The design document of the car's signal lamp
单位内部认证船舶英语考试(试卷编号211)
单位内部认证船舶英语考试(试卷编号211)1.[单选题]The AUTOCHIEF-IV main engine remote control system includes ______.A)AC-5B)AC-5C)digitalD)hydraulic答案:C解析:2.[单选题]The star formation is most commonly used and requires _____ on the alternator.A)oneB)twoC)threeD)four答案:D解析:3.[单选题]The difference between the fire detectors of the traditional and bus control type fire alarm systems is ______.A)theyB)theC)theD)the答案:D解析:4.[单选题]VLCC stands for______.A)veryB)veryC)veryD)very答案:C解析:5.[单选题]Once the power is recovered after blackout, the sequential start of automatic power plant would enable the motors in operation before the breakdown to start ______ automatically.C)respectivelyD)immediately答案:A解析:6.[单选题]Voltage will always lead current in a/an _____.A)capacitiveB)inductiveC)magneticD)resistive答案:B解析:【注】在电感性电路中，电压总是超前电流。
inductive circuit：电感性电路；capacitive circuit：电容电路7.[单选题]Which one is the function of steering gear?A)ToB)ToC)ToD)To答案:C解析:8.[单选题]When the voltage remains constant and the resistance is increased in a series circuit, the flow of current _____.A)increasesB)increasesC)remainsD)decreases答案:D解析:9.[单选题]The emergency generator or emergency battery is connected to _____ on most large ships.A)distributionB)sectionC)emergencyD)main答案:C解析:答案:B解析:11.[单选题]Switchboards may be of the dead-front type in which all live parts are installed behind _____ and only the operation handles and instruments are on the front.A)theB)theC)theD)the答案:C解析:12.[单选题]The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, was issued by the _____.A)UNB)IMOC)ILOD)ITU答案:C解析:13.[单选题]The difference between magnetic heading and compass heading is called______.A)variationB)deviationC)compassD)drift答案:B解析:14.[单选题]Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, and Opera are the major ______.A)webB)uniformC)fileD)Java答案:A解析:D)It's答案:D解析:16.[单选题]The number of cycles per second occurring in AC voltage is known as the_____.A)phaseB)frequencyC)waveD)half答案:B解析:17.[单选题]Copper is often used as an electrical conductor because it _____.A)hasB)hasC)isD)holds答案:C解析:【注】electrical conductor：导电体；opposition：阻挠，反对18.[单选题]A ground can be defined as an electrical connection between the wiring of a motor and its _____.A)shuntB)circuitC)metalD)inter-pole答案:C解析:19.[单选题]In more recent years, ______ has been used by civilians in many new ways to determine positions, such as in automobile and boat navigation, hiking, emergency rescue, and precision agriculture and mining.A)GPSB)GMDSSC)AISD)Navtex20.[单选题]The podded propulsor is widely adopted in the electric propulsion system. In this system, ______.A)theB)theC)theD)the答案:A解析:21.[单选题]_____ is used to produce electric power.A)AnB)AC)AD)A答案:A解析:22.[单选题]Prior to closing the breaker when paralleling two AC generators, the recommended practice is to have the frequency of the incoming machine _____.A)slightlyB)theC)slightlyD)have答案:C解析:23.[单选题]All echo-sounders can measure the ______.A)actualB)actualC)averageD)average答案:B解析:24.[单选题]The field coils _____ and the armature is _____. This is in fact the arrangement adopted for large, heavy duty alternators.A)stationaryB)stationaryC)rotate25.[单选题]What feature(s) may be found on certain satellite EPIRB units?A)StrobeB)EmergencyC)Float-freeD)All答案:D解析:【注】卫星EPIRB有闸门照明，406MHz紧急发射和自浮释放支架。
MSC.1-Circ.1353 - Revised Guidelines For The Preparation Of The Cargo Securing Manual (Secretariat)
PREAMBLE 1 In accordance with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS) chapters VI, VII and the Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing (CSS Code), cargo units, including containers shall be stowed and secured throughout the voyage in accordance with a Cargo Securing Manual, approved by the Administration. 2 The Cargo Securing Manual is required on all types of ships engaged in the carriage of all cargoes other than solid and liquid bulk cargoes. 3 The purpose of these guidelines is to ensure that Cargo Securing Manuals cover all relevant aspects of cargo stowage and securing and to provide a uniform approach to the preparation of Cargo Securing Manuals, their layout and content. Administrations may continue accepting Cargo Securing Manuals drafted in accordance with Containers and cargoes (BC) – Cargo Securing Manual (MSC/Circ.385) provided that they satisfy the requirements of these guidelines. 4 If necessary, those manuals should be revised explicitly when the ship is intended to carry containers in a standardized system. 5 It is important that securing devices meet acceptable functional and strength criteria applicable to the ship and its cargo. It is also important that the officers on board are aware of the magnitude and direction of the forces involved and the correct application and limitations of the cargo securing devices. The crew and other persons employed for the securing of cargoes should be instructed in the correct application and use of the cargo securing devices on board the ship. CHAPTER 1 GENERAL 1.1 Definitions
汽车后桥总成设计解放轻卡
摘要按照车桥可否传递驱动力，汽车车桥分为驱动桥和从动桥。
驱动桥的结构型式按齐整体布置来讲共有三种，即普通的非断开式驱动桥，带有摆动半轴的非断开式驱动桥和断开式驱动桥。
本设计对象是轻型低速载货汽车的后驱动桥。
本设计完成了轻型低速载货汽车的后驱动桥中主减速器、差速器、减震器、钢板弹簧及桥壳等部件的设计。
按照轻型低速载货汽车的后驱动桥的要求，通过选型，肯定了主减速器传动副类型，差速器类型，驱动桥半轴支承类型减震器类型和钢板弹簧类型。
通过设计计算，肯定了主减速比，主、从动锥齿轮、差速器、半轴、减震器、钢板弹簧和桥壳的主要参数和结构尺寸。
利用Pro/E软件画出所有零部件的三维视图及装配图和总装配图然后生成工程图，通过主要零部件的校核计算和利用CAD对主要零部件就行二维画图，肯定所设计的能够知足设计要求。
关键词：汽车后桥；主减速器；差速器；减震器；钢板弹簧AbstractAccording to the axle can transfer the driving force, the car axle is divided into a drive axle and a driven axle. Drive bridge structure according to the general layout, with a total of three species, namely ordinary non-break drive bridge, a swing axle non-break drive axle and a broken axle. The object of this design is light-duty low-speed truck drive axle.Completion of the design of light truck speed rear driving axle main reducer, differential, shock absorber, a leaf spring and the axle housing and other components of the design. In this paper, according to the light of low-speed truck drive axle requirements, through the selection, determination of main reducer transmission pair type, differential type, drive axle bearing type shock absorber type and the leaf spring type. Through design calculation, determine the main reduction ratio, main, the driven bevel gear, differential gear, axle, shock absorber, steel plate spring and axle housing main parameters and dimensions.Using Pro/E software to draw all the parts of the three-dimensional- view and assembly drawings and assembly drawings and then generate engineer- ing drawing, the main components of the calculation and use of CAD on the key parts on the line drawing, determine the design can meet the design requirements.Key Words: automobile rear axle ;main reducer;differential device ;shockabsorber; plate spring目录摘要 (Ⅰ)Abstract (Ⅱ)第1章绪论 (1)本课题的来源、大体前提条件和技术要求 (1)本课题要解决的主要问题和设计整体思路 (1)预期的功效 (2)国内外研究现状及发展趋势 (2)课题研究内容 (3)第2章汽车主参数的整体设计 (4)设计参数与设计目标 (4)汽车轴数及驱动形式的选择 (4)轴数 (4)驱动形式 (4)轻型载货汽车质量参数选择 (4)整车装备质量 (5)汽车的总质量 (5)汽车轴荷分派 (5)汽车轴距、后轮距及悬架长度设计 (6)轴距 (6)后轮距 (7)汽车后悬架长度 (8)第3章后桥主要零部件的设计计算 (9)悬架的的设计计算 (9)悬架的的结构形式分类 (9)悬架主要参数的肯定 (10)影响平顺性的参数 (10)影响操纵稳定性的参数 (11)钢板弹簧的设计计算 (11)钢板弹簧的布置方案 (11)钢板弹簧主要参数肯定 (11)减震器的设计计算 (19)减震器类型 (19)减震器的结构和工作原理 (19)减震器的结构设计及计算 (20)相对阻尼系数的肯定 (20)减振器阻尼系数的肯定 (21)最大卸荷力的肯定 (21)减振器工作缸直径的肯定 (22)工作缸壁厚的计算与校核 (23)活塞杆与活塞的设计 (24)活塞尺寸的计算 (24)底阀的设计 (25)减震器装配进程的三维视图 (27)差速器的设计计算 (30)差速器的结构形式的选择 (30)差速器齿轮的大体参数选择 (31)行星齿轮数量的选择 (31)行星齿轮球面半径的肯定 (31)行星齿轮和半轴齿轮齿数的计算 (31)行星齿轮和半轴齿轮的节锥角及模数的计算 (32)压力角的肯定 (32)行星齿轮轴直径及支承长度 (32)差速器直齿锥齿轮的强度校核 (35)主减速器的设计计算 (37)主减速比的肯定 (37)主减速齿轮计算载荷的计算 (38)主减速齿轮大体参数的选择 (39)第4章汽车后桥其它零部件的设计及后桥总装 (42)汽车驱动桥的设计 (42)汽车驱动桥盖的设计 (43)汽车差速器壳的设计 (44)汽车差速器轴承的选用 (44)汽车差速器轴承座的选型设计 (45)汽车半轴的选型设计 (45)U 型螺栓设计 (46)汽车后桥总装 (46)差速器与主减速器的装配 (46)后桥总装配 (48)后桥总装配剖视图 (51)结论 (52)致谢 (53)参考文献 (54)CONTENTSAbstract (Ⅰ)Contents (Ⅲ)Chapter1 Introduction (1)Topic source basic premise and technical requirement (1)This topic to solve the main problems of the design (1)The expected results (2)The domestic research situation and development trend (2)Subject research contents (3)Chapter 2 Car Lord of the overall design parameters (4)Design parameters and design targe (4)Car and driving shaft for the choice of the form (4)Shaft severa (4)Drive form (4)Light parts of autom obile quality parameter selection (4)Vehicle equipment quality (5)The total quality car (5)Car shaft charge distribution (5)Car wheelbase after the length design (6)Wheelbase (6)reartread (7)Automobile rear suspension length (8)Chapter 3 Major parts of the rear axle design calculation (9)Suspension design calculations (9)Suspension structure of the classification (9)Suspension of the main parameters of the set (10)Influence of the parameters of the smooth (10)Influences of the parameters of the steering stability (11)Leaf spring design calculations (11)Leaf spring arranging schemes (11)Steel spring main parameters (11)Shock absorber design calculation (19)Track of shock absorber type (19)Shock absorber structure and work principle (19)Shock absorber and structure design of calculation (20)Track to determine the relative damping coefficient (20)Shock absorber damping coefficient determinations (21)Biggest unloading the determination of force (21)Shock absorber work to determine the diameter (22)Work cylinder wall thickness calculation and checking (23)Piston rod and the piston design (24)Piston size calculation (24)Bottom valve of design (25)Shock absorber view of the assembly process (27)Differential design calculation (30)The choice of the form of the structure of the differentia (30)The differential gears basic parameter selection (31)Planetary gear number of the choice (31)Planetary gear sphere to determine the radius (31)Planetary gear and half shaft gear gear calculation (31)Planetary gear and half shaft section of gear (32)Pressure Angle sure (32)Planetary gear shaft diameter and length of supports (32)Spur bevel gear differential of intensity (35)The Lord the design of the speed reducer is calculated (37)The determination of the slowdown (37)Lord the reduction gear of the calculation (38)Lord the reduction gear basic parameters selection (39)Chapter 4 Cars driving axle other parts design (42)The design of the car drive axle (42)The design of the car drive axle of cover (43)The design of the car differential shells (44)The selection of car differential bearing (44)Car differential of the bearing type design (45)Car half shaft of the selection of the design (45)U bolt design (46)Car driving axle assembly (46)Differential and the assembly of the Lord reducer (46)Driving axle final assembly (48)Driving axle always assembly section (51)Conclusion (52)Thanks (53)References (54)第1章绪论本课题的来源、大体前提条件和技术要求a. 本课题的来源：轻型载货汽车在汽车生产中占有大的比重。
2022考研英语阅读德国汽车生产商
2022考研英语阅读德国汽车生产商German carmakers德国汽车生产商Stuck in third稳居第三Daimler is set to keep chugging down the Autobahnbehind BMW and Audi奔驰意欲一举赶超宝马奥迪AS A corporate motto, The best or nothing has a timeless quality.作为戴姆勒公司的座右铭，唯有最好彰显着一种永恒的品质。
Gottlieb Daimler pasted it on the wall as he went about inventing the modern car in the late19th century.十九世纪晚期，当戈特利布戴姆勒着手创造现代汽车的时候，他将这句话贴在墙上。
In 20xx the firm that bears his name adopted it as a slogan.20xx年，这个以其创始人名字命名的公司将这句话作为广告语。
It was as badly timed as a misfiringengine. Mercedes-Benz, Daimler s car division, already trailing BMW in terms of sales andprofitability, saw another Geman premium carmaker, Audi,also start to pull away in thesame year.作为一个正走下坡路的公司，这个口号来的有点晚。
在销量、盈利方面，戴姆勒旗下的奔驰都已双双落后宝马。
同期，德国另一高档汽车制造商奥迪也开头将奔驰甩在身后。
Yet this year Daimler s shares have surged by 40%, persuading optimists that the firm iscatching up.然而，今年戴姆勒公司的股价涨幅高达40%，乐观人士开头认为正确而不怀疑该公司正逐步赶上。
1969年DATSUN SPORTS Z S30商品说明书
JAPAN AUTOMOBILE FEDERATIONF E D E R A T I O NI N T E R N A T I O N A L EDEL’A U T O M O B I L EF. I. A. R eco g n itio n N o. G r o u p^F o r m o f r e c o g n i t i o n in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h A p p e n d i x J to t h e I n t e r n o t i o n o lS p o r t i n g C o d e.M a n u f a c t u r e r NISSAN M O T O R CO., LTD., ch a ssis S30-00001Serialote n g i n e L20-A2001 ,R ecognitio ti IS validfromThe m a n u f a c t u r i n g o f the mociei d e s c r ib e d m this r e c o g n itio n f o r m w a s started onO CT.1969 a n d the m inim umpro d u ctio n o f500id entical cars, in a c c o r d o n c e with the sp ec ifica tio n s o f this formw o s.r e o c h e d o n DEC. 1969C y l i n d e r -c o p o c i t y998 c m 3121.93-M o d e l D A T SU N SPO R TS Z S30M a n u f a c t u r e r NISSAN M a n u f a c t u r e r NISSANListP h o to g r a p h A 3/4 vie w o f c a r from frontThe v e h ic le d e s c r ib e d in this form h as b e e n s u b iec t to the f o llow ing a m e n d m e n ts V arian ts N o rm a l ev o lu tio n o f the ty p e on 19re c. No.List on 19r e c. No.list on 19rec. No.b St on 19r e c. No.List on 19rec. N o.list on19re c. N o.Liston19le c. Noliston 19•■ec- N o List on 19rec. No.Liston19'e c.N o.ListStomp an d signature of theStomp a n d signature of the F.1. A.N o t i o n a l S p o r tin g A uthority%M ake NISSAN M o d e l.S30l>o2.Z F. I. A. Rec. N o.IM PO R TA N T - the u n d e rlin e d item s must b e s ta t e d m tw o m e a s u r i n g systems, o n e o f w fiich must b e the m etric system. S ee c o version ta b le h e r e a f t e r.CAPACITIES A N D D IM E N S IO N St.\2h e e l b o s e2^305mm90.74i n c h e s2.Front' track 1,355mm53.35i n c h e s♦3.R ear tra c k1mm52.95in c h e s♦4.O v e r a l l le n g th o f the c o r411.5cm inches5.O v e r a l l w idth o f the c o r163.0cm inches6.O v e r a l l h e ig h t o f the c o r128.5cm inches-7.C a p a c i t y o f fuel ta nk (r es e rv e in c lu d e d)60' 1rs15.85G a llo n US G a llo n Imp.8.S e a tin g c a p a c i t y29.W e i g h t,total w e i g h t o f the c o r w ith n o r m a l e q u i p m e n t,w a t e r,oil a n d spore w h e e l buf w ith o u t fuel nor repair915kg2,017lbs cw t*D i f f e r e n c e s in tra c k c a u s e d by the use o f o t h e r w h e e l s w ith d iffe r e n t rim widths must b e stated w h e n reco g n itio n is r e q u e ste d for the w h e e l s c o n c e r n e d.S p e c if y g r o u n d c l e a r a n c e in r e la tio n to the tr a c k a n d g iv e d r a w i n g o f tw o f i x e d po in ts of th e v e h i c l e s s t r u c tu r e a t w h ic hm e a s u r e m e n t s a r e ta ken.Th ese g ro u n d c l e a r a n c e d im e n sio n s a r e o n ly for in fo rm atio n w h e n c h ec k in g the t r a c k a n d c a n in n o w a y a f f e c t th e eligibility o fthe c a r._160r a m L i60m mC O N V E R S IO N TABLEinch /p ouce 2.54 Cm1quart USfool /pied30.4794 cm1pint (pt) square i n c h/p o u c e carre 6.452 c m’1gallon Imp. cubic i n c h/pouce cube16.387 cm’1gallon US pound /livre ( 1 b)453.593 gr.1hundred weight0.9464 1 trs0.568 Itrs4.546 ItrsItrs3.785î./i fEûi O V n i M'.i t S tüt eM o k e NISSANC H A S S IS A ND C O A C H W O R K(P h o to g ra p h s A, B a n d C)20, C h a s s i s/b o d y co n stru ctio n:XSIPOOBC /u n ita ry c o n str u ctian21,U n itary c o n stru ctio n, m aterial (s) St>6©l S e p o r o te construction22, S e p a r a t e C o n s t r u c t i o n s:M a t e r i a l (s) o f c h a s s i sS3023, M o t e n a l(s) o f c o o c h w o r k24, N u m b e r o f d o o r s2M a te r i a l (s) 25, M a te r i a l (s) o f b o n n e t26, M a t e r i a l (s) o f boot lid27, M a t e r i a l (s) o f r e o r-w i n d o w28, M a te r i a l (s) o f w i n d s c r e e n29, M a te r i a l (s) o f front^door w in d o w s 30, M a t e r i a l(s) o f r e o r.d o o r w in d o w s 31, Sli din g system o f d o o r w in d o w s 32, M a t e r i a l(s) o f re o r-q u o r te r light S te e lS te e lS te e lS te e lG lassGlassGlassGlassV e rtica l ManualGlassF, I. A. Rec, N o,ACCESSORIES A N D UPH OLSTERY38, Interior h e a t i n g- HO40, V entilatio n y e s- JQC41. Front seats, type o f s e a t s a n d upholstery39. A ir-co n d itio n in g Separate, VinylX I B t-42. W e i g h t o f front seat (s), c o m p l e t e w ith su p p o rts a n d roils, ou t o f the c o r7x2k g lbs 43. R ea r seats, ty p e o f s e a t s a n d upholstery44, F ront b u m p e r,m ate ria l (s) S te e l W e i g h t 45, R e a r b u m p e r,m ate ria l (s) S te e l W e i g h t 3.05.0kgkglbslbsWHEELS50. T y p e Pressed s t e e l51. W e i g h t(p e r w h e e l,w ithout t y r e)7.552. M e th o d o f a t t a c h m e n t Wheel nuts (/*. nu ts)53. Rim d i a m e t e r355 lA- in ch es54. Rim w idth 114 m m 4.5 in ch es140 n n n 5.5 inchesSTEERINGlbs60. Type Rack and Pinion61. S e rv o-a s si sta n c e:X e X- NO62, N u m b e r o f tu rns o f steering w h e e l from lock to lock 63, In c o s e o f s erv o-assistan ceA'O k(îitOi <s»'°k e NISSANS U S P E N S IO N70. F ront suspension (p hoto gr. D),type71. T y p e o f spring72. S tabiliser (if fitted)73. N u m b e r o f sh o ck o b s o rb e rsÎ278. R e a r suspension (ptioto gr. E ),type79. T y p e o f spring80. S tabiliser (if f i t t e d)81. N u m b e r o f sh o c k o b s o rb e rs2BRAKES (p h o to g r ap h s F a n d G)90. System91. S e rv o-assista n c e(if fitted), t ype92. N u m b e r o f h y d ra u lic m a s t e r c y lin d e rs93. N u m b e r o f c y lin d e rs p e r w h e e l94. Bore o f w h e e l c y l i n d e r(s)Drum b r a k u i95. Inside d i a m e t e r96. Length o f b r o k e linings97. W id th o f b ro k e linings98. N u m b e r o f sh o es p e r b ro k e99. Total a r e a p e r b ro k eDisc b r a k a s100. O u ts id e d i a m e t e r101. T h ick n ess o f disc102. Length o f b r o k e linings103. W i d t h o f b r o k e linings104. N u m b e r o f p o d s|3er broke.105. Total a r e a p e r b ro k eM o del S303oZX,F. I. A. Rec. N o.Independent (McPherson)C oilTorsion bar74. T y p e Hydraulic te le sc o p icIndependent (McPherson)C oilTorsion bar82. T y p e Hydraulic te le s c o p icHydraulic2FRONT254.00 I""!27112.5 m m78.441.6m m26,522. 88m m’REAR1in. 22,23"im228,6in. 219.5nimin. mmsq- in. 17,560n>m’sq. in.sq. in.sq. in.M a k e NISSANENGINE (p h o to g r o p h s J e n d K)130. C y c l e^132. C y l i n d e r o r r a n g e m e n i I n I x n6133. Bore y g m m135. C o p o c i t y p e r c y lin d e r136. Total, c y lin d e r-c o p o c ity137. M o ter io l (s) o f c y lin d e r b lo c k138. M o ter io l ($) o f s lee v e s'(if fitted ) 139. C y l i n d e r-h e o d,m o te rio l (s)140. N u m b e r o f inlet ports 6 142. C o m p re ss io n rotio 9.5 143. V o l u m e o f o n e co m b u stio n c h o m b e r 144. Piston, m oteriol A l—C a S't 3.07‘'’■3331,998C ast-IronA l-C astM o del S30131. N u m b e r o f c y lin d e rs134. S tr o k e69«73o22_F. I. A. Rec. N o.2.74141. N u m b e r o f e x n o u s t ports39.120.32121.93N u m b e r fitted6145. N u m b e r o f rings146. D is to n c e from g u d g e o n pin c e n t r e line to h i g h e s t p o in t o f piston c r o w n40147. C m n k s h o f t: X B o d d w t/sto m p e d149. N u m b e r o f c r o n k s h o ft m oin b e o rin g s7150. M o te r io l o f b e o r i n g c o p Cast—I r O H151. System o f lubricotion : ^dXSKXSap /oil in su m p152. C o p o c i t y,lu b rico n t 4.1153. O il c o o l e r: X j a c/n o155. C o p o c i t y o f c o o lin g system S I*''*156. C o o l i n g f a n(if f itted), dio. 35c m157. N u m b e r o f b lo d e s o f c o o lin g fa n4i n c h e s148. T y p e o f c r o n k s h o f t in te g ra l /X X X X Xcu. in.cu. in.pts154. M e th o d o f e n g i n e c o o lin gpintsin c h e sWaterq u orts USq u a r ts USBearing*158. C r a n k s h a f t m oin, type P lain 159. C o n n e c t i n g ro d big e n d. P lain Dio.Dio.55.050.0W a i g h t i160. F ly w h e e l (c le a n) 96161. F l y w h e e l with c lu tc h(oil turn in g ports)162. C ro n k s h o f t 19» 3164. Piston w ith rings or>d pinlbs17.2lbs 163. C o n n e c t i n g rod0.49k g lbsk g0,66k glbslbs■A v%M a ke NISSANFOUR STROKE EN G IN E S170. N u m b e r o f c a m sh a fts1171. l a c a l i a n 172. T y p e o f c a m s h a f t d riv e C h a i n173. T y p e o f v a lv e o p e ra tio n R o c k e r a m iM odel S30C ylinder headF. I. A. Rec. No.380.41INLET (s e e p a g e8 1★180. M ate rial(s) o f inlet m a n i f o l d Al-Cast181. D i a m e t e r o f v o lv e s182. M a x.v o lv e lift 10.5mm184, T y p e o f spring C oil186. T a p p e t c l e a r a n c e fo r c h e c k i n g tim ing (cold)187. V a l v e s o p e n a t (vvith t o l e r a n c e fo r ta p p e t c l e a r a n c e in d ic a ted) 188. V a l v e s clo se a t (with t o l e r n c e for l a p p e t c l e a r a n c e indicated) 189. A i r filter, ty p e D r yEXHAUST I s e e p a g e81C ast-Ironmm0.411.50183. N u m b e r o f v o l v e springs 2185. N u m b d r o f v a l v e s p e r c y lin d e r^0,25rnmB.T.D.C. 21° ± 7°A.B.D.C 47° ± 7°in chesin ches195. M a te r i a l (s) o f e x h a u s t m an ifo ld196. D i a m e t e r o f v a lv e s197. M a x.v a lv e lift 10.5mm199. T y p e o f spring C oil201. T a p p e t c l e a r a n c e fo r c h e c k i n g tim ing (cold)202. V a l v e s o p e n a t (with to l e r a n c e fo r ta p p e t c l e a r a n c e in d icated) 203. V a l v e s c lo se a t (with t o l e r a n c e for t a p p e r c l e a r a n c e indicated)IC A R B U R E T IO N(p h o to g r a p h N)210. N u m b e r o f c a r b u re tto rs fitted 2212. M a k e HITACHI214. N u m b e r o f m ixture p a ss a g e s p e r c a b u r e t t o r1215. F l a n g e hold d i a m e t e r o f exit port(s) o f c o r b u r e t t e o r216. M in im u m d i m e n s i o n s of m ix tu r e p o s o g e(s)w ith p is to n a t m a x.29IN JEC T IO N(if fitted)220. M a k e o f p u m p222. M a d e l o r ty p e o f p u m p224. i a c a f i o n a f in jectors225. M in im u m d i a m e t e r o f inlet p ipe1.30in c h e s198. N u m b e r o f v a l v e springs 2200. N u m b e r o f v a l v e s p e r c y lin d e r0.30mmB.B.D.C 60° ± 7°A.T.D.C 9° ± 7°211. Type Side-D raft213. Wtodel H JG38Win ch es38height (example: SU Iinches221. N u m b e r o f p lu n g e rs223. Totol n u m b e r o f in jectorsin ch es*)f o r a d d itio n a l in form ation c o n c e r n i n g tw o-s tr o k e e n g i n e s a n d s u p e r-c h a r g e d e n g in e s s e e p a g e 13.M o del S30 M a k e N I S S A NENG INE ACCESSORIES230. Fuel p u m p:m e c h a n i c a l M j d O c i Q a Q B b d O O C232. Type o f igniiian system Make a j i d b r e a k234. N o. o f Ignition coils236. G e n e r a t o r,t y p e:3t j>f iig Q(/a lte r n a to r-n u m b e r f it te d238. V o lto g e o f g e n e r a t o r]_2volts240. Location Engine room24).V o lta g e o f battery ]_2voltsEN G IN E A N D CAR PERFORM ANCES (os d e c l a r e d b y m a n u f a c t u r e r in c a t a l o g u e) 250. M ax. e n g i n e outp u t 130(ly p o o f h o r s e p o w e r;J I S) ot ‘251. M a x i m u m rpm 6,500o u tp u t a t that figure 123252. M o x i m u m to rq u e17«5400185F. I. A. Rec. N o.231. N o. fitted 1233. N o. o f distributors 1235. N o. o f spark p lu g s p e r c y lin d e r237. M e t h o d o f d r i v e V—B e l t239. Battery, n u m b e r253. M a x im u m s p e e d o f t h e c o r km / h o u r255.R=c e n t r e o fc a m s h a f t.Inlet c o m6,000rpmm iles /h o u rs =23.5mm0.93in c h e s I=16.5mm0.65in c h e s u=33.0mm 1.30in c h e s E x h a u s t c o mS =23.5m m0.93in c h e s I=16.5mm0.65in c h e s u =33.0m m 1.30in c h e sP o^ç 7S30 F. 1. A. Roc. N o. M ake NISSAN M odeUnit m mD r a w in g inletm an ifo ld ports,side o f cy lin d e r-h e a d.Indicatesca le o r d im e n s io n sa n d m a n u f o c t u n n gx>*to le r a n c e.D r a w in g o f e n tra n c e to inletport o f c y lin d e r-h eod. Indicatesca le o r d i m e nsions a n d m a n u f a cturing t o l e r a n c e.rD r a w i n g e x h a u s tm anifold ports,side o f c y lin d e r-h e a d. Indicatesca le o r d i m e nsions a n d m a n u f a cturing t o le r a n c e.D r a w i n g o f exito e x h o u st porto f c y lin d e r h e o d.tn d ico te sc a le o rd ime n s io n s ondm o n u f o c tu r in gto le ro n c e.•* M o ke NISSAN M o del S303o2-'2_-^ F. I. A. Rec. N o.DRIVE T R A INCLUTCH260. Type o f clutch Diy s in g le p la te262. Dio. o f clutch plates263. D io.o f linings, inside264. M e th o d o f o p e r a tin g clutch GEAR B O X ph o to g ro p h H) 270. M a n u a l ty p e, m a k e271. N o. o f g e o r-b o x ratios forw ord 273. Location o f gear-shift274. A u to m a tic, m o k e275. N o. o f fo rw o rd ratios 22.715.0Hydraulicc h e soutsid e261. N o. o f plates22.5 -NISSAN4 or 5F loorM e t h o d of o p eratio n Mechanical272. S y n c h r o n i z e d f o r w a r d ratios 1234O rty pe276. Location o f g e ar-sh iftM a n u a l A ltern a tiv e manual A l t e r n a t i v e m a n u a l (SfflfSQQCRatio N o.teeth Ratio N o.te e t h Ratio N o. teeth Ratio N o. teeth1 3.5492922 ^35132.67828 X 3323 15 2.95723 ^ 14 1.85828 .29«192 2.19722 ^30IS 1.70428 (28)23 20 1.85828 2923 ^ 19 1.38328 X^23 223 1.42022 ^2826 1.26228 2823 27 1.31128 2823 ^2^ 1.21728 X ^23 274 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.00050.85228 ^ 2123 300.85228 2123 ^ 300.85228 2123 30re v e rse 3.164^15^17 2.92228173623^'l5^72.92228 17 3623^15^17 2.92228 17x3623^5“278. O v e r d r i v e, ty pe279. F o r w a r d g e a r s o n w h ic h o v e r d r i v e c a n b e s e le c te d 280. O v e r d r i v e ratioFIN AL DRIVE290. Type o f final d riv e H y p o i d g e a r291. Type o f d ifferen tial B O V e l g e a r292. Type o f limited slip differentiol (if fitted)293. Final d riv e ratio 3.364 3.545 N u m b e r o f teeth 37/11 39/H 3.70037/113.90039/10t l u s%' Poge 9M a ke NISSAN M odel S30 F. I. A. Rec. N o.I M P O R T A N T- The conform ity o f the c o r with the f o llo w in g items o f the p resen t reco g n itio n fo rm is to b e d is re g a r d e d d u rin g the scruti-n e e r in g, w h e n the v e h ic le h a s b e e n e n t e r e d in g r o u p 2 (Tourin g c a r s)o r 3 (G ra n d T ouring c a r s):41, 72, 80, 91, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 153, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 182,, 184. 186, 187, 188, 189. 199 . 201, 202 , 203, 212, 213, 215 , 216, 222, 225. 230. 250, 251, 252, 253, a n d p h o t o g r a p h s I. M. N. a n d p a g e8D u rin g the s c r u tin e e r in g a f c a r s e n t e r e d in g r o u p 4 (S p o rtsco rs) only the fo llo w in g ite m s o f the p re sen t re c ognition fo rm o r e to be t o k e n into c o n sid e ra tio n:1, 2, 3, 9. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 7(3; 71, 78, 79, 90, 130, 131,’ 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 147, 148, 149, 150, 158, 159, 170, 171, 172, 173, 185, 200, 270, 271, 274, 275, 290, 291, 292 a n d photo, g r a p h s A, B, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, a n d O.O p t i o n a léq u i p e m e n t a f f e c t i n g p r o c e e d i n g in fo rm a tio n. This to b e stated to g e th e r w ith r e f e r e n c e n u m b e r.The fo llo w in g item s have been added. '^r7) Capacity o f fu e l tank 100 I t r s26.42 g a llo n U S50) Tÿpe MagnesiumWeight &Rim width54; 7.0inches178 m m 5.5 kg8.0in ch es203 m m6.0kg10.0inches254 m mFront I7?0Rear1730Page 10■>Make NISSAN Model S303>o5J2^F.I.A. Rec. No,292) Type o f lim ite d s lip d if f e r e n t ia l 293) F inal d rive r a tio 4.111 Niimber o f te e th37/9F r ictio n4.375 4.62535/837/84.8755.12539/841/8O ptional)Over FenderFront RearAir S p oilerN i T/•/(,O EO4,;tL\\-' i/i G S M E>s y/NM a keNISSAN M o del S30B, 3/4v ie w o f c o r from re a r P h o t o g r a p hC,F. I. A.Rec. N o.D,front a x l e c o m p le te, re m o v e d from c a r. W i t h o u t w h e els.rF front b ro k e, drum r e m o v e d o r d i s c w ith c a l i p e r l s lH, g e a r-b o x,v ie w from sideinterior view of c o r th ro u g h d r iv e r's d o o r{o p e n o r r e m o v e d) w ith d a s h b o a r d%C, R ear a x l e c o m p l e t e w ithout w h e els, re m o v e d from car.G, r e a r b r a k e, drum re m o v e d o r d i s c w ith c a l i p e r l s)It s ile n c e r 4 e x h a u s t p ip e s a f t e r e x h au st m anifold.w^.P o g f t.l lM a ke NISSANe n g i n e unit ou t of c o r, from right. W i t h c lu tc h e n do c c e s s o r ie s but w ithout a i r filter n o r g e a r-b o x.L, c o m b u stio n c h a m b e rN, C a r b u r e t t o r(v ie w from side o f m an ifo ld)P,inlet m an ifo ldsB g;M o d e l S30F. I. A. Rec. N oEng in e unit o u t o f c o r, from left. W ith c lu tc h a n d a c-K, c esso rie s but w ith o u t g e a r-b o x n o r a i r filter.M,piston c r o w nm0|e n g i n e in c a r w ith all a c c e s s o r i e s,b o n n e t o p e n o r renx>veci.mI Q, e x h a u s t m a n ifo ldPage 12M ake NISSAN M o d e l S303o2i, F. I.A. Rec. No.For t w o s e o te r sD IME N S IO N S OF INTERIOR(C o n f o r m to Art. 253 b o f A p p e n d i x J)Mi ni mum D ime nsi on sB c96cm135cm' 'S-ÆT.t y,.'2^ page 13M a ke NISSAN M odel T W O STROKE ENGIN ES300. System o f c y lin d e r s c a v e n g in g301. T y p e o f lubrication302. Inlet ports, length m e a s u r e d a r a u n d c y l i n d e r w all303. H e ig h t inlet port mm305. E x haust ports, length m e a s u r e d a r o u n d c y l i n d e r w a ll306. H e ig h t e x h a u s t port m m308. T r an s fe r port, length m e a su r e d a r o u n d c y l i n d e r w all309. H e ig h t tra n sfe r port mm311. Piston ports, length m e a s u re d a r o u n d piston312. H eig h t piston port m m314. M e th o d o f p re c o m p re ssio n316. Bore mm in c h e s318. D istan ce f rom top o f cyl. blo ck to h ig h e st p o int o f e x h a u s t port 319. D istan ce f rom top o f cyl. blo ck to lo w e st p o in t o f inlet port : 320. D istan ce f ram top o f cyl. b lo c k to h ig h e st p o in t o f tra n s fe r port 321. D r a w in g o f c y lin d e r ports.S30"3>0F. I. A. Rec. N o.in. 304. A r e a n. 307. A r e a in. 310. A r e a.I.313. A r e a mm mm^ mm mm^ mm mm^ mm mm^315. P r e c o m p r e s s i o n cyl. : y e s ^o 317. Stroke rnmmmmm sq. in. in c h e s sq. in. in c h e s sq. in. in c h e s sq. in.in c h e s in c h e s in c h e s in c h e s330. S u p e r c h a r g i n g—state full details h e r e a f t e rJA PA N A U T O M O B IL E FEDERATIONK a z i m a r i K o m o t o r i, - jT p o g e 14。
The Design Document Design phase deliveries
The Design DocumentDesign phase: deliveries•Main delivery: design documentDesign = an activity that gives structure to the solution to a given problem •the design phase starts with the requirements document and maps the requirements into architecture•the architecture defines the components, their interfaces and behaviors•the design document describes a plan to implement the requirements•details on computer programming languages and environments, machines, packages, application architecture, distributedarchitecture layering, memory size, platform, algorithms, datastructures, global type definitions, interfaces, and many otherengineering details are established•may include the usage of existing componentsDesign document template (1)•Introduction•System Overview •Design Considerations–Assumptions andDependencies–General Constraints–Goals and Guidelines–Development Methods •Architectural Strategies–strategy-1 name ordescription–strategy-2 name ordescription–...•System Architecture–component-1 name ordescription–component-2 name ordescription–... •Policies and Tactics–policy/tactic-1 name ordescription–policy/tactic-2 name ordescription–...•Detailed System Design–module-1 name ordescription–module-2 name ordescription–...•Glossary•Bibliography(Software projects survival guide)Design document template (2)•Introduction–Describe the purpose, scope and intended audience–Identify the system/product using any applicable names and/or version numbers.–Provide references for any other pertinent documents such as: •Related and/or companion documents•Prerequisite documents•Documents which provide background and/or context for thisdocument•Documents that result from this document (e.g. a test plan or adevelopment plan)–Define any important terms, acronyms, or abbreviations–Summarize (or give an abstract for) the contents of this document.Design document template (3)•System Overview–Provide a general description of the software system:•functionality and•matters related to the overall system and its design•[discussion of the basic design approach or organization] •Design Considerations–describes many of the issues which need to be addressed or resolved before attempting to devise a complete design solution •Assumptions and Dependencies–Describe any assumptions or dependencies regarding the software and its use:•Related software or hardware•Operating systems•End-user characteristics•Possible and/or probable changes in functionalityDesign document template (4)•General Constraints–global limitations or constraints that have a significant impact on the design:•Hardware or software environment•End-user environment•Availability or volatility of resources•Standards compliance•Interoperability requirements•Interface/protocol requirements•Data repository and distribution requirements•Security requirements (or other such regulations)•Memory and other capacity limitations•Performance requirements•Network communications•Verification and validation requirements (testing)•Other means of addressing quality goals•Other requirements described in the requirements specificationDesign document template (5)•Goals and Guidelines–goals, guidelines, principles, or priorities which dominate or embody the design of the system's software:•The KISS principle ("Keep it simple stupid!")•Emphasis on speed versus memory use•working, looking, or "feeling" like an existing product –for each such goal or guideline, unless it is implicitly obvious, describe the reason for its desirability•Development Methods–describe the method or approach used for this software design –include a reference to a more detailed description of formal or published methodsDesign document template (6)•Architectural Strategies–decisions and/or strategies that affect the overall organization of the system and its higher-level structures–should provide insight into the key abstractions and mechanisms used in the system architecture–the reasoning employed for each decision and/or strategy and how any design goals or priorities were balanced or traded-off•Use of a particular type of product (programming language, database, library, etc. ...)•Reuse of existing software components to implement various parts/features of the system•Future plans for extending or enhancing the software•User interface paradigms (or system input and output models)•Hardware and/or software interface paradigms•Error detection and recovery•Memory management policies•External databases and/or data storage management and persistence•Distributed data or control over a network•Generalized approaches to control•Concurrency and synchronization•Communication mechanisms•Management of other resourcesDesign document template (7)•System Architecture–high-level overview of how the functionality and responsibilities of the system were partitioned and then assigned to subsystems or components –not too much detail about the individual components themselves–main purpose: to gain a general understanding of how and why the system was decomposed, and how the individual parts work together to provide the desiredfunctionality–major responsibilities that the software must undertake and the various roles that the system (or portions of the system) must play–how the system was broken down into its components/subsystems–how the higher-level components collaborate with each other–provide some sort of rationale for choosing this particular decomposition–make use of design patterns–include any diagrams, models, flowcharts, documented scenarios or use-cases of the system behavior and/or structure•Subsystem Architecture–more detailed discussion of particular components–how the component was further divided into subcomponents, and the relationships and interactions between the subcomponents–recurse if necessary, but leave the details for the Detailed System Design sectionDesign document template (8)•Policies and Tactics–Choice of which specific product to use (compiler, interpreter, database, library, etc. ...)–Engineering trade-offs–Coding guidelines and conventions–The protocol of one or more subsystems, modules, or subroutines–The choice of a particular algorithm or programming idiom (design pattern) to implement portions of the system's functionality –Plans for ensuring requirements traceability–Plans for testing the software–Plans for maintaining the software–Interfaces for end-users, software, hardware, and communications–Hierarchical organization of the source code into its physical components (files and directories).–How to build and/or generate the system's deliverables (how to compile, link, load, etc. ...)Design document template (9)•Detailed System Design–detailed description of the components introduced in “System Architecture”chapter–Classification•kind of component, such as a subsystem, module, class, package, function, file, etc. ....–Definition•specific purpose and semantic meaning of the component.–Responsibilities•primary responsibilities and/or behavior of this component:–What does this component accomplish? What roles does it play?–What kinds of services does it provide to its clients?–Constraints•relevant assumptions, limitations, or constraints for this component: on timing, storage, or state•might include rules for interacting with this component (preconditions, postconditions, invariants, data formats and data access, synchronization, exceptions, etc.) –Composition•description of the use and meaning of the subcomponents that are a part of this component.Design document template (10)•Detailed System Design(continuation)–Uses/Interactions•collaborations with other components:–What other components is this entity used by?–What other components does this entity use?•known or anticipated subclasses, superclasses, and metaclasses.–Resources•resources that are managed, affected, or needed by this entity: memory, processors, printers, databases, or a software library•discussion of any possible race conditions and/or deadlock situations, and how they might be resolved.–Processing•how this components goes about performing the duties necessary to fulfill its responsibilities•encompass a description of any algorithms used; changes of state; relevant time or space complexity; concurrency; methods of creation, initialization, and cleanup; andhandling of exceptional conditions.–Interface/Exports•services (resources, data, types, constants, subroutines, and exceptions) provided by this componentDesign document template (11)•Detailed Subsystem Design–detailed description of this software component (or a reference to sucha description)–include diagrams showing the details of component structure, behavior, or information/control flow•Glossary–ordered list of defined terms and concepts used throughout the document.•Bibliography–list of referenced and/or related publications.DevelopmentDevelopmentDevelopment = writing a program based on a designspecification•Types of development–Traditional–waterfall model -coding starts after the system is fully specified and models have beendesigned–Incremental–produce & deliver software inincrementsTraditional developmentIncremental developmentNeed for speed…•rapidly changing business environments lead to challenges for businesses:–they have to respond to new opportunities andcompetition–getting to a stable, consistent set of requirements isoften impossible•businesses require software, hence rapid development and delivery is becoming critical •businesses may be willing to accept lower quality software if rapid delivery of essential functionality is possibleSolution: rapid app development •Principles:–specification, design and implementation areconcurrent–no detailed specification–design documentation is minimized–the system is developed in a series of increments–end users•evaluate each increment•make proposals for later increments–system user interfaces are usually developed usingan interactive development systemRAD advantages•accelerated delivery of customer services –each increment delivers the highest priorityfunctionality to the customer•user engagement with the system –users have to be involved in the development1the system is more likely to meet theirrequirements1the users are more committed to the system.RAD disadvantages•Management problems–progress can be hard to judge–issues can be hard to find…because there is no documentation to demonstrate what has beendone•Contractual problems–the normal contract may include a specification…without a specification, different forms of contract have to be used •Validation problems…without a specification, what is the system being tested against?•Maintenance problems–continual change tends to corrupt software structure•it gets more expensive to change and evolve to meet newrequirementsRAD: How?...•Agile methods–focus on the code rather than the design–based on an iterative approach to software development–intended to deliver working software quickly and evolve this quickly to meet changing requirements.–probably best suited to small/medium-sized business systems or PC products2Extreme programming2Feature-driven developmentPrinciples of agile methods(Sommerville)Extreme programmingExtreme programming (XP)•‘extreme’approach to iterative development –requirements –expressed as scenarios (user stories)–programmers work in pairs–new versions may be built several times per day–increments –delivered to customers every 2 weeks –tests are developed before writing the code–all tests must be run for every build–the build is only accepted if tests run successfullyExtreme programming release cycleExtreme programming practices •Incremental planning–requirements stored on Story Cards–stories are broken into tasks•Small releases–first developed –essential functionality–releases are frequent; they add functionality incrementally•Simple design–restrict to what is neededExtreme programming practices•Test-first development–write tests for a new piece of functionality before implementing it•Refactoring–cleaning up the code–keeping it simple, maintainable•Pair programming–developers check each other’s jobExtreme programming practices•Collective ownership–developers own all code–developers work on all areas–anyone can change anything •Continuous integration– a finished task is integrated in the system–after the integration, all unit tests must passExtreme programming practices•Sustainable pace–Overtime not acceptable•On-site customer– a representative of the customer should be available full-time to the developers team –the customer is member of the teamTesting in XP•writing tests before code clarifies the requirements to be implemented.•tests are written as programs rather than data so that they can be executed automatically.•the test includes a check that it has to be executed correctly.•all previous and new tests are automatically run when new functionality is added, checking that the newfunctionality has not introduced errors.Pair programming in XP •programmers work in pairs, sitting together to develop code•this helps to develop common ownership of code and spreads knowledge across the team•it serves as an informal review process: each line of code is looked at by more than one person•it encourages refactoring as the whole team can benefit from this•development productivity with pair programming is similar to that of two people working independently.Feature-driven developmentFeature-driven development (FDD)•model-driven short-iteration process thatconsists of five basic activities •milestones defined–for accurate state reporting–for keeping track of the softwaredevelopment project–mark the progress made on each feature are definedFDD activitiesFDD activities•Develop overall model–start with a high-level walkthrough of the scope of the system–detailed domain walkthroughs are held for each modeling area–walkthrough models are composed by small groups and presented for peer review and discussion–one of the proposed models or a merge of them is selected –it becomes the model for that particular domain area–domain area models are merged into an overall model–the overall model shape is adjusted along the way.FDD activities•Build Feature List–use the knowledge gathered during the initial modeling to identify a list of features–functionally decompose the domain into subject areas–subject areas contain business activities–the steps within each business activity form the categorized feature list–features are small pieces of client-valued functionsexpressed in the form <action> <result> <object>,´Calculate the total of a sale´´Validate the password of a user´.–features should not take more than two weeks to complete, else they should be broken down into smaller pieces.FDD activities•Plan By Feature–produce the development plan–class ownership is done by ordering and assigning features (or feature sets) as classes to programmers•Design By Feature– a design package is produced for each feature– a chief programmer selects a small group of features that are to be developed within two weeks–together with the corresponding class owners, theprogrammer•works out detailed sequence diagrams for each feature•refines the overall model–the class and method prologues are written–at the end, a design inspection is held.FDD activities•Build By Feature–produce a completed client-valued function (feature)–class owners develop the actual code for their classes–after a unit test and a successful code inspection, the completed feature is promoted to the main buildFDD: Milestones•milestones mark the progress –important for accurate state reporting and keeping track of the development •FDD defines six milestones per feature that are to be completed sequentially–the first three are completed during the Design By Feature activity–the last three are completed during the Build By Feature activity•a percentage complete is assigned to each milestone。
The Best Cars for a Luxurious and Opulent Interior
The Best Cars for a Luxurious andOpulent InteriorWhen it comes to luxury cars, the interior is often a key factor that sets them apart from more mainstream vehicles. A luxurious and opulent interior can make the driving experience truly special, providing comfort, style, and cutting-edge technology. In this article, we will explore some of the best cars on the market known for their exquisite interiors. One of the top contenders in the luxury car segment is the Mercedes-Benz S-Class. Known for its impeccable craftsmanship and attention to detail, the S-Class offers a truly luxurious interior that is second to none. From premium leather upholstery to high-end materials like wood and metal accents, every inch of the S-Class's cabin exudes sophistication. The seats are not only comfortable but also offer a variety of massage and heating/cooling functions to ensure a truly relaxing ride. The latest technology features, such as the MBUX infotainment system and advanced driver assistance systems, further enhance the overall driving experience. Another standout in the luxury car market is the Bentley Continental GT. This grand tourer is renowned for its opulent interior, featuring handcrafted leather seats, exquisite wood veneers, and metal trim pieces that are a testament to Bentley's commitment to luxury. The attention to detail is evident in every aspect of the cabin, from the precision stitching on the seats to the intricate design of the dashboard. The Continental GT also offers a wealth of customization options, allowing buyers to tailor the interior to their exact specifications. With a powerful engine under the hood and a sumptuous interior, the Bentley Continental GT is the epitome of luxury on wheels. For those looking for a more eco-friendly option, the Tesla Model S is a top choice in the luxury electric car segment. While Tesla may be known for its cutting-edge technology and impressive performance, the Model S also offers a luxurious interior that rivals traditional luxury car brands. The minimalist design of the cabin is complemented by premium materials like vegan leather and sustainable wood trim, creating a modern and upscale feel. The large touchscreen display in the center console serves as the focal point of the interior, providing access to all of the car's features with atouch of a finger. With its smooth ride and whisper-quiet electric powertrain, the Tesla Model S offers a luxurious driving experience that is also environmentally conscious. Moving on to the SUV segment, the Range Rover Velar stands out as a top choice for those seeking a luxurious and opulent interior in a larger vehicle. The Velar's cabin is a masterclass in design, featuring high-quality materialslike premium leather, aluminum, and wood trim that exude elegance. The seats are not only comfortable but also offer a range of adjustment options to ensure a perfect fit for every passenger. The dual touchscreen infotainment system adds a high-tech touch to the interior, allowing for easy access to navigation, entertainment, and climate control functions. With its smooth ride and off-road capabilities, the Range Rover Velar offers a luxurious driving experience both on and off the beaten path. In the sports car segment, the Porsche 911 stands out as a top choice for those looking for a luxurious interior in a performance-oriented vehicle. The 911's cabin is a blend of sportiness and luxury, featuring premium materials like leather and carbon fiber accents that create a high-end feel. The seats are not only supportive but also offer a range of adjustment options to ensure a comfortable ride, even during spirited driving. The latest technology features, such as the Porsche Communication Management system and advanced driver assistance systems, further enhance the overall driving experience. With its powerful engine and agile handling, the Porsche 911 offers a luxurious driving experience that is also thrilling and exhilarating. In conclusion, there are several top contenders in the luxury car market known for their luxurious and opulent interiors. From the Mercedes-Benz S-Class to the Bentley Continental GT, these vehicles offer a level of comfort, style, and technology that is unmatched in the automotive world. Whether you prefer a large sedan, a sleek sports car, or a versatile SUV, there is a luxury car out there that will cater to your every need. So if you are in the market for a vehicle that offers the ultimate in luxury and opulence, look no further than these top contenders in the luxury car segment.。
奇思妙想 折叠汽车 作文
奇思妙想折叠汽车作文英文回答：Folding cars? That sounds like something out of a sci-fi movie! But hey, I'm all for innovation and thinking outside the box, so let's explore this idea.Imagine a car that can fold itself up into a compact size, making it easier to park and store. It could be a game-changer for urban dwellers like me who struggle to find parking spaces. Just think about it no more circling the block for hours, no more parallel parking nightmares. With a folding car, I could simply pull up to my destination, press a button, and watch as my car neatly folds itself into a small package.But how would it work? Well, I envision a car with flexible materials and joints that allow it to fold and unfold. Think of it like origami, where the car's body panels and roof can fold inward or outward, reducing itsoverall size. Of course, safety would be a top priority, so the car would need to have sturdy construction and secure locking mechanisms to ensure it stays in place when folded.Now, let's talk about the benefits of a folding car. Aside from the obvious convenience of parking, it could also have a positive impact on the environment. With smaller cars taking up less space on the road, traffic congestion could be reduced, resulting in fewer emissions and a cleaner atmosphere. Plus, imagine the possibilities for car-sharing services or rental companies. They couldfit more cars in their fleets, making transportation more accessible and affordable for everyone.But like any new technology, there would be challenges to overcome. Safety regulations and crash testing would need to be adapted to account for the unique design of a folding car. And what about maintenance? Would it be more complicated or expensive to repair a car with moving parts? These are all factors that would need to be carefully considered and addressed.中文回答：折叠汽车？听起来就像是科幻电影中的东西！但是嘿，我支持创新和超越常规的思维，所以让我们来探索这个想法。
在车上签合同的朋友圈文案
在车上签合同的朋友圈文案英文回答：When it comes to signing contracts in the car, it definitely adds a unique touch to the whole experience.It's not your typical office setting or conference room, but rather a more casual and relaxed environment. The idea of sealing a deal while on the move brings a sense of adventure and excitement. Plus, it allows for some interesting conversations and bonding moments with the people involved.Imagine cruising down the highway, wind in your hair, and discussing the terms of a contract with your business partner. It's like combining business with pleasure, making the whole process much more enjoyable. And let's not forget the convenience factor. Instead of scheduling a meeting at a specific location, you can simply hop in the car and get things done on the go.Furthermore, signing contracts in the car can also be seen as a symbol of trust and flexibility. It shows that both parties are willing to adapt and make things work,even in unconventional settings. It demonstrates a level of openness and willingness to think outside the box. Thiskind of mindset can lead to innovative solutions and stronger relationships between business partners.中文回答：在车上签合同绝对能给整个经历增添独特的特色。
2023年报检员之报检员资格考试自测提分题库加精品答案
2023年报检员之报检员资格考试自测提分题库加精品答案单选题（共30题）1、英译汉：“date of despatch”，正确的翻译为（）。
A.生产日期B.发货日期C.签证日期D.到货日期【答案】 B2、Sales ContractA.BuyersB.ImportersC.SellersD.Shippers【答案】 C3、杭州一公司进口一批电脑显示器，从深圳口岸入境，拟在货物通关后运到上海再分销给尤锡和南京的零售商。
该公司在办理报检手续时，入境货物报检单的“目的地”一栏应填写( )A.深圳B.杭州C.无锡和南京D.上海【答案】 D4、代理报检企业发生以下行为，将被撤销代理报检企业注册登记的是（）。
A.出让其名义供他人办理代理报检业务B.未按照规定建立、完善代理报检业务档案C.不能真实完整地记录其承办的代理报检业务D.未按期申请例行审核【答案】 A5、出口危险货物的生产企业，应向检验检疫机构申请包装容器的（）。
A.性能检验B.使用鉴定C.适载检验D.残损鉴定【答案】 B6、赔货货物进境，海关凭（）检验检疫机构签发的验放。
A.检验检疫不合格证明B.入境货物检验检疫情况通知单C.用于索赔的检验证书正本D.〈入境货物通关单〉以及用于索赔的检验证书副本【答案】 D7、The product was inspected and quarantined by the competent authority, in accordance ( )A.onB.toC.forD.with【答案】 D8、江苏A食品厂生产一批冷冻香菇出口美国，8000千克/20000美元，纸箱包装，内用山东生产的塑料袋包装，香菇原料从浙江B蔬菜基地采购。
该批货物计划装于集装箱中从上海口岸出口。
信用证中要求A食品厂须取得FDA注册并提供该批货物的植物检疫证书。
A.卫生注册登记（备案）B.FDA注册C.蔬菜种植基地备案D.国外收货人备案登记【答案】 A9、报检人在非贸易性质的报检时，凭（）可直接办理报检手续。
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基于FPGA的汽车信号灯
控制器设计方案REVISION HISTORY
目录
基于FPGA的汽车信号灯控制器设计方案 (1)
1. 文档介绍 (3)
1.1 文档目的 (3)
1.2 文档范围 (3)
1.3 参考文献 (3)
2. 系统概述 (3)
3. 设计约束 (4)
4. 设计策略 (4)
5. 系统总体结构 (4)
6. 开发环境的配置 (6)
1. 文档介绍
1.1 文档目的
本文档是为了描述利用FPGA来模拟信号控制灯的系统而设计的，在文档中对多种不同的设计进行简要的描述和权衡比较。
利用分解视图，实现视图，执行视图和任务视图来从系统的各个方面进行描述，得出通俗易懂的设计方案。
1.2 文档范围
本文档是为了设计信号控制系统而设计的，按照RUP的《软件架构文档模板》编写，用来指导系统的设计。
1.3 参考文献
[可编程逻辑系统VHDL设计技术] Kevin Skahill[美]，东南大学出版社，1998：59-60
[汽车信号灯控制系统的设计] 郝宁生
[汽车车灯控制系统的VHDL语言实现] 郑应民
2. 系统概述
本系统是一个信号灯的控制系统，它是在FPGA实验平台上实现的，主要用来熟悉汽车信号灯的控制方式，并且可以在实验平台上加入一些自己认为有价值的模块。
系统的主要功能描述如下：
(1) 左/右转弯(合上左/右转弯开关)：左/右转弯灯闪烁，对应的仪表灯亮
(2) 紧急开关合上：所有灯闪烁。
(3) 刹车(合上刹车开关)：左右尾灯亮。
(4) 左/右转弯刹车：左/右转弯灯闪烁（频率高），左右尾灯亮。
(5) 刹车、合上紧急开关：尾灯亮、其它灯闪烁。
(6) 停靠(合上停靠开关)：头灯、尾灯闪烁。
(7) 夜间（合上示宽开关）：左/右示宽灯亮。
(8）复位开关：所有灯灭（初始状态）。
3. 设计约束
本设计在FPGA实验平台上实现，因此所设计的模块必须与实验平台相对应。
设计所用的程序用Verilog HDL语言来编写。
初步准备将程序得用QUARTUS II软件来综合，利用Modelsim软件来进行仿真。
4. 设计策略
我们的设计工作主要分为两个阶段，首先是系统仿真功能的实现，这也是一个基本阶段，就是实现在实验板上对相应的信号灯进行控制。
其次是优化阶段，因为目前的信号灯控制系统都是基于人工操作的，但是在一些情况下难免会发生意外，例如，我们有些时候会忘记相应的操作，这样难免会给其它的驾驶员发出错误的信号，造成不好的结果。
因此在优化阶段我们会考虑是否可以用系统代替人来完成转向灯控制的操作。
如果得到了这样一种方法，我们就可以在第一阶段的基础上来进行测试。
因为它只是代替了人工操作这一环节，因此可以直接利用第一阶段完成程序来测试结果。
5. 系统总体结构
系统主要包含三个子模块，主要的是控制模块，也就是用来处理接收到的操作信息，然后再将控制数据传输出去。
接下来是操作模块，它用来输入操作员想要实现的功能。
显示模块是对操作的反馈，说明系统是否成功实现。
这三个模块全部在FPGA开发板上，利用开发板的电路来完成系统。
在对系统上电以后首先进行的是复位的工作，复位后的系统直接进入查询模式，就是查询对应的输入有没有变化，也就是查询键盘有没有出现高电平或者上升沿，如果没有出现的话那么就进行一个空操作，继续查询输入的设备有没有操作。
控制模块
操作模块显示模块
系统分解视图
当按下一个按键时，也就是对系统作出了一个操作，那么由系统扫描8个键盘的输入信号电平，然后传送到控制芯片中，在控制芯片中对相应的输入状态进行比较，比较的对象是已经存储在芯片中的状态（因为本电路就涉及8个状态，因此可以利用比较的方法来设计）。
将比较的结果转化为相应的输出来驱动LED 二极管来显示结果。
实现视图如下所示：
系统的实现视图
例如操作员只按下了按键3，那么就会向系统提出一个中断请求，由系统响应中断并扫描键盘阵，因为只按下了一个键，则扫描得到的结果就是00001000（设高电平为1，低电平为0，如果按键按下，则对应的位就为高）。
系统将扫描的结果合成一个数组，与存储的状态（也是8位的数组）进行比较，然后选择正确的状态后将结果传送给输出（显示模块）。
下图所示是系统的执行视图：
系
统
储
存
的
状
态
系统执行视图
6. 开发环境的配置
系统在FPGA实验平台上开发，要用到的主要实验板就是ML505 Evaluation Platform，如下图所示，程序仿真和综合我们利用QUARTUS II和Modelsim相结合来完成，因为Modelsim有很强大的仿真功能，在仿真这一环节能够很好的测试程序，但它不具备综合功能。
因此将它们综合起来使用，互相补充，可以达到很好的效果。
ML505FPGA开发平台。