商业银行绿色信贷研究外文文献翻译
商业银行信贷风险管理外文文献翻译中文3000多字
商业银行信贷风险管理外文文献翻译中文3000多字Credit risk management is a XXX business。
financing ns。
payment and settlement。
and other XXX。
credit XXX risk factor for commercial banks。
XXX such as life risk and uncertainty.Effective credit risk management is essential for commercial banks to minimize the impact of credit losses。
This involves identifying and assessing potential risks。
XXX strategies。
XXX。
By doing so。
commercial banks XXX the potential for credit losses.One of the key components of credit risk management iscredit analysis。
This involves evaluating the orthiness of borrowers to determine the likelihood of default。
Credit analysis XXX's financial history。
credit score。
collateral。
XXX credit analysis。
commercial banks can make informed lending ns and minimize the risk of default.Another important aspect of credit risk management is credit XXX can also help commercial banks XXX.In n。
商业银行信贷风险管理外文翻译
文献信息：文献标题：Credit Risk Management Strategies and Their Impact on Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya（信贷风险管理策略及其对肯尼亚商业银行绩效的影响）国外作者：Samuel Warui Mutua，Muoni Gekara文献出处：《Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research》,2017, 3(4):1896-1904字数统计：英文2891单词，15678字符；中文4915汉字外文文献：Credit Risk Management Strategies and Their Impact on Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya Abstract Credit risk management strategies are amongst the most critical factors to consider for any financial institution involved in any lending activity. Financial institutions have often find themselves making decisions between lending to potential borrowers thus effectively growing their balance sheets and effectively increasing their returns and being cautious in lending to caution themselves against any potential losses. Specifically, the research sought to examine credit risk management strategies and their impact on performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The research was guided by the liquidity theory of credit, portfolio theory, credit risk theory and the tax theory of credit.The research was based on a descriptive design which involves describing the current state of affairs by use of data collected through questionnaires and interviews. The research was focused on selected Tier III commercial banks in Kenya namely Consolidated Bank, African Banking Corporation and Credit Bank with reference to the loans department. The sampled population consists of 62 staff members from loans department of Consolidated Bank, African Banking Corporation and CreditBank. Primary data was collectedthrough the use of closed ended questionnaires, pick and drop procedure was used to collect data through use of the registered offices of the targeted loans departments of the target banks. Data analysis was done both quantitatively using tables and charts; this was then summarized, coded, tabulated and analyzed using both descriptive statistics and measures of variability with aid of SPSS package. Tables and graphs were used to present the data collected for ease of understanding and analysis. From the findings, the study concludes that credit risk management strategies including credit risk rating risks, credit approval risks, portfolio management risks and security perfection risks positively affect performance of commercial banks in Kenya.Key words: Credit risk management practices, commercial banks1.IntroductionCredit risk refers to the potential for loss as a resultof failure of counter party to meet their obligations of paying the financial institution according to the agreed terms. Credit exposures may arise from both banking and trading books. Management of credit risks requires a framework of well set out policies and procedures covering measurement and management of the credit risk (Barth et al, 2004).While financial institutions have faced difficulties over the years for a multitude of reasons, the major cause of serious banking problems continues to be directly related to lax credit standards for borrowers and counterparties, poor portfolio risk management, or a lack of attention to changes in economic or other circumstances that can lead to a deterioration in the credit standing of a bank’s counterparties. This experience is common in both the developed and developing countries.For most banks, loans are the largest and most obvious source of credit risk; however, other sources of credit risk exist throughout the activities of a bank,including in the banking book and in the trading book, and both on and off the balance sheet. Banks are increasingly facing credit risk (or counterparty risk) in various financial instruments other thanloans, including acceptances, interbank transactions, trade financing, foreign exchange transactions, financial futures, swaps,bonds, equities, options, and in the extension of commitments and guarantees, and the settlement of transactions.Each bank should develop a credit risk strategy or plan that establishes the objectives guiding thebank’s credit-granting activities and adopt the necessary policies and procedures for conducting such activities. The credit risk strategy, as well as significant credit risk policies, should be approved and periodically (at least annually) reviewed by the board of directors. The board needs to recognize thatthe strategy and policies must cover the many activities of the bank in which credit exposure is a significant risk (Haron et al, 2007).Credit Management is a financial management aspect that includes credit underwriting that encompasses analysis, approval, security perfection, portfolio management and debt recovery. Nzotta (2004) indicated that credit management directly influences the success or failures of financial institution involved in lending activities. He indicated that on the hindsight of lending being directly proportionalto the quantum of deposits received from the public, any unwise credit underwriting would translateto loss of depositors’ funds and losses to the financial institutions thereof.According to a report by Earnest and Young of 2013 on the banking environment in East Africa, it is reported that banks in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda recorded growth rates in asset book of 16%, 14%, 13% and 12% respectively. This was on the advent of introduction of credit bureaus that was expected to improve on credit underwriting by improving decision making by 89% and effectively help reduce Non Performing portfolios across the board by 94%. Between the year 2009 and 2013, banks in Tanzania grew their CAGR by 17.5% with loans and advances outpacing overall asset growth which grew by 22.5% over the same period. In Uganda, the CAGR of banks grew by 13% whilst the growth in Rwanda was 12% in an economy that grew by 4.6%. In the period under review high loan provisioning occasioned by aggressive pursuit by various players to grow their balance sheets withouta simultaneous enhanced credit underwriting amongst other factors was highlighted as a reason high provisions were witnessed.Josiah Aduda and James Gitonga (2011) carried out a research on the relationship between credit risk management and profitability among the commercial banks in Kenya. They found out that a strong relationship does exist between credit management and profitability and that most banks held to this belief. Gatuhu (2011) conducted a research on the effect of financial performance of credit management on the financial performance of microfinance institutions in Kenya. Gatuhu found that there existed a strong relationship between credit appraisal of microfinance institutions, credit risk control and collection policy and the overall performance of microfinance institutions in Kenya. The period commencing second half of the year 2015 to the first half of 2016 witnessed particularly difficult times for the banking industry in Kenya with 3 out the then existing 43 commercial banks going under or being placed under statutory management. These were influenced by in one way directly or indirectly to issues revolving around weak credit management strategies.2.Statement of the ProblemThe main objective of any institution involved in money lending is to ensure that a healthy return is realized adequate to cover for all the risks assumedin addition to covering the foregone time value for money. In trying to attain this objective, prudence must be exercised to en sure that unnecessaryrisk isn’t taken that would most probably lead to unprecedented losses. It is for this reason that various institutions involved in money lending are guided by various frameworks to ensure care is exercised in making such decisions.There is an extensive literature on the managementof credit risk in commercial banks. Kealhofer (2003) did a research study on risk-adjusted performance measures in commercial banks. The measures, however, focus on risk-return trade-off, i.e. measuring the risk inherent in each activity and charge it accordingly for the capital required to support it. Greuning and Bratanovic (2003), studied sound credit granting process; maintaining an appropriate credit administration that involves monitoring process as well as adequate controls over credit risk.Clear established process for approving new credits and extending the existingcredits has been observed to be very important while managing credit risk (Heffernan, 2003). Mwirigi, (2006) didan assessment of the credit risk management techniques adopted by various MFIs in Kenya and ascertained that a considerable number of them had credit policies to enable them make informed credit decisions that stroke a balance between businessandrisk perspectives. Ndwiga, (2010) and Chege, (2010) both did a research to ascertain the relationship between credit risk management and the financial performance of MFIs in Kenya.There is no known study that has been done on strategic credit policies for risk management, thus knowledge gap. This study aims at establishing the credit risk management used by commercial banks and how they affect performance of the commercial banks. This research study is motivated to bridge the gap by investigating credit risk management strategies employed by commercial banks, especially Tier III banks in Kenya and how this impacts on their financial performance. In the commercial banks, management of credit risk has caused bank losses in developing countries, including Kenya. Effective credit risk management system minimizes the credit risk, hence the level of loan losses.3.Theoretical Review3.1.Liquidity Theory of CreditThis theory, first proposed by (Emery, 2009), proposes that credit rationed firms use more trade credit than those with normal access to financial institutions. The central point of this notion is that when a firm is financially inhibited the offer of trade credit can make up for the decline of credit offer from lending institutions.Inaccordwith thisview,those firms presenting good liquidity or better access to capital markets can finance those that are credit rationed. Several methodologies have tried to obtain empirical confirmation in order to support this assumption. Nielsen (2012), using small firms as proxy for credit rationed firms, firms find that when there is liquidity tightening in the economy, to ensure their sustainability, they are obligated to advance credit terms to their customers. As financially liberal firms are less likely to seek trade credit terms and more likely toextend the same, a negative relation between a buyers’ access to other sources of financing and trade credit is expected. (Petersen & Rajan, 2007) obtained evidence supporting this negative relation.3.2.Portfolio TheoryPortfolio theory of investment tries to optimize the expected portfolio return for a given proportion of portfolio risk or equivalently decrease the risk for a given level of anticipated return, by carefully choosing the mixed proportions of several assets. Portfolio theory is extensively used in practice in the financial sector and several of its inventors won a Nobel Prize for the same. In modern years the basic portfolio theory has been widely criticized by fields such as behavioral economics (Markowitz, 1952). Portfolio theory was devel oped in 1950’s all through to the early 1970’s and was considered a vital progression in the mathematical modeling of finance. Many theoretical and practical criticisms have since been developed against the same. This include the fact that financial returns do not follow a Gaussian distribution or indeed any symmetric distribution and those correlations between asset classes (Sproul, 1998)3.3.Tax Theory of CreditThe rationale of whether or not to accept a trade credit is based on the ability to access other sources of finances. A buyer is obliged to compare different financing options to find out which will be the most economically viable for them in making cost savings. In any business deal, payment may be on the spot or deferred to a date in the future, in which case a deferred cost element is attached to it in the form of interest. Thus, to find the best sources of funding, the buyer ought to investigate the real cost of borrowing. (Brick and Fung, 1984) suggest that, the tax effect should be considered in order to compare the trade credit cost with the cost of other financing options. The main reason for this is that if sellers and buyers are in different tax brackets, they have different costs of borrowing as their interests are tax allowable. The autho rs’ hypothesis is that; businesses in a high tax bracket tend to advance more trade credit thanthosein low brackets. Subsequently, only buyers in a low tax bracket than the seller will accept credit terms, since those in a higher tax brackets couldborrow more cheaply and directly from a financial organization. Another assumption is that businesses associated with a given sector and placed in a tax bracket below the specific sector average; cannot benefit from offering trade credit. Thus, (Brick and Fung 1984) propose that firms can’t use and offer trade credit.3.4.Credit Risk TheoryUntil barely the 1970s’, Credit risk had not been widely studied, although people have been facing credit risk ever since the very early times. Before 1974, early literature on credit risk used traditional actuarial methods of assessing the same, whosemajor challenge lies in their extensive dependence on historical data. Up to now there are three quantitative approaches of analyzing credit risk: structural approach, reduced form appraisal and incomplete information approach (Crosbie et al, 2003). Melton 1974, presented the credit risk theory else called the structural theory; which said the default event originates from a firm’s asset development displayed by a diffusion process with constant parameters.Such models are ordinarily defined as ‘Structural model’ and based on variables connected to a particular issuer. An evolution of this grouping is characterized by asset of models where the loss provisional on default is exogenously precise. In these models, the nonpayment can happenthroughout all the life of a corporate bond and not only at maturity (Longstaff and Schwartz, 1995).4.MethodologyThe study used descriptive research designAccording to Oso and Onen (2009) prior to carrying out the study there is need to determine the respondents, the data collection procedures, tools and instruments which would aid in data collection. According to Kothari, 2007. It involves describing the current state of affairs by use of data collected through questionnaires and interviews. Descriptive research design is qualitative whose main purpose is description of the state of affairs as it exists.Descriptive research seeks to establish factors associated with certain occurrences, outcomes, conditions or types of behavior. A complete set of people, events or objects from which the study seeks to generalize the results is known aspopulation (Mugenda, 2009). The study will concentrate on the 20 Tier III Commercial Banks Licensed by Central Bank of Kenya.Stratified sampling technique will be used in the collectionofsampleswherethe20TierIIIcommercial banks will be stratified into three categories which are; Government owned, Local Investors owned and Foreign Investor owned, further into male and female, also a mix of Experienced Managers, Senior Officers and Junior Credit officers, out of which 62 Employees will be selected to participate in the study. Purposive sampling will also be used so as to include Heads of Credit Units and also ensure all key credit operational areas are covered in the sample.In this study, a population consists of 62 staff from loans department of Consolidated Bank, African Banking Corporation and Credit Bank.The main tool for data collection in this study was a questionnaire. A closed ended questionnaire was preferred. The questions were designed based on Likert scale which allowed the respondentsto express their view on the study variables. According to Kothari (2007) open - ended questions allow respondents to give answers in their own way, whilst Closed - ended questions or forced choice questions provide an assortment of alternative answers from which the respondent is constrained to choose.The data collected was analyzed and interpretations drawn based on the analysis. Descriptive statistics was used in the analysis of quantitative data. The statistical tool for the analysis was the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) Version 20, which was used to analyze the data whereby the questionnaires would be coded and frequency distributions and percentages run.5.ConclusionsThey have a positive significant relationship on performance of commercial banksin Kenya. Sound credit rating mechanism is perceived as a great contributor towards the performance of credit facilities in commercial banks. This by and large affects the performance of the banks as a whole since the banks’ profitability are hinged on its credit services. There needs to be frequent credit trainings to improve onstaff competencies to ensure they are always kept abreast with developments in the industry to ensure appropriate credit underwriting is always done, this will inturn ensure, proper segmentation and accounts review is also done with an aim to ensure the credit element in a bank is well covered.There is need for inclusion of collateral appraisal. Since the credit approval risks are in turn influenced by therisk appetite of various commercial banks, a matrix acceptable to all banks based on factors such as capital strength and customer bases should be developed to ensure that an institution doesn’t necessarily take up risks that is too high that might impairably damage their overall financial strength and health should any unprecedented shocks materialize due to the risks taken by a bank.There is however need to review the provision requirementsas detailed by the Prudential Guidelines (PGs) to realign the same with the evolving banking environment which has seen a significant shift since the PGs were last reviewed. An all-inclusive forumto realign the provision requirement should be held between all the relevant stakeholders including the regulator (CBK) and the Commercial banks to arrive at ideal reviewed rates in line with the evolved banking environment.There is however need for Tier III banks to be more risk averse to unsecured lending and opt for asset backed lending. This is more so influencedby the fact that their balance sheets are relatively smaller which makes them unable to withstand shocks that may emanate from provisioning that would be occasionedby higherrequirements toprovision forthe unsecured borrowings or weakly secured exposures.中文译文：信贷风险管理策略及其对肯尼亚商业银行绩效的影响摘要信用风险管理策略是所有参与贷款活动的金融机构最重要的考虑因素之一。
我国商业银行开展绿色信贷的研究
我国商业银行开展绿色信贷业务研究摘要多年来，在经济发展的过程中，人们并没有同步重视保护自己赖以生存的环境，目前，环保问题已经成了全世界关注的重点问题。
尤其是进入二十一世纪以来，世界各国更是做出了很多的努力和尝试，我国现在也进入了经济结构绿色转型的阶段，从2007年以后，我国政府不断推出相关的指南和规定，促使商业银行、广大企业和全社会都进入环保的进程，并且取得了较好的成效。
本文先对绿色信贷、赤道原则和商业银行信贷风险等基础概念进行评析，为我国推行绿色信贷进行理论基础的铺垫，在此基础上，重点对我国的银行业进行绿色信贷的实践现状进行分析，找出其不足，并且提供了改进的措施和建议，旨在促进我国的经济转型顺利进行，经济实现健康的、可持续发展。
关键词商业银行；绿色信贷；可持续发展；社会责任Study on Green Credit of China’s Commercial BanksAbstractIn the process of economic development,many serious environmental problems appear because the lack of protecting environment at the same time.Nowadays,the environmental problems have become a focus issue that all countries concerned.And many countries struggled to find a way to solve this problem,especially as we entered the 21st Century.China has came into the green transformation of economic structure,since 2007,our government continued to come up with many relevant guide and rules,which forced the commercial banks、all the companies and the whole society to think about protecting the environment,in this way,the green credit works.This paper first analyses the green credit environment economics、the Equator Principle and risk precaution of the commercial banks,on the basis of all these conceptions,in the green credit practice status analysis of China’s banking institutions,find out all the drawbacks of the commercial banks and give advice to all the institutions.The main purpose is to help the economic develop in a healthy and sustainable way.Key words: Commercial Banks; Green Credit Mechanism; Sustainable Development;Social Responsibility目录摘要 (1)Abstract (2)目录 (3)第1章绪论 (5)1.1研究背景 (5)1.2国内外研究现状 (5)1.2.1国外研究现状 (5)1.2.2国内研究现状 (6)1.3研究目的和意义 (7)1.3.1研究目的 (7)1.3.2研究意义 (7)第2章绿色信贷和商业银行信贷风险管理相关理论 (7)2.1绿色信贷的概述 (7)2.1.1绿色信贷的概念 (7)2.1.2绿色信贷的特点 (8)2.1.3绿色信贷的发展 (8)2.2商业银行信贷风险管理 (9)2.2.1商业银行信贷风险管理的定义 (9)2.2.2商业银行信贷风险管理的内容 (9)2.3赤道原则概述 (9)2.3.1赤道原则的概念 (9)2.3.2赤道原则的内容 (9)2.3.3赤道原则的借鉴 (10)2.4本章小结 (10)第3章商业银行绿色信贷业务发展现状和存在的问题 (11)3.1商业银行绿色信贷业务的发展现状 (11)3.1.1商业银行简介 (11)3.1.2商业银行绿色信贷业务总体状况 (11)3.2申请绿色信贷企业自身存在的问题 (11)3.2.1 企业抗风险能力弱 (11)3.2.2 信息反馈来源少 (12)3.2.3 企业管理体制不规范 (12)3.2.4 易发生道德风险 (12)3.3 商业银行信用风险管理存在的问题 (12)3.2.1相关技术型人才缺失 (12)3.2.2信贷风险评估体制不健全 (12)3.4本章小结 (13)第4章绿色信贷风险防范的对策和建议 (13)4.1商业银行绿色信贷风险防范的对策 (13)4.1.1推进绿色信贷机制建设 (13)4.1.2建立绿色信贷长效机制 (13)4.1.3嘉庆绿色信贷统计监测 (13)4.2商业银行信贷风险防范的建议 (13)4.2.1完善绿色信贷风险评估体系 (13)4.2.2发行绿色金融创新产品 (14)4.2.3完善绿色信贷监督责任机制 (14)4.2.4加强绿色信贷激励机制 (14)4.3本章小结 (14)结论 (14)参考文献 (15)致谢 (16)第1章绪论1.1研究背景目前，我国的经济发展速度迅猛，据国家统计局数据显示，即便是最近几年的国际形势动荡复杂，我国2015年的国内生产总值达到了676708亿元，并且每个季度都实现了同比增长，这比我国实行改革开放的1978年的3650亿元GDP 总量，翻了超过一百八十倍，由此可见我国的经济发展势头增长喜人，但是，由于在发展的前期，政府和企业的目光都不够长远，对环境保护和节约资源这些重要的方面并不够在意，因此，目前我国的大部分地区都尝到了这样发展的恶果，比如北京全年大部分时间收到雾霾的困扰，黄河流域的省市受到水土流失的困扰，直接导致了我国走上了先污染、再治理的老路，这些环境问题不仅给一个省或者市这样的区域内的人民的生活带来了不便，并且也不断地向外扩张，不仅对我国的大部分地区都有影响，同时也随着大自然的活动，对世界各国都造成影响。
商业银行风险管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
商业银行风险管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)“RISK MANAGEMENT IN COMMERCIAL BANKS”(A CASE STUDY OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS) - ABSTRACT ONLY1. PREAMBLE:1.1 Risk Management:The future of banking will undoubtedly rest on risk management dynamics. Only those banks that have efficient risk management system will survive in the market in the long run. The effective management of credit risk is a critical component of comprehensive risk management essential for long-term success of a banking institution. Credit risk is the oldest and biggest risk that bank, by virtue of its very nature of business, inherits. This has however, acquired a greater significance in the recent past for various reasons. Foremost among them is the wind of economic liberalization that is blowing across the globe. India is no exception to this swing towards market driven economy. Competition from within and outside the country has intensified. This has resulted in multiplicity of risks both in number and volume resulting in volatile markets. A precursor to successful management of credit risk is a clear understanding about risks involved in lending, quantifications of risks within each item of the portfolio and reaching a conclusion as to the likely composite credit risk profile of a bank.The corner stone of credit risk management is the establishment of a framework that defines corporate priorities, loan approval process, credit risk rating system, risk-adjusted pricing system, loan-review mechanism and comprehensive reporting system.1.2 Significance of the study:The fundamental business of lending has brought trouble to individual banks and entire banking system. It is, therefore, imperative that the banks are adequate systems for credit assessment of individual projects and evaluating risk associated therewith as well as the industry as a whole. Generally, Banks in India evaluate a proposal through the traditional tools of project financing, computing maximum permissible limits, assessing management capabilities and prescribing a ceiling for an industry exposure. As banks move in to a new high powered world of financial operations and trading, with new risks, the need is felt for more sophisticated and versatile instruments for risk assessment, monitoring and controlling risk exposures. It is, therefore, time that banks managements equip themselves fully to grapple with the demands of creating tools and systems capable of assessing, monitoring and controlling risk exposures in a more scientific manner.Credit Risk, that is, default by the borrower to repay lent money, remains the most important risk to manage till date. The predominance of credit risk is even reflected in the composition of economic capital, which banks are required to keep a side for protection against various risks. According to one estimate, Credit Risk takes about 70% and 30%remaining is shared between the other two primary risks, namely Market risk (change in the market price and operational risk i.e., failure of internal controls, etc.). Quality borrowers (Tier-I borrowers) were able to access the capital market directly without going through the debt route. Hence, the credit route is now more open to lesser mortals (Tier-II borrowers).With margin levels going down, banks are unable to absorb the level of loan losses. There has been very little effort to develop a method where risks could be identified and measured. Most of the banks have developed internal rating systems for their borrowers, but there hasbeen very little study to compare such ratings with the final asset classification and also to fine-tune the rating system. Also risks peculiar to each industry are not identified and evaluated openly. Data collection is regular driven. Data on industry-wise, region-wise lending, industry-wise rehabilitated loan, can provide an insight into the future course to be adopted.Better and effective strategic credit risk management process is a better way to Manage portfolio credit risk. The process provides a framework to ensure consistency between strategy and implementation that reduces potential volatility in earnings and maximize shareholders wealth. Beyond and over riding the specifics of risk modeling issues, the challenge is moving towards improved credit risk management lies in addressing banks’readiness and openness to accept change to a more transparent system, to rapidly metamorphosing markets, to more effective and efficient ways of operating and to meet market requirements and increased answerability to stake holders.There is a need for Strategic approach to Credit Risk Management (CRM) in Indian Commercial Banks, particularly in view of;(1) Higher NPAs level in comparison with global benchmark(2) RBI’ s stipulation about dividend distribution by the banks(3) Revised NPAs level and CAR norms(4) New Basel Capital Accord (Basel –II) revolutionAccording to the study conducted by ICRA Limited, the gross NPAs as a proportion of total advances for Indian Banks was 9.40 percent for financial year 2003 and 10.60 percent for financial year 20021. The value of the gross NPAs as ratio for financial year 2003 for the global benchmark banks was as low as 2.26 percent. Net NPAs as a proportion of net advances of Indian banks was 4.33 percent for financial year 2003 and 5.39 percent for financial year 2002. As against this, the value of net NPAs ratio for financial year 2003 for the global benchmark banks was 0.37 percent. Further, it was found that, the total advances of the banking sector to the commercial and agricultural sectors stood at Rs.8,00,000 crore. Of this, Rs.75,000 crore, or 9.40 percent of the total advances is bad and doubtful debt. The size of the NPAs portfolio in the Indian banking industry is close to Rs.1,00,000 crore which is around 6 percent of India’ s GDP2.The RBI has recently announced that the banks should not pay dividends at more than 33.33 percent of their net profit. It has further provided that the banks having NPA levels less than 3 percent and having Capital Adequacy Reserve Ratio (CARR) of more than 11 percent for the last two years will only be eligible to declare dividends without the permission from RBI3. This step is for strengthening the balance sheet of all the banks in the country. The banks should provide sufficient provisions from their profits so as to bring down the net NPAs level to 3 percent of their advances.NPAs are the primary indicators of credit risk. Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is another measure of credit risk. CAR is supposed to act as a buffer against credit loss, which isset at 9 percent under the RBI stipulation4. With a view to moving towards International best practices and to ensure greater transparency, it has been decided to adopt the ’ 90 days’ ‘ over due’ norm for identification of NPAs from the year ending March 31, 2004.The New Basel Capital Accord is scheduled to be implemented by the end of 2006. All the banking supervisors may have to join the Accord. Even the domestic banks in addition to internationally active banks may have to conform to the Accord principles in the coming decades. The RBI as the regulator of the Indian banking industry has shown keen interest in strengthening the system, and the individual banks have responded in good measure in orienting themselves towards global best practices.1.3 Credit Risk Management(CRM) dynamics:The world over, credit risk has proved to be the most critical of all risks faced by a banking institution. A study of bank failures in New England found that, of the 62 banks in existence before 1984, which failed from 1989 to 1992, in 58 cases it was observed that loans and advances were not being repaid in time 5 . This signifies the role of credit risk management and therefore it forms the basis of present research analysis.Researchers and risk management practitioners have constantly tried to improve on current techniques and in recent years, enormous strides have been made in the art and science of credit risk measurement and management6. Much of the progress in this field has resulted form the limitations of traditional approaches to credit risk management and with the current Bank for International Settlement’ (BIS) regulatory model. Even in banks which regularly fine-tune credit policies and streamline credit processes, it is a real challenge for credit risk managers to correctly identify pockets of risk concentration, quantify extent of risk carried, identify opportunities for diversification and balance the risk-return trade-off in their credit portfolio.The two distinct dimensions of credit risk management can readily be identified as preventive measures and curative measures. Preventive measures include risk assessment, risk measurement and risk pricing, early warning system to pick early signals of future defaults and better credit portfolio diversification. The curative measures, on the other hand, aim at minimizing post-sanction loan losses through such steps as securitization, derivative trading, risk sharing, legal enforcement etc. It is widely believed that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Therefore, the focus of the study is on preventive measures in tune with the norms prescribed by New Basel Capital Accord.The study also intends to throw some light on the two most significant developments impacting the fundamentals of credit risk management practices of banking industry – New Basel Capital Accord and Risk Based Supervision. Apart from highlighting the salient features of credit risk management prescriptions under New Basel Accord, attempts are made to codify the response of Indian banking professionals to various proposals under the accord. Similarly, RBI proposed Risk Based Supervision (RBS) is examined to capture its direction and implementation problems。
商业银行财务报表分析外文文献翻译
文献信息标题：The Research of Commercial Banking Financial Statement Analysis作者：Jimmy H期刊：Global Journal of Management and Business Research，第1卷，第2期，页码：32-41.年份：2016原文The Study on the Financial Statement Analysis of Commercial BankingJimmy H1 IntroductionIn the economic globalization, the earth is becoming a global village today, accounting as a business analysis system of a "language of business" in the economic and social status has been more and more obvious, the world is more and more attention to it all the more powerful function. Because of financial statements can record the economic business of the enterprises and institutions, so as the international accounting financial statements of general carrier of the "language of business", has become the focus of the enterprise information users rushed to. World investment guru warren buffet once said: "to invest in a company, I basically see the financial statements of the enterprise. “In addition, more information on the financial statements of the user, such as creditors, government and the public when making decisions, and basically to must carry on the analysis of financial statements, and then make a relevant conclusion. The current society, the analysis of financial statements, there are many analysis perspective, and enterprise value perspective is just one of them. Itself in the global market economy condition, enterprises can be treated as a commodity trading, the enterprise itself can be treated as a kind of commodities can be traded in the property market, for the goods from the various stakeholders, if interested in this product of the enterprise, will want to know the value of the enterprise. Therefore, the enterprise's financial statements will be regarded as a kind of to each relevant information users interested in enterprise's help, help them to make economic decisions related tools, i.e., the financial statements of the enterprise can beseen as reflecting a kind of carrier of enterprise value, at the same time is to analysis enterprise's financial statements can be thought of as a tool of enterprise value.2 Literature reviewWatkins (2009) proposed to focus on an analysis of the financial information and financial measures to consolidate the traditional hospital, used to reveal the relationship between hospital of non-financial information, to enhance the comprehensive analysis of the company, should focus on the analysis of non-financial information; Miguel (2010) pointed out that if is analyzed from the perspective of the creditors, just use the financial data index in the financial statements to calculate, to predict the strength enterprise's solvency, it is not accurate, need use credit risk at the same time the calculation result is analyzed, so as to effectively help the oblige. Isabel (2013) pointed out that when it comes to analyze the Banks and other creditors, if the financial statement analysis, to predict the solvency of the company, credit risk and so on to provide reliable reference; David (2014) pointed out that the current accounting information, if it can't completely and fully meet your analysis all the needs of the decisions, then you should be facing the other analysis to the company, with additional information analysis; Eustachio (2010) pointed out that can use the method of data mining to analyze the financial statements of the enterprise, make false statements to disclose to the company. In addition, Jose (2013) put forward from the perspective of financial statement analysis, should be to analyze the structure of financial ratio analysis, to analysis the company's financial statements; Drancy (2014) for the analysis of enterprise financial report is never should not is the ratio of single mechanical calculation, should be a combination of qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis to the integrated system., he argues, can be analyzed from the perspective of accounting policy choice, also can be done from the perspective of enterprise financial strategic analysis, of course not to say that may not be the Angle of financial ratios, even from the perspective of revenue and the enterprise developmental enterprises can analyze financial statements of the enterprise; Marcus (2014) pointed out that the future of the enterprise business process may encounter unforeseen various types of pressure and risk, through the scientific framework shouldarrange, analysis of the financial statements of the original, find in the financial statements have been able to significantly prompt inadaptability of enterprise, to build a new financial analysis framework, the value creation, strategy, value chain, such as ecological into the new system of financial analysis. Should expand new analysis framework for the development of later with the analysis of the enterprise value objectives, with the starting point of the analysis of the strategic analysis, value driving factors analysis as the main body, which is forms a new analysis framework.3 Commercial Banks, financial statement analysisThe upgrade of a financial statement is a kind of contract, as investors make investment decisions, Banks credit decisions, acquisition decisions of enterprise, evaluation of audit risk of certified public accountants, use financial statement analysis, is a kind of important carrier transmission of accounting information. Financial statements are to the enterprise in a certain period of the financial position and operating results in writing of the relevant information such as the summary of the documents. Its main function has the following two points: first of all, is the enterprise's revenue, cost structure, the size of the profits and dividends to investors, the daily operating results of an enterprise. The second is the enterprise capital chain information, enterprise's financing situation, enterprise's solvency and the future development potential and other relevant information, these can all be statements reflect the enterprise's financial position of the enterprise. Is the analysis of financial statements, financial statements and the related information as a starting point of the enterprise, in some special way, to the enterprise's operating results, financial condition, and so on and so forth were analyzed, and the purpose is to understand the past, the evaluation now, predict the future, to help enterprises to make decisions related to the interests of body. And under the condition of market economy, the enterprise itself is a kind of commodities can be traded in the property market, as the goods from the stakeholders, such as investors, creditors, managers, etc., it is necessary to evaluate the value of the enterprise, the most common is oriented to the way the world is the analysis of financial statements, but due to the accounting standards of commercial Banks and general manufacturing enterprises is not the same,want to evaluate the value of commercial Banks, if still use the original analysis method, the conclusion must be inaccurate. In financial statement analysis is needed to adopt to the financial statements of the general analysis method for analysis, but also to specific issues specific analysis, different from the general enterprise's financial statement analysis method. But no matter what kind of financial statement analysis method, the ultimate goal is to provide the interests of enterprises related body helps them to make economic decision-making information, namely the financial statement analysis itself can be regarded as an effective way to reflect the enterprise value of commercial bank.4 The enterprise value analysis theory and methodValues and price theory is a classical economics and modern economics have to mention a theory, is both ancient and modern, both basic theory and reality. Historically, there have been many famous economist, has carried on the thorough positive exploration on this issue. In this article, the use of enterprise value is a broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized enterprise value refers to the enterprise's own business value, analysis and evaluation on the enterprise itself, using all the collected information on the market, based on the analysis of independent cognitive level of the above analysis platform, the management circumstance of the enterprise to carry on the summary, and hope to the future of the enterprise a certain period of production and business operation activities of predict cash flows, and thus to calculate how much business can create in the fixed number of year of the expected value. In the narrow sense definition of enterprise value, Copeland and others in the 1998 book "evaluation" pointed out: the shareholders value by the value of the value of enterprises is focused on the profitability and development potential; investors can for existing shareholders want companies or is to provide a better profitability potential investment. Shareholder value is how much of a future can obtain benefits, if the future can get more profits, shareholders will now give up capital liquidity, namely shareholders if they could get more value-added part of the future capital, the shareholders will only be for the current liquidity of sacrifice in his hands. So, investors will be investment is valued enterprise future profitability, investors want togain more cash flow from investment returns, not only is the enterprise current assets generate future cash flows and excess profit ability to bring the cash flow to investors.5 The financial statement analysis can reveal the enterprise valueEnterprise financial statements, financial statement analysis to the enterprise can be regarded as a kind of can reveal an effective means of enterprise value. Financial statement is a reflection of the daily business activities of the enterprise; reflect the statements of the enterprise value. Usually when an enterprise is analyzed using three statements, respectively, the balance sheet, income statement and statement of cash flows. The balance sheet can be seen as points on a particular day accounting personnel to the enterprise value taken a snapshot, use at a specific date financial status to reflect the enterprise value. The income statement is to measure performance of enterprise in a certain period of time, is through reflect the performance of enterprises in a certain period to reflect the enterprise value of the report. The cash flow statement reflects through the inflows and outflows of cash flow of the enterprise actual situation reveal the enterprise value. Thus, analysis of financial statements of the enterprise value can be revealed, namely the enterprise financial statements reflect the enterprise value of the carrier, financial statement analysis is an effective tool of enterprise value.译文商业银行财务报表分析研究Jimmy H1 引言当今世界，正逐步经济全球化，会计作为商业分析体系中的一门“商业语言”在经济社会中的地位已经越来越明显了，世人对它越发强大的功能越来越关注。
商业银行信用风险外文翻译文献
商业银行信用风险外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)估计技术和规模的希腊商业银行效率：信用风险、资产负债表的活动和国际业务的影响1.介绍希腊银行业经历了近几年重大的结构调整。
重要的结构性、政策和环境的变化经常强调的学者和从业人员有欧盟单一市场的建立，欧元的介绍，国际化的竞争、利率自由化、放松管制和最近的兼并和收购浪潮。
希腊的银行业也经历了相当大的改善，通信和计算技术，因为银行有扩张和现代化其分销网络，其中除了传统的分支机构和自动取款机，现在包括网上银行等替代分销渠道。
作为希腊银行（2004 年）的年度报告的重点，希腊银行亦在升级其信用风险测量与管理系统，通过引入信用评分和概率默认模型近年来采取的主要步骤。
此外，他们扩展他们的产品/服务组合，包括保险、经纪业务和资产管理等活动，同时也增加了他们的资产负债表操作和非利息收入。
最后，专注于巴尔干地区（如阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚、前南斯拉夫马其顿共和国、罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚）的更广泛市场的全球化增加的趋势已添加到希腊银行在塞浦路斯和美国以前有限的国际活动。
在国外经营的子公司的业绩预计将有父的银行，从而对未来的决定为进一步国际化的尝试对性能的影响。
本研究的目的是要运用数据包络分析（DEA）和重新效率的希腊银行部门，同时考虑到几个以上讨论的问题进行调查。
我们因此区分我们的论文从以前的希腊银行产业重点并在几个方面，下面讨论添加的见解。
首先，我们第一次对效率的希腊银行的信用风险的影响通过检查其中包括贷款损失准备金作为附加输入Charnes et al.(1990 年)、德雷克（2001 年）、德雷克和大厅(2003 年)，和德雷克等人（2006 年）。
作为美斯特(1996) 点出"除非质量和风险控制的一个人也许会很容易误判一家银行的水平的低效；例如精打细算的银行信用评价或生产过高风险的贷款可能会被贴上标签一样高效，当相比银行花资源，以确保它们的贷款有较高的质量"(p.1026)。
绿色物流发展中英文对照外文文献翻译
《绿色物流发展中英文对照外文文献翻译》摘要：is seen as the actions of which the objective is to minimize costs and maximize profits. The term was used mostly in purely business areas exhibiting companies and in financial reports. But, for many years, the term logistics was used in conjunction with the "green" by creating "Green Logistics" - the term containing costs, yet did not appear on financial reports and on the environment and society. The term green logistics is defined as supply chain management practices and strategies that reduce the environmental and energy footprint of freight distribution, which focuses on material handling, waste management, packaging and transport (Rodrigue et al., 2012). Green logistics consists of all activities related to the eco-efficient management of the forward and reverse flows of products and information between the point of origin and the point of consumption whose purpose is to meet or exceed customer demand (Mesjasz-Lech, 2011). Lee Klassen (2008) describe green logistics as Green Supply Chain Management that can be defined as an organizations activity taking into account environmental issues and integrating it into supply chain management in order to change the environmental performance of suppliers and customers (Lee Klassen, 2008). Green logistics activities include，environmental impact of different distribution strategies, reducing the energy usage in logistics activities, reducing waste and managing its treatment (Sibihi Eglese, 2009). From the sustainable development point of view, green logistics can be defined as, producing and distributing goods in a sustainable way, taking account of environmental and social factors (Sibihi Eglese, 2009). This broad definition of green logistics is in line with the WCED (1987) definition of sustainable development and definitions of corporate responsibility (Lyon Maxwell, 2008). The three pillars of Sustainable Development can be applied to green logistics (see Figure 1). As mentioned in the definitions of green logistics before, in the past, companies coordinated their logistics activities comprising freight transport, warehousing, packaging, materials handling and data collection and management to meet customer requirements at minimum cost which just refers to the monetary terms (Nowakowska-Grunt, 2008). Now, the environment has become a concern. It is treated as a factor of the cost. Some companies have already taken external costs of logistics associated especially with the environmental issues such as climate change, pollution and noise into account. Green logistics is therefore defined as efforts to examine ways of reducing these externalities and achieving a more sustainable balance between environmental, economic and social objectives, (see Figure 1). All efforts in the green logistics area are therefore focused on contributing towards, and ensuring, sustainability (Hans, 2011).，represents also three perspectives: public (public to private), operational (operational to strategic) and local (local to global). The first perspective of green logistics relates to pressure groups which began to lobby government intervention to mitigate the damaging effects of freight movement and public agencies sought to improve their understanding of the problem and find means of addressing it. The public sector interest in this subject has been complemented by a growth in the private sector involvement in green logistics research as business has begun to formulate environmental strategies both at a corporate level and more specifically for logistics. Operational to strategic as a second general trend has been a broadening of the corporate commitment to green logistics, from the adoption of a few minor operational changes to the embedding of environmental principles in strategic planning. Local to global perspective is focused on the local environmental impact of air pollution, vibration, noise, accidents and visual intrusion. With climate change now the dominant environmental issue of the age, the impact of logisticson global atmospheric conditions has become a major focus of many researchers (McKinnon A., Browne Whiteing, 2010). 3.Green logistics and reverse logistics文献信息：文献标题：The development of green logistics for implementation sustainable development strategy in companies（发展绿色物流，实现企业可持续发展战略）国外作者：Oksana Seroka-Stolka文献出处：《Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences》 2014,151:302-309字数统计：英文 2505 单词，14890 字符；中文 4265 汉字外文文献：The development of green logistics for implementation sustainable development strategy in companies AbstractWhile environmental issues have become critical concerns all overthe world, organizations are constantly under pressure to develop environmentally responsible and friendly operations. Commitment to the natural environment has become an important variable. Therefore, the interest in developing green logistics from companies, government, and the public is increasing dramatically especially because traditional logistics cannot meet the requirements of modern society and has huge impact on the environment. The purpose of this paper is to present determinant factors that can influence the development of green logistic concept in companies as an element of Sustainable Development.Keywords:Greenlogistics,environmental sustainability,Sustainable Development, factors, environmenta practices, company.1.IntroductionIn recent years there has been increasing concern about the environmental effects on the planet of human activity. That is why it has had ab increasing amount of attentionin the popular press, in governmental agendas, in the academic literature and from the general public. Stakeholders are increasingly pressuring firms to assume responsibility for any negative effects their business activities might cause as well. The results are that firms are considering the incorporation of environmental thinking into their business strategies in Polish companies (Romanowska, 2004). The rising attention to the greener solutions doesnt leave logistics aside because it plays a very important role, as it is one of the main pollution sources and resource user. 2.Green logistics and sustainable developmentTypically, logistics is seen as the actions of which the objective is to minimize costs and maximize profits. The term was used mostly in purely business areas exhibiting companies and in financial reports. But, for many years, the term logistics was used in conjunction with the "green" by creating "Green Logistics" - the term containing costs, yet did not appear on financial reports and on the environment and society. The term green logistics is defined as supply chain management practices and strategies that reduce the environmental and energy footprint of freight distribution, which focuses on material handling, waste management, packaging and transport (Rodrigue et al., 2012). Green logistics consists of all activities related to the eco-efficient management of the forward and reverse flows of products and information between the point of origin and the point of consumption whose purpose is to meet or exceed customer demand (Mesjasz-Lech, 2011). Lee Klassen (2008) describe green logistics as Green Supply Chain Management that can be defined as an organizations activity taking into account environmental issues and integrating it into supply chain management in order to change the environmental performance of suppliers and customers (Lee Klassen, 2008). Green logistics activities includemeasuring the environmental impact of different distribution strategies, reducing the energy usage in logistics activities, reducing waste and managing its treatment (Sibihi Eglese, 2009). From the sustainable development point of view, green logistics can be defined as, producing and distributing goods in a sustainable way, taking account of environmental and social factors (Sibihi Eglese, 2009). This broad definition of green logistics is in line with the WCED (1987) definition of sustainable development anddefinitions of corporate responsibility (Lyon Maxwell, 2008). The three pillars of Sustainable Development can be applied to green logistics (see Figure 1). As mentioned in the definitions of green logistics before, in the past, companies coordinated their logistics activities comprising freight transport, warehousing, packaging, materials handling and data collection and management to meet customer requirements at minimum cost which just refers to the monetary terms (Nowakowska-Grunt, 2008). Now, the environment has become a concern. It is treated as a factor of the cost. Some companies have already taken external costs of logistics associated especially with the environmental issues such as climate change, pollution and noise into account. Green logistics is therefore defined as efforts to examine ways of reducing these externalities and achieving a more sustainable balance between environmental, economic and social objectives, (see Figure 1). All efforts in the green logistics area are therefore focused on contributing towards, and ensuring, sustainability (Hans, 2011).conomicFigure 1. Green logistics as an element of sustainable development.Over the past 40 years, "Green Logistics" has represented a lot of nature trails, the most distinguishable as follows:․ reduction in transport costs,․ city logistics,˙ corporate environmental strategies towards logistics,˙ reverse logistics,˙ green supply chain ma nagement.The green logistics represents also three perspectives: public (public to private), operational (operational to strategic) and local (local to global). The first perspective of green logistics relates to pressure groups which began to lobby government intervention to mitigate the damaging effects of freight movement and publicagencies sought to improve their understanding of the problem and find means of addressing it. The public sector interest in this subject has been complemented by a growth in the private sector involvement in green logistics research as business has begun to formulate environmental strategies both at a corporate level and more specifically for logistics. Operational to strategic as a second general trend has been a broadening of the corporate commitment to green logistics, from the adoption of a few minor operational changes to the embedding of environmental principles in strategic planning. Local to global perspective is focused on the local environmental impact of air pollution, vibration, noise, accidents and visual intrusion. With climate change now the dominant environmental issue of the age, the impact of logistics on global atmospheric conditions has become a major focus of many researchers (McKinnon A., Browne Whiteing, 2010). 3.Green logistics and reverse logisticsIt is worth mentioning about the reverse logistics which is a part of green logistics. Rogers and Tibben-Lembke (1999) briefly consider the differences between reverse logistics and green logistics. In reverse logistics there should be some flow of products or goods back from the consumer to an earlier stage of the supply chain. The reduction of waste that this implies certainly means that reverse logistics should be included within green logistics. Currently, the term "green logistics" is often used interchangeably with "reverse logistics", but in contrast to the reverse logistics, green logistics"summarizes logistics activities that are primarily motivated by environmental considerations" (Scott, Lundgren Thompson, 2011). First of all, the most significant difference is that reverse logistics concentrates on saving money and increasing value by reusing or reselling materials to recover lost profits and reduce operational costs. In turn green logistics focuses on transportation issues, recycling and re-use. Green logistics is about using material friendly options for transportation and centered on saving money but places priority on the companys image (Nylund, 2012). DeBrito (2003) clarifies that green logistics focuses on the forward flow of the supply chain while reverse logistics is viewed as sustainable development. The prominent environmental issues in [green] logistics are consumption of non- renewable natural resources, and both hazardous and non- hazardous waste disposal (DeBrito, 2003).Green logistics is often known as ecological logistics defined as understanding and minimizing the ecological impacts of logistics (Rogers and Tibben-Lembke, 1998). These activities are designed to measure environmental impacts on transport reducing energy consumption, and reducing the use of materials (see Figure 2).Figure 2. Comparison of green logistics and reverse logistics4.The drivers of green logistics4.1.Factors affecting green logistics from a wide perspectiveSchmied (2010) distinguishes four factors affecting green logistics company, customers, politics, and society. According to Figure 3, it can be concluded that each of the factors may affect green solutions (Schmied, 2010). From the consumers point of view they have their own requirements for green products and services. Customers especially with high environmental awareness may require products delivered with clean vehicles or in such manner that the emissions are minimized, forcing suppliers to go to green solutions. This should be a key drive for companies that are taking measures in green logistics. By understanding the consumers important role in green logistics it can be beneficial for the company. Perhaps the biggest affect from customers may be home delivery, as they are the direct users of this service.Figure 3. General factors affecting green logistics4.2.Determinant factors of green logistics at a corporate levelMany researchers have proposed various explanations as to what factors influence a firms adoption of environmental practices. Generally, we can distinguish external and internal factors of environmental practices (Murillo-Luna, Garcs- Ayerbe Rivera-Torres, 2011). Stakeholder pressure, environmental regulations, company size, industrial sector and geographical location, internationalization, position in the value chain, strategic attitude, managerial attitudes and motivations, managers characteristics and human resources are relevant environmental and organizational variables frequently appearing in the related research (Gonzalez - Benito Gonzalez Benito, 2006). Among many factors there are some which can be the barriers to greenpractices. Chan (2008) identifies six types of barriers from the information provided by the managers of a sample of 83 hotels. Using an exploratory analysis, he finds that the six types of barriers are negatively related to environmental behavior: 1) lack of know-how and skills,2) lack of professional advice, 3) uncertainty of outcome, 4) participation of certifiers/verifiers, 5) lack of resources and 6) implementation and maintenance costs. Although organizational and environmentalfactors have been taken into account in several studies on green issues, these factors have been considered very rare in the studies of environmental management in the logistics industry. Lin Ho (2010) conducted a survey in 353 Chinese companies in the logistics industry. They proposed 32 variables describing 10 dimensions of determinants characteristic of the adoption of green practices in logistics companies (see Figure 4).Figure 4. Determinant factors of green management practices in logistics industry. A conceptual model derived from Lin Ho (2010).The research findings by Lin Ho, (2010) reveal that pressure resulting from legal regulations of the State, governmental support, organizational support and the quality of human resources have a significantly positive influence on the adoption of green practices for Chinese logistics companies (Lin Ho, 2010). Environmental uncertainty and the complexity of green practice show significantly negative influences on environmental practices. Surprisingly, the influence of customer pressure is not significant for Chinese logistics companies (Lin Ho, 2010). It is interesting because most of the studies from the EU associated with environmental issues indicate the influence of customer pressure and their environmental awareness on environmental practices but these findings are focused on manufacturing firms. Their study also provides the empirical evidence that technological factors have significant influence on the adoption of green practices when compared to organizational and environmental factors (Lin, Ho, 2010). Similar findings come from Polish studies, which indicate a weak and insignificant correlation between theenvironmental awareness of management staff and the eco-effectiveness of environmental practices (Seroka- Stolka Nowakowska-Grunt, 2012). Greening the supply chain is a growing concern for many business enterprises and a challenge for logistics management. The structure of the green supply chain is relevant to implementing a green logistics system, as a green supply chain creates green environment for green logistics in a sustainable development which, again, paves a green channel towards green logistics and, simultaneously, supports and promotes the development of green logistics. A real sense of green action can be achieved by supply chain management at a corporate level. It is worth mentioning that while adopting a green logistics approach towards supply chain, strategies can be additionally emphasized. Environmental logistics practices must be incorporated into corporate environmental strategies. When it comes to the product design and production planning, the most common is the fact that usually they emphasize the product design and the development that comes from the improvements of their competitive and commercial attributes, and these are factors such as price, quality, features and performance. Trowbridge (2006) distinguishes both internal and external driving forces of the implementation of GSCM at a chip manufacturer. The internal ones include the willingness to improve risk management due to potential interruptions in the supply chain, and the collaboration with suppliers to find alternative materials and equipment that minimize the environmental impact. The external ones include customers, investors and non-governmental organizations (Trowbridge, 2006). This is similar to the findings of Gonzlez-Benito Gonzlez-Benito (2006) which indicate that Spanish companies perceive two different sources of environmental pressure: governmental and non-governmental. However, only the latter is able to explain the implementation of environmental logistics practices in a significant way, perhaps because these practices are proactive and voluntary and governmental pressure focuses on the observance of regulations. They also prove that the environmental awareness of managers is also able to explain a significant part of the implementationof environmental logistics practices.Hu Hsu (2010) explore the factors that are critical for the implementation of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices in the Taiwanese electrical and electronics industries referring to the European Union directives, and they extract 20 critical factors in four dimensions (supplier management, product recycling, organization involvement and life cycle management) (Hu Hsu, 2010). Diabat Govindan (2011) introduce the review of studies which present different factors of green supply chain management. Diabat Govindan (2011) present 11 types of driving forces ( and interactions between them), which have been analyzed using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). The research results show that the government regulations and legislation and reverse logistics are significant driving forces to achieve cooperation between product designers and suppliers to reduce and eliminate the environmental impact ofproducts. Environmental cooperation with suppliers and customers and ISO 14001 certification are placed at an intermediate level of the ISM model. Green design, integrating quality environmental management into the planning and operation process, reducing energy consumption, and reusing and recycling materials and packaging are at the top level of the ISM hierarchy (Diabat Govindan, 2011).The ISM model for the driving forces affecting the implementation of green supply chain management is presented in Figure 5.Fig 5. ISM model for the drivers affecting the implementation of green supply chain management according to Diabat Govindan, 2011.5.ConclusionsCompanies are constantly under pressure to develop environmentally friendly and responsible operations, and commitment to the natural environment is an important variable within the competitive scenarios. Organizations face either internal or external factors of green logistics at a corporate level. The review of the literature indicates some interesting findings. First all, managers must take into account that incorporating environmental issues into corporate strategies depends on various factors which can change over time. Determinant factors of adoption ofenvironmental logistics practices vary among companies and depend on sector of activity, geographical location and the level of customer environmental requirements. The findings of the influence on green logistics varies according to customer pressure on companys environmental behaviour and it may be associated with the different position of companies standing in the supply chain. Organizational factors are very important for most industries but technological factors should be taken into accountin the future by logistics managers. Pressure through legislation is not the only way offostering the environmental behaviour of a firm, rather, there are other means suchas increasing the environmental awareness of managers, but it is a long term objective at a corporate level.中文译文：发展绿色物流，实现企业可持续发展战略摘要当环境问题成为世界各地重要的关注点，社会组织在压力下不断地发展环境责任和友好行动时，对自然环境的承诺已经变成一个重要的变量。
我国商业银行绿色信贷运营效率的DEA-Malmquist实证
我国商业银行绿色信贷运营效率的DEA-Malmquist实证作者：段进东，王雯佳，卞丽君来源：《中外企业家》 2017年第9期近些年来，我国商业银行在绿色信贷相关政策的引导和鼓励下，积极开展绿色金融业务，但各行绿色信贷履行情况差异较大。
由DEA-Malmquist模型检验发现，大部分银行近四年绿色信贷的运营效率都在降低，其中国有银行还逊色于其他银行，主因是受技术水平与纯技术效率的影响。
为此，需要加快技术创新、强化内部管理、重视规模效率和拓宽服务对象，以提升各大银行绿色信贷的运营效率。
绿色信贷以其“重责任、助转型、强引导”的特征受到了很多银行的青睐，各大银行根据国家相关经济与环境政策，在进行贷款审批时，利用利率杠杆影响信贷资金流向，通过提高项目准入门槛、增加贷款利率、设置贷款额度限制对“高能耗、高污染”行业展开信贷管理，同时加大对环境友好型企业的扶持力度，使其产生更大的生态效益，最终实现金融业与生态的科学发展。
一、绿色信贷效率的测算方法对商业银行绿色信贷的运营效率进行测评，国内外学者大多基于定性的方法进行探讨，尽管有部分学者采用实证的方式就绿色信贷与企业以及与银行之间的效益问题展开了研究，但均未涉及到对绿色信贷运营效率的研究。
（一）效率测算方法比较目前对商业银行的效率测评有着多种计算方式，可分为财务指标分析法与前沿分析法两大类。
前者需要计算不同的财务指标，如盈利能力、成长能力等来对银行的效率展开研究。
虽然简洁明了、限制少，操作的可行性较大，但研究过程不够深入，指标种类繁多。
此外，同一类指标从不同的角度可能甚至得出相对立的结论，难以全面地反映银行的效率情况。
这一分析方法在研究的早期运用得较多，而近年来只是作为研究的辅助手段。
前沿分析法包括自由分布法（DFA）、随机前沿法（SFA）、厚前沿方法（TFA）为主的参数分析法和由无界分析法（FDH）和数据包络分析法（DEA）组成的非参数分析法，是通过测量某个样本银行与前沿效率银行（在给定的条件下，达到成本最低化或者收益最大化的银行）之间的距离，以此来测算该样本的效率，但是需要注意的是该效率是相对的。
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毕设附件外文文献翻译来源出处：WO Omonge.The study on green credit of commercial banks[J]. The Journal of Environment & Development, 2015, 13(2): 119-134.原文The study on green credit of commercial banksWO OmongeAbstract Green credit is the commercial Banks and other financial institutions on the basis of the country's environmental economic policy and industrial policy, new projects of energy intensive high polluting enterprises investment loans and working capital limit and punitive interest rates; For research and development and production of pollution treatment facilities, engaged in the ecological protection and construction, the development and utilization of new energy, engaged in production and green manufacturing as well as the ecological agriculture circular economy of enterprises or institutions to provide loans to support and preferential interest rates low means of monetary policy. Green credit is an important trend in the development of modern finance; it is the change and development of traditional financial concept. Keywords: green credit; the equator principles; green strategy; commercial Banks1 IntroductionGreen credit emphasize the way of a kind of scientific development, hope that through the financial sector to guide the flow of funds, consciously encourage society to reduce environmental pollution, protect the ecological balance and saving natural resources, avoid blind pursue quantitative expansion, is heavily dependent on resources and the consumption of resources of economic development pattern, form scientific and harmonious in the whole society sustainable development mechanism. From the sixties and seventies of the last century began, with Europe and the United States, Japan and other developed countries economy high speed development, the contradiction between economic growth and environmental degradation are becoming more and more outstanding, become a serious social problem. The big financial institutions of developed countries have set standards for admittance into the project loan environmentand social responsibility actively, establish a good corporate image. In June 2003, by citi bank, abn amro and deutsche state Banks and other seven countries 10 famous commercial Banks, the first voluntary commitment to sustainable development of the financial industry benchmark-the "equator principles". Subsequently, HSBC and standard chartered bank and bank of America and other well-known Banks response. So far, already has 67 commercial bank's commitment to comply with the "equator principles", they are well-funded, financial business covers more than 100 countries, the total project financing accounts for more than 85% of total global project financing market share. Many Banks in the developing world will also be environmental and social impact as they make loans risk assessment content. The launch of the "green credit” is the environmental control measures to concrete implementation by financial leverage. Through setting up environmental barriers to entry in the field of financial credit, to limit and eliminate the new project, shall not provide credit support;To eliminate class project, should stop all kinds of new credit in the form of support, and take steps to recover the loans, from the source to cut off the energy intensive and highly polluting industries disorderly development and the economic lifeline of blind expansion, effectively cutting off serious violators of fund chain, curbing its investment impulse, solve the environmental problems, also through the credit industry structure adjustment.2 The gold standard of green credit-the equator principles2.1 The briefly statement of equator principlesThe equator principles (EPs), which is by the world's major financial institutions according to the international finance corporation and the world bank's policies and guidelines, aims to judgment, evaluation and management of project financing a voluntary environmental and social risk in the financial industry benchmark. It requires the adoption of the principle of Banks around the world for all the project financing of the industry, including mining, oil and gas, and forestry, implement these principles, and to ensure that only those eligible project loans, use of financial leverage to promote projects in environmental protection and social harmonious development play a positive role.2.2 BackgroundRoot of equator principles is that financial institutions to the pressure of the performance of the corporate social responsibility. When Banks to some big project financing, due to the negative environmental impact of project and lead to social problems and controversial, and reputation losses to the bank, including governments, multilateral lending institutions and nongovernmental organizations (Ngos) and community stakeholders believe that the bank has responsibility for environmental and social problems on the project financing of prudential investigate and supervise the project sponsor or borrowers to take effective measures to eliminate or decrease the negative effects of. The international finance corporation and the Netherlands bank nine Banks in London, such as presiding over a meeting to discuss project financing, the environmental and social issues in the meeting by the Dutch bank, Barclays bank, west state bank and the bank on the basis of the international finance corporation environmental and social policy in the work of project finance jointly drafted a set of guidelines about environmental and social risk, that is the equator principles. In June 2009, including four Banks launched 10 big Banks announced that accept the equator principles. In July 2012, according to the international finance corporation revised the equator principles for the correction of performance standard and redistribution.2.3 The equator principles of the main contentThe content and structure of the equator principles is simpler, including the preface, the applicable scope, principles, and notice and disclaimer four parts. Among them, the preface to the equator principles of motivation, purpose and the meaning of the equator principles made brief explanation; Scope of provisions shall be applicable to the equator principles applicable to the global industry project total cost more than $10 million in funding all new project financing and because of the expansion, rebuilding or society have a significant impact on the environment of the original project. Principle, the statement is the core part of the equator principles listed the equator principles of financial institutions to make investment decisions based on 10 special terms and principles, the equator Banks promise will only provide eligible project loans.2.4 The meaning of the equator principlesEquator principles is an important milestone in the banking development, it is the first time in project financing fuzzy explicit and concrete environmental and social standards, make the environmental and social standards of the entire banking industry the basic unified, conducive to the orderly competition between Banks, but also to form a virtuous cycle, enhance the moral standards of the industry,For a single bank to accept the equator principles is beneficial to gain or maintain a good reputation, to protect market share, and conducive to good corporate governance and scientific and accurate assessment of the financial risk, it can also reduce the political risk of the project;For the society as a whole, can make the environmental and social sustainable development strategy into effect, the equator Banks objectively become the private agent, protect the environment and social through financial core role in constructing the harmonious society, can make between people, society and nature to achieve real harmony.3 The application of green credit3.1 The bank ESRM systemCitigroup is one of the important promoter "equator principles", the main writers and positive. In 2003, the bank made the environmental and social risk management (ESRM) system, from the perspective of credit risk and reputation risk to control the environmental and social risk. At the same time, the bank credit support for renewable energy. Beginning from 2007, citigroup to support clean energy and renewable energy in China's investment has more than more than $8000, including four solar energy company and one wind power companies. On May 9, 2007, citigroup announced that it will invest $50 billion over the next 10 years, through methods such as direct investment, financing, in its service market and within the group, together with the customer support alternative energy and clean technology development and mercerization, in response to global warming. The $50 billion investment target is based on the real market activity and customer transactions, and citigroup internal operating energy conservation projects. This goal include citigroup paid $1 billion to support the Clinton climate initiative activity, energy-saving renovation of buildings in the world's major cities to provide aid. Let's the understanding and research of citi ESRM system in detail. The system general global pay for was evaluated by ESRM department of trade and provideconsultation, citi will its input in a system. These transactions in the initial stage of marketing will be input to the system, deal finally or not. ESRM system in order to get work, citigroup has also set up an environmental and social risk policy review committee. The committee consists of senior managers of different business units, and shall be the responsibility of the director of citigroup corporate citizens always. Commission is a year to 2 ~ 3 times meeting, and the department of environmental affairs department, the ESRM, and other operating environment policy initiatives related departments to provide advisory services.Citi's director of corporate citizenship will report to the public affairs committee of the board of directors concrete as city’s environment and society.3.2 The moral concept of bankHSBC Morality refers to the HSBC on bank loans and investment, must follow the highest international standards, under the full consideration of social expectations and the interests of generations. HSBC as early as in 2003 adopted the "equator principles", and in the process of promoting the "equator principles" play an important role. HSBC group to develop a series of covering the sustainable development of environment sensitive industry credit policy, starting from the environmental and social, provided it’s not prepared to provide loans to support the industries and fields. These policies are based on, including the "equator principles", a series of highest international standards, including: forest land and forest products, fresh water infrastructure, chemical, energy, mineral and metal, etc. HSBC will be according to the specific country specific implementation of the sustainable development of the credit policy, and international standards and local policies. Credit managers use environmental monitoring list to fully evaluate the environmental risk in the loan proposal, especially those defined by the government for "play dates" (energy intensive and highly polluting industries. HSBC set up professional background and consulting experience of environment and sustainable development commissioner full-time jobs, to strengthen the environmental assessment of loan business with the customer, to ensure that meet international standards, HSBC group loans to guide the environment and environmental protection regulations of China. In addition, HSBC and local governments, environmentalorganizations and university cooperation, raise the public awareness of environmental protection and sustainable development. HSBC encourage employees to participate in the activities of corporate social responsibility, in order to improve the environmental awareness of the employees, and help strengthen the employees, the connection between the bank and the community. HSBC by reducing their operational use of energy, water and waste generated in the carbon dioxide emissions, and buy China's environmental protection enterprise carbon emissions targets, in 2005 to become the world's first carbon neutral big Banks.译文商业银行绿色信贷问题研究摘要绿色信贷是商业银行等金融机构依据国家的环境经济政策和产业政策,对高耗能高污染型企业的新建项目投资贷款和流动资金进行额度限制并实施惩罚性高利率;而对研发和生产治污设施、从事生态保护与建设、开发和利用新能源、从事循环经济生产和绿色制造以及生态农业的企业或机构提供贷款扶持并实施优惠性低利率的金融政策手段。