北大普通心理学

Some facial expressions are universally recognized (Ekman,1971;Ekman & Oster,1979)
• Ekman & Oster(1979): surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happiness, and sadness.
Perspectives on Emotion
1.1 Physiological Components
William James (1884)
• the peripheral theory
Carl Lange (1885)
• James-Lange theory
Cannon (1927) and Bard (1934)
• Two criticisms to James-Lange theory
– Too slow – Not specific
• Cannon-Bard theory
James-Lange Theory
害怕
Cannon-Bard Theory
害怕
The neuro-psychology of emotion
Chapter 11
Emotion, Stress, and Coping
Zhang Zhiyong Department of Psychology
Peking University
你在闹情绪吗？
心境如何？ 你的情绪深而不露？还是溢于言表？ 你有什么烦恼或者高兴的事情？ 心情郁闷有什么不好的后果？ 如何保持良好的心情？
The tendency appears to some degree heritable(N/P, 0.40/0.55)
One final solution(Fischer et al., 1990)
An emotion hierarchy
Emotion
Positive
Negative
Love
Definition
Emotion, or affect, is an evaluative response (a positive or negative feeling) that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral or emotional expression.
Anger, fear, happiness, sadness, and disgust Surprise, contempt, interest, shame, guilt,
joy, trust, and anticipation.
Positive affect / Negative affect
Facial expressions not only indicate a person emotional state, but they also influence its physiological and subjective components.(Ekman, 1992)
1.3.2 Culture and Emotional Display Rules
Acknowledging and examining one’s feelings can have a positive impact on health. (Berry & Pennebaker,1993; Pennebaker et al,1990)
1.3 Emotional Expression
Hypothalamus, Limbic system, cortex • The Papez circuit: thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex, limbic system, • Amygdala, the brain emotional computer
Two circuits of the emotional reaction The role of the cortex with respect to emotion
Two factors underlie people self-reported emotions.(Watson & Clark,1992; Watson & Tellegen, 1985)
Approach-oriented/Avoidance-oriented system driven by positive/negative affect
Tomkins(1962): the face is the primary center of emotion
The relationship between emotion and facial muscle movements is uniform enough across individuals and cultures.(Ekman, 1971)
The overt behavioral signs of emotion Various ways: facial expressions, posture,
gestures, and tone of voice. Creating fear in the face
1.3.1 Facial Expression and Emotion
unaware of being observed. • Cool
1.3.3 Gender and Emotional Expression
Woman probably experience emotion more intensely, are better able to read emotions from other people faces and nonverbal cues, and express emotion more intensely and openly than men.
Outlines
Emotion Stress Coping Some Concluding Thoughts
1 Emotion
Physiological Components Subjective Experience Emotional Expression A Taxonomy of Emotions Perspectives on Emotion A Different Perspective: Integrating the
• Finding a doctor negligent or incompetent
Zajonc(1980): mere exposure effect
1.2 Subjective Experience
happy, angry, sad, and Elated Individual difference in the intensity of
emotional states
• Personality disorders/Psychological disorder
Emotion-inducing Physiological
stimulus
arousal
Cognitive interpretation
of arousal
Emotion
Con
Cognition and Appraisal
• People emotions reflect their judgments and appraisals of the situations or stimuli (Lazarus)
Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion
Interpretation and Emotion
• Schachter-Singer theory (1962): not simply the subjective awareness of arousal
• Criticism
Emotion located in the heart,face or the peripheral nervous system?
Distributed throughout the nervous system Three areas of the brain of special importance:
Being unconscious of one own emotional experience
Moray(1969) • Neutral words-->conditioned fear-inducing words • Words in Unattended channel
Unconscious emotional processes can influence thought, behavior, and even health • People regularly delude themselves about their own abilities and personality attributes as a way of avoiding unpleasant emotion. • Shedler et al(1993): such defensive self-deception about emotions takes its toll physiologically.
Joy
Anger Sadness
Fear
Fondness Bliss Infatuation
Pride Jealousy Annoyance