The Raven中英文赏析
The-Raven译文
乌鸦爱伦坡一次午夜时，我疲惫不堪困意浓，稀奇古事挥不掉----低头小憩时，忽闻窗外叩拍声，好似有人轻轻把门敲----心想必有来客访----为此无他响。
啊，我铭记那是在凄凉寒冬十二月；灰死空留断魂烙。
欲把情愁付书海，难忘佳丽魂已销----举世无双窈窕女，安琪唤其叫勒诺---- 香销玉逝无人叫。
丝帘哀怨簌簌响，莫名恐惧心头涌；屏息起身细思忖，“过客欲求栖身所----夜深探问把门敲，为此无他响。
”霎时心定意坚不狐疑，开口来问寻，“先生/夫人请见谅，意懒心倦正自烦，叩门之音未听确。
”就此开门将客迎；夜浓，无人影。
定足凝望，漫漫长夜心悬疑，恰似幽梦初醒自难忘，夜阑无声，静寂无形，唯我低声唤勒诺，凄然旷野映回声----为此无他响。
转身回屋，心有余悸难平息，窗边又起叩击声，阵阵不绝耳。
“始知屋外不明之物在眼前，欲将个中究竟细细探----安神初定前去找，唯风无他响。
”卷帘开窗，鼓翼振翅飞入一乌鸦，神态自若如智者；不卑不亢，快若迅雷栖我处，风度无人肖----飞旋落定如玉女神帕拉丝----宜栖宜坐岿不动。
但见其神情肃穆现高贵，顿使我悲郁情怀化笑颜，“你貌若凡鸟而神自定，让我想起古之神鹊黄泉落，敢问你彼岸尊姓和大名，”乌鹊答道“永不再会”。
其貌不扬一小鸟，吐字清晰令人奇，纵然词不搭意难自圆，世人罕有此经历，有幸目睹它登门，飞落室内神雕塑，自唤名曰“永不再会”。
只见它静若雕像独端坐，倾注灵魂于斯语，唯此不言也不动----我低声哀叹“亲朋皆逝我独留----明日它亦弃我而去无望还。
”乌鸦即和“永不再会”。
惊闻接语称心又体贴，始知其开口无他语，必逢主人不幸遭磨难，无奈常叹此一言，长歌当哭忧愤起，感慨“永不再会”。
而我已是悲思转笑颜，侧身就座其栖息处，慵倦陷沉思，揣度这只亘古不祥鸟，冷酷，笨拙，恐怖又憔悴，缘和嘶叫“永不再会”。
我攒眉思忖不作响，眼前它目光炯炯将我灼；见我心驰神态依旧，灯下安然斜靠丝绒丝绒衬，而今物是人非，纵心念佳人，已是永不再会。
爱伦坡的《乌鸦》The_Raven_by_Edgar_Allan_Poe(辰阳译)
乌鸦很久前一个阴郁的午夜，我感到疲惫而又慵懒一边沉思着那些早已为世人遗忘的离奇书卷一边又点头连连，睡意恹恹。
忽有敲门声回响在耳畔仿佛有人轻轻地、轻轻地叩响了我的门环“这是某位来客”，我嘀咕着说，“在把房门叩击——仅此而已，别无它事！”啊！我至今清晰犹记，那是一个凄楚的冬季每一块儿将尽而未尽的木炭，依然在地板上幽灵般熰燃我急切地守候着天亮，并且徒劳地希望能够在书中聊且把悲伤埋葬，为那逝去的丽诺而哀伤为那天使称其为丽诺的、明净而又唯一的姑娘，——而今却永远，无以仿佛其形象。
每一个紫色的丝绸窗帘，都发出瑟瑟的低沉哀怨让我心惊，让我感到前所未有的莫名惶恐直到现在，我的心仍旧在不停悸动“这是某位来客，恳请借宿休息某位晚归的来客，恳请借宿于此——仅此而已，别无它事！”我的心很快变得坚强，不再那么犹豫而又彷徨“先生？或者是女士”，我说，“我真诚地向您表达歉意当您前来敲门儿，正好我正在打盹儿您轻轻地敲门，是如此之轻盈以至于我不能肯定，我是否真的听清。
”于是我把房门打开——但见漆黑一片，空无一物存在我极目向黑暗中张望，长久地矗立着，恐惧而又迷茫疑虑、冥思，冥思那些无人敢于冥思的问题然而沉静依然如故，死寂一如其初唯一听到的话语，是那低声的私语，“丽诺？”我这么说着，并听到回声从耳旁掠过，“丽诺！”仅此而已，别无它事。
转身走入房门，心中犹如火焚更响的敲门声再次响起“肯定是”，我说，“肯定是什么东西扰动了窗格子让我去，让我去探清那里的秘密让我的心稍事平息，好弄清楚这里的底细。
”——是风而已，别无它事。
当我伸手拉开百叶窗，却看到一只乌鸦振动着翅膀一只远古传说中的庄严的乌鸦从天而降没有半点的谦恭，没有半刻的暂停俨然一位夫人或主人，蹲居于我的房门恰恰蹲居在我的房门之上，栖息于那尊半身的雅典娜塑像——就这样蹲居，就这样栖息，仅此而已，别无它事。
我的迷思变成了微笑皆因这黑鸟阴沉而又冷峻的容貌“尽管你的鸟冠平坦如剪，你却一定不是懦夫”，我敢断言“不是阴森可怖的古老乌鸦，飞离于冥夜的海岸告诉我，在普鲁同的冥夜之岸，该如何把你高贵的名字呼唤！”乌鸦答曰：“永不复焉。
艾伦坡 乌鸦 the raven中英对照
第二页：Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. "'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door-Only this, and nothing more.从前一个阴郁的子夜，我独自沉思，慵懒疲竭，面对许多古怪而离奇、并早已被人遗忘的书卷；当我开始打盹，几乎入睡，突然传来一阵轻擂，仿佛有人在轻轻叩击——轻轻叩击我房间的门环。
“有客来也”，我轻声嘟喃，“正在叩击我的门环，“惟此而已，别无他般。
”"Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow;—vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow—sorrow for the lost Lenore-For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore-Nameless here for evermore.哦，我清楚地记得那是在风凄雨冷的十二月，每一团奄奄一息的余烬都形成阴影伏在地板。
The Raven中英文赏析
哥特式文学首先盛行于18，19世纪的西方世界，旨在描述发生在充满神秘与恐怖氛围中的传奇经历。
许多学者认为，“哥特元素大都运用于小说创作，而诗歌则由于受到情节、节奏与韵律的限制而缺少叙述哥特故事的基础条件” (Tzvetan 25-26)。
但部分学者则坚信“哥特元素不仅存在于小说中，在诗歌当中亦可以分外活跃”（刘守兰：55）。
作为美国哥特文学大师与先驱，埃德加·爱伦坡的短篇小说以及他的诗作都充满了哥特式的神奇色彩。
但是大多数学者仅将研究聚焦于其短篇小说中的哥特研究，而忽视了该元素在其诗歌中也存在的现实。
一、爱伦坡所持的哥特式文学理论爱伦坡对美好事物的凋零有着强烈的迷恋。
追根究底，这还源于他儿时的丧亲之痛，与中年的丧妻之痛。
而已逝女子的影子常在他脑海里盘旋，引领他在诗歌王国里翱翔。
哥特式风格又恰如其分地被其用于诠释他心底深处的恐惧与压抑。
众多作家在描写恐怖情节时，常对外部环境进行大力渲染，而他则更注重对人内心世界的雕琢。
他深信“诗歌的最好主题是死亡，尤其是美丽尤物的死亡，将毫无疑问是世界上最具诗意的主题（Poe：133-140）”。
他用诗歌践行了自己的写作原则，并将一生都奉献给了这种哀伤的美丽。
为更清晰地展现爱伦坡的哥特式写作风格，本文将以《乌鸦》为例并诠释其中所蕴含的死亡之美与哥特式元素。
二、意象塑造1、人与物的塑造《乌鸦》塑造了两个重要形象：年轻男子与乌鸦。
悲伤的男子刚失去他最爱的女子，他企图沉浸于书以忘却伤痛，但一切都是徒劳，他越看书，越被寂寞与悲痛侵蚀；而象征死亡与不祥的乌鸦却在午夜，飞入这间男子曾常与故去情人蕾诺相会的小屋。
此外，诗人还塑造了两个对诗的主旨起重要作用的意象。
其一为黑色，“纯色调可使人产生快乐或抑郁之感”（朱立元：489-490）。
诗中所连续采用的黑色背景，可使读者感到压抑，从而感受男子心底的恐惧与悲痛。
诗中反复出现的“永远不再”亦可看作一种特殊形象。
除该词的原意外，它还具有象征意义。
The_Raven中英文赏析
The_Raven中英文赏析乌鸦(爱伦?坡著)? 曹明伦译(安徽文艺出版社1999年版本)从前一个阴郁的子夜，我独自沉思，慵懒疲竭，面对许多古怪而离奇、并早已被人遗忘的书卷; 当我开始打盹，几乎入睡，突然传来一阵轻擂，仿佛有人在轻轻叩击——轻轻叩击我房间的门环。
“有客来也”，我轻声嘟喃，“正在叩击我的门环，惟此而已，别无他般。
”哦，我清楚地记得那是在风凄雨冷的十二月，每一团奄奄一息的余烬都形成阴影伏在地板。
我当时真盼望翌日——因为我已经枉费心机想用书来消除伤悲，消除因失去丽诺尔的伤感，因那位被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女，她美丽娇艳，在此已抹去芳名，直至永远。
那柔软、暗淡、飒飒飘动的每一块紫色窗布使我心中充满前所未有的恐惧，我毛骨悚然; 为平息我心儿的悸跳(我站起身反复念叨“这是有客人想进屋，正在叩我房间的门环，更深夜半有客人想进屋，正在叩我房间的门环，惟此而已，别无他般。
”于是我的心变得坚强;不再犹疑，不再彷徨，“先生”，我说，“或夫人，我求你多多包涵; 刚才我正睡意昏昏，而你敲门又敲得那么轻，你敲门又敲得那么轻，轻轻叩我房间的门环，我差点以为没听见你”，说着我打开门扇——但惟有黑夜，别无他般。
凝视着夜色幽幽，我站在门边惊惧良久，疑惑中似乎梦见从前没人敢梦见的梦幻; 可那未被打破的寂静，没显示任何象征，“丽诺尔,”便是我嗫嚅念叨的惟一字眼，我念叨“丽诺尔”，回声把这名字轻轻送还;惟此而已，别无他般。
我转身回到房中，我的整个心烧灼般疼痛，很快我又听到叩击声，比刚才听起来明显。
“肯定”，我说，“肯定有什么在我的窗棂; 让我瞧瞧是什么在那儿，去把那秘密发现，让我的心先镇静一会儿，去把那秘密发现;那不过是风，别无他般～”然后我推开了窗户，随着翅膀的一阵猛扑，一只神圣往昔的乌鸦庄重地走进我房间; 它既没向我致意问候，也没有片刻的停留，而是以绅士淑女的风度栖到我房门的上面，栖在我房门上方一尊帕拉斯半身雕像上面;栖息在那儿，仅如此这般。
诗歌解析英文The-raven
The Raven
by Edgar Allan Poe
Line:
Technique:
Atmosphere and symbolism in poetry.
LO’s:
By the end of this lesson students will... • Understand what atmosphere and symbolism are.
• Be able to apply this knowledge by analysing a poem.
诗歌解析英文the raven 搜索 atmosphere and symbolism in poetry. lo's: by the end of this lesson students will...? understand what atmosphere and symbolism are.? be able to apply this knowledge by analysing a poem. describe the feelings that come to mind after reading these words: dreary bleak ghost lost sorrow darkness melancholy grave stillness stern all of these words are from a very famous poem. make some guesses about the setting and atmosphere of the poem such as:? what time of day is it?? what time of year?? how is the author feeling?? is he alone or with other people? the raven by edgar allan poe line: technique: effect: what might have happened to the character before the events of the poem happen? why does edgar allan poe use a raven instead of another bird as the major symbol of this poem? why not...? what might we associate with ravens? so… we could say that edgar allan poe sets the scene and creates an atmosphere by... also he uses the raven to symbolise… atmosphere and symbolism in poetry. lo's: by the e
《乌鸦》赏析
Poe‘s poetic theories are remarkable in their clarity（（诗歌理论简洁明朗）about even if they lack what Joseph Wood Krutch terms ―intellectual detachment‖ and ―catholicity of taste.‖ （尽管缺乏Krutch所说的―知识分子的超脱‖和―大众品味）These are best elucidated（最好的证明）in his ―the Philosophy of Composition‖ （创作原理）and ― The Poetic Principle.‖（诗歌原则）The poem, he says, should be short, readable at one sitting（一口气能读完）( or as long as ―The Raven‖【或与诗歌‖乌鸦―的长度相当】). Its chief aim is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader. Beauty aims at ―an elevating e xcitement of the soul,‖ (震撼灵魂) and ―beauty of whatever kind, in its supreme development, invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears. (无论何种形式的美，只要达到最高境界，就能令敏感的灵魂落下泪来) Thus melancholy is the most legitimate of all the poetic tones.‖ （所以悲伤是诗歌最好的基调）And he concludes that ―the death of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world.‖Poe stresses rhythm, defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty,‖ （真正的诗歌是富有美好旋律的作品）and declare s that―music is the perfection of the soul,or idea,of poetry.‖（音乐是诗歌灵魂和思想的最高境界）Poe was unabashed to offer his own poem ―The Raven‖as an illustration of his point.―The Raven‖is about 108 lines, perfectly readable at one sitting. A sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem: the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Lenore, （早逝的美丽女友Lenore ）his grief being turned to madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird introduced right at the beginning of the poem：Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weakry.Over many a quint and curious volume of forgotten lore.While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,As of some one rapping, rapping at my chamber door."'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door--Only this, and nothing more."After he sees the bird, its response -- or its imagined one一―nevermore"–keeps breaking upon the young man‘s psychic wound ruthlessly and ceaselessly as do the waves on the sea shore until his depression reaches its breaking point: And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sittingOn the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon that is dreaming,And the lamp-light o' er him streaming throve his shadow on the floor;And my soul from out chat shadow that lies floating on the floorShall be lifted-nevermore!The young man, a neurotic on the brink of a mental collapse, （精神几近崩溃）outpours his sorrow in his semi-sleep（半梦半醒之间）on the appearance of the bird. Poetic imagination externalizes itself（诗歌的想象力表现在… ）in the phantom of a bird （幻象中的小鸟）and intermingles with it to enhance the effect of tbe tragedy of thebereavement .（失去挚爱的悲剧）It is good to note that Poe’s poems are hea vily tinted in a dreamy, hallucinatory color. （Poe 的诗歌中具有一种浓烈的梦境和幻觉的色彩）―The Raven‖is a good example as the narrator is in a state of semi-stupor. （神志几近不清的状态）In addition, Poe insists on an even metrical flow in versification.（主张运用规则的韵律创作）―The Raven‖is a marvel of regularity: W. L.Werner records that, of its 719 complete feet, （全诗有719个音步），705 are perfect trochees, （其中705个是完全的抑扬格）ten doubtful trochees, （十个勉强可算是抑扬格）and only four clearly dactyls.（只有四个是强弱格）Poe rarely allows himself twenty-five percent of irregular feet as is found in “Israfel‖. （Poe 几乎不会让诗中出现四分之一以上的不规则音步，就像在诗歌Israfel里一样）For the sake of regularity in rhythm, Poe disapproves of the use of archaisms, contractions, inversions, and similar devices.（Poe反对使用古体、缩写、倒置等技法）―The Raven‖ is thus a perfect illustration of his theory on poetry.* The RavenOnce upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weakry，Over many a quint and curious volume of forgotten lore，While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,As of some one rapping, rapping at my chamber door.―Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door ——Only this, and nothing more."有一天阴沉的半夜时分，当我疲乏烦闷，面对一堆古籍奇书，想把失传的奥秘揭开，当我打着盹几乎睡着，忽听得一声剥啄，仿佛有人轻轻敲着，轻敲在我的房门外。
The-Raven（爱伦坡作品）英文读后感
The-Raven（爱伦坡作品）英文读后感Shavian once claimed that America had bred two magnificent authors, that is, Edgar·Allan·Poe and Mark Twain. After reading Edgar·Allan·Poe’s masterpiece---The Raven, it occurred to me that Allan·Poe lives up to his reputation which is the pionee r in American literature and representative of American Romantics. Edgar·Allan·Poe, born in a family of acting, has led a miserable life but came up with a great many works of art and have contributed a lot to American literature. Poe once said, “to me, the poem is not a purpose, but a passion.” And this poem—The Raven is a perfect embodiment of his literary theory. To achieve the beauty of rhythm, he adopted the “abcbbb”pattern, and the b rimes, which are based on the constant refrain, “Nevermore.” And every time I finish reading it, I couldn’t resist the excitement of appreciating such an article that blends with the beauty of music. This poem tells a story happened between a weary young man and a raven that kept repeating one single sentence, “Nevermore.” And with the raven’s repetition, the rhythm becomes stronger and more pronounced as the poem reaches its emotional climax. Through this story, we can see the grief in Poe after losing his beloved Lenore as well as his excellent skill in writing.Besides, in this poem, “…separate ember wrought its ghost upon the floor…” “the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain” and some other descriptions of the environm ent build a scene full of sadnessin our minds whenever we come to read this poem. And Poe also used large sums of graceful words to help build the scene and further express his feelings and foreshadow the climax of thepoem which made him outstanding in American literature.But for me, The Raven has other meanings for me. For one thing, it is the first English poem I read and through it I learnt a great lot about the literature of English-speaking countries. And the most important of all, for the first time I learnt how to read and appreciate poems and how to find out the bright spots in poems. For another, the time when I read The Raven is actually the time when I was in deep sorrow. This great poem was a perfect reflection of my feelings at the time. For now I can still remember the most moving part of the poem, that is, “my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor .Shall be lifted---nevermore!”。
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哥特式文学首先盛行于18，19世纪的西方世界，旨在描述发生在充满神秘与恐怖氛围中的传奇经历。
许多学者认为，“哥特元素大都运用于小说创作，而诗歌则由于受到情节、节奏与韵律的限制而缺少叙述哥特故事的基础条件” (Tz vetan 25-26)。
但部分学者则坚信“哥特元素不仅存在于小说中，在诗歌当中亦可以分外活跃”（刘守兰：55）。
作为美国哥特文学大师与先驱，埃德加·爱伦坡的短篇小说以及他的诗作都充满了哥特式的神奇色彩。
但是大多数学者仅将研究聚焦于其短篇小说中的哥特研究，而忽视了该元素在其诗歌中也存在的现实。
一、爱伦坡所持的哥特式文学理论爱伦坡对美好事物的凋零有着强烈的迷恋。
追根究底，这还源于他儿时的丧亲之痛，与中年的丧妻之痛。
而已逝女子的影子常在他脑海里盘旋，引领他在诗歌王国里翱翔。
哥特式风格又恰如其分地被其用于诠释他心底深处的恐惧与压抑。
众多作家在描写恐怖情节时，常对外部环境进行大力渲染，而他则更注重对人内心世界的雕琢。
他深信“诗歌的最好主题是死亡，尤其是美丽尤物的死亡，将毫无疑问是世界上最具诗意的主题（Poe：133-140）”。
他用诗歌践行了自己的写作原则，并将一生都奉献给了这种哀伤的美丽。
为更清晰地展现爱伦坡的哥特式写作风格，本文将以《乌鸦》为例并诠释其中所蕴含的死亡之美与哥特式元素。
二、意象塑造1、人与物的塑造《乌鸦》塑造了两个重要形象：年轻男子与乌鸦。
悲伤的男子刚失去他最爱的女子，他企图沉浸于书以忘却伤痛，但一切都是徒劳，他越看书，越被寂寞与悲痛侵蚀；而象征死亡与不祥的乌鸦却在午夜，飞入这间男子曾常与故去情人蕾诺相会的小屋。
此外，诗人还塑造了两个对诗的主旨起重要作用的意象。
其一为黑色，“纯色调可使人产生快乐或抑郁之感”（朱立元：489-490）。
诗中所连续采用的黑色背景，可使读者感到压抑，从而感受男子心底的恐惧与悲痛。
诗中反复出现的“永远不再”亦可看作一种特殊形象。
除该词的原意外，它还具有象征意义。
在乌鸦出场时，悲伤的男子问它叫什么名字，乌鸦的回答就是“永远不再”，但当主人翁向乌鸦询问是否有良药以消除他心中对蕾诺的思念时，当他想知道是否能与蕾诺在遥远的天堂再次相会时，以及最后要求乌鸦离开小屋时，乌鸦都是通过“永远不再”作答，也正是这个词，使得男子陷入永恒的悲痛深渊。
2、场景设置读者可在开篇看到一幅夜半三更的凄厉画卷：阴森的气氛，令人毛骨悚然的场景，神秘而忧郁的男子,不祥的乌鸦……在阴郁而寒冷的午夜，除寒风的呼啸声与男子翻动书页的声音，周围的一切均可谓万籁俱寂，屋外的世界在夜的面纱笼罩之下，而屋内的狭小空间在昏暗的光线下显得忽明忽暗，突然一阵短暂的敲门声在他房门上叩响，但当他打开房门查看时，却不见敲门人，只有无情的黑夜与肆虐的狂风。
然而，当他回到屋内，之前的敲门声却再次响起，乌鸦在这时飞入他的房间，并栖息于他房门之上。
但为何选择午夜作为故事发生的时间？午夜意味着恐怖与神秘，各种幽灵与魔鬼总在此时出没。
这种令人发怵的氛围，为乌鸦的出场奠定了基调。
诗人将故事设置在一所幽僻而狭小的屋子里也是别有一番用心。
首先，狭小而封闭的空间对构建孤僻而隔世的哥特式恐怖气氛有着绝对的帮辅作用。
第二，小屋正是两位情侣的爱巢，这个屋子依旧如此，然而曾经的欢笑却随着女主人的香消玉殒而一去不返。
男子守着物是人非的屋子，睹物思人，是何等的悲伤。
如此设置场景会在读者心中引起共鸣，使读者对男子的同情之心油然而生。
《乌鸦》,作为一首以抑扬格八音部构建下完成的叙事体诗歌,读起来朗朗上口,具有极强的音感。
全诗在爱伦坡极具个性的语言风格营造中,描绘出一个非现实环境下的超自然氛围。
它讲述的是一个关于男主人翁痛失所爱的故事。
一个会说人类语言的乌鸦,来到一个刚刚失去心上致爱的男子身边。
男子正竭尽全力使自己走出这情感的阴霾,但乌鸦的到来却更加加重了男子的无限伤感。
任凭男子一再地反复询问,乌鸦的回复冷酷而让人绝望:永不复焉。
〈乌鸦〉于1845年1月29日进行首次印刷，由《纽约镜像晚报》发行。
它的出版使得爱伦·坡终身受到欢迎，尽管这并没有为他带来巨大的财富。
此诗不久后便再版、受谐仿及加上插图。
尽管评论对其地位的见解并不一致，它仍是史上最著名的诗作之一。
SynopsisAmused by the raven's comically serious disposition, the man demands that the bird tell him its name. The raven's only answer is "Nevermore".[7] The narrator is surprised that the raven can talk, though at this point it has said nothing further. The narrator remarks to himself that his "friend" the raven will soon fly out of his life, just as "other friends have flown before"[7] along with his previous hopes. As if answering, the raven responds again with "Nevermore".[7] The narrator reasons that the bird learned the word "Nevermore" from some "unhappy master" and that it is the only word it knows.[7]Even so, the narrator pulls his chair directly in front of the raven, determined to learn more about it. He thinks for a moment, not saying anything, but his mind wanders back to his lost Lenore. He thinks the air grows denser and feels the presence of angels. Confused by the association of the angels with the bird, the narrator becomes angry, calling the raven a "thing of evil" and a "prophet". As he yells at the raven it only responds, "Nevermore".[8] Finally, he asks the raven whether he will be reunited with Lenore in Heaven. When the raven responds with its typical "Nevermore", he shrieks and commands the raven to return to the "Plutonian shore",[8] though it never moves. Presumably at the time of the poem's recitation by the narrator, the raven "still is sitting"[8] on the bust of Pallas. The narrator's final admission is that his soul is trapped beneath the raven's shadow and shall be lifted "Nevermore".[8] Analysisfeelings of loss.[11] Poe leaves it unclear if the raven actually knows what it is saying or if it really intends to cause a reaction in the poem's narrator.[12] The narrator begins as weak and weary, becomes regretful and grief-stricken, before passing into a frenzy and, finally, madness.[13] Christopher F. S. Maligec suggests the poem is a typeof elegiac paraclausithyron, an ancient Greek and Roman poetic form consisting of the lament of an excluded, locked-out lover at the sealed door of his beloved.[14]AllusionsThe raven perches on a bust of Pallas Athena, a symbol of wisdom meant to imply the narrator is a scholar. Illustration by Édouard Manet for Stéphane Mallarmé's translation, Le Corbeau (1875).Poe says that the narrator is a young scholar.[15] Though this is not explicitly stated in the poem, it is mentioned in "The Philosophy of Composition". It is also suggested by the narrator reading books of "lore" as well as by the bust of Pallas Athena, goddess of wisdom.[1]He is reading "many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore".[6] Similar to the studies suggested in Poe's short story "Ligeia", this lore may be about the occult or black magic. This is also emphasized in the author's choice to set the poem in December, a month which is traditionally associated with the forces of darkness. The use of the raven – the "devil bird" –also suggests this.[16] This devil image is emphasized by the narrator's belief that the raven is "from the Night's Plutonian shore", or a messenger from the afterlife, referring to Pluto,the Roman god of the underworld[10] (also known as Hades in Greek mythology).Poe chose a raven as the central symbol in the story because he wanted a "non-reasoning" creature capable of speech. He decided on a raven, which he considered "equally capable of speech" as a parrot, because it matched the intended tone of the poem.[17] Poe said the raven is meant to symbolize "Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance".[18] He was also inspired by Grip, the raven in Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty by Charles Dickens.[19] One scene in particular bears a resemblance to "The Raven": at the end of the fifth chapter of Dickens's novel, Grip makes a noise and someone says, "What was that – him tapping at the door?" The response is, "'Tis someone knocking softly at the shutter."[20] Dickens's raven could speak many words and had many comic turns, including the popping of a champagne cork, but Poe emphasized the bird's more dramatic qualities. Poe had written a review of Barnaby Rudge for Graham's Magazine saying, among other things, that the raven should have served a more symbolic, prophetic purpose.[20] The similarity did not go unnoticed: James Russell Lowell in his A Fable for Critics wrote the verse, "Here comes Poe with his raven, like Barnaby Rudge / Three-fifths of him genius and two-fifths sheer fudge."[21]Poe may also have been drawing upon various references to ravens in mythology and folklore. In Norse mythology, Odin possessed two ravens named Huginn and Muninn, representingPoetic structurestructure and meter is so formulaic that it is artificial, though its mesmeric quality overrides that.[25]。