Chapter9语言学-Languageandliterature
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英语语言学自编教材第九章
Chapter 9 Language and Culture 1．General Introduction1.1 The Relationship between Language and Culture●Relevant Language Use Observations and Questions to Ponder over1) In the following two conversations, the second speaker respondeddifferently towards the same question. And what do you think aChinese speaker will answer the same question?Conversation 1: between English speakersA: I like your sweater!B: Thank you!Conversation 2: between an English speaker and a Frenchspeaker.A: I like your sweater!B: Ah bon? Mais c’est très vieux ! (Oh, really? It’s very old!)2) Look at the following English words. Is there some connection between these words?bash, mash, smash, crash, dash, lash, clash, trash, splash, flash☺ /ʃ/: this sound suggests a sudden, violent movement/action foran English speaker3) The following lines are taken from a Singapore film I Not Stupid. Can you draw a conclusion from what you have read about Singlish?☺ Singlish/Singaporean: an English variety popular in SingaporeMom: Selina, where is all the ang pow that you got for yourbirthday?Selina（Daughter）: That’s my money. Why I must give it to youevery time?Terry（Son）: Yeah, lah. 为什么都要给你？Mom: 我知道这是你们的钱，but I will help you save, invest, hah. Don’t worry. I will give it back to you when you are old enough.Selina: When can you give it back to us?Terry: I know. 55岁。
简明英语语言学chapter9languageandculture
Chapter 9 Language and Culture,
9.1. what is culture
1.1 What is culture?
• Broadly speaking(广义） • It means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language. • In a narrow sense（狭义） • It refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.
4. Language plays a major role in socializing the people and in perpetuating of a culture, espically in print form, written form or in digital form.
• 5. Culture aslo affets a discourse community’s imagination, or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in behavior and life.
• Two types of culture:
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Material and spiritual
9.3. The relationship between language and culture
• • • •
dog ,dragon, bat, owl, horse Number (7, 13) 1. Language expresses cultural reality. 2. Language symbolize cultural reality.
9.1. what is culture
1.1 What is culture?
• Broadly speaking(广义） • It means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language. • In a narrow sense（狭义） • It refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.
4. Language plays a major role in socializing the people and in perpetuating of a culture, espically in print form, written form or in digital form.
• 5. Culture aslo affets a discourse community’s imagination, or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in behavior and life.
• Two types of culture:
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Material and spiritual
9.3. The relationship between language and culture
• • • •
dog ,dragon, bat, owl, horse Number (7, 13) 1. Language expresses cultural reality. 2. Language symbolize cultural reality.
英语语言学胡壮麟09Chapter 9_literature
Syntactical Level 1 Sentence Types According to different criteria, the English sentences can be classified into different types, and they each manifest distinctive stylistic features and are suitable for different ideas expressed.
Chapter 9 Language and Literature
9.1 three definitions of style
Style: Style as deviation, style is regarded as deviation or deviance, i.e. departure from what is normal. E.g. a grief ago, generally we use a noun indicating time in the expression “ a ago”, such as a month ago and the word to fill the slot is normally a countable noun. In this phrase, grief doesn’t meet the conventional requirement. It express an idea in a beautifully succinct way. Since grief means a feeling of great sadness and any feeling will last for some time, it is not difficult to figure out the message. That is , sth terribly sad has happened, and the speaker may have experienced grief repeatedly so that he can measure time in terms of it.
语言学 第9章9.4-9.6
Chapter 9 Language and Literature(p208-225)
9.4.1 Fictional Prose and Point of View小说与视角 According to Mick Short(1996), we need at least three levels of discourse to account for the language of fictional prose (i.e. a novel or short story) Addresser 1-Message-Addressee 1 (Novelist) (Reader） Addresser 2-Message- Addressee 2 (Narrator) (Narratee) Addresser 3-Message- Addressee 3 (Character A) (Character B)
文本分析：
(1) He thanked her many times, and said that the old dame who usually did such offices for him had gone to nurse the little scholar whom he had told her of. (2) The child asked how he was，and hoped he was better. (3) “No,” rejoined the schoolmaster, shaking his head sorrowfully, “No better. (4) They even say he is worse.”
With the Direct Speech (DS) we have what the character said in its fullest form, and as we move from 1) to 4) the speech contribution of the character becomes more and more muted. 我们从直接言语（DS）中能得到人物所说的最 全面的形式， 从DS---IS---FIS---NRSA---NRS 的过程中，人物的言语贡献变得越来越弱。
9.4.1 Fictional Prose and Point of View小说与视角 According to Mick Short(1996), we need at least three levels of discourse to account for the language of fictional prose (i.e. a novel or short story) Addresser 1-Message-Addressee 1 (Novelist) (Reader） Addresser 2-Message- Addressee 2 (Narrator) (Narratee) Addresser 3-Message- Addressee 3 (Character A) (Character B)
文本分析：
(1) He thanked her many times, and said that the old dame who usually did such offices for him had gone to nurse the little scholar whom he had told her of. (2) The child asked how he was，and hoped he was better. (3) “No,” rejoined the schoolmaster, shaking his head sorrowfully, “No better. (4) They even say he is worse.”
With the Direct Speech (DS) we have what the character said in its fullest form, and as we move from 1) to 4) the speech contribution of the character becomes more and more muted. 我们从直接言语（DS）中能得到人物所说的最 全面的形式， 从DS---IS---FIS---NRSA---NRS 的过程中，人物的言语贡献变得越来越弱。
语言学--unit9语言与文学Language and Literature
Dictionary definition
The world is like a stage.
The name of a
part of a
objective
to
synecdoche refer to the
whole thing.
simile Figurative language metapher
(4)
To demonstrate technical skill, and for intellectual pleasure
(5)
For emphasis or contrast
(6)
Onomatopoeia
9.3 The Language in Poety 9.3.6 How to Analyse Poetry
Ex.9-15
Trochee and palm to palm is holy palmer's kiss
Ex.9-16
Anapest Willows whiten, aspens quiver
Ex.9-17
Dactyl Without cause be he pleased, without cause be he cross
(1)
Information about the poem
(2)
The way the poem is structured
lingustics chapter 9.4 The Language
in Fiction
9.4.1 Fictional Prose and Point of View
(1) I-narrators (2)Third-person narrators (3)Schema-oriented language (4)Given vs New information (5)Deixis
语言学Chapter 9
•
9· 1 Foregrounding and grammatical form前 2· 景化和语法形式
Events belong to the string of plot are usually foregrounded while those used to provide related information are backgrounded. Deviation（偏离）and parallelism（平行） are usually used to show foregrounding events. The study of foregrounding is called patterning（模式/干扰背景模式）.
Language & Literature 4
Chapter 9 Language & Literature • 9· Some general features of the literary 2 language
•
9· 1 Foregrounding and grammatical form前 2· 景化和语法形式
Language & Literature 2
Chapter 9 Language & Literature • 9· Theoretical background 1
• 研究表明: 自20世纪60年代，建立起来了现代文体学， 从此该学科就飞速发展起来。但20世纪60年代，文体 学是形式主义formalism的十年，70年代是功能主义 functionalism的十年，80年代是语篇文体学discourse stylistics的十年，那么在90年代，是社会历史sociohistorical和社会文化socio-cultural文体学。 • 2000年后，文体学的发展趋势有两个主要特征。首先， 向着社会历史和社会文化文体学的研究深入。其次， 正兴起一种多元发展plural-heads development的趋势， 不同文体学学派竞相发展，新的学派不时涌现出来。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》第九章Language_and_Literature
16
Thus the term covers a wide area of meaning. This may have its advantages, but may also be problematic: which of the above meanings is intended must often be deduced from the context in which the term is used.
2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? foregrounding’
In a purely linguistic sense, the term ‘foregrounding’ is used to foregrounding’ refer to new information, in contrast to elements in the sentence which form the background against which the new elements are to be understood by the listener / reader.
12
The red-haired woman, redsmiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the maharajah; she left maharajah; innumerable other lights o’ o’ passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
Thus the term covers a wide area of meaning. This may have its advantages, but may also be problematic: which of the above meanings is intended must often be deduced from the context in which the term is used.
2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? foregrounding’
In a purely linguistic sense, the term ‘foregrounding’ is used to foregrounding’ refer to new information, in contrast to elements in the sentence which form the background against which the new elements are to be understood by the listener / reader.
12
The red-haired woman, redsmiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the maharajah; she left maharajah; innumerable other lights o’ o’ passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
Chapter-9-语言学--Language-and-literature
The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the mahareajah; she left innumerable other lights o’passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1
Teaching Focus
1. Style and Stylistics 2. Foregrounding 3. Literal language and figurative language 4. Analysis of literary language 5. The language in poetry
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1
Teaching Focus
1. Style and Stylistics 2. Foregrounding 3. Literal language and figurative language 4. Analysis of literary language 5. The language in poetry
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
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3
Stylistics “studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.” (Crystal，1980)
For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels.
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1
Teaching Focus
1. Style and Stylistics 2. Foregrounding 3. Literal language and figurative language 4. Analysis of literary language 5. The language in poetry
Therefore, stylistics looks at what is ‘going on’ within the language; what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals.
5
Literary Stylistics: Crystal (1987) observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and ‘valued’ language within literature, i.e. ‘literary stylistics’.
The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the mahareajah; she left innumerable other lights o’passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
2
1. Style and Stylistics
Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
ΔA chipped sill buttresses mother and daughter who are
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
8
Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
7
2. Foregrounding
Please compare the following two pieces of language:
Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped sill buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand, not crash.
4
In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language.
9
2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
Stylistics “studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.” (Crystal，1980)
For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels.
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1
Teaching Focus
1. Style and Stylistics 2. Foregrounding 3. Literal language and figurative language 4. Analysis of literary language 5. The language in poetry
Therefore, stylistics looks at what is ‘going on’ within the language; what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals.
5
Literary Stylistics: Crystal (1987) observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and ‘valued’ language within literature, i.e. ‘literary stylistics’.
The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the mahareajah; she left innumerable other lights o’passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
2
1. Style and Stylistics
Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
ΔA chipped sill buttresses mother and daughter who are
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
8
Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
7
2. Foregrounding
Please compare the following two pieces of language:
Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped sill buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand, not crash.
4
In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language.
9
2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding