语篇分析 讲义Discourse Analysis
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2012 Chapter 7 Discourse Analysis 语篇分析
2 Information Structure
❖How do language users arrange information within discourse?
❖2.1 Given and new information ❖Alice: Who ate the bread? ❖Tom : Mary ate the bread.
given/ comment
2.2 Topic and comment
❖Topics are not so important to the grammar of English.
❖There is only one grammatical structure which marks topics in English. ▪ As for me, I’m gonna go to bed.
❖Mark the topic ▪ Place topic in the initial position in English. ▪ A beautiful dress she did make.
2.2 Topic and comment
❖Topic is not necessarily a property of the sentence; it may be a property of the discourse context: ▪ Oh, look! ▪ (an unexpressed topic “the setting sun” or “the sky”)
❖Given information can be something closely related to the mentioned information (e.g. meronymy) ▪ Kent returned my car last night after borrowing it for the day. One of the wheels was about to fall off and the dashboard was missing.
语篇分析讲义Discourse Analysis(课堂PPT)
Implications about the definition:
1) It is the use of language that makes
2)
human beings human;
2) Language seems to be as old as our species;
3) Nothing in the animal kingdom even approximates
6
Discourse Analysis (7)
a) Writing is a relatively recent development in human society;
b) Thousands of speech communities rely solely on speech;
c) All of us speak a great deal more than we write;
The relationship between language and
its medium in the following diagram:
language (abstraction)
|
mediums (concrete)
/
\
speech <=> writing
8
Discourse Analysis (9)
d) Although we acquire speech without conscious effort, learning to read and write is usually less spontaneous and less automatic.
7
Discourse Analysis (8)
DiscourseAnalysis
2.3 Discourse Pattern
2.3.2The general particular pattern The typical textual patterns are those as follows: General statement General statement
↓
↓
Specific statement 1 ↓ Specific statement 2
2.3 Discourse Pattern
2.3.3 The hypothetical-real pattern or the claimcounterclaim pattern [2.10] Every other critic has said that On Food and Cooking is brilliant, a revelation, and a unique combination of scientific insight and literacy which sweeps aside all myth and jargon as none have done before. Mcgee‘s book is indeed well written, is full of good things and is good to have on the shelves as a continuing source of reference and quotes . But it also has its fair share of mistakes, omissions and misalignments of emphasis.
2.3 Discourse Pattern
语言学-discourse-analysis
06 话语分析的挑战与未来发 展
数据收集与处理问题
1 2 3
数据来源的多样性
话语分析需要收集各种类型的数据，包括口语、 书面语、多媒体等，如何有效地从各种来源收集 数据是一个挑战。
数据处理的复杂性
对于大规模的话语数据，如何进行有效的处理和 分析，提取有用的信息，需要借助自然语言处理 等技术手段。
话语功能理论
话语的交际功能
01
话语是交际的基本单位，具有表达思想、传递信息、建立联系
等交际功能。
话语的语境适应性
02
话语需要根据不同的交际语境进行调整和变化，以适应不同的
交际需求。
话语的语体特征
03
不同类型的话语具有不同的语体特征，如口语和书面语、正式
和非正式等。
话语认知理论
话语的心理过程
话语的理解和生成涉及复杂的心 理过程，包括感知、记忆、思维、 情感等。
揭示语言与社会 的密切关系
话语分析能够揭示语言使用 与社会文化、政治经济等方 面的密切关系，有助于我们 深入理解语言的社会功能。
促进跨文化交流
通过话语分析，我们可以了 解不同文化背景下的语言使 用习惯和交际规则，从而促 进跨文化交流的顺利进行。
提高语言教学效 果
话语分析可以帮助教师了解 学生的实际语言需求和交际 能力，从而有针对性地设计 教学内容和方法，提高语言 教学效果。
数据质量的控制
在数据收集和处理过程中，如何保证数据的质量 和代表性，避免数据的偏见和误导，是一个需要 关注的问题。
理论框架的完善与创新
现有理论框架的局限性
目前的话语分析理论框架在某些方面存在局限性，如对话语结构的描述、对话语意义的解释等，需要进一步完善和创 新。
语篇分析 讲义Discourse Analysis
Discourse Analysis (2)
a)
b) c) d)
Lecture on theoretic points, which is intended to give students some guiding ideas to understand the course; Discussion on the key points within the group or class activities; Course project along with the presentation; Tutorial will be much encouraged between teacher & students and it will be done by taking advantage of internet
Discourse Analysis (7) a) Writing is a relatively recent development in human society; b) Thousands of speech communities rely solely on speech; c) All of us speak a great deal more than we write; d) Although we acquire speech without conscious effort, learning to read and write is usually less spontaneous and less automatic.
Discourse Analysis (6)
Conclusion: Humans have learnt to make infinite use of finite means. Language & medium A language is an abstraction based on the linguistic behavior of its users. “Speech is primary” and this statement is true in many ways:
英语语言学名词解释
英语语言学名词解释
英语语言学是语言学中的一个分支，研究英语的语言结构、语音、语法、语义、语用和历史演变等方面。
以下是一些英语语言学的名词解释：
1. Phonetics（音韵学）：研究语音、发音和声音的学科。
它包括语音学和音系学。
2. Phonology（音系学）：研究语音在语言中的系统性组织和规律性变化的学科。
3. Morphology（形态学）：研究词形变化和词构成的学科。
4. Syntax（句法学）：研究句子结构和语法规则的学科。
5. Semantics（语义学）：研究语言意义的学科，包括词义和句子意义。
6. Pragmatics（语用学）：研究语言在实际使用中的含义和功能的学科。
7. Discourse analysis（语篇分析）：研究语言在实际使用中的连贯性和语篇结构的学科。
8. Historical linguistics（历史语言学）：研究语言的演变和变化的学科。
9. Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）：研究语言和社会、文化、地理和历史等因素之间的关系的学科。
10. Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）：研究语言和心理过程之间的关系的学科，包括语言习得、记忆和理解等。
以上是一些常见的英语语言学名词解释，它们涵盖了英语语言学的主要领域和分支。
英语语言学课件Chapter 13 Discourse Analysis
The Co-operative Principle
Quantity: Make your contribution as informative as is required, but not more or less, than is required Quality: Do not say that which you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence Relation: Be relevant Manner: Be clear, brief and orderly
Speech Events
Enormous variation in what people say and do in different circumstances Sources of variation: specify roles, relationships, topic of the conversation, setting or context
Background Knowledge
Shcema: conversational knowledge structure which exists in memory Script: dynamic schema, in which a series of conventional actions takes place the way we communicate via L is based on vast amounts of assumed background knowledge, not only of L , but o fhow the world is.
再见
Conversational Interaction
语言学第九章discourseanalysis
局限
话语分析在理论和方法上仍有待完善，其研究结果有时缺乏可操作性和可重复性。此外， 话语分析对语言使用者的主观意图和语境因素的依赖较强，可能导致研究结果的解释力
意、语用预设等方面的分析。
话语分析的基本方法
文本分析法
01
通过对文本的语义、语法和修辞等进行分析，探究话语的内在
结构和意义。
语境分析法
02
将话语置于特定的语境中进行分析，包括对话语产生和接受的
背景、参与者之间的关系等进行考察。
语用分析法
03
从语言使用的角度出发，探究话语的意义和功能，包括言外之
意、语用预设等方面的分析。
语言资源保护
通过话语分析，可以深入了解濒危语言的特征和 使用情况，为保护和传承这些语言提供支持。
3
语言服务
话语分析有助于提高语言服务的专业性和准确性， 例如翻译、口译、语音识别等领域。
跨文化交际与话语分析
文化交流
话语分析有助于深入理解不同文化背景下的语言使用，促进跨文化交流的顺利进行。
文化冲突与适应
话语结构分析
从宏观和微观两个层面探究话语的结构和组织形式 ，包括话题转换、句子间关系等方面的分析。
话语意义分析
从语义和语境两个角度出发，深入探究话语 的意义和功能，包括言外之意、语用预设等 方面的分析。
05
话语分析的应用领域
05
话语分析的应用领域
语言教学与话语分析
语言教学
话语分析在语言教学中具有重要作用，通过对语言使用和语境的深 入分析，有助于教师更好地理解语言结构和功能，从而提高教学质 量。
局限
话语分析在理论和方法上仍有待完善，其研究结果有时缺乏可操作性和可重复性。此外， 话语分析对语言使用者的主观意图和语境因素的依赖较强，可能导致研究结果的解释力
话语分析在理论和方法上仍有待完善，其研究结果有时缺乏可操作性和可重复性。此外， 话语分析对语言使用者的主观意图和语境因素的依赖较强，可能导致研究结果的解释力
意、语用预设等方面的分析。
话语分析的基本方法
文本分析法
01
通过对文本的语义、语法和修辞等进行分析，探究话语的内在
结构和意义。
语境分析法
02
将话语置于特定的语境中进行分析，包括对话语产生和接受的
背景、参与者之间的关系等进行考察。
语用分析法
03
从语言使用的角度出发，探究话语的意义和功能，包括言外之
意、语用预设等方面的分析。
语言资源保护
通过话语分析，可以深入了解濒危语言的特征和 使用情况，为保护和传承这些语言提供支持。
3
语言服务
话语分析有助于提高语言服务的专业性和准确性， 例如翻译、口译、语音识别等领域。
跨文化交际与话语分析
文化交流
话语分析有助于深入理解不同文化背景下的语言使用，促进跨文化交流的顺利进行。
文化冲突与适应
话语结构分析
从宏观和微观两个层面探究话语的结构和组织形式 ，包括话题转换、句子间关系等方面的分析。
话语意义分析
从语义和语境两个角度出发，深入探究话语 的意义和功能，包括言外之意、语用预设等 方面的分析。
05
话语分析的应用领域
05
话语分析的应用领域
语言教学与话语分析
语言教学
话语分析在语言教学中具有重要作用，通过对语言使用和语境的深 入分析，有助于教师更好地理解语言结构和功能，从而提高教学质 量。
局限
话语分析在理论和方法上仍有待完善，其研究结果有时缺乏可操作性和可重复性。此外， 话语分析对语言使用者的主观意图和语境因素的依赖较强，可能导致研究结果的解释力
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it will be done by taking advantage of internet
Discourse Analysis (3)
The assessment & evaluation of the course will be based on a) Class attendance and class performance: (10%) b) Assignment and other relevant work: (15%) c) Course papers (Two): (10% for each); d) Course examination: (55% )
generative system arbitrary vocal visual conventionalized
Discourse Analysis (5)
symbol universally mainly human beings speech community/culture communication
Discourse alysis (7)
a) Writing is a relatively recent development in human society; b) Thousands of speech communities rely solely on speech; c) All of us speak a great deal more than we write; d) Although we acquire speech without conscious effort, learning to read
Discourse Analysis (2)
a) Lecture on theoretic points, which is intended to give students some guiding ideas to understand the course;
b) Discussion on the key points within the group or class activities; c) Course project along with the presentation; d) Tutorial will be much encouraged between teacher & students and
Makes use of intonation Makes use of punc-
,pitch, rhythm, tempo; tuation and other gra-
Discourse Analysis (4)
Definition of “language”
“Language is a generative system of arbitrary, vocal, visual and conventionalized symbol used universally and mainly by human beings in speech community or culture for communication.” key words & expressions:
language (abstraction)
|
mediums (concrete)
/
\
speech <=> writing
Discourse Analysis (9)
Differences between speech & writing
Speech:
Writing:
Composed of sounds ; Composed of letters
Discourse Analysis (1)
Course Orientation:
Aims:
This course provides a general introduction of ‘discourse, text, text organization, conversational analysis, among others’, which will help students to have a good command of the means with which to look into the use of language.
Implications about the definition: 1) It is the use of language that makes
human beings human; 2) Language seems to be as old as our species; 3) Nothing in the animal kingdom even approximates to human language for
flexibility, complexity, precision, productivity and sheer quantity.
Discourse Analysis (6)
Conclusion: Humans have learnt to make infinite use of finite means. Language & medium A language is an abstraction based on the linguistic behavior of its users. “Speech is primary” and this statement is true in many ways:
and write is usually less spontaneous and less automatic.
Discourse Analysis (8)
The relationship between language and
its medium in the following diagram:
Discourse Analysis (3)
The assessment & evaluation of the course will be based on a) Class attendance and class performance: (10%) b) Assignment and other relevant work: (15%) c) Course papers (Two): (10% for each); d) Course examination: (55% )
generative system arbitrary vocal visual conventionalized
Discourse Analysis (5)
symbol universally mainly human beings speech community/culture communication
Discourse alysis (7)
a) Writing is a relatively recent development in human society; b) Thousands of speech communities rely solely on speech; c) All of us speak a great deal more than we write; d) Although we acquire speech without conscious effort, learning to read
Discourse Analysis (2)
a) Lecture on theoretic points, which is intended to give students some guiding ideas to understand the course;
b) Discussion on the key points within the group or class activities; c) Course project along with the presentation; d) Tutorial will be much encouraged between teacher & students and
Makes use of intonation Makes use of punc-
,pitch, rhythm, tempo; tuation and other gra-
Discourse Analysis (4)
Definition of “language”
“Language is a generative system of arbitrary, vocal, visual and conventionalized symbol used universally and mainly by human beings in speech community or culture for communication.” key words & expressions:
language (abstraction)
|
mediums (concrete)
/
\
speech <=> writing
Discourse Analysis (9)
Differences between speech & writing
Speech:
Writing:
Composed of sounds ; Composed of letters
Discourse Analysis (1)
Course Orientation:
Aims:
This course provides a general introduction of ‘discourse, text, text organization, conversational analysis, among others’, which will help students to have a good command of the means with which to look into the use of language.
Implications about the definition: 1) It is the use of language that makes
human beings human; 2) Language seems to be as old as our species; 3) Nothing in the animal kingdom even approximates to human language for
flexibility, complexity, precision, productivity and sheer quantity.
Discourse Analysis (6)
Conclusion: Humans have learnt to make infinite use of finite means. Language & medium A language is an abstraction based on the linguistic behavior of its users. “Speech is primary” and this statement is true in many ways:
and write is usually less spontaneous and less automatic.
Discourse Analysis (8)
The relationship between language and
its medium in the following diagram: