《语言学教程》Chapter_2_phonetics
and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities; It is stable.
often influenced by psychological and social factors; it is not stable.
Description of
consonants
2. In terms of place of articulation:
The point where an obstruction to the flow of air is made in producing a consonant:
Description of consonants
Chapter Two Speech Sounds
What is PhonetБайду номын сангаасcs?
Phonetics (语音学) studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
2.1.1 Organs of speech
A. The pharyngeal cavity:
15
13 windpipe, 12
glottis/vocal cords, 11
pharyngeal cavity
14
B. The oral cavity:
1/2 lips, 3/4 teeth, 5 teeth
International Phonetic Alphabet: a set of phonetic symbols in the form of a chart (the IPA chart), designed by the International Phonetic Association since 1888.
C2li.ckPtohaodndoTlitolegical processes
2.1
How speech sounds are made?
Preview questions
1. What are the three cavities of the vocal tract?
2. What is the definition of IPA?
Main contents in Chapter 2
Sounds
Phonetics Speech sounds
Phonology Sound systems
1. Speech organs 2. Descriptions of
English consonants and vowels
1. Phoneme, phone, allophone
used in all human languages: phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. 2. Phonology: sound systems It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
consonants and vowels respectively?
Classification of speech sounds
1. Consonants: are produced ‘by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction’.
use of language in concrete situations (语言运用)
Chomsky
Differences between competence and performance
Competence
Performance
It enables a speaker to produce Performance is
3. In terms of the state of the vocal cords:
A. voiced: consonants produced when the vocal cords are closed, and the airstream causes them to vibrate again each other.
2.2 Consonants and vowels
Preview questions: 1. What are consonants and vowels? 2. What is the major difference
between consonants and vowels? 3. In what ways can we describe
Auditory phonetics (听觉语言学): the study of the perception of speech sounds.
Phonetics Vs Phonology
1. Phonetics: speech sounds It is interested in all the speech sounds
Review Questions
1. What are the main functions of language? 2. What is the main difference between
prescriptive study and descriptive study? 3. What is the difference between langue and
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of the airstream.
All the English vowels are typically voiced (voicing).
2.2.1 Descriptions of consonants
– (b) they may narrow the space considerably;
– (c) they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
• A. stops/plosives (爆破音) • B. nasals (鼻音) • C. fricatives (摩擦音) • D. approximant (近音) • E. lateral (边音) • F. affricates (塞擦音)
A speaker’s performance does not always match or equal
his supposed competence.
Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language.
1. In terms of manner of articulation: Ways in which articulation of consonants can
be accomplished:
– (a) the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period;
Langue-parole
Competence-performance
Langue is a social product Competence is deemed as a
and a set of conventions for property of the mind of
a community
Branches of Phonetics
A three-step process of speech sounds:
Articulatory phonetics (发音语言学): the study of the production of speech sounds;
Acoustic phonetics (声学语言学): the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech;
Proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky (psychological)
Competence: the ideal
user’s knowledge of the rules of his language (语言 能力)
Performance: the actual
It has been revised from time to time to include new discoveries and changes in phonetic theory and practice.
chapter 2 phonetics 语音学(2012)
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 2nd edition, 2002: 15
Articulatory Phonetics (发声语音学)
(Linguists’ interest)
studies from the speaker’s point of view, how speaker uses his organs to articulate sounds. Articulatory Phonetic description generally makes reference to six main factors: Air stream – vocal folds – soft palate – place of articulation – manner of articulation – lips Or two major factors: speech organs + articulation (place + manner)
How many segments /sounds in a word?
cough, bough, dough ? Meat, great, threat, Sea, bead, dead ？
(Ss
do the transcriptions by looking up in dictionary.)
Pitch
Theories of speech perception
Listeners
are active Listeners are passive Compromise
Study of the stages in humanmachine speech interaction
语言学chapter 2 phonetics
To make a speech sound visible so that we can measure its components objectively we must then go into the domain of acoustic phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear.
3.1.2 Places of articulation
In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants can be classified into the following types:
bilabial
labiodental
j
4. Vowels (refer to Poole, 2000: 60)
4.1 cardinal vowels 基本元音(refer to Poole, 2000: 50-51)
British phonetician Daniel Jones first fixed the qualities of the two vowels which were produced with the tongue is as high and as far forward as possible in [i]. Another, represented by [a], is the sound produced when the tongue is as low as possible at the back. The other six vowels have been plotted down between these two extremes, the front vowels being plotted at equal acoustic distances as are the back vowels.
(完整word版)Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)
Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学1.The phonic medium of language 语言的声音媒介Linguists are not interested in all sounds ；they are concerned with only those sounds that are produced by the human speech organs in so far as they have a role to play in linguistic communication .These sounds are limited in number .This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language ;and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.语言学家也并不是对所有的声音感兴趣，他们只关注那些在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的那些声音.这些声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限,但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的声音媒介，凡是在这个范围的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
2.Phonetics 语音学2.1What is phonetics？什么是语音学？it is concerned with all the sound that occur in the world’s languages.它的主要研究对象是世界上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。
These three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics， and acoustic phonetics respectively。
Chapter2Phonetics语音学
Chapter2Phonetics语音学Chapter Two Phonetics: Speech SoundsI. Fill in the blanks.1.____________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the speech sounds.2.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movementshave an effect on the ____________ coming from the lungs.3.Consonants can be either ____________ or ____________, while all vowels are __________.4.Consonants can also be made when two speech organs in the mouth are brought close together so thatthe air is pushed out between them, causing ____________.5.The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ____________ and the lips.6.One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in themouth. A second element is the ___________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.7.In English there are a number of ____________, which are produced by moving from one vowelposition to another through intervening positions.II. Choose the best answer.1.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to ________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula2.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. Neither of them3.Which one is different from the others according to the manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [3]D. [v]4.Which one is different from the others according to the places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]5.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]6.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. VoicedC. GlottalD. Consonant7.Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D. [p]III. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F].1.Of the three phonetic branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highlydeveloped, is acoustic phonetics.2.[p] is voiced bilabial stop.3.When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.IV. Answer the following questions.1.In which ways may consonants be classified?2.What do speech organs (vocal organs ) include?3.What are broad transcription and narrow transcription?4.What does phonetics concern?。
《英语语言学导论》(第四版)课件Chapter 2 Phonetics
[v] and write a short paper on the problem in the acquisition of [v] and how to solve it.
Phonetic features and natural classes
Teaching Aims
The Study of Speech Sounds
1. To make students familiar with sound production mechanism， the transcription and description of English sounds. 2. To make students understand the differences of consonants and vowels, the nature of phonetic features and natural classes. 3. To cultivate students’ cross-cultural awareness and research interests in discovering the regularities of speech sounds.
2.3 Phonetic transcription of sounds
Transcription of sounds
2.3.1 Unit of representation Speech is a continuous flow of sound with interruptions only
语言学简明教程Chapter_2
Vocal tract
Pharyngeal cavity
Glottis/Throat
Pharynx, velum
Oral cavity mouth
Nasal cavity nose
12
13
The process of sound production
trachea
airstream
larynx
18
Place of articulation
bilabial: / p, b, m/ labiodental: / f, v/
dental: / θ, ð / alveolar: / t, d, l, n, s, z / palatal : / j, ∫, з / velar: / k, g, ŋ / palatal-alveolar: / t ∫, d з / glottal: [h]
7
Henry Sweet, in his Handbook of phonetics made a distinction between narrow and broad transcription. Compare : broad and narrow transcription
words: pit broad transcription: /pit/ narrow transcription: /phit/ feel /fi:l/ /fi:ł/ later /’leitə/ /’leiDə/
(vocal cords)
voiceless velum voiced glottal stop
oral cavity
nasal cavity
语言学chapter 2
1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Teeth ridge (alveolus) 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10.Vocal cords 11.Pharyngeal cavity The speech organs 12.Nasal cavity
How to pronounce [p] & [ph]
Where will the sound [p] and [ph] occur
[p] occurs after [s] [ph] occurs at the beginning of a word
Phone
Phone is a phonetic unit or segment. [p] [ph] [t] [s] [k ] [f] [e] [a] [u] It does not necessarily distinguish meaning [si ׃m ] [ti ׃m] [spi ׃k] [ph i ׃k]
Classification of vowels
---- English vowels can be divided into two large categories:
monophthongs: individual vowels diphthongs: one sound glides to another [ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ] [ ][ ]
Exercises: describe the following sounds
[ [ [ [ [ ] front close unrounded short ] central semi-open unrounded short ]central semi-close unrounded long ]back open unrounded long ] back close rounded long
语言学导论-第2章(1)Phonetics
Velar软腭音: back of the tongue raised to soft palate (velum) [k] [g] [ŋ]
Glottal喉音: at the larynx (space between vocal cords) [h]
Labial
Lips
Dental
Teeth
Consonants 辅音 Vowels 元音
Difference: In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever.
Consonants 辅音
In terms of manner of articulation 发音方式
Pah vs. Bah
•
• • •
b: voiced (bah), p: voiceless (pah) ba: vocal cord vibrates right away, pa has 80 ms delay What happens in between? No hybrids: either ba or pa
[k] [p] [s] (Speech sounds 语音)
What is phonetics 语音学
Phonetics: The study of speech sounds.
Articulatory(发音的)phonetics: how speech sounds are made. Acoustic(声学的)phonetics: physical properties of speech. Auditory(听觉的)phonetics: perception of speech sounds.
语言学内容课件ChapterTwoPhonetics
语言学内容课件ChapterTwoPhoneticsChapter 2 Speech SoundsTeaching aims: let the students have the general idea about phonetics Focal points: classification of speech sounds;description of consonants and vowelsTeaching difficulties: description of consonants and vowels Teaching procedure:Outline of this chapter:1. Phonetics1.1 sub-branches (scope) of phonetics1.2 Definition of Phonetics2 Speech organs (vocal organs)2.1 The pharyngeal cavity2.2 The oral cavity2.3 The nasal cavity3 Classification of English speech sounds3.1 the criteria of Classification （p 29）3.2 Classification of English speech sounds3.2.1 Consonants(24)3.2.2 V owels(20)4 Description of English speech sounds4.1 description of English consonants4.1.1 ( criteria) Three parameters to identify a consonant:4.1.2 Description4.1.3 Identifying English consonants: (three-term description) 4.2 description of English vowels4.2.1 Four criteria (parameters) of vowel description:4.2.2 description4.2.3 Diphthongs(8)4.2.4 Identifying English vowels: all the single vowels5 Transcription5.1 IPA (International phonetic Alphabet) 5. 2 phonetic transcription 标音法5.2.1 Broad transcription5.2.2 Narrow transcription1. PhoneticsLanguage is a “system of vocal symbols”. Speech sounds had existed long before writing was invented, and even today, in some parts of the world, there are still languages that have no writing systems. Therefore, the study of speech sounds is a major part of linguistics.As we know, there are two branches in linguistics, which deal with speech sounds. They are phonetics (the study of sounds) and phonology (the study sound patterns). In this chapter, we will discuss these two branches.1.1Definition of phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived, and their classification, description, and transcription.1.2 sub-branches (scope) of phonetics1)Articulatory phonetics----the study of the production of speech sounds2)Acoustic phonetics----the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech3)Auditory phonetics----the study of the perception of speech sounds2 Speech organs (vocal organs)They refer to the parts of the human body involved in the production of speech.The three cavities of the vocal tract: the pharynx (pharyngealcavity), the mouth (oral cavity), and the nose (nasal cavity). The air- stream coming from the lungs is modified in various ways in these cavities, resulting in the production of various sounds.2.1 The pharyngeal cavityLarynx: at the top of the trachea, the front of which is the Adam’s apple 喉结. This is the first place where sound modification might occur.2.2 The oral cavityThe oral cavity provides the greatest source of modification.Tongue: the most flexibleUvula, the teeth and the lipsHard palate, soft palate (velum)Alveolar ridge: the rough, bony ridge immediately behind the upper teeth Various obstructions created within the oral cavity lead to the productionof various sounder [p] [b]; [s] [z]; [k] [g]2.3 The nasal cavityThe nasal cavity is connected to the oral cavity at the back of the mouth .The soft part of the roof of the mouth, the velum (soft palate) can be draw back to close the passage so that the air can only go through the mouth and produce vowels and most consonants. The passage can also be left open to allow air to exit through the nose and produce nasal consonants [m] [n] [g]3 Classification of English speech sounds3.1 the criteria of Classification （p 29）The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of the former the air that comes from the lungs meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while the letter is obstructed in one way or another.Consonants are produced by constructing or obstructing thevocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity. The speech sounds will divide into two categories: vowels and consonants.3.2 Classification of English speech sounds3.2.1 Consonants(24):sounds produced by constricting and obstructing the vocal tract at some place.3.2.2V owels(20): sounds produced with no obstruction.a) vowels (monophthong)—vowels where the quality remains constant throughout the articulation.b)vowels (diphthongs)----vowels where there is an audible change of qualityc)Semi-vowels ( semi-consonants) : the sounds produced with little obstruction.(also called glides or transition sounds) e.g. yet wet hot 4 Description of English speech sounds4.1 description of English consonants4.1.1 ( criteria) Three parameters to identify a consonant:1) in terms of voicing, state of vocal cords: voiced VS voiceless, others2)in terms of manner of articulation, manners of articulation: ways in which articulation can be accomplished3) in terms of place of articulation, place of articulation: place in themouth where obstruction occurs4.1.2 Description1) in terms of voicing(state of vocal cords: voiced VS. voiceless)V oiced: [b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [e] [ζ] [dζ]V oiceless: [p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [∫] [t∫]Others:[r] [l] [m] [n] [η] [w] [j] [h]2) in terms of manner of articulation(1) Stops (6) 爆破音:[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g](a) the closing phase , complete closure of the two articulators,(b) the holding or compressing phase,( c) the releasing/plosive phase.(2)Nasals(3) 鼻音:[m] [n] [η]with the oral cavity blocked at the lips, alveolar ridge and the velum respectively.(3)Fricatives(9) 擦音:[f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [e] [∫] [ζ] [h]A fricative is produced when there is close approximation of twoarticulators so that the airstreams is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced.(4)Approximants (3): [w, r, j]an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent thata turbulent airstreams is produced.(5)Lateral (1): [l]obstruction of the airstreams is released at the side of the tongue. (6)Affricates (2): [t∫, d3]in the production of which a stop is followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same time of articulation.3) in terms of place of articulation(1) Bilabial 双唇音: [p] [b] [m] [w](2)labiodentals 唇齿音: [f] [v](3) dental 齿音: [θ] [e],(4) alveolar 齿龈音: [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [r] [l](5)palatal 腭音: [∫] [ζ] [t∫] [dζ] [j](6)velar 软腭音: [k] [g] [η](7)glottal 喉音: [h]Details see Table 2.1 A chart of English consonants (Hu, 2007: 35)4.1.3 Identifying English consonants: (three-term description):[ ] voiceless, bilabial, stop; [ ] voiced, bilabial, stop.[ ] voiceless, velar, stop; [ ] voiced, velar, stop;[ ] glottal, fricative, [ ] alveolar, lateral...4.2 Description of English vowelsV owels are produced without obstruction so no turbulence or total stoppings of the air can be perceived. the quality of vowels depend on position of tongue and the shape of lips.4.2.1 Four criteria (parameters) of vowel description:1) the height of tongue raising: high, middle, low2) the position of highest part of the tongue :front, central, back3) the length or tenseness of the vowel : tense vs. lax or long vs. short4) lip-rounding (the shape of the lips ) : roundedvs. unrounded4.2.2 description1) according to the height of tongue raising: high, middle, lowhigh vowels: [i:] [u:] [i] [u]mid vowels: [e] [][] (//传统的读法) []low vowels: [?] [] [] [a :]2 ) according to the position of highest part of the tonguefront vowels: [i:] [i] [e] [?]central vowels: [э:] [э]back vowels: [u:] [u] [o] [o:] [∧] [a :]3) according to the length of the soundshort vowels: (Lax or short vowels) those without colon [i] [e] [?] [] [] [u] []long vowels: ( Tense vowels) those marked with a colon(冒号)[i:] [э:] [u:] [][a:] including the diphthongs [ei] [ai] [au] [i] [] [ i] [] []4) according to the shape of lipsUnrounded: [i:] [i] [e] [?] [][] [] [a :]Rounded: [u:] [u] [][]4.2.3 Diphthongs(8)diphthongs including: [ei] [ai] [au] [i] [] [ i] [] []4.2.4 Identifying English vowels: all the single vowels[ ] central lax unrounded vowel,[ ] central tense unrounded vowel;[ ] high back lax rounded vowel[ ] back mid lax rounded vowel.[ ] mid back lax unrounded vowel.[ ] low back lax rounded vowel.5 Transcription5.1 IPA (International phonetic Alphabet)IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 on the basis ofthe phonetic alphabet proposed at the time. It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.The Danish grammarian Jespersen first proposed the idea in 1886.The first version of IPA was published in August 1888.The latest version was devised in 1993 and corrected in 1996.The basic principle: using a separate letter selected frommajor European languages for each distinctive sound and the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.5. 2 phonetic transcription 标音法a method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way. There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds5.2.1 Broad transcriptionBroad transcription is transcription with letter-symbols only.This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.5.2.2 Narrow transcription1) Narrow transcription is transcription with letter-symbols togetherwith the diacritics.This is the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.2)Diacritics:(at p 29,37,38) A set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to show that it has a sound value different from that of the same letter without the mark.。
《语言学教程》Chapter-2-phonetics
2.1.1 Organs of speech
A. The pharyngeal cavity:
15
13 windpipe, 12
glottis/vocal cords, 11
pharyngeal cavity
14
B. The oral cavity:
1/2 lips, 3/4 teeth, 5 teeth
Langue-parole
Competence-performance
Langue is a social product Competence is deemed as a
and a set of conventions for property of the mind of
a community
1. In terms of manner of articulation: Ways in which articulation of consonants can
be accomplished:
– (a) the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period;
consonants and vowels respectively?
Classification of speech sounds
1. Consonants: are produced ‘by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction’.