托福阅读强化班笔记
新东方托福冲刺精讲班笔记吐血
Listening1.开头——复习+主旨例外：①课堂复习——不考标志过去时态开始标志：now,today, OK, while②老师道歉③归纳法的开头,先给出例子,再给出结论--记例子的主体&论点2.结尾——推断+细节3.注意重复的细节与观点4.举例——记例子主体,注意提示词5.定义解释——其中的关系6.注意可以的停顿7.注意课堂引导词——remember now OK while imagine today8.讲课中的问答9.因果关系10.听清层次——firstly secondly...11.注意转折12.Listen again 专业术语不变避免原词重复Speaking notesQ1&Q2To start with I believe most of people would choose... However i would like to choose...today i have two arguments to supports to support my idea.Today i mainly have one important argument to back up my ideaTake me for example... For instance... For exampleFurthermore what's moreTo summarize to conclude all in allBased on the two points i have already mentioned ...will always be my choice...Q31.The school wants/plans to doThe school policy is...The school wants to carry out a policy which is...2.sb suggests/advises that the university should stop do...3.In the conversation, the man disagrees, and he has two pointsIn the listening material, the man agree with the policy because of the following reasons...4.First, the school think, however the man think...Second...Based on the two points the man disagree.Q4In this set of material, the reading passage introduce a theory/principle/definition...which meanssuggests that...In the lecture, the professor uses/gives us/provides us/offers us one/two examples to explain/illustrate/demonstrate/clarify this theory.The first is about...The second is ...Q51.time conflict①to find sb else to replace/take place of youto find sb to help him②drop, give up,cancel one of the plans③reschedulePut off, delay, postpone,to find another day to do.Do/finish...before...④ask for extension/extra days/putting off the dead line2.course is not available①to take the same/similar course next semester②take it in another school③choose the graduate lessonQ6The lecture is about/the topic is about...The professor mainly talked about ...According to the lecture...In this listening material the professor explain...All in all/in conclusion...Tips1.DefinitionThe term ...is defined as..The definition of the term is...2.ResultThe/it result turn out to be...pareIn the experiment, students are divided into two groups.The first group is... In the second group the situation is totally different/is on the contrary.Writing一、Heading一方案1凸显主题引述观点我的立场1.凸显主题①As is often the case, Under many circumstances,Currently / In contemporary society, +X/ the issue of X+is widely discussed.is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion.is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused. is much concerned at such a degree that a wide discussion has beenaroused.is much/ widely discussed to a point where a deep contemplation has been aroused.②so…that…He is so 2 that he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. / ved. + to a / the point whereHe is 2 to a point where he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. /ved. + at such a degree that…He is 2 at such a degree that…2.引述观点againstSome people maintain/ hold that it is …that…A few people hold the opinion that…One point is that…One perspective is that…One conventional idea/ acceptance / view / notion is that…forA common belief is that…A prevailing notion/ acceptance is that…题目核心名词不动题目中观点的方向不动3.我的立场程度+ 态度①程度to large extent,at large degree,on large scale,②态度I agree with this opinion.I am on the side of this claim / assumption / assertionI side with this claim.I stand with this claim.I would nod in agreement with this claim.I lean toward this claim.I disagree with this opinion.I am on the opposite side of this claim.I side on the opposite.I stand against this claim.I would cast doubt on this claim.I would frown on this claim.全局Currently, the issue of X is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused. Some people maintain that it is … that…. To large extent, however, I am on the opposite side of this claim. 二方案2一分钟快捷法：Some people hold / maintain that…I reckon/ deem thatagainstSome people maintain that…. To large extent, however, I am on the opposite side of this claim and reckon that it assumes a distorted and narrow view.forA prevailing acceptance is that…. To large extent, I am on theside of this claim and reckon that it sensible and rational. Body structureBody+support+strong二、基本思路框架：一1.让步Concede：客观性—题目观点有点道理To begin with, I have to concede that…2.主旨段1：分析—题目观点/言论谬误NeverthelessNonethelessthe claim—problematicAttention: 探讨论点 > 议论话题3.主旨段2:推理—后果严重,危害巨大At last, the influence—negative4.其他备选思路Optional 1: 可行性欠佳not feasibleOptional 2: 效用差ineffectiveOptional 3: 当A>B时,支持弱者B is also significantOptional 4：当题目中X is the …est,质疑“最”X is not the …est. Optional 5：因果关系不合理No direct relation between A and B二中心句：1 .让步To begin with, I have to admit that…To begin with, it is undisputable that…First of all, I have to concede that X, at some / certain degree, is/ can…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree,is beneficial与题目立场一致.限制级让步—避免喧宾夺主…, to some / certain extent,……, at some/ certain degree,……, on some/ specific occasions,….…, in particular / certain cases, ……, under some / particular circumstances,……, theoretically speaking,……, in short-terms,…… is/ can somewhat…… is/ can relatively…2. against1—分析：题目观点谬误本质使然驳斥言论>质疑话题Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that…is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim / assertion open to question.Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative. Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several defects/ irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.Do—undertake Be engaged inTip:下定义A isB B=n. –A functionA serves asB / A functions as BFriends serve as companionships.media serve as sources of influence.作判断A is B B=adj. / n.A is accepted / acknowledged as BThis proposal is accepted as beneficial.This proposal, to large extent, is accepted as beneficial.3. against2—推理：后果很严重/危害巨大effect vs influenceNegative influence—destructive consequencesdisastrous consequencesAt last, the consequences/ misleading of…would be negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences/ misleading that … is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.4.其他备选思路中心句Option1: 这样做不可行 feasible = viable--It is not feasible the feasibility of … is open to question.--It is not viable the viability of… is open to question.The feasibility/ viability of … is vulnerable to any question or challenge.… can hardly be converted from blueprint into reality.… can merely rest on the blueprint.Option1 效果欠佳--切断联系Step1 It can not solve this problemStep2 It fails to offer solutions to this problem.Step3For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a reference for...PracticeThis proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….Option2: B重要 for A>B 话题B is of great significance for …Great significance for…is closely attached to B--Great significance for the rise of a nation is closely attached to the promotion of education.--Great significance for leading a healthy life is closely attached to the preservation of environment.--Great significance for the duty of celebrities is closely attached to the participation of social services.Option4: X并非最佳There is no point to claim that X serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.It is groundless to assert that…serve as—function asOption5: 因果关系不合理There is no direct causal relation between A and BThis claim suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.This assumption/ assertion fails to establish a causal relation betweenA and B.三、Body一1.让步First of all/ to begin with, I have to concede that X, at certain degree, is beneficial / is effective.2.观点谬误Nevertheless, the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption / assertion open to question. Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.3 .后果严重At last, the consequences / the misleading that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. / disastrous/ pernicious.4.可行性欠佳The feasibility / viability of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.5. Ineffective即使有结果,也很难达到目的for 建议类话题To carry the idea further, this proposal / solution/ approach is awkward in serving as a key that guarantees the effectiveness and efficiency.for 定义/结论类话题To carry the idea further, this definition/ conclusion is awkward in serving as a convincing reference that can offer objective and accurate / reliable / trustworthy guidance.6. not the best/ --est for 最…话题There is no point to claim that... serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.7. 挽救B—B重要 for A>B 话题Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B.8. 因果关系不能建立This claim suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.First of all, I have to concede that…, at some / certain degree, is/ can…For one thing, X, on some occasions, is/ can…For the other, it is/ can also somewhat/ relatively…, on the ground that…, for the reason that…, for the sake that…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, such exercises, on some occasions, contribute to promoting writing skills. For the other, writing can somewhat sharpen the mind.二方案1—双论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial. 论据1For one thing, X serves as 是什么 through which 作用/效果论据2For the other, X also contributes to/ X is also effective in人例case of/ the case concerning … serves as an example/ evidence / an evident example which, to large extent, can support / solidify /consolidate my claim that it is… that…事例the personal experience of … serves as an example / evidence that/ which can largely consolidate/lend credible support to my claim that…方案2—单论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial, CS2. against1—本质不好i Nevertheless, the inherited/intrinsic /inborn defect of X can largelyundermine the claim/ assumption that….ii Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption / assertion open to question.Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic /misrepresentative.For 建议类话题：复杂任务简单化As is often the case, / Under many circumstances,/ As a matter of fact, 待解决之问题/达成之目标 is acknowledged as a complicated task/ project/ cause whose solution involves/ requires a combination/ joint of efforts on both the internal and external layers and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by XAs is often the case, 待介定之事物 is acknowledged as a complicated phenomenon / concept/ existence whose definition involves/ requires/ concerns a combination of elements / factors on both the subjective and objective layers and cannot possibly be defined by highlighting X.数据With reference for a survey by International …, % of the people / respondents between and in European countries / . claimed that…With reference for a survey by International …, % of the people / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / . claimed that X is the last option employed to…With reference for a survey by International …, %of the people / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / . had gloomy views over the effectiveness / the prospect of XAccording to a survey by International Deserts , the deserts all over the world are extending at a rate of 250 football fields every 3 hours.实事—caseThe case concerning … serves as an example/ evidence / an evident example which can, to large extent, support/ solidify/ justify / reinforce / bolster / consolidate my claim that…人例—personal experienceThe personal experience concerning … serves as an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim that…Optional结论/建议未必适用于所有情形无视个案差异… is not unexceptionally acceptable… is not undisputable all the time / under any circumstances The other flaw is that the validation of the view presented in this topic is not universally self evident. On occasions that…,/ On conditions that… , the utmost significance is supposed to be attached to X, whereas when this prerequisite/ the condition removes, the emphasis/ focus would also be switched to other….Tip: 本段质疑言论的组织架构：言论谬误The assumption/ assertion that… is problematic.谬误/漏洞1—复杂的事物被简化X复杂,解决/定义需要诸多 a combination of 努力 efforts/ 因素elements谬误/漏洞2—观点的合理性是有条件的X 不总正确not universally self-evident, 只有在…条件下,on conditions that…, 才合理,否则就不行X has been proved to be the most effective …/ the best …Any other efforts / possibilities have been proved to be vain attempts X has been proved to be the most effective …/ the best … that can ruleout any other …X enjoys the widest preference后果很严重At last, the consequences/ influence of… is negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.子论据1：负面影响+小的个体 individual 大到整体 society/ system/ industry One point that is worth of mentioning is that…The negative influence of X would be infectious.The negative influence of X would result in a series of chain reaction. The negative influence of X would give rise to Domino Effect/ Butterfly Effect.it can inevitably endanger/ jeopardize both the individual… and the whole society/ industry/ system.The negative influence of X would be infectious, which can inevitably jeopardize / endanger both the individual… and the whole…子论据2：弊大于利To carry the idea further,Other than that,In addition, advantages vs. disadvantagesthe disadvantages outweigh the advantages.= the advantages are outweighed by the disadvantages.the disadvantages overshadow the advantages.= the advantages are overshadowed by the disadvantages.Advantages:The expected/ the foreseeable benefits and opportunities / solutions…can offerFor conclusion The expected reference and guidance … can offer Disadvantages:the potential risks and uncertainties … can incurFor conclusion--the potential confusions and misleading … can incurDisadvantage > advantage--the potential risks and uncertainties … incurs far outweigh the expected benefits and opportunities it can offer.--the potential confusions and misleading … incurs can rule out any reference and guidance it can offer.To be exact, it is tantamount to an act of trading A for Btrade long-term … for short term…trade … in the long run for … at presenttrade the possibility of sustainable development for the reality of present interests.trade the unique… for common…trade the cherished… for common / ordinary …trade the invaluable … for the valueless …trade everything for nothing子论据3影响负面且深远Even worse, It runs the risk of driving …to a dead end.This proposal / conclusion is acknowledged as an illogical and irrational assumption/ assertion which indicates / reveals / mirrors a set of misplaced values that run the risk of driving … to a dead end.三思路框架：1.让步To begin with, I have to concede that knowing how to use money effectively, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, it somewhat minimizes the risk of financial problems in the future. For the other, the acquisition of such knowledge and skills, at certain degree, contributes to relatively sensible consuming habits.2．因素分析Nevertheless, the claim of emphasizing the role that learning money management at young age plays in making a financially responsible adult is contaminated with several intrinsic irrationalities. As is often the case, implanting a sense of financial responsibility into an individual is acknowledged as a complicated task whose solution involves a combination of efforts on both the internal and external respects and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by simply making children learn management. The personal experience of Madoff serves as an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim. Although Madoof received good education for money management since he was young, he did not have any sense of responsibility and was labeled as a cheater in 2008. The other flaw this assumption suffers from is that it ignores the differentials among cases. On conditions that that the learning of managing money is combined with the instillation of conscience and moral, or that this proposal has been proved as the most effective measure which can rule out any other solutions, making children learn to manage money is acceptable, whereas when this prerequisite removes, the things would be otherwise.3. 演绎推理At last, the consequences that this proposal is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. One point that is worth of mentioning is that the misleading and confusion that relating managing money to financial responsibility can incur far outweigh the expected benefits and solutions it can offer. Other than this, learning money management on early stage bears the possibility of bringing in materialism into our education and misplacing the values, which runs the risk of driving the healthy growth of our next generation to a dead end.EndingTo sum up, at large degree, I would cast doubt on this assumption. What is more, it is essential for us to have circumspection over all the factors before any critical decision-makings.Tip:其他备用思路：Option1--可行性欠佳What is more, the feasibility of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.A host of impediments that are expected to encounter like A, B, C andD are acknowledged as significant factors that play decisive rolesin minimizing the viability.In this sense, it is almost a mission impossible to…重要因素表达—用于论点+论据… serves as a significant factor that plays decisive role in….… serves as an indispensable element that is not supposed to be overlooked.Tip :不可行的障碍--show no respect the legal principles--overlook the basic laws of nature--violate the ethical bottom line--the unsatisfactory voices from the public--limited budgets or financial problemsOption2--即使有结果,也很难达到目的个性化方案—选配--牵强的联系For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a convincing/ credible reference for...教师是否应该根据他们的表现而支付薪水Paying teachers in accordance with their performance is awkwardin serving as a key to enhancing / improving/ promoting /upgrading the education.This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….+切断联系 For 建议As a matter of fact/ In effect, A/ the former does not function as the exclusive prerequisite for B/ the latter.+冲淡联系1 原因多样Under many circumstances, a host of solutions/ possibilities such as A1, A2, A3 and A4 are also indispensable/ significant approaches that are not supposed to be overlooked....is a significant factor that plays a decisive role in…… is also an indispensable element that is not supposed to be overlooked.+冲淡联系2 结果无效On the other hand, such oversimplified strategy would be doomed/ deemed as counterproductive.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct causal relation between A andB the result and the proposal.For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a convincing/ credible reference for...+切断联系For 结论A does not serve as an exclusive prerequisite for gaining a betterunderstanding about B+冲淡联系1可能性多样Under certain circumstances, B can be concluded as A1, whereas under others, the definition/ conclusion like A2, A3, A4 are also sensible/ acceptable/ rational.+冲淡联系2 定义/概括无效GeneralOn the other hand, such over generalized conclusion fails to be representative.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct relation between the conclusion/ definition and the phenomenon.In this sense, A can tell just part of the story.Option 3-- ... is not the ..estThere is no point to claim that A serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.A multitude of other options/ elements/ possibilities / solutions such as B, C, and D are also significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In this sense, it is groundless to put ultimate premium on A.Option 4--挽救B-B重要 for A>B 话题Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B.Option5—因果无法建立：Furthermore, the claim that… suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.Furthermore, the claim that … rests on a gratuities causal relationship which is in short of legitimacy.In effect, the former does not serve as the exclusive prerequisite for the latter.Under many circumstances, a host of approaches / solutions/ reasons/ possibilities as A, B, C and D are also acknowledged as significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In addition, this conclusion runs the risk of misleading the understanding / the definition of…In addition, this proposal bears the possibility of driving the result to quite different paths.In this sense, there exists no direct causal relation between A and B.Topics:Because we are busy, we can do few things well.Because we are busy, politeness has become unnecessary and out of fashion. In order to make ourselves happy, we should learn how to make others happy first.For这样很好本性使然… is blessed/ gifted withadvantagemerit in …./thatgeniusX is blessed with a multitude of merits.As it stands, X enjoys many advantages like A, B, C and D.According to a survey by…, X% of the respondents …这是不可避免的 indispensable / 重要部分A is a part of B= A is included in B= A serves as / functions as an indispensable episode in composing B the absence of… would result in…Families serve as indispensable episode in composing our society.Failures in every segment of our life serve as indispensable episodes in composing our growth.Competition serves as indispensable episode in composing our market. The multimedia and the internet serve as indispensable episodes in composing our modern life.The quantum leaps in science and technology serve as indispensable episode in composing our civilization.这样做可行且运转良好What is more, the feasibility of X can withstand question or challenge.A host of factors such as A, B, C and D are acknowledged as significantelements that play decisive roles in maximizing the viability.Not only does it enjoy feasibility, but also it can operate in a smooth way.如果这样,结果诱人Other than this, the positive consequences of X would turn out to be profound.it will benefit both the individual and the whole systemit contributes to promoting …., boosting …..and …will thereafter beenhancedIt contributes to promoting the advance of economy, boosting the communication among cultures and the reputation of a city is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting the efficiency, boosting the effectiveness and our self-confidence is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting our skills in getting along with others, boosting our abilities in thinking over things and our minds are thereafter sharpened.Advantage> Disadvantage应该这样,因为这样做不仅有益,而且无害;A andB can co-exist harmoniouslyA andB are not 2 mutually exclusive matters.A andB are compatibleA andB are 2 mutually exclusive matters. As a matter of fact, the former andthe latter can co-exist harmoniously.The existence/ advance of A does not act/ serve as a terminator forBThe existence / advance of A does not bring negative influence / consequenceon BTo sum up, I side on the opposite of the claim that… What is more, it is essential for us to pay more attention to …/ What is more, special attention is called for to四、Tip1.若要/为了X目的, 就得YX and Y are closely relatedthere is a direct causal relation between X and YY serves as the exclusive prerequisite for Xcreate—creativity,advent,reckon,doomed to be,the sin revelation 2.这样不好/不应该本性/本质使然be born with / to be inherit intrinsic natureinborn problematiclast, the consequences/ influence of… is negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.and more--an/ the increasing number of +可数名词--the increasing + 不可数名词--the increasingly + adj. + n.Give rise toof great significance for…great significance for… is closely attached to…great significance for your future career is closely attached to your study.great significance for the effectiveness of leadership is closely attached to the respect from the public.7.可能…, to large extent, …… bears the possibilities that…… runs the risk of…--This measure runs the risk of triggering disasters.switch alter convertDo undertake be engaged in estimate assess9.10.没有上过大学Lyndon Johnson AbrahamLincolnGrover Cleveland—honest + independent Andrew Jackson—the incarnation of courageMike Dell Stephen Jobs Zuckburge接受过优秀教育OxfordMargaret Hilda Thatcher David Cameron Bill ClintonStephen Hawking Mr. BeanHarvardFranklin Roosevelt Obama John F. KennedyGeorge W. Bush Gary Faye Locke素材accumulate the knowledge train the skills broaden the horizon experience the defeats/ failures strengthen the willsharpen the mind develop personalities shape valuespurify the soul detach the view12.媒体books:magazine; text book; bibliography; encyclopedia; novelTV programs; TV networksvideo; audience; display; screenread—reading—reader words; lines; passages重要影响力杂志New Yorker；the Times—实事评论性杂--through which we can extract insightful thoughts.Vogue；ELLE;—时尚杂志--let us breathe fashionable airReader’s Digest—综合性期刊National Geography—人文景观the Palace museumthe Louver Palacethe Expos—有必要出现暴力内容的娱乐the western movies—pioneering spiritGone with Wind--setting Atlanta on fire—chaosSchindler's List--Whoever saves one life, saves the world entireSaving Private Ryan-- the value of lifeBrave Heart-- shedding blood and sacrificing for just one chance for freedom Negative—过分暴力的娱乐-- Transformer 3-- justice do not have to be exchanged by extreme violencenor at the price of the whole Chicago City with thousandsof innocent lives.small step though it is for young people, a giant leap for the future life.That's one small step for me, one giant leap for mankind.Achilles’ Heelthe absence of innovation/ sympathy is acknowledged as the Achilles’Heel of our education.the absence of creditability is acknowledged as the Achilles’ Heel of political leadership.significant五、综合写作一HeadingThelecturerefutesobjects tosides on the opposite ofthepointsillustratedinthereadingmaterial.In accordance with With reference forAccordingto the listening,theprofessorthe lecturerclaims /asserts that。
TOEFL阅读听力笔记
电器设备检修工安全生产责任制范文一、总则1.1 安全生产是公司的首要任务，是电器设备检修工必须履行的职责和义务。
本文旨在明确电器设备检修工的安全生产责任，确保工作场所的安全和员工的健康。
二、安全责任2.1 电器设备检修工必须具备安全意识，遵守公司的安全制度，正确使用个人防护装备，保证检修作业的安全进行。
2.2 电器设备检修工必须熟悉各类电器设备的安全操作规程，并按照规程进行操作，不得擅自修改或忽视安全操作规程。
2.3 电器设备检修工应具备预防和排除事故的能力，发现设备故障或安全隐患时，应及时向相关部门报告并采取措施进行处理。
2.4 电器设备检修工应参加公司组织的安全培训和示范操作，提升安全意识和技能水平，有效防范和应对各类安全风险。
2.5 电器设备检修工应不断学习和掌握最新的安全生产技术和知识，积极参与安全隐患排查和整改工作，为公司的安全生产提供支持。
三、责任落实3.1 公司负责营造良好的安全生产环境，提供必要的安全设施和防护装备，完善安全管理制度，明确安全责任，切实保障电器设备检修工的安全。
3.2 相关部门应加强对电器设备检修工的安全培训和教育，定期组织安全技能竞赛和应急演练，提高员工的安全防范和应对能力。
3.3 安全生产监管部门应加强对电器设备检修工的监督检查，及时发现和整改存在的安全隐患，确保安全生产责任制得以有效执行。
3.4 电器设备检修工应遵守安全操作规程，正确佩戴个人防护装备，严禁酒驾、毒驾等行为，切实履行安全生产责任。
四、安全防范4.1 电器设备检修工应提前做好检修准备工作，检查设备的运行状况和安全性能，清理工作场所，确保安全和整洁。
4.2 在检修过程中，电器设备检修工应按照程序和要求进行操作，正确使用工具和设备，防止因操作失误导致事故发生。
4.3 电器设备检修工应定期对工作场所进行安全巡检，发现安全隐患应及时进行整改，确保工作环境的安全和健康。
4.4 在使用化学药品和其他有害物质的情况下，电器设备检修工应严格按照操作规程进行，加强防护措施，避免危险和事故的发生。
魏越越托福阅读笔记
魏越越托福阅读笔记托福阅读特点：1.所有文章均为文本标题，语言特色为学术论文。
2.问题的顺序与文章严格一致。
3.这篇文章篇幅长，形式单一。
4.这篇文章有明显的原则。
5、出题方式客观，每个题目在原文中都可以找到准确的对应，每个题目回原文定位。
提问方法：一、研究文章首段首句，掌握文章论述方向，知识背景，如果文章前四行有转折点，发展方向是转折点之后。
二、如果第一题是主题题，先绕过不做，从第二题开始。
先读题目再找答案句子，带问题读这篇文章，直到你读完。
不要略读或跳过。
找到答案的四种方法：A.按顺序找到答案B.关键词：1、数字年代p1024p1394p121112、大写字母p17910p9783.晦涩复杂的单词p454p1332c，提问原则：在回答句子可能出现的区域内，如果有提问原则，就有问题答案。
最高级，引语，强调，解释，连字符，隐喻，但引导转折点D，名词表示词干中的中心概念在答案句可能出现的区域内寻找中心概念的名词或中心词。
p386、8三、在提问过程中注意每一段的第一句话，并将两个问题对应的回答句之间的内容连接起来。
确保阅读第四部分，最后做主题问题。
出题态度趋向：1、健康2、女权主义做题原则：1.泛读前仔细阅读2。
猜猜单词3。
首先确保准确性，然后是时间4。
不要回过头来读各类题型的做题技巧：一、主题题提问方法：主要话题主要想法作为主题主要讨论问题解决步骤：1、文章首段首句（80％的主题题可以在文章首段首句找到答案）p1771p1111p1831p21912.（1）如果第一段中的2句和3句话改变了前面的内容，文章的主题就在这里。
（2）如果第一段中的1句和2句只是背景介绍，那么2句和3句是文章p2101p26413和第二段第一句的核心内容（1）首段内容在第2段转折，转折后是主题（2）文章的第一段是预备内容。
第二段进入主题p961（3）。
每段的第一句话都是综合性的p471p1191二、指代题（代词指代、词汇指代）指代题占题量的10％问法：theword“a”inline“b”referto1、代词指代（1）后一句是指前一句：两个相邻的句子或一个句子被分成两个从句。
托福阅读笔记法
托福阅读笔记法
托福阅读考试怎么做笔记
1.保持笔记的简洁不要试图把所有息都记下来，因为不论
是考试时或是上课时，你都不会有那么多时间。
笔记只需记下关键词和中心思想，而不是整个句子。
要一直专注于捕捉重点。
2.使用符号做笔记记笔记时，使用符号和缩写可以帮助你
更快地抓住息。
用什么符号没有关系，只要你自己可以理解就好，所以你需要找到适合自己的笔记方法并坚持使用。
3.继续往下听同样的，无论你是在做托福听力还是在做课
堂笔记，时间都是关键。
如果你觉得自己落后了，那你最好停止记笔记，并继续往下听。
重要的是不能漏掉任何新的息。
4.找到适合的笔记方法根据你自己的研究方式以及呈现的
息种类，你可以在各种记笔记的方法中选择最合适的一个。
很多人会选择提纲式记笔记，因为这个方法可以通过段落缩进的方式来分级整合重要息点。
还有很多学生倾向于用思维导图或图表来帮助自己用图形的方式捕捉息。
5.不断练习提高笔记技巧的最好方式就是练习。
TED演讲是用来练习听力和笔记的绝佳资源。
这些讲话包含各种不同话题，长度从几分钟到30分钟甚至更长的都有。
只要选择一个
你感兴趣的话题就可以开始练习啦!。
超强托福考试复习资料-王令的阅读笔记
一、托福阅读的做题方法1、研究文章首句，掌握文章叙述主题，和背景知识。
2、如果第一题是主题题型，那么绕过先坐下一题。
3、密切关注各段首句，4、把最后的主题补充上。
二、整体态度的取向所有的答案都应该是：1、符合原文的2、公正的3、科学的4、女权主义极其严重的三、如何找答案1、界定法①上下两题目都标明出处，中间一题的答案必在上下两题答案句之间。
多数情况下问题句出现在中间偏后的位置，即出现的行号靠近下一题。
96-9-11，96-9-12②题目本身标有行号。
2、标志法①问题有关人名、地名，做题是回行找大写字母。
②问题有关数字年代的，文章出现相同的数字年代即为出处。
3、特殊词汇法99-06-46，99-08-144、出题原则在界定法指出的答案句可能出现的区域内，哪里有出题原则，哪里就是问题的答案。
5、关键词关键词都是纯名词在界定法指出的答案句可能出现的区域内找出关键词或者关键词的同义词，这里必定是答案句。
注意：在阅读中，A of B, B是主语。
四、阅读的出题原则旨在文章中出现的一些结构，句子甚至内容，其出现必然与考题相对应1、引用只要有引号引起来的句子就是引用。
95-08-472、举例出现的标志词：for example出现必考for instancesuch as以及少量情况下的“：”出题的方式只有一种就是举例子说明概述题，解决时绕过粒子看概述，该书的改写就是答案。
95-10-18，96-10，第四篇文章，最后一段文章中再次往往体现出一种标准的结构：“概述+for example+例子1，例子2，例子3，…………”几个例子公用一个概述注意：举例子说明概述的变体①、从例子中既得概述95-12-5②、直接举例子，不出现标志词，普林斯顿样题3、转折凡文章前四行和每段首位句出现了but,however,nevertheless为转折的时候，意义重大，再次要么出题，要么揭示文章主题。
注意：揭示文章主题一般文章前四行的转折是揭示文章的主题。
强化班阅读笔记
单词：endeavor to do 努力 admitterdly 诚然 comprehensive 综合的词组：permissive parents 溺爱子女的父母，be biased for 偏向于 consider sth=take sth 以…..为例让步逻辑的跳读：although /though/even if much as/for all/despite/insipite of 尽管 rather than 而不是转折关系的精读：but（当but 不引导句子时，表示轻微并列，可以理解为and）yet hower nevertheless nonetheless notwithstanding 相反的是：contrarity conversely on the contrary by contrast rather单独放句首表转折 instead unfortunately态度问题的选项一般分为一下三种：一般答案先选褒义，再选贬义，中性一般不选褒义词：postive积极的 supportive 支持的 hopeful 充满希望的 approval n.支持approving adj. optimistic 乐观的，欣赏的 consent 赞同的 permissive 许可的中性词：indifferent 漠不关心的、subjective主观的、objective客观的、impartial不偏不倚的、certain确定的（承认事实，不置可否）贬义词：skeptical，suspicious，doubtful 怀疑的（文章结尾段多个问号，作者态度一定怀疑），contemp 蔑视，biased，prejudict有偏见的，againist 歧视，indignant，furious ，upset（也有不安的意思=concerned）生气的，气愤的indignation=apprehensive 忧虑的，不安的，scornful（n.satire）=ironic(n.ironic)=sarcastic(n.sarcasm)讽刺的 mock tease 嘲笑，讽刺 trivial 微不足道的 destructive=disruptive 有破坏力的 conceited=overconfident 自负的 reserved保守的 resentful（ resentful woman 怨妇）埋怨 opposing=opposition 反对的pessimistic=negative 消极的方向词：褒义词：sensible/wise 明智的；discreet 谨慎的/prudent/cautious 精明的；shrewed/frugal 节俭的；aspiring/aggressive/ambitious 有抱负的，有进取心的；reliable/dependable（dependent是贬义的）可靠的；trustworthy/faithful/loyal （royal 皇家的）忠诚的；industrious/hardworking/painstaking 努力的，勤奋的；creative/iniative/innovative 有创造力的，独创的；dedicated/devoted 有奉献精神的；liberal（literate 识字的，literal 字面的）/open-minded/inclusive开明的，宽容的，接纳性强的；tolerant/enduring 容忍的；courageous/bold/brave勇敢的；hospitable/friendly/warm-hearted 好客的，热情的；pratical/pragmatic/realistic 务实的；sagcious 睿智的，明智的；diplomtic/flexible/resourceful 足智多谋的，灵活的，老练的；wordly （贬义的，世故的）enthusiastic/optimistic 积极的；energetic 充满活力的；punctual=time-conscious 守时的；humble/modest 谦虚的，朴素的；civilized/refined/polished（原意是打磨剖光）有文化的，有教养的；candid/upright/righteous/frank 正直的，坦率的；virtuous（virtue）/kind 善良的=benevolent （bene 词根是与好的有关）innocent 天真贬义词：Imprudent=reckless /rash/incautious/indisreet/egoistic不精明的；selfish/self-serving/self-centerd 自私的；greedy 贪婪的；gullible 易信的；exclusive=intolerant排外的；obedient顺从的；mean 形容人吝啬的，恶毒的；ignorant 无知的；conceited/prejudiced/biased 自负的；cunning 阴险的，狡诈的；vicious=evil 邪恶的；ruthless/cruel/brutal/violent残忍的；timed 怯懦的；nasty 糟糕的，令人恶心的否定前缀：in conclusive总结性的，结论的 inconclusive非结论性的im(用于发音bpm)ir resistablie 可抵抗的 irresistible 一定会发生的il 用于l开头，legal合法的，illegal非法的；un 发在形容词前，直接反义，用于动词前，翻译为反动作（cover 盖上，uncover揭开；say 说 unsay 食言）dis 用法同un（content 满足的，discontent 不满足）mis/mal （fortunel misfortunel misinterpret 误解 mismalfun 失灵）counter “反，抗”没有强烈的方向性（counterclockwise 逆时针；equivalent=counterpart 对等，对应物）anti（反） antibody 抗体；antisocial 反社会的a anonynous 匿名的；apathy 反感；abnormal 不正常的否定后缀：less -+free 没有…..的因果句：因果的连词：in case /lest（以防同 order）so/such。
托福阅读强化讲义【原创】【word可编辑】
托福强化阅读Advanced TOEFLReading讲义Learning MaterialsLecture 1 Get Ready for TOEFL Reading 托福阅读强化预备1. 自测问题Self-evaluating questions✓托福阅读有几篇文章？每篇有几道题目？每篇文章大约多少字？考试时间多久？✓托福阅读有哪些题型？哪种题最简单？哪种题最难？我是否掌握了每周题型的解题方法和步骤？✓托福阅读满分多少分？我如果一共做对了15个可以得多少分？答案十大题型Basic Information（提取信息）①词汇题Vocabulary 词②指代题Reference③简化句子题Sentence Simplification 句④插入文本题Insert Text⑤事实信息题Factual Information⑥否定排除题Negative Factual Information 段Inferencing（分析推理）⑦推断题Inference⑧修辞目的题Rhetorical PurposeReading to Learn （学以致用）⑨图表题Fill in a Table 篇⑩小结题Prose Summary机考界面评分标准（2019年8月之后）2. 托福阅读文章特点（Characteristics of TOEFL reading text）“TOEFL iBT® reading passages are excerpts from college-level textbooks thatwould be used in introductions to a discipline or topic. The excerpts are changedas little as possible because the goal of the test is to assess how well test takerscan read the kind of writing that is used in an academic environment.The passages cover a variety of subjects. Do not worry if you are unfamiliar with the topic of a passage. All the information needed to answer the questions is in the passage.”Official Guide 5th edition作为一项语言能力测试，托福阅读备考是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。
托福阅读笔记TPO3：Architecture
托福阅读笔记TPO3：Architecture托福阅读笔记之TPO3 ArchitectureTPO3 Architecture建筑文章题材：艺术学科——建筑学文章结构：本文介绍建筑学和建筑的定义，建筑物所需满足的要求及建筑物的功能，以及为了发展材料而产生的重大建筑技术变革。
同时还介绍了一些现代建筑的情况。
第一段：给出建筑学定义和建筑的意义。
第二段：建筑物建造所需满足的要求及建筑物的功能。
第三段：为了达到建筑的目的需要满足的条件。
第四段：建筑材料的变革。
第五段：现代建筑三个独立部分的划分。
第五段：石料是古代重要建筑材料，并对拱形结构的意义进行阐述。
常见词汇：Adobe n.土坯Plumbing n. 管道装置grow out of 产生于;因长大而丢弃instinctive adj. 本能的;直觉的shelter n. 庇护vt.保护dramatically adv.戏剧地，引人注目地feasible adj. 可行的;Devised v. 设计withstand vt. 抵挡;禁得起;反抗compression n. 压缩，浓缩skeleton n. 骨架;纲要permanence n. 持久;永久segment n. 段;部分v. 分割integral adj.完整的，构成整体必需的题目设置：本文中题型的分配是4道词汇题，3道事实信息题，句子插入题、句子简化题、文中总结题等，延续一贯的题目设置。
题目难度适中，看文章时注意分清文章结构，在解题时注意找准题干和文章内容的对应。
易错题解析：Paragraph 4: Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.1. The word “integral” is closet in meaning to?○Essential○Variable○Practical○Independent题型：词汇题。
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托福强化班阅读笔记总结一、 托福考试阅读的内容特征(一) 词汇 (二) 语法 (三) 主题1. Single focus ——一个主题多个方面2. Multi focus ——多个关联的主题及其间联系 (四) 事实信息1. General statement ——概述内容，重点把握2. Some useful details ——选择把握3. 推断信息1) 区分事实信息与推断信息2) 易出错：文章提示的信息没有把握；逻辑分析 4. 关系与结构1) 句子间层次；段落间层次 2) 信息结构与思维框架(五) 层次化问题模型二、篇章和句子(一) 结构化阅读方法1. 托福文章结构2. 快速笔记的内容1) 结构主体的核心词——起到备忘作用 2) 时间和数字——时间形成文章线索，数字作为定位；同步记录时间和事件 3) 人名地名专有名词——用简写记录辅助定位 4) 举例主体——为了阐述概念的例证5) 新概念及局部核心概念——连续极端出现的核心 6) 重要的逻辑3. 笔记过程两条附加规则1) 分段记录 2) 中英文结合 4. 好笔记的标准1) 拥有清晰的逻辑脉络2) 能够复述出文章的主要内容 5. 建议1) 不要考虑是否记录 2) 不要试图记下所有信息 3) 边看边记 6. 详略结合的阅读1) 需要详读的内容A. 结构主题内容——主题句，主题段B. 非举例性质概括内容C. 题目映射原文的内容 2) 需要略读的内容A. 大量数据堆积 i. 为什么列举结构主体细节主体文章中最早出现与标题内容相关以ii.主题是什么iii.结束位置B.明显举例C.类比对比读一半D.让步转折读一半(二)句子1.句子阅读方法1)精读——训练手段2)泛读——行为表现2.精读——语法复习1)基本句型主谓、主谓宾、主系表、主谓宾宾补、主谓双宾2)简单句=基本句型+非主干成分（定、状、同位、插入）3)定语——删除A.B.后置定语C.定语从句i.ii.iii.不能用that, as : in that = because；关系代词充当了借此的宾语，从而不能充当从句中的任何成分4) 同位语——删除A. 普通同位语B. 同位语从句5) 插入语——删除6) 状语——隔离，一拆一合 ——把状语和句子分开，之后放入文中最合适的位置 A. 副词 B. 介词短语 C. 分词短语 D. 不定式 E. 独立主格 7) 非简单句A. 关联词和主句转移原则 i. 关联词a) 连词 b) 关系代词 c) 冒号和分号 ii. 主句转移原则n 个分局有且仅有n-1个关联词B. 句子之间的关联方式 i.并列a)b) 举例: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so ——FANBOYS ii.嵌套a)常见复杂句形式1. 宾语/表语成分2.主语从句That/ Whether + 句子 + V + … What + 句子 + V + … It + Vi + that + 完整句子It + be + adj. + that + 完整句子 3. 特殊的定语/同位语从句S + Vi + that + 句子S + be + adj. + that 句子 + 完整句(同位语从句)/非完整句(定语从句)b) 层次化阅读方法iii.倒装句a) 部分倒装处理方法把提前的be 动词、助动词、情态动词去掉或还原并按顺序理解（do, did, does 去掉，其他还原） b) 完全倒装处理方法1. 能够在句子中充当主语的成分 i. 名词 ii. 代词 iii. The + 形容词 iv. 不定式 v. 从句 vi. 动名词2. 完全倒装判断流程出现句子的关括号在关联词括号花在关联人称关系代词引导定语从句what后续内容与当连接句子的并iv.比较句阅读a)三要素：比较主题，比较点，比较结果b)比较句分类1.静态—>状态比较—>不倒装2.动态—>动作比较—>倒装c)动态比较句类型1.主语+ 不及物动词+ 副词比较级+ than + 其他I run faster than does Tom (run).2.主句+ 及物动词+ 宾语+ 形容词比较级+ thanI love you more than does Tom.3.主语+ 及物动词+ 形容词比较级+ 宾语+ thanI raise more pigs than does Tom.4.被比较主体的动作发出者为代词时不倒装I run faster than you do.v.强调句a)强调局的构成It + be + 强调成分+ that/ who + 其他b)强调句的处理方法去掉构成的强调结构，按常规方法理解；强调句不强调形容词或动词(三)对句子的完整处理流程(四)句子泛读方法1.可以合并为意群的成分1)副词2)介词短语3)非谓语不定式4)分词短语5)主谓，动宾6)固定搭配2.强制一次阅读3.每篇文章正确处理方法1)快速笔记，完成题目2)处理生词，精读句子3)划分意群，模糊理解4)归纳层次，总结要点(五)阅读广泛性与阅读重点把握1.从结构和内容两方面把握重点2.3.托福文章内容分类植物的分类动物地理和地质地形重要！成因和原理古代遗址遗迹水和生命形天文学事件古代文明生平作品三、TOEFL 考试基本题型(一) 答案与文章阐述内容基本无关1. 词汇题1) 题目形式The word X in the passage is closet in meaning to In stating X, the author means that 2) 题目考点词汇的认知和推断 3) 解题方法2. 指代题1) 题目形式The word X in the passage refers to 2) 题目考点词汇之间的关系，基于语义 3) 解题方法词的自身词根词缀词的含义词的范畴完形填空推断结果感情色彩推断方法带入验证带入验证4) 注意A. 被指代对象往往出现在代词之前B. 从句子开头往后找答案，若代词本身就是开头则从再之前一句找C. 指代词和被指代词的数、性、和性质一样D. 指代传递3. 句子简化题1) 题目形式Which of the follow best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? In correct answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leaving out essential information. 2) 解题方法A. 逻辑—>结构相关B. 语义—>内容相关 i. 相关语义：参与构成逻辑关系的语义 ii. 无关语义：不参与构成逻辑关系的语义3) 解题步骤A. 确定题干句子中的逻辑关系——However 不属于句子中的逻辑而是句子间的逻辑关键词：动词，状语常考逻辑：因果，比较，最高级 B. 确定句子中的相关语义最简化原则 i. 因果：原因，结果 ii. 比较：三要素 iii. 最高级和否定：作用对象 4) 逻辑关系的等价转化A. 单词含义关系总局主语指代主句根据代词的属性判关系代词指代先行插入结构不影响指othersome 发生在两个有包含优先选择上位若上以，则当作代词指B.否定i.明显否定关系特色词汇no, not, none neither, nor, denyii.隐含否定关系特色词汇fail to, lack, lack of; absent from; refuse to; remove; ignore; 否定词缀C.因果i.明显因果关系特色词汇因为：because, because of since, as, for, in that, due to, owing to所以：so, so that, therefore, thereby, thus, hence, as a result,consequentlyii.隐含因果关系特色词汇（原因C，结果E）a)导致，造成lead to, cause, give rise to, engender, render, produce, result,result in, make(使役动词), stimulate, spur, push, motivate,spark, fuel, prompt; be responsible forC ○1 Eb)由……而来come from, result from, derive from, originate from, initiatefrom, stem from, be attributable to, be responsible toE ○2 Cc)反应，体现reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, show, implyE ○3 Cd)考虑到，依赖given, considering, in view of, on account of, thanks to,according to, depend on, resort to○4C, E或者E, C○4e)条件关系词if, when, once, as, as soon as, as long as, while○5C, E或E, ○5Cf)分词短语/ 不定式/ 独立主格/ 副你条件6，E或E, ○6D.比较i.明显的比较关系特色词汇比较级，-er, more ~, 同级比较ii.隐含的比较关系特色词汇a)变化量：increase/decrease, create/ destroy程度：progress, develop, improve/ regress, degenerate同级：continue, remain, stableb)差异：same/ differentc)超越：exceed, transcend, surpass, excelE.最高级i.明显最高级特色词汇最高级，比较级：-er than any otherii.隐含最高级词汇a)自身含有最高级：maximum, minimum, outstanding, favorite,super, top, prevalent, dominantb)否定+ 比较：no one could be better than himc)程度较深的词：surprising/ly, amazing/ly, extreme/ly4.句子插入题1)题目考点：句子间关系2)解题方法：A.句子拆分i.非简单句：关联词拆分ii.简单句：谓语动词拆分B.概念提取C.概念匹配D.连贯性检查——逻辑，语义(二)答案与文章阐述的内容直接关联的1.事实信息题1)直接选择，尽量不用排除法2)事实信息题干扰选项的设置方式A.利用信息滞留的干扰选项设置方式i.A—>原文；B—×>原文；A+B—>选项ii.A和B都在原文中出现，但是A和B没有必然联系，A+B—>选项，则答非所问iii. A and B—>原文；A or B—>选项B.针对信息滞留现象，对选项的处理方式i.验证选项中的概念和其最大的概念组合是否在文中出现ii.验证选项和题干是否构成因果关系iii.验证选项和原文是否有对应C.以信息滞留为基础的两种干扰模式i.虚假比较A和B都是X的特性，但是题干凭空捏造A>Bii.答非所问D.应对方法如果选项中出现了比较级、最高级、绝对化描述或范围扩张，则该选项有限不成为正确选项，除非在文中有与其直接对照的字眼。