Example IO Request An Overview
Chromium内核原理之网络栈
Chromium内核原理之⽹络栈Chromium内核原理之⽹络栈查看⽹络：以前的：chrome://net-internals#sockets现在⽤ chrome://net-export/ 捕获。
⽤chrome://net-export 去看。
效果，⽐如看sockets多少个：参考12019.02.13 13:11:19字数 2,846阅读 1,4131.内核⽹络栈概述2.代码结构3.⽹络请求剖析（专注于HTTP）3.1 URLRequest3.2 URLRequestHttpJob3.3 HttpNetworkTransaction3.4 HttpStreamFactory3.4.1 Proxy解析3.4.2 连接管理3.4.3 Host解析3.4.4 SSL/TLS1.内核⽹络栈概述⽹络堆栈主要是单线程跨平台库，主要⽤于资源获取。
它的主要接⼝是URLRequest和URLRequestContext。
URLRequest，如其名称所⽰，表⽰对URL的请求。
URLRequestContext包含完成URL请求所需的所有关联上下⽂，例如cookie，主机解析器，代理解析器，缓存等。
许多URLRequest对象可以共享相同的URLRequestContext。
尽管磁盘缓存可以使⽤专⽤线程，但是⼤多数⽹络对象都不是线程安全的，并且⼏个组件（主机解析，证书验证等）可能使⽤未连接的⼯作线程。
由于它主要在单个⽹络线程上运⾏，因此不允许阻⽌⽹络线程上的操作。
因此，我们使⽤⾮阻塞操作和异步回调（通常是CompletionCallback）。
⽹络堆栈代码还将⼤多数操作记录到NetLog，这允许消费者在内存中记录所述操作并以⽤户友好的格式呈现它以进⾏调试。
Chromium开发⼈员编写了⽹络堆栈，以便：允许编码到跨平台抽象；提供⽐更⾼级系统⽹络库（例如WinHTTP或WinINET）更⾼的控制能⼒。
** 避免系统库中可能存在的错误；** 为性能优化提供更⼤的机会。
ABB PC SDK 5.15 用户手册说明书
Release NotesPC SDK5.15Revision: -Table of Contents The information in this manual is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as acommitment by ABB. ABB assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this manual.Except as may be expressly stated anywhere in this manual, nothing herein shall be construed as any kind of guarantee or warranty by ABB for losses, damages to persons or property, fitness for a specific purpose or the like.In no event shall ABB be liable for incidental or consequential damages arising from use of this manual and products described herein.This manual and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without ABB's written permission, and contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party nor be used for any unauthorized purpose. Contravention will be prosecuted.Additional copies of this document may be obtained from ABB at its then current charge.© Copyright 2012 ABB All rights reserved.ABB ABRobotics ProductsSE-721 68 VästeråsSweden© Copyright 2012 ABB All rights reserved 2ContentsOverview 5 1 Release Information 61.1 General 61.2 Contents 62 What’s New in this Release? 72.1 Robot Communication on Developer Center 73 Late-breaking information 83.1 Overview 84 Problems Corrected 94.1 Solved Product Defect Documents (PDD) since PC SDK5.14.03 95 Known Limitations 106 Installation Information 126.1 Hardware and Software requirements 136.2 Compatibility 147 Technical Support 15OverviewDescriptionThis document provides information about the new features, problems corrected, andinstallation of PC SDK.Product OverviewPC SDK can be used to develop customized PC applications, for communication withthe IRC5 controller.It can also be used to develop RobotStudio add-ins that interacts with the IRC5controller.PC SDK applications can connects to one or several IRC5 controllers, real as well asvirtual.No license is required to develop applications using PC SDK.The option “PC Interface” is required to allow PC SDK applications to connect to theIRC5 controller over LAN network.For download, updates and information, visit the RobotStudio Community:/roboticssoftware.To get started, or to learn more, visit our Developer Center:Here you will also find the User Forum, where developers discuss software problemsand solutions online:/forum1 Release Information1.1 GeneralRelease NameThe release name is PC SDK 5.15 and the build number is 5.15. 0261.Release DateThe release date is 12th of October, 2012.1.2 Contents.NET AssembliesABB.Robotics.dllABB.Robotics.Controllers.dllRedistributablesABBControllerAPI.msmRobot Communication Runtime installerDocumentationReference Manual – PC SDK (Html Help). Documentation of class libraries with methodsignatures in C# and Visual Basic.Application Manual – PC SDK (Html Help and PDF).After installation the documentation can be launched from the Windows Start MenuPrograms\ABB Industrial IT\Robotics IT\Robot Studio 5.15\SDK.The manuals and additional samples are also available at.2 What’s New in this Release?OverviewThis section contains information about new features in this release.2.1 Robot Communication on Developer CenterYou can now access the PC SDK Application and Reference Manual from.To help you get started you will also find complete walk-through projects for download.3 Late-breaking information3.1 OverviewThis section contains late-breaking information that will be included in the appropriatedocuments in the subsequent releases.Nothing in this release.4 Problems CorrectedOverviewThis section describes the problems solved in PC SDK.4.1 Solved Product Defect Documents (PDD) since PC SDK5.14.03ID Title- Controller.IOSystem.GetSignals performancedegraded in 5.14.03PDD308 Old PC SDK Apps not working with/against RW5.14.025 Known LimitationsOverviewThis section describes known limitations in PC SDK.*Value of RAPID data exeeding 1024 bytes cannot be retrievedIt is not possible to retrieve a value of a RAPID data exceeding 1024 bytes.An instance of a large RECORD may exeed this limition, as well as an array of suchrecords, for example.Workaround 1: Make your data smaller in size, for example by using two smaller records with less elements in each, instead of one large record with lots of elements.Workaround 2: Do not retrieve the entire value of a RAPID array. Instead retrieve thevalue element by element. Prefer using RapidData.ReadItem(i), over ArrayData[i].PC SDK UIInstructionEvent / RAPID UIListViewUIListViewEventArgs.ListItems may return the wrong number of list items if - if youare using characters like double quote (“) and brackets ([ ]) in the RAPID array of listitem strings, theAvoid using double quote (“) and brackets ([ ]).FlexPendant may lock up when PC SDK application release and immedeatley request mastershipIn manual mode, when a PC SDK application releases master and immediatelyrequests master again, the FlexPendant is locked up when the user presses theprompt to grant write access to the PC SDK application. In automatic mode there isno problem.IPC Messaging - PC SDK always sends 444 bytes of dataWhen sending a message with IpcQueue.Send(), the size of the message sentover the network will be 444 bytes, regardless of the amount of data passed toSend(). Data must therefore be null terminated.IPC Messaging requires MTA threadIpcQueue.Send() must be called from an MTA thread. Create a separate senderthread and use the method Thread.SetApartmentState() to set the apartmentstate to MTA before starting it.IsLocal on the class RapidData, returns true for shared dataThe property IsLocal on the class RapidData, returns true for shared data, eventhough such data is visible from all modules.The declarations of default zonedata and speeddata has been moved from moduleBASE.SYS in each task, and are now installed as shared data.If an application used to create a RapidData object representing for example"v1000", the IsLocal property returned false in RobotWare 5.12, but will return truein RobotWare 5.13."6 Installation InformationOverviewTo install PC SDK click RobotStudio on the RobotWare & RobotStudio DVD.If you select the default installation option Complete, PC SDK will be installed. If youwant to install only PC SDK and not RobotStudio select the installation option Custom.PC SDK 5.xx will be installed side by side with any previous major version of PC SDK5.xx, while minor versions within a release will update to the latest one.Microsoft Visual Studio development environment is used to develop PC SDKapplications.Refer to chapter 6.1 for a list of supported versions of Visual Studio.The default installation path is C:\Program Files\ABB Industrial IT\Robotics IT\SDK\PCSDK 5.15.6.1 Hardware and Software requirementsSoftware requirementsPC software requirementsOperating SystemsMicrosoft Windows XP SP3 – 32bit editionMicrosoft Windows 7 – 32bit editionMicrosoft Windows 7 – 64bit editionMicrosoft Windows 8 – 64 bit editionRobot Communication RuntimePC SDK applications requires Robot Communications Runtime to be installed on thePC. The runtime is installed by RobotStudio installation, and can also be installedseparately from C:\Program Files\ABB Industrial IT\Robotics IT\SDK\PC SDK5.15.xx\redistributable\RobotCommunicationRuntime after you have installed PC SDK.Redistributables for earlier versions of PC SDK can be found onRobotStudioRobotStudio 5.15 is needed for building virtual controller systems and fordebugging and testing in the virtual environment.Please see /forum for more information.IRC5 software requirements- RobotWare option "PC Interface" for communication with IRC5 controller.Supported development environmentsMicrosoft Visual Studio 2008Express edition or better.Microsoft Visual Studio 2010Express edition or better.Microsoft Visual Studio 2012Express edition or better.6.2 CompatibilityThe APIs in PC SDK 5.15.xx are backwards compatible with the APIs in PC SDK5.14.There are no breaking changes.PC SDK communicates with the robot controller using the Robot CommunicationRuntime, which is designed to be backwards compatible with earlier versions ofRobotWare.Note! Functionality introduced in later versions of RobotWare will not be available for aPC SDK application that is connected to a controller with an older version ofRobotWare.For example the Messaging functionality is only supported on RobotWare 5.10 andabove. This means that a PC SDK application cannot use the Ipc class whencommunicating with a controller with RobotWare 5.09.The code will compile, but an exception will be thrown at runtime. Applicationdevelopers are responsible for handling this scenario in their applications. Please referto the PC SDK Reference Documentation for details.Note! Compatibility between RobotWare minor revisions is guaranteed (PC SDK5.15.01 will be compatible with PC SDK/RW 5.15.02 etc)..7 Technical SupportFor technical support please turn to your local ABB office./contactsFor help, advice and the latest updates please visit the User Forum./forum。
a moden introductio to probability and statistics
a moden introductio to probability andstatistics“A Modern Introduction to Probability and Statistics” is a comprehensive textbook that provides a broad overview of the principles and techniques of probability and statistics. It is an excellent resource for anyone who wants to gain a deep understanding of the subject matter.Step 1: IntroductionThe book begins with an introduction that outlines the principles of probability and statistics. It provides a clear understanding of what these two fields are all about and how they are used in various applications. The authors also introduce the key concepts that will be covered in the restof the book.Step 2: ProbabilityThe next section of the book focuses on probability. It covers the basics of probability theory and explains how to calculate probabilities of events. The authors also introduce different probability distributions, such as the normal distribution and the binomial distribution.Step 3: StatisticsThe third section of the book covers statistics. It explains how to gather and analyze data using various statistical techniques. These include descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and hypothesis testing. The authors also cover regression analysis and the methods used to analyze time series data.Step 4: ApplicationsThe final section of the book provides a range of applications of probability and statistics. These include applications in finance, engineering, and the social sciences. The authors use real-world examples to demonstrate how these concepts are applied in practice.Step 5: ExercisesThroughout the book, there are numerous exercises that can be used to test your knowledge and understanding of the concepts covered. These exercises range from simple calculations to more complex applications. There are also detailed solutions provided at the back of the book.Conclusion:“A Modern Introduction to Probability and Statistics”is an excellent textbook that provides a comprehensive overview of the subject matter. The authors use clear and concise language throughout the book, making it accessible to beginners, while also providing in-depth coverage of the principles and techniques involved. The exercises andsolutions provided also make it an excellent resource for anyone who wants to test their knowledge and understanding of the material. Overall, this book is a must-read for anyonewho is serious about learning probability and statistics, and its applications to real-world problems.。
An Overview of Internet of Vehicles 车联网综述
signal range and drop out of the network, oth-er vehicles can join in, connecting vehicles to one another to create a mobile Internet. We de-termine that V ANET only covers a very small mobile network that is subject to mobility con-straints and the number of connected vehicles. Several characteristics of large cities, such as traffic jams, tall buildings, bad driver behav-iors, and complex road networks, further hin-der its use. Therefore, for V ANET, the objects involved are temporary, random and unstable, and the range of usage is local and discrete, i.e., VANET cannot provide whole (global) and sustainable services/applications for cus-tomers. Over the past several decades, there has not been any classic or popular implemen-tation of VANET. The desired commercial interests have not emerged either. Therefore, V ANET’s usage has begun to stagnate.In contrast to VANET, IoV has two main technology directions: vehicles’ neworking and vehicles’ intelligentialize. Vehicles’ net-working is consisting of V ANET (also called vehicles’ interconnection), Vehicle Telematics (also called connected vehicles) and Mobile Internet (vehicle is as a wheeled mobile termi-nal). Vehicles’ intelligence is that the integra-tion of driver and vehicle as a unity is more intelligent by using network technologies, which refers to the deep learning, cognitive computing, swarm computing, uncertainty artificial intelligence, etc. So, IoV focuses on the intelligent integration of humans, vehi-cles, things and environments and is a largerAbstract: The new era of the Internet of Things is driving the evolution of conventional Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks into the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). With the rapid development of computation and communication technologies, IoV promises huge commercial interest and research value, thereby attracting a large number of companies and researchers. This paper proposes an abstract network model of the IoV , discusses the technologies required to create the IoV , presents different applications b a s e d o n c e r t a i n c u r r e n t l y e x i s t i n g technologies, provides several open research challenges and describes essential future research in the area of IoV .Keywords: internet of vehicles; VANET; vehicle telematics; network modelI. I NTRODUCTIONAccording to recent predictions 1, 25 billion “things” will be connected to the Internet by 2020, of which vehicles will constitute a significant portion. With increasing numbers of vehicles being connected to the Internet of Things (IoT), the conventional Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are changing into the Internet of Vehicle (IoV). We explore the reasons for this evolution below.As is well-known, V ANET [1] turns every participating vehicle into a wireless router or mobile node, enabling vehicles to connect to each other and, in turn, create a network with a wide range. Next, as vehicles fall out of theAn Overview of Internet of VehiclesYANG Fangchun, WANG Shangguang, LI Jinglin, LIU Zhihan, SUN QiboState Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, ChinaV EHICULAR N ETWORKING1/7037738/The_Inter-net_of_Things_A_Study_in_Hype_Reality_Disrup-tion_and_Growtthe conventional Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (V ANETs), Vehicle Telematics, and other con-nected vehicle networks have to evolve into the Internet of Vehicle (IoV). The question accordingly arises as to why such systems did not evolve into IoT, Internet or wireless mo-bile networks.The main reason is that some characteris-tics of IoV are different from IoT, Internet or wireless mobile networks. Firstly, in wireless mobile networks, most end-users’ trajectories follow a random walk model. However, in IoV , the trajectory of vehicles is subject to the road distributions in the city. Secondly, IoT focuses on things and provides data-aware-ness for connected things, while the Internet focuses on humans and provides information services for humans. However, IoV focuses on the integration of humans and vehicles, in which, vehicles are an extension of a human’s abilities, and humans are an extension of a vehicle’s intelligence. The network model, the service model, and the behavior model of human-vehicle systems are highly different from IoT, Internet or wireless mobile network. Finally, IoV interconnects humans within and around vehicles, intelligent systems on board vehicles, and various cyber-physical systems in urban environments, by integrating vehi-cles, sensors, and mobile devices into a global network, thus enabling various services to be delivered to vehicles and humans on board and around vehicles. Several researchers have referred to the vehicle as a manned computer with four wheels or a manned large phone in IoV. Thus, in contrast to other networks, ex-isting multi-user, multi-vehicle, multi-thing and multi-network systems need multi-level collaboration in IoV .In this paper, we first provide a network model of IoV using the swarm model and an individual model. We introduce existing re-search work focusing on activation and main-tenance of IoV. Then, we survey the various applications based on some currently existing technologies. Finally, we give several open re-search challenges for both the network model and the service model of human-vehicle sys-network that provides services for large cities or even a whole country. IoV is an open and integrated network system with high manage-ability, controllability, operationalization and credibility and is composed of multiple users, multiple vehicles, multiple things and multiple networks. Based on the cooperation between computation and communication, e.g., col-laborative awareness of humans and vehicles, or swarm intelligence computation and cog-nition, IoV can obtain, manage and compute the large scale complex and dynamic data of humans, vehicles, things, and environments to improve the computability, extensibility and sustainability of complex network systems and information services. An ideal goal for IoV is to finally realize in-depth integration of human-vehicle-thing-environment, reduce social cost, promote the efficiency of trans-portation, improve the service level of cities, and ensure that humans are satisfied with and enjoy their vehicles. With this definition, it is clear that V ANET is only a sub network of IoV. Moreover, IoV also contains Vehicle Telematics [2], which is a term used to define a connected vehicle interchanging electronic data and providing such information services as location-based information services, remote diagnostics, on-demand navigation, and au-dio-visual entertainment content. For IoV , Ve-hicle Telematics is simply a vehicle with more complex communication technologies, and the intelligent transportation system is an applica-tion of IoV , but vehicle electronic systems do not belong to IoV .In the last several years, the emergence of IoT, cloud computing, and Big Data has driven demand from a large number of users. Individ-ual developers and IT enterprises have pub-lished various services/applications. However, because V ANET and Vehicle Telematics lack the processing capacity for handling global (whole) information, they can only be used in short term applications or for small scale ser-vices, which limits the development and popu-lar demand for these applications on consumer vehicles. There is a desperate need for an openand integrated network system. Therefore,people who consume or provide services/ap-plications of IoV . Human do not only contain the people in vehicles such as drivers and pas-sengers but also the people in environment of IoV such as pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers’ family members. Vehicle in IoV terminology refers to all vehicles that consume or provide services/applications of IoV . Thing in IoV ter-minology refers to any element other than hu-man and vehicle. Things can be inside vehicles or outside, such as AP or road. Environment refers to the combination of human, vehicle and thing.The individual model focuses on one vehi-cle. Through the interactions between human and environment, vehicle and environment, and thing and environment, IoV can provide services for the vehicles, the people and the things in the vehicles. In the model, the in-tra-vehicle network is used to support the interaction between human and vehicle, and the interaction between vehicle and thing in that vehicle. The inter-vehicle network is usedtems, i.e., enhanced communication through computation and sustainability of service pro-viding, and outline essential future research work in the area of IoV .The rest of this paper is organized as fol-lows. Section 2 describes o ur proposed net-work model of IoV. The overview of IoV is presented from three different perspectives in Section 3. In Section 4, several open research challenges and essential future research work related to IoV are outlined. Finally, we present this paper’s conclusions in Section 5.II. N ETWORK M ODEL OF IOVAs shown in Fig. 1, we propose a network model of IoV based on our previous work [3], in which the model is composed of a swarm model and an individual model. The key as-pect of the network model is the integration between human, vehicle, thing, and environ-ment.Human in IoV terminology refers to all theFig.1Network model of IoVsignificantly improve the quality of vehicle service, while a bad wireless access may often lead to the breakdown of services. As is well-known, routing technology is the research core of traditional networks. For IoV , while routing is still the core of the inter-vehicle network, it is also essential for delivering the control message. Finally, IoV has the two most im-portant elements, i.e., users and network. For a simple IoV, wireless access is its user, and routing is its network. With the development of IoV , however, these elements might be less important, and other technologies may play a vital role, such as collaboration technology and swarm intelligence computing. However, due to page limitations, a detailed discussion is beyond this paper.Note that the technologies introduced in this section cannot cover the technologies of IoV , and most of them belong to V ANET [4] or Ve-hicle Telematics. The reason is that IoV is an open and integrated network system composed of multiple users, multiple vehicles, multiple things and multiple networks, and an integrat-ed IoV is not described. Hence, this section mainly focuses on existing technologies and applications, even if they do not represent the technologies and applications of IoV .3.1 Activation of IoVThere are many steps in the activation of IoV , but the most important step is to take the vehi-cles into the integrated network of IoV using wireless access technologies. At present, there are many existing wireless access technologies such as WLANs, WiMAX, Cellular Wireless, and satellite communications [5]. As shown in Fig. 1, most of these technologies are used to connect vehicles to each other in IoV .WLAN contains IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/p standards. IEEE 802.11-based WLAN, which has achieved great acceptance in the market, supports short-range, relatively high-speed data transmission. The maximum achievable data rate in the latest version (802.11n) is ap-proximately 100 Mbps. IEEE 802.11p is a new communication standard in the IEEE 802.11 family which is based on the IEEE 802.11a.to support the interaction between human and environment, vehicle and environment, and thing and environment. Swarm model focus-es on multi-user, multi-vehicle, multi-thing and multi-network scenarios. Through swarm intelligence, crowd sensing and crowd sourc-ing, and social computing, IoV can provide services/applications. Moreover, in this model, the interaction between human and human, ve-hicle and vehicle, and thing and thing, all need an integrated network to collaborate with each other and with the environment. Note that IoV has a computation platform for providing vari-ous decisions for whole network, and there are many virtual vehicles with drivers correspond-ing to physica vehicles and drivers. Then we call the virtual vehicle with driver as Autobot. In the IoV, Autobot can interact with each other by using swarm computing technologies and provide decision-making information for IoV in the computation platform.III. T ECHNOLOGY AND A PPLICATION OF IOVOver a decade ago, both industrial and aca-demic researchers proposed many advanced technologies for the application layer, the mo-bile model & the channel model, the physical layer & the data link layer, the network layer & the transport layer, and security & privacy; these technologies are all used in IoV . In this section, we only focus on giving an overview of the technologies and their applications in IoV, and do not describe the details of the technologies. The overview describes the acti-vation of the IoV , maintenance of the IoV , and IoV applications.For the activation and maintenance of the IoV, we only summarize the wireless access technology and the routing technology. There are several reasons for focusing on these two technologies. Firstly, most researchers working on IoV focus on wireless access and routing, for which the number of proposed re-search works are the highest. Secondly, wire-less access technologies play an important role in IoV . A good wireless access technology canquality of service, even for non-line-of-sight transmissions. The key advantage of WiMAX compared to WLAN is that the channel access method in WiMAX uses a scheduling algo-rithm in which the subscriber station needs to compete only once for initial entry into the network.Cellular wireless comprises of 3G, 4G and LTE. Current 3G networks deliver data at a rate of 384 kbps to moving vehicles, and can go up to 2 Mbps for fi xed nodes. 3G sys-tems deliver smoother handoffs compared to WLAN and WiMAX systems, and many nota-ble works have been proposed. For example, Chao et al. [8] modeled the 3G downloading and sharing problem in integration networks. Qingwen et al. [9] made the first attempt in exploring the problem of 3G-assisted data delivery in V ANETs. However, due to central-ized switching at the mobile switching center (MSC) or the serving GPRS support node (SGSN), 3G latency may become an issue for many applications. Vinel [3] provided an an-IEEE 802.11p is designed for wireless access in the vehicular environment to support intel-ligent transport system applications. The use of wireless LANs in V ANETs requires further research. For example, Wellens et al. [6] pre-sented the results of an extensive measure-ment campaign evaluating the performance of IEEE 802.11a, b, and g in car communication scenarios, and showed that the velocity has a negligible impact, up to the maximum tested speed of 180 km/h. Yuan et al. [7] evaluated the performance of the IEEE 802.11p MAC protocol applied to V2V safety communica-tions in a typical highway environment. Wi-MAX contains IEEE 802.16 a/e/m standards. IEEE 802.16 standard-based WiMAX are able to cover a large geographical area, up to 50 km, and can deliver significant bandwidth to end-users - up to 72 Mbps theoretically. While IEEE 802.16 standard only supports fixed broadband wireless communications, IEEE 802.16e/mobile WiMAX standard supports speeds up to 160 km/h and different classes of Fig.2 Wireless access technologies in IoVAPManagement and Control on the APIEEE 802.16WiMax DatabaseAP Management and Control on the APAPManagement and Control on the APCellular NetworkCellular NetworkDatabaseSatellite NetworkSatellite Network DatabaseAPManagement and Control on the APIEEE 802.11WLAN DatabaseVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleCentralized Management and Control Unitand Control Unit (CMCU)NetworkDatabaseCMCUIoV3.2 Maintenance of IoVThere are also many aspects to the mainte-nance of IoVs, such as data-awareness, virtual networks, and encoding, but the most im-portant aspect is the switching of the control message for IoV. Routing technology is the suitable solution, and in IoV , is dependent on a number of factors such as velocity, density, and direction of motion of the vehicles. As shown in Fig. 1, vehicles can either be the source or the destination during the process of routing, and various standards have been built to accomplish the task of routing. With the growing needs of the users to access various resources during mobility, efficient techniques are required to support their needs and keep them satisfied.Topology based maintenance: Because of the large overhead incurred for route discovery and route maintenance for highly mobile unco-ordinated vehicles, only a few of the existing routing protocols for inter-vehicle networks are able to handle the requirements of safety applications [10,11]. An important group of routing protocols for ad-hoc networks is based on topology, and needs the establishment of an end-to-end path between the source and the destination before sending any data packet. Due to rapid changes in the network topology and highly varying communication channel conditions, the end-to-end paths determined by regular ad-hoc topology-based routing pro-tocols are easily broken. To solve this prob-lem, several routing protocols have been pro-posed [12,13] [14,15] [16] [17]. For example, Namboodiri and Gao [12] proposed a predic-tion-based routing for V ANETs. The PBR is a reactive routing protocol, which is specifically tailored to the highway mobility scenario, to improve upon routing capabilities without us-ing the overhead of a proactive protocol. The PBR exploits the deterministic motion pat-tern and speeds, to predict roughly how long an existing route between a “node” vehicle and a “gateway” vehicle will last. Using this prediction, the authors pre-emptively create new routes before the existing route lifetimealytical framework which allows comparing 802.11p/WA VE and LTE protocols in terms of the probability of delivering the beacon before the expiration of the deadline. Lei et al. [4] studied the potential use cases and technical design considerations in the operator con-trolled device-to-device communications. The potential use cases were analyzed and classi-fied into four categories. Each use case had its own marketing challenges and the design of related techniques should take these fac-tors into consideration. Gerla and Kleinrock [5] discussed LTE cellular service in a future urban scenario with very high bandwidth and broad range. The so-called cognitive radios will allow the user to be “best connected” all the time. For instance, in a shopping mall or in an airport lounge, LTE will become congested, and the user’s cognitive radio will disconnect from LTE. For vehicles, due to large costs, sat-ellite communications are barely used, except for GPS. It is only a supplement for temporary and emergency uses, when other communica-tion technologies are invalid or unavailable. Looking at the wireless access technologies described above, we think that the 4G or LTE should be the most efficient technology to launch the inter-vehicle network and to acti-vate the IoV . The reasons are as follows. First-ly, 4G or LTE is the most used communication standard, and has been deployed by most countries to provide access services. Obvious-ly, any vehicle can use it to connect to the IoV . Secondly, in the context of high buildings and a complex city environment, the performance of 4G or LTE is the best among all wireless access technologies. Finally, in the past ten years, the development of VANET has been very slow, and can barely be used in the real world. The main reason is that the connected vehicles cannot maintain V ANET in city roads because the goals of drivers are random and different. To maintain the V ANET, all vehicles must access the integrated network of IoV, after which IoV can be activated to provide services for users.which combines store-carry-and-forward tech-nique with routing decisions based on geo-graphic location. These geographic locations are provided by GPS devices. In GeoSpray, authors proposed a hybrid approach, mak-ing use of a multiple copy and a single copy routing scheme. To exploit alternate paths, GeoSpray starts with multiple copy schemes which spread a limited number of bundle cop-ies. Afterwards, it switches to a single copy scheme, which takes advantage of additional opportunities. It improves delivery success and reduces delivery delay. The protocol ap-plies active receipts to clear the delivered bun-dles across the network nodes. Compared with other geographic location-based schemes, and single copy and non-location based multiple copy routing protocols, it was found that Geo-Spray improves delivery probability and re-duces delivery delay. In contrast to the above work, Bernsen and Manivannan proposed [20] a routing protocol for V ANETs that utilizes an undirected graph representing the surrounding street layout, where the vertices of the graph are points at which streets curve or intersect, and the graph edges represent the street seg-ments between those vertices. Unlike existing protocols, it performs real-time, active traffic monitoring and uses these data and other data gathered through passive mechanisms to as-sign a reliability rating to each street edge. Then, considering the different environments, a qualitative survey of position-based rout-ing protocols was made in [21], in which the major goal was to check if there was a good candidate for both environments or not. An-other perspective was offered by Liu et al. [22], who proposed a relative position based message dissemination protocol to guarantee high delivery ratio with acceptable latency and limited overhead. Campolo et al. [23] used the time, space and channel diversity to improve the efficiency and robustness of network ad-vertisement procedures in urban scenarios. Clustering based maintenance: In this type of routing scheme, one of the nodes among the vehicles in the cluster area becomes a clusterhead (CH), and manages the rest ofexpires. Toutouh et al. [13] proposed a well-known mobile ad hoc network routing proto-col for V ANETs to optimize parameter settings for link state routing by using an automatic optimization tool. Nzounta et al.[15] proposed a class of road-based VANET routing proto-cols. These protocols leverage real-time ve-hicular traffic information to create paths. Fur -thermore, geographical forwarding allows the use of any node on a road segment to transfer packets between two consecutive intersections on the path, reducing the path’s sensitivity to individual node movements. Huang et al. [16] examined the efficiency of node-disjoint path routing subject to different degrees of path coupling, with and without packet redundancy. An Adaptive approach for Information Dis-semination (AID) in VANETs was presented in [14], in which each node gathered the in-formation on neighbor nodes such as distance measurements, fixed upper/lower bounds and the number of neighboring nodes. Using this information, each node dynamically adjusts the values of local parameters. The authors of this approach also proposed a rebroadcast-ing algorithm to obtain the threshold value. The results obtained show that AID is better than other conventional schemes in its cate-gory. Fathy et al. [17] proposed a QoS Aware protocol for improving QoS in VANET. The protocol uses Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), which runs over any Layer 2 technol-ogies; and routers forward packets by looking at the label of the packet without searching the routing table for the next hop.Geographic based maintaining. The geo-graphic routing based protocols rely mainly on the position information of the destination, which is known either through the GPS sys-tem or through periodic beacon messages. By knowing their own position and the destination position, the messages can be routed directly, without knowing the topology of the network or prior route discovery. V . Naumov et al. [18] specifically designed a position-based routing protocol for inter-vehicle communication in a city and/or highway environment. Soares et al. [19] proposed the GeoSpray routing protocol,dynamic transmission range, the direction of vehicles, the entropy, and the distrust value parameters. Wang et al. [26] refined the orig -inal PC mechanism and proposed a passive clustering aided mechanism, the main goal of which is to construct a reliable and stable clus-ter structure for enhancing the routing perfor-mance in V ANETs. The proposed mechanism includes route discovery, route establishment, and data transmission phases. The main idea is to select suitable nodes to become cluster-heads or gateways, which then forward route request packets during the route discovery phase. Each clusterhead or gateway candidate self-evaluates its qualification for clusterhead or gateway based on a priority derived from athe nodes, which are called cluster members. If a node falls in the communication range of two or more clusters, it is called a border node. Different protocols have been proposed for this scheme, and they differ in terms of how the CH is selected and the way the routing is done. R. S. Schwartz et al. [24] proposed a dissemination protocol suitable for both sparse and dense vehicular networks. Suppression techniques were employed in dense networks, while the store-carry-forward communication model was used in sparse networks. A. Daein-abi [25] proposed a novel clustering algorithm - vehicular clustering - based on a weighted clustering algorithm that takes into consider-ation the number of neighbors based on theavoidance. At present, collision avoidance technologies are largely vehicle-based systems offered by original equipment manufacturers as autonomous packages which broadly serve two functions, collision warning and driver assistance. The former warns the driver when a collision seems imminent, while the latter partially controls the vehicle either for steady-state or as an emergency intervention [41]. To be specific, collision warning includes notifi -cations about a chain car accident, warnings about road conditions such as slippery road, and approaching emergency vehicle warning [5]. On the one hand, collision warnings could be used to warn cars of an accident that oc-curred further along the road, thus presenting a pile-up from occurring. On the other hand, they could also be used to provide drivers with early warnings and prevent an accident from happening in the first place. Note that driving near and through intersections is one of the most complex challenges that drivers face be-cause two or more traffic flows intersect, and the possibility of collision is high [42]. The intelligent intersection, where such conven-tional traffic control devices as stop signs and traffic signals are removed, has been a hot area of research for recent years. Vehicles coordi-nate their movement across the intersection through a combination of centralized and dis-tributed real-time decision making, utilizing global positioning, wireless communications and in-vehicle sensing and computation 1. A number of solutions for collision avoidance of multiple vehicles at an intersection have been proposed. A computationally efficient control law [43-45] has been derived from ex-ploitation of the monotonicity of the vehicles’ dynamics, but it has not been applied to more than two vehicles. An algorithm that addresses multi-vehicle collisions, based on abstraction, has been proposed in [46]. An algorithmic ap-proach to enforcing safety based on a time slot assignment, which can handle a larger number of vehicles, is found in [41]. Colombo et al. [47] designed a supervisor for collision avoid-ance, which is based on a hybrid algorithm that employs a dynamic model of the vehiclesweighted combination of the proposed metrics. P. Miao [27] proposed a cooperative commu-nication aware link scheduling scheme, with the objective of maximizing the throughput for a session in C-V ANETs. They let the RSU schedule the multi-hop data transmissions among vehicles on highways by sending small sized control messages.Based on the above overview, we provide a relative comparison of all routing protocols in Tab 1. In this table, Route length is the total distance between source and destination. PDR is the packet delivery ratio. Latency is the in-terval of time between the first broadcast and the end of the last host’s broadcast. Latency includes buffering, queuing, transmission and propagation delays.3.3 IoV applicationsWith the rapid development of numeric infor-mation technology and network technology, it is brought forward that theautomatization and intelligentization of vehicle.This gives birth to lots of applications which combine safe driving with service provision. For example, Apple CarPlay, originally introduced as iOS in vehicles, offer full-on automobile integration for Apple’s Maps and turn-by-turn navigation, phone, iMeessage, and music service 5. Similar to CarPlay, Google Android Auto provides a distraction-free interface that allows drivers enjoy the services by connecting Android de-vices to the vehicle. Chinese Tecent recently launched its homegrown navigation app Lu-bao that features user generated contents and social functions 7. For demonstration purposes, in this paper, IoV applications can be divided into two major categories: Safety applications and User applications. Applications that in-crease vehicle safety and improve the safety of the passengers on the roads by notifying the vehicles about any dangerous situation in their neighborhood are called safety applications. Applications that provide value-added services are called User applications.Technologies to enhance vehicular and passenger safety are of great interest, and one of the important applications is collision。
IOPRINT+ 系列安装和配置指南说明书
IO PRINT+ FamilyInstallation and ConfigurationGuideCopyright © 2000 A LL R IGHTS R ESERVEDDocument V1.3 P/N 95706400191 ,QWURGXFWLRQThis chapter provides an overview of your IOPRINT+ PrintServer’s features.Congratulations on the purchase of your new IOPRINT+ Print Server. This device was designed to provide a simple and efficient network printing solution. It is packed with features, including:¾Versatility. The IOPRINT+ Print Server supports up to five protocols: NetWare, TCP/IP, SMB (Service Message Block), AppleTalk (EtherTalk), and NetBEUI. It features one or two Ethernet interface ports and operating system support includes Unix, Novell, and Microsoft Windows.¾Easy Installation. The IOPRINT+ Print Server makes adding printers or plotters to your network simple. Depending on your model, it will support10BaseT only, 10Base2 and 10BaseT, or 10BaseT and 100BaseT. The auto-sensing feature on the LAN interface means that there is no need to set jumpers or perform software configuration to select the network interface used.¾Easy Setup.. A number of utility programs are supplied to simplify setup. For Windows 95/98/NT users, the BiAdmin program makes it easy to configure the Print Server for a variety of network and server configurations.¾Web-based interface. On 100BaseT models, the Web-based interface provides an easy method of configuration in TCP/IP networks.¾Compact Size. This allows the IOPRINT+ Print Server to be used even where space is limited.¾Remote Management Tools. A variety of software tools are provided. In most environments, both the IOPRINT+ Print Server and attached bi-directional printers can be configured remotely.¾SNMP Support. The IOPRINT+ Print Server can act as a SNMP agent, with it own MIB. This allows TCP/IP users to monitor, configure and troubleshoot the IOPRINT+ Print Server using their existing SNMP management tools.¾JetAdmin Support. 100BaseT models support HP's JetAdmin utility. If you are already using the HP JetAdmin program, you can also use this program to manage your 100BaseT IOPRINT+ Print Server.¾Internet Printing. Using TCP/IP, the IOPRINT+ Print Server can be configured to allow clients, suppliers, colleagues and others to print to one of your printers from anywhere on the Internet.Year 2000 ComplianceThe IOPRINT+ Print Server does not store the date, nor does it perform date calculations. When necessary, it obtains the current date from the network or client operating system. We recommend the use of network and client operating systems which are year 2000 compliant.For your own safety, and to protect your IOPRINT+ Print Server, please observe the following safety advice.1.Unplug this device from its power source before cleaning. Use only a slightlydampened cloth for cleaning. Do not use liquid or aerosol cleaners.2.Avoid using this product near water. Exposure to water poses an electric-shockhazard.3.Do not place this device on an unstable surface. The device may fall causingserious damage to the device.4.This device should only be used with the power supply type specified on themarking label. If you are not sure of type of your local power supply, consult your dealer or local power company.5.Do not pinch, crimp or otherwise damage the power cord. If exposed to foottraffic, ensure that the cable is properly shielded and does not pose a tripping hazard.6.If using an extension cord, make sure the total ampere rating of the productsusing the cord does not exceed the extension cord’s ampere rating.7.Do not attempt to service this device, as opening or removing casing mayexpose you to dangerous voltage points or other risks. Refer all servicing toqualified service personnel.8.The device should be serviced by qualified service personnel under thefollowing conditions:•The power cord is damaged or frayed.•Liquid has been spilled onto the product.•The product has been exposed to rain or water.•The product does not operate normally in accordance with the operating instructions.•The device has been dropped or the casing has been damaged.You should find the following items packaged with your IOPRINT+ Print Server. If any items are missing, contact your dealer immediately.•The IOPRINT+ Print Server•Power Adapter•One CD-ROM containing all support programs and this manual•Quick Install GuideThis manual covers the following IOPRINT+ Print Server models. For full details of your model, including Connectors, LEDs, DIP switches, Specifications, and CONFIG file format, select your model from the list below.IOPRINT+Jr1 Parallel Port10BaseT10Base2IOPRINT+2 Parallel Ports1 Serial Port10BaseT10Base210/100BaseT10/100BaseT/$1 ,QVWDOODWLRQThis chapter describes how to install the IOPRINT+ Print Server in your Local Area Network.1. Find the Default IOPRINT+ Print Server Name•The Default Server Name is located on a bar code sticker attached to the bottom of the IOPRINT+ Print Server unit. The name consists of 8 characters (letters or digits).•Record this name; it will be needed during configuration.During configuration you will be able to change the device name.The new name MUST NOT contain any spaces or blanks2. Connect the Printer Cables•Connect the printer or plotter cable(s) to the appropriate port(s) on theIOPRINT+ Print Server unit. Parallel port cables should be less than 3 meters long.Leave the IOPRINT+ Print Server powered OFF while connecting it to the Printer(s) and the LAN.3. Connect the Network Cable•Connect the network cable (BNC or UTP) to the proper connector on the IOPRINT+ Print Server. The IOPRINT+ Print Server will automatically recognize whichever connector is used.•Note that if your Print Server has both BNC and UTP connectors, only ONE (1)can be used.4. Power Up and Check• Plug in the power adapter cable.•If your model supports 10BaseT and 100BaseT, check the 10/100BaseT link LED next to the LAN connection. If the auto negotiation fails, the 10/100BaseT Link LED will not light when the device is powered up. In this case, set DIP switches 2 and 3, as described in the document for your model.•Check the Power and Status LED indicators on the top of the unit. When the Red Status indicator LED goes out and the Green Power indicator LED remains lit or flashes, the IOPRINT+ Print Server is ready.Use only the Power Supply unit provided with the device. Power Supply units for different models are not interchangeable5. Mount the IOPRINT+ Print Server•If desired, use Velcro adhesive strips to attach the IOPRINT+ Print Server unit to the side of a laser printer to conserve working space.23 &RQILJXUDWLRQThis chapter provides an overview of the configurationprocess.The IOPRINT+ Print Server is designed to support many different platforms, and the configuration required will depend upon the environment in which it is installed. Depending upon the situation, any or all of the following may require configuration:•IOPRINT+ Print Server device.•LAN Server.•Client PCs on the LAN.Windows UsersIf you are running Windows 95/98, or Windows NT, it is recommeded that you install the BiAdmin configuration/management program, provided in the\Utility\BiAdmin folder on the CD-ROM.•For details about installing and using the BiAdmin utility and other management utilities provided with your IOPRINT+ Print Server, see thefollowing Management section.•For details regarding configuration for your particular situation, see the list of documents below.Configuration ProcedureDetailed instructions regarding configuration are contained in the following documents. Please refer to the appropriate document for configuration details relating to your particular situation.•AppleTalk•Novell NetWare•Unix - TCP/IP•Windows NT Server - TCT/IP•Windows Peer-to-Peer Networks (TCP/IP or NetBEUI)•Windows Peer-to-Peer Networks (SMB)Following initial configuration, the following management programs or methods can be used to monitor and manage the IOPRINT+ Print Server and the printers attached to it.Click the appropriate link for more information.Method PlatformDetailsBiAdminWindows 95/98/NT (IPX/SPX, TCP/IP,NetBEUI)Recommended program; supports all IOPRINT+ Print Server features.FTPAll TCP/IP networksUsing this method, theconfiguration file is downloaded from the IOPRINT+ Print Server,edited, then sent back.JetAdmin (HP)(100BaseT models only)Windows 95/98/NTThis program is not supplied, but 100BaseT models are compatible with it. You can use this program to manage 100BaseT IOPRINT+Print Servers and the attached printers.PSTool AppleTalk (EtherTalk)Not required for basic operation.PSConfigDOS(IPX/SPX)Menu-based DOS program for NetWare users. See PSConfig –Bindery or PSConfig – NDS for details.Telnet All TCP/IP networksTelnet can be used only tomonitor the printers attached to the IOPRINT+ Print Server.WebAdminWindows NT Server,Web Browser client (TCP/IP)WebAdmin is installed on the NT Server, and then accessed using a Web Browser.Web BrowserAll TCP/IP networksOnly available on 100BaseT models.Printer Configuration is not supported.WPConfigWindows 3.1(IPX/SPX, TCP/IP,NetBEUI)Not all IOPRINT+ Print Serverfeatures are available.BiAdmin is the recommended program to use for bothconfiguration and management, if possible. This program can be installed using the SETUP program in the \Utility\BiAdmin\DISK1 folder on the CD-ROM.If supports all features of the IOPRINT+ Print Server.General Device SettingsThe following configuration settings and operations are available regardless of which Network protocol or operating system is being used.•Get IOPRINT+ Print Server status and existing settings•Reset (reboot) the IOPRINT+ Print Server•Restore Default Configuration settings•Change the device name.•Change the device password.•Disable/Enable network protocols.•Get Printer Status (idle, off-line, printing)•Set Serial port configuration (if the serial port exists):•Baud rate•Handshake protocol•Stop bits•Data bits•Parity.As well, there are specific settings for each supported platform. These settings are detailed in the documentation for each platform.4 6SHFLDO )HDWXUHVThis chapter covers the special features of the IOPRINT+Print Server.The IOPRINT+ Print Server supports 2 special features:•Internet Printing•SNMPThe Internet Printing System allows users (employees, colleagues, suppliers, customers…) to print data to your printer across the Internet.Users send the Internet IOPRINT+ Print Server an E Mail, with the print job normally sent as an attachment to the E Mail.The IOPRINT+ Print Server will retrieve the E Mail and print it.For full details, refer to the Internet Printing document.The IOPRINT+ Print Server supports SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol).This allows network supervisors to monitor and control the IOPRINT+ Print Server using network management platforms such as HP OpenView, IBM SystemView, etc.For full details, refer to SNMP Support.5 7URXEOHVKRRWLQJThis chapter describes some problem situations which mayarise, and the solutions to them.If you encounter printing difficulties, please refer to the Hardware section first then the Printing section. For further details relating to specific situations, refer to the documents listed below.Other Troubleshooting Documents•AppleTalk•Internet Printing•NetWare•TCP/IP (Unix and Windows NT Server)•WebAdmin Management Program•Windows Peer-to-Peer PrintingIf, after following the advice in these documents, the IOPRINT+ Print Server still does not function properly, please contact your dealer for further advice.Problem No. 1All the IOPRINT+ Print Server’s LEDs are off.Solution No. 1Check the power supply or power connection.Problem No. 2IOPRINT+ Print Server’s status light continuously stayslit.Solution No. 2Reset IOPRINT+ Print Server by unplugging the powersupply and plugging it back in.Problem No. 3IOPRINT+ Print Server status light and power lightstays on continuously and do not turn off.Solution No. 3Reset IOPRINT+ Print Server by unplugging the powersupply or by pushing the reset push button.Problem No. 4I am using DHCP, and getting an IP Address conflictinvolving the IOPRINT+ Print Server.Solution No. 4If the IOPRINT+ Print Server is left on, but the DHCPserver is turned off, then the IOPRINT+ Print Server willretain its IP Address without the DHCP Server being awareof it. Simply reset the IOPRINT+ Print Server so it willobtain a new IP Address.This problem would also arise if you assigned a static IPAddress which is within the range used by the DHCP server.If so, use another address which is NOT within the rangeused by the DHCP server.Problem No. 5I am using WPConfig on Windows 95, and havingproblems configuring the IOPRINT+ Print Server. Solution No. 5WPConfig is designed for Windows 3.1 only. For Windows95/NT, you should use BiAdmin.Problem No. 1When using 10BaseT cabling, the IOPRINT+ PrintServer unit does not work.Solution No. 1Check the Hub’s link LED for the port to which theIOPRINT+ Print Server is connected. If it is off, there is aproblem in the network cable. If using 10BaseT or100BaseT, check the LED next to the connector. It shouldbe on if the network connection is OK.Problem No. 2 A printing device connected to the a IOPRINT+ PrintServer port cannot print or prints garbage.Solution No. 2Check the following:•Cable connection between IOPRINT+ Print Server andprinter.•Serial port configuration, if a serial device.•Printer driver in the application program or Windowsmatches the printer.Problem No. 3The Configuration button on the Printer Status screen inBiAdmin is grayed out, even though my printer in bi-directional.Solution No. 3The button is unavailable if the printer is busy. You mustwait until the printer is idle.。
Overview_and_Evaluation_of_Social_Work_Interventio
Overview and Evaluation of Social Work Intervention in Elderly Health Self-managementFeng Tong, Yunxu Zhang *Sichuan international studies university, ChongQing, ChinaABSTRACTThis study organized and evaluated all interventions for elderly peopleby searching for existing global evidence, and categorized discussions. aswell as proposed strategies that are in place to overcome these barriers.This article concludes with a discussion of perceived challenges to thedevelopment of evidence-based practice in health and social services.KEYWORDSEvidence-Based practice; Elderly health; Social workDOI: 10.47297/wspiedWSP2516-250023.20230701China has been making great progress in economic development since 1997, however, there still have been so many social problems in the process of dramatic social changes (WHO, 2010). Despite large investments by the Chinese government to improve the well-being of the population, progress remains limited. One of the main reasons being identified for the lack of progression is that numerous decisions making and practices are not based on evidence with the most up-to-date scientific data. More and more Chinese policymakers and researchers from various fields are seeking solutions from abroad.The purpose of this article is to organize and evaluate all interventions for elderly people by searching for existing global evidence, and categorized discussions. The article will be elaborated from the development, empirical foundations, barriers which inhibit the development of evidence-based practice and challenges to the development of evidence-based practice in health and social services.1 ObjectsPresent an analysis of the current situation of evidence-based practice in health and social services through evidence-based terms searching.2 MethodsWe reviewed systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and other EBP literatures published by January 2023.3 Search TermsIn this research, the following terms in both English and Chinese were used to identify relevant *Corresponding Author:Yunxu Zhang(2001-01), male, Han, Chongqing, MSW, Evidence-Based Practice science.115Journal of International Education and Development Vol.7 No.1 2023studies: Evidence-based medicine, evidence-based practice, evidence-based education, evidence-based policy, evidence-based assessment, evidence-based management, systematic review, meta-analysis.4 Literature SourcesAll the literature searches were conducted in the following sources: China Journal Full Text Database (CJFD), Chinese Scientific Journals Full Text Database (CSJD), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), WANFANG Database, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Campbell Library, Google Scholar. Additionally, the following two professional Journals were searched: Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, China Journal of Social Work. The Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine is one of the peer review journals which guarantees the quality of the published studies.5 Search ResultsIn the Chinese databases, 894 items, 731 items, and 245 items as well as 89 items were identified in the China Journal Full Text Database, Chinese Scientific Journals Full Text Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database and WANFANG, separately. In the English sources searched for Chinese authors’ articles, 97 reviews, 126 protocols, 199 titles were found in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Review; Only 1 protocol was found in the Campbell Library, which was about communication education for older adults with hearing impairment(Zhg Bai, 2012). Totally 340 items were found in the Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine; while no systematic review was identified in the China Journal of Social Work. There were 1678 titles found in the Google Scholar. In the four main Chinese databases, we found 18 non-medical meta-analyses based on 15 RCTs and 92 quasi-experimental studies, and 167 expert comments on EBP in non-medical arena (e.g. education, management). The 18 non-medical meta-analyses were composed of 7 RCTs and 40 non-RCTs (Chinese trials) and 8 RCTs and 52 non-RCTs (studies from other countries). Chinese RCTs accounted for only 6.5% of the 18 meta-analyses.6 AnalysisUsing the terms systematic review, meta-analysis, evidence-based, we searched the Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine (2001–2012) and the CDSR (Issue 3, 2012). A total of 340 meta-analyses of RCTs was identified in the Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine. The published studies met the basic principles of a systematic review in terms of systematically literature searching, transparently study quality assessment, and critically inclusion and exclusion criteria making. Although the number of Cochrane systematic reviews (CSRs) in terms of full-text and protocols showed an increased annual trend, the publication rate and quality of CSRs’ were uneven in the different provinces of China because of the different understanding and the inconsistent attitude to the EBP(Jia et al., 2009).Using the search terms beginning with “evidence-based” (see “Search Terms”) systematic review, meta-analysis,we searched the published literature on EBP in the four main Chinese databases and the Campbell Library, as well as the China Journal of Social Work.All 18 meta-analyses belonged to the poor quality evidence according to the AMSTAR criteria, because most of the 18 meta-analyses only used the meta-analysis statistic software in computing the included trials but not systematically 116117Journal of International Education and Development Vol.7 No.1 2023and transparently reported the literature search process, as well as not assessed objectively the quality of included trials(Shea BJ, 2007). All of the included studies lack the details of trials’ design, implementation and reporting(Shea BJ, 2007). Only 1 protocol registered by Chinese authors in the Campbell Library was identified, which was about communication education for hearing impairment(Zhg Bai, 2012).7 Evidence OverviewGiven the above major problems, this paper into the long refers to all or partial loss of life to self-care ability, physiological part of the tissue or organ lesions to affect or limit mobility, and normal life of the elderly or behavior has certain difference, age in 60 years old and above, so this paper will suffer from chronic diseases affect daily life such as: stroke, coronary heart disease, diabetics and other diseases patients into long-term care of the old category, at the same time eliminate mental problems caused by chronic diseases such as: depression, sleep disorders, alzheimer's disease. It is found that there are 8 intervention methods of social work for the psychological problems of the elderly (as shown in Table 1). The top three published journals are mindfulness therapy, music therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, 17,15 and 15; 9 literature recall therapy, rational emotion therapy 7; game therapy, motivational interview and psychological counseling therapy, only 2. No therapy has systematic evaluation level evidence for the psychological problems of the elderly, only randomized controlled experimental level.Table 1 The evidence for the psychological problems of the elderly118Journal of International Education and Development Vol.7 No.1 20238 Research Objectives and Research ToolsFrom the study to solve the problem of the elderly, there are mainly nine aspects of psychological problems (as table 2).From the perspective of intervention issues, the most focused areas focused on the reduction of depression among the disabled or semi-disabled elderly. A total of 47 articles involved all or part of the improvement of depression in the elderly, and 37 articles covered the anxiety of the elderly; others include comprehensive symptoms, mood improvement, loneliness, etc. A total of 34 different scales, including SAS, SDS, HAMA , HAMD, SCL-90 and GDS, was used as outcome measures.Table 2 Intervention targets and tools for the psychological problems of the elderlyJournal of International Education and Development Vol.7 No.1 2023 In terms of literature sources, more than 90% of the literature source are medical and nursing journals, while only less than 10 journals are demographic subjects. Most of the published journals are general journals, and the number of journals published in North Nuclear or CSCD is 25, accounting for 20% of all published journals. Almost all the literature authors have medical or evidence-based medicine background, most of which are hospitals, and a few have some universities or evidence-based research centers.FundingProject Fund: Chongqing Talent Plan Project "Overview and Evaluation of Social Work Intervention in Elderly Health Self-management" (2021YC068)About the AuthorFeng Tong(1982-12), male, Han, Sichuan, Doctor, Evidence-Based Practice science.References[1] WHO. 2010. Situation analysis for health at work and development of the global working life [Online]. http://www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/globstrategy/en/index4.html. [Accessed November 23 2010].[2] ZHG BAI, I. C., KH YANG, YP LI, XP SHEN, R ZEN 2012. Communication enhancement for older adults with hearingimpairment. [Accessed May 2013].[3] Bohlmeijer E,Roemer M,Cuijpers P,et al,2007.”The effects of rem-iniscence on phycological well-being in older adults: amentaanalysis ”Aging and Mental Health,2007,11(3):291-300.[4] Cha HB,1998,”A study family caregivers preference and its determinants for the long - term care service use for theimpairedelderly”.Chungang university,1998.[5] Davis R ,1992. ”The Aching Hearth: Family Violence in Life and Literature”. Contemporary Sociology, 1992, 21(1):86.[6] Heyn P, Abreu B C, Ottenbacher K J.2004.” The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairmentand dementia: a meta-analysis”. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2004, 85(10):1694.119。
AWAF知识点学习
AWAF知识点学习AWAF知识点Data GuardData Guard是在HTTP响应中防⽌铭感数据泄露的，⽐如在HTTP响应中包含了信⽤卡信息、U.S.Social Security number等，或者是⾃定义的信息。
有两种防护⽅式当Policy是Blocking的时候，如果响应中包含了敏感信息，AWAF会拦截这个响应AWAF也可以对敏感信息进⾏加密，只有在Policy是Transparent或者是Bolcking但是Data Guard是Alarm/Learn的时候才会加密，加密的形式是*，并且需要勾选Mask Data可以使⽤⾃定义的Patterns来本地化定义⾝份证信息或电话号4[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4}-#表⽰以4开头的前⼗⼆位数为敏感数据，AWAF将对其进⾏隐藏#[]表⽰0-9的数字；{}表⽰数的位数Exception Patterns该选项表⽰指定系统认为那些不是铭感数据File Content Detection指定系统是否检查⽂件内容的响应，如果是，哪些类型的⽂件内容被视为敏感数据。
这可以防⽌服务器将您不希望返回给⽤户的⽂件内容传递给⽤户。
Enforcement Mode⽤于指定Data Guard对那些URL进⾏防护Ignore URLs---Data Guard会防护所有的URL，除了列表中的Enforce URLs---Data Guard会防护列表中的URL，即使该URL并不在Security Policy中AWAF将Cookie分为两种，分别是Allowed和EnforcedAllowed类型的Cookie⼀般是Persistent Cookie、Single Sign On Cookie、或者是其他的合法的Cookie。
当这类Cookie背设置为Allow，AWAF会忽略并不会触发告警；Allowed Cookie可以设置Explicit和Wildcard两种Enforced类型的Cookie是在客户端侧不应该被修改的。
change form
Change Request FormDocument ControlDistributionVersion ControlApprovalConfidential Page 1Table Of Contents1OVERVIEW (3)2CHANGE REQUEST FORM (3)1 OVERVIEWDescribe the purpose and usage of the Change Request Form. Provide an overview of the change process initiated once this form is completed and submitted to the Change Manager. An example follows:The Change Request form should be used in order to formally initiate a request for change to a project. Types of change requests to be initiated using this form include changes to project: ScopeTimescalesDeliverablesResourcesMilestonesExpenditureThe Change Request Form should be completed by the Change Requestor and formally distributed to the Change Manager for review, The Change Manager will determine whether or not the form provides adequate information in order to submit to the Change Review Group for approval. The Change Manager may either request that more information be provided, or they may request that a formal feasibility study be conducted. Following the completion of either of these activities, the change documentation will be presented to the Change Review Group for approval. The Change Manager will monitor the status of the change request and communicate the final decision of the Change Approval Group to the Change Requestor.(NB Refer to the Method123 ‘Change Management Process’ template for a full description of the change process.)2 CHANGE REQUEST FORMList the specific instructions for the completion of this form, here. An example follows:In order to initiate a change request, please complete the following form. All sections MUST be completed. Attach to this form any supporting documentation which may assist the review of this change request. Please sign and date the Change Request Form and forward it along with any supporting documentation to the Change Manager for review.Any inquiries regarding the progress of this Change Request should be forwarded to the Change Manager directly.Confidential Page 3。
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Example I/O Request – An Overview
The following figure shows an overview of what happens when a subsystem opens a file object representing a data file on behalf of an application.
Opening a File Object
1.The subsystem calls an I/O system service to open a named file.
2.The I/O manager calls the object manager to look up the named file and to help it resolve
any symbolic links for the file object. It also calls the security reference monitor to check
that the subsystem has the correct access rights to open that file object.
3.If the volume is not yet mounted, the I/O manager suspends the open request temporarily
and calls one or more file systems until one of them recognizes the file object as
something it has stored on one of the mass-storage devices the file system uses. When
the file system has mounted the volume, the I/O manager resumes the request.
4.The I/O manager allocates memory for and initializes an IRP for the open request. To
drivers, an open is equivalent to a "create" request.
5.The I/O manager calls the file system driver, passing it the IRP. The file system driver
accesses its I/O stack location in the IRP to determine what operation it must carry out,
checks parameters, determines if the requested file is in cache, and, if not, sets up the
next-lower driver's I/O stack location in the IRP.
6.Both drivers process the IRP and complete the requested I/O operation, calling
kernel-mode support routines supplied by the I/O manager and by other system
components (not shown in the previous figure).
7.The drivers return the IRP to the I/O manager with the I/O status block set in the IRP to
indicate whether the requested operation succeeded or why it failed.
8.The I/O manager gets the I/O status from the IRP, so it can return status information
through the protected subsystem to the original caller.
9.The I/O manager frees the completed IRP.
10.The I/O manager returns a handle for the file object to the subsystem if the open
operation was successful. If there was an error, it returns appropriate status to the
subsystem.
After a subsystem successfully opens a file object that represents a data file, a device, or a volume, the subsystem uses the returned handle to identify the file object in subsequent requests for device I/O operations (usually read, write, or device I/O control requests). To make such a request, the subsystem calls I/O system services. The I/O manager routes these requests as IRPs sent to appropriate drivers.。