当热的一天。
Dialogue 3:--Hello,Charles, I haven’t seen you all day. 你好,查尔斯,我一整天都没见到你。
What have you been doing? 你在做什么?--Actually I’ve been working on my first novel. 其实，我一直在写我的第一部小说。
--Oh,yes. How far have you got with it?哦，好吧。
你小说进展如何?--Well, I thought of a good title, 嗯,我想到了一个好题目,and I made a list of characters,我做了一个角色列表，and I’ve designed the front cover.并且我已经设计好了封面。
科技文本的英译
科技文本：科学专著、科学论文、实验报告、工程技术说明、科技文献、科普文献等•一、科技文本的特点与英译原则•（1）特点：用词严谨、准确，行文规范，逻辑严密，注重客观性，一般不带个人感情色彩。
已经从ESP中形成一个分支：EST.•（2）英译原则：• a.用词多样化，专业术语多，使用缩略语•purely technical words:•nuclear physics: proton（质子）, neutron（中子）, electron（电子）, reactor（核反应堆）, radioactivity（放射性）.•semi-technical words:•fastener（建筑扣件）, carrier（车床底座）, gear switch（齿轮开关）, clamp（夹钳）, spade（铁铲）.•non-technical words:•vapourate, minimize, reciprocate（报酬）科技文本缩略语的翻译：•（1）首字母缩写（acronym）•PC:Personal Computer•IDDD:International direct distance dialiry•DNA:dexoxybonucleic acid•DOS:Disc operation system•CPU:Central processing unit•Telecom:telecommunication•(2)拼凑法•Sicom:situation comedy Biorhythm:Biological rhythm Comsat:communication satellite Minicom:miniature computer •Psywar:psychological war Telecon:telephone conferenceb.语法特点：多用一般现在时；c.名词化现象，注意转换（汉语-动态语言，英语-静态语言）•eg.The house is under construction.•(The house is being constructed.)•例句：中国已经成功地发射了第一课实验通讯卫星。
Unit12翻译
对水的净化已经发展为一种精制而复杂的技术。
然而，从对水污染本质的一般理解，常用的净化方法应该是简单易懂，在有些情况下应是显而易见的。
水中的杂质分为悬浮态的、胶体状的和溶解态的，悬浮颗粒的粒度较大，可以沉淀或被过滤。
而胶体状和溶解态的杂质较难去除。
有一种可能的方法是，使这些小的粒子聚集到一起变成大的悬浮颗粒而被去除。
另一种可能是，将它们转变成气体，使其从水相挥发到大气中。
无论采取上述那种方法，必须记住，提升水或用泵将水输送通过过滤池都需要能量。
知道这些原因后，来看看用于净化城市废水的过程。
第一步是污水收集系统，来自家庭、医院和学校的废水中含有食物的残渣、人类的排泄物、纸、肥皂、洗涤剂、污垢、碎布及其它各种有机残渣，当然亦含有细菌。
这样的混合物被称之为“污水”或“生活污水”（这里用sanitary（即环境卫生的）一词来描述污水的状态是很不合适的，因为它通常是指那些废物已被清除的场所）。
这些废水常常和商业废水及雨水径流一起流入污水管网。
有一些排水系统是将雨水分开的，而有些是合在一起的。
合流的管道系统造价较低，在晴天是足够的，而在雨天其总的流量很可能超过污水处理厂的处理能力，所以，允许部分废水通过溢流直接进入水体。
一级处理污水被送入处理厂后，将首先通过一系列的过程装置除去大块的物体如老鼠、柚子等等，然后废水通过一碾磨机使其中的残余物体粒度降低，以保证后续工序的有效进行。
接下来的步骤是废水经过一系列的沉淀池，首先去除比重较大的粒子，比如由雨水从马路上带下来的砂砾等；然后逐步去除其它的悬浮颗粒，包括那些在一小时左右即可沉降下来的有机营养物质。
至此，被称之为一级处理的整个过程相对来说耗费还不大，但处理效果还是有限的。
二级处理随后的这一系列步骤是通过强化的生物降解工艺，来大幅度降低水中的溶解性或细小的悬浮有机物。
在这步降解中，需要氧、微生物以及使氧和微生物与营养物质相接触的环境。
实现这一目的的一种装置叫做“滴滤器”（相当于生物滤池）。
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第十二讲科技文本的英译
科技文本：科学专著、科学论文、实验报告、工程技术说明、科技文献、科普文献等。
I. 科技文本的特点与英译原则
12.1 特点：用词严谨、准确，行文规范，逻辑严密，注重客观性，一般不带个人感情色彩。
已经从ESP中形成一个分支：EST.
12.2 科技文本的英译原则
1）用词多样化，专业术语多，使用缩略语
purely technical words:
nuclear physics: proton, neutron, electron, reactor, radioactivity.
semi-technical words:
fastener（建筑扣件）, carrier（车床底座）, gear switch, clamp（夹钳）, spade.
non-technical words:
vapourate, minimize, reciprocate
2）语法特点：
多用一般现在时，见P170
名词化现象，注意转换（汉语-动态语言，英语-静态语言）
The house is under construction.
(The house is being constructed.)
例句：中国已经成功地发射了第一课实验通讯卫星。
这颗卫星是由三级火箭推动的，一直运转正常。
它标志着我国在发展运载工具和电子技术方面进入了一个新阶段。
The successful launching of C hina’s first experimental communication satellite, which was propelled by a three-stage rocket and has been in operation ever since, indicates that our nation has entered a new stage in the development of carrier rockets and electronics.
科技英语多使用陈述句
科技英语被动语态和非人称句较多
现决定将垂直测斜仪V15的钻孔作为初次试验，以测试该施工方法的可行性。
We decided that we should use the drilling for vertical inclination V15 as a trial to test the feasibility of the construction method.
It has been decided that the drilling for vertical inclinometer v15 should be used initially to test the feasibility of the construction method.
科技英语的逻辑性强，英译时注意增添必要的衔接手段，以保证语义连贯。
(汉语-意合，英语-形合), P172 3)语篇特点: 写作程式化
Format in writing:
INTRODUCTION
BODY
FORMULATION （构想，展望）
CONCLUSION
II. 科技文本标题的英译
由介词短语与名词词组构成，首字母大写（OF, AT等简单词除外）。
集成电路用铜基引线框架材料的发展与展望Development and Expectation of Copper-based Lead Frame Material Used in Integrated Circuit
论工业设计多元化的发展前景
On the Multidimensional Prospect of Industrial Design 从系统功能语法角度分析英文童话故事的语言特色—以《爱丽丝梦游仙境》为例
概念隐喻在政治语篇应用中的认知分析
Cognitive, conceptual metaphor, discourse，system-functional grammar
III. 科技文本摘要的英译
英文论文摘要的内容包括研究目的、方法、结果与结论等主要信息, 关键词部分是论文摘要的重要组成部分，一般有3-5个关键词，标示文献主要内容。
例如，摘要：人类语言的一个普遍现象为，将来时标记又进一步发展出表达各种认识情态的用法，具有估计、预测等主观功能。
这一发展来自将来时标记的概念内容，因为将来时所指的是未发生的事件，人们对其判断往往具有很高的主观性。
本文论述英语和汉语的有关现象，尝试对表面看起来纷繁复杂的现象做出简单一致的解释。
关键词：语法化, 将来时标记, 主观性, 认识情态Abstract: It is cross-linguistically true that future tense markers tend to develop epistemic modality functions of evaluation and prediction. Based on Chinese and English data, this paper argues that the development is due to the conceptual structure of future tense markers. A future tense marker refers to an event in future, which involves subjectification.
Key words: grammatification, future tense markers, subjectification, epistemic modality
1.An Analysis on Linguistic Features of English Fairy Tales in the Perspective of System-functional Grammar---Taking Alice in Wonderland as an Example
2.A Cognitive Analysis of the Usage of Conceptual Metaphor in Politic Discourse.
3.The analysis of the language characters of English fairy tales on system-functional grammar.----take wonderland as example.
4.the cognitive analysis of the apply of conceptual metaphor in political discourse.
5.analysis of language features in English fairy tales based on system-functional grammar ---alice in wonderland in detail.
6.analysis on the application of conceptual metaphor in political discourse.
7.the analysis of language features in English tales from the system-functional grammar point of view ---take alice in the wonderland as an example.
8.the cognitive analysis of conceptual metaphor in the application of political discourse .
9.the analysis of linguistic features of fairy tales from the perspective of system-functional grammar
---taking wonderland for example.
10.。