胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题及典型题详解(第二语言和外语教学)【圣才出品】
第11章第二语言和外语教学
11.1 复习笔记
本章要点：
1. The relation between linguistics and language teaching
语言学与语言教学之间的关系
2. Grammar, input and language learning
语法、输入与语言学习
3. Interlanguage in language teaching
语言教学中的中介语
4. Linguistics and syllabus design
语言学与教学大纲设计
5. Contrastive analysis and error analysis
对比分析与错误分析
6. Corpus linguistics and language teaching
语料库语言学与语言教学
常考考点：
语言学与语言教学的关系；语言学与语言学习；语言学与教学大纲设计；二语学习者的主要障碍；对比分析与错误分析；中介语；语料库语言学与语言教学等。
本章内容索引：
I. Definition of Applied Linguistics
II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching III. Linguistics and Language Learning
1. Grammar and Language Learning
2. Input and Language Learning
3. Interlanguage in Language Learning
IV. Linguistics and Language T eaching
1. The discourse-based view of language teaching
2. The universal grammar (UG) and language teaching V. Syllabus Design
1. Syllabus and curriculum
2. Theoretical views behind syllabus design
3. Types of syllabus
(1) The structural syllabus
(2) The situational syllabus
(3) The communicative syllabus
(4) The task-based syllabus
4. Current trends in syllabus design
(1) The co-existence of the old and the new
(2) The emphasis on the learning process
(3) The inclusion of non-linguistic objectives in syllabus
(4) The emergency of the multi-syllabus
VI. Contrastive Analysis (CA) and Error Analysis (EA)
1. Contrastive Analysis (CA)
2. Error Analysis (EA)
(1) Error vs. mistake
(2) Different types of errors
3. The procedure of error analysis
(1) Recognition
(2) Description
(3) Explanation
VII. Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching
1. Types of corpora
(1) General corpora
(2) Specialized corpora
(3) Sample corpora
(4) Monitor corpora
2. Information provided by corpora
(1) Frequency information
(2) Context and co-text information
(3) Grammatical information
(4) Collocation and phraseology information
(5) Pragmatics information
▼VIII. Foreign Language Education Policy
I. Definition of Applied Linguistics (应用语言学的定义)
Broadly speaking, applied linguistics refers to the study of language and linguistics in relation to language-related problems, such as lexicography, translation, etc. Applied linguistics uses information from linguistics with the aim to develop its own theoretical models of areas, such as syllabus design, speech therapy, language planning, stylistics etc. Narrowly speaking, applied linguistics refers to the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching, i.e. the study of language and linguistics in relation to language learning and teaching.
从广义上讲，应用语言学是对语言、语言学与语言相关的问题的研究，例如词典编纂学，翻译等。应用语言学运用来自语言学的信息来发展它自身理论模块部分，例如教学大纲设计，言语治疗，语言规划，文体学等。从狭义上讲，应用语言学是指对第二语言和语言教学的研究，例如研究语言和语言学与语言教学的关系。
II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching (语言学与语言教学的关系)
Language teaching is a section of applied linguistics and applied linguistics is part (or a branch) of linguistics. Some knowledge of linguistics will not only help language teachers to better understand the nature of language, but also help them better understand how to teach language. Theoretical approaches of language
explicitly or implicitly inform the approaches and methods adopted in language teaching.
【考点：语言学与语言教学对于语言的不同看法】
语言教学是应用语言学的一个部分，而应用语言学又是语言学的一个分支。掌握一些语言学的知识不仅有助于这些读者进一步认识语言本质，也有助于他们更加深入地理解如何教好语言。语言学理论直接地或间接地影响着语言教学的途径和方法。
III. Linguistics and Language Learning (语言学与语言学习)
Many language learning theories are proposed based on certain linguistic theories. Actually, knowledge in linguistics lies at the root of understanding what language learners can learn, how they learn and what they learn ultimately. Therefore, linguistics has always played an important role in the studies of language acquisition and learning.
许多语言学习理论都是基于某种语言学理论提出的。事实上，语言学知识能够使我们真正理解学习者能够学习什么样的语言，怎样学习语言以及最终能够学到什么。因此，语言学在语言习得研究和语言学习研究中一直起着十分重要的作用。
1. Grammar and Language Learning (语法与语言学习)
(1) The discrete-point grammar instruction conducted by more traditional
language teachers has been widely criticized for focusing on forms and ignoring meanings. A recent movement called “focus on form” seems to be the outcome of the compromise between the “purely form-focused
approaches” and the “purely meaning-focused approaches”. It has a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language teaching.
很多传统的语言教师将语法割裂为孤立的语法知识点来分别讲解，这种做法已经受到广泛的批评，因为它仅仅关注语言形式而忽略了语言的意义。作为“完全以语言形式为中心”和“完全以语言意义为中心”的折中途径，近年来出现的“关注语言形式”
(focus on form)对语言学习中语法的作用采取了一种折中的态度。
(2) The relevance of Universal Grammar (UG) and complexity language structures
are the two variables concerning the amenability of language elements to focus on form. According to the advocates of focus on form, if an L2 structure is part of UG, the amenability is high; otherwise, the amenability is low. In focus on form, different measures will be taken with a regard to whether the amenability of a form (structure) is high or low.
主要有两个变量影响语言成分在“关注语言形式”中的顺从性，即普遍语法(UG)的相关度和语言结构的复杂度。“关注语言形式”的支持者们认为，如果二语中的某个结构是普遍语法的一部分，它的顺从性就高；否则，顺从性则低。在“关注语言形式”的教学中，我们会根据语言结构顺从性的高与低来采取不同的措施。
▼(3) One of the existing grammar models that have been widely applied in language teaching is the functional grammar. Based on Halliday’s work, Lock provides a functional description of the English language, which aims at helping language teachers to understand the relationship between different elements of grammar and how these elements interact to create meanings in context. Lock analyses the key grammatical categories and components in
刘晓艳考研英语笔记教案资料
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2020年考研英语必考词汇快速记忆方法技巧笔记完整版
1-1学习词汇注意的问题 1、单词的英文解释和例句 例：The oppressed ____ freedom. [ A ] A. demand B. require C. request oppress→op+press press 挤，压→pressure 压力 op=against 因此oppressed为“压迫”的意思→oppressed 被压迫的 the+形容词表示一类人 “被压迫的人____自由”那么ABC选项应选择什么？ 这题就暴露出一个问题：我们是按汉语记单词的，ABC的中文意思中都有“要求”的意思。 但是汉语只能大概的描述英文，不能百分之百的精准的解释英文。 我们看一下ABC的英文解释：demand：ask for firmly, unwilling to accept a refusal.强烈地要求，并不情愿接受拒绝require：the ruler set a rule with the expectation that it will be obeyed.统治者期望自己的命令规定会被遵守。（如老师要求你完成作业，老板要求你完成工作）request：ask for politely.礼貌地要求 单词的例句有两点好处： 1）一个好的例句是最能准确说明单词最本源含义的句子 2）给写作文的时候打下扎实的基础 “不满意”怎么说呢？第一想到satisfied →content大部分单词我们只能达到认识（第一重境界），却达不到会运用（第二重境界） 2、单词的熟词生意 late“死亡” house“坐落于”，如Beijing neworiental school is housed in Haidian district. tell“我能够看出来”正确的英文怎么说？ I can tell. brave“勇敢地面对”，如国歌中的“冒着敌人的炮火，前进，前进，前进进”brave the enemies' gunfire, march on, march on,
胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(现代语言学理论与流派)【圣才出品】
第12章现代语言学理论与流派 12.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The Prague School and Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 布拉格学派与功能句子观 2. The London School and context of situation 伦敦学派与语境观 3. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 韩礼德与系统——功能语法 4. Bloomfield and American Structuralism 布隆菲尔德与美国结构主义 5. Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 乔姆斯基与转换——生成语法 常考考点： 各流派的代表人物、理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念；语言普遍性和人类行为关系等。 本章内容索引：
I. Saussure and modern linguistics II. The Prague School 1. Main points and contribution 2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 3. Communicative Dynamism (CD) III. The London School 1. Introduction 2. Malinowski’s theories 3. Firth’s theories 4. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 5. Systemic grammar and Functional grammar (1) Systemic grammar (2) Functional grammar IV. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Three stages of the development V. Transformational-Generative Grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Innateness Hypothesis 3. Generative Grammar 4. Stage of development of TG Grammar 5. Main features of TG Grammar
胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is
考研英语笔记
首先，这个文档不同于别的参考书，它是以一句话为单元，给您讲解单词，语法， 译文，适合基础薄弱的同学。 第二，请同学先用这个文档把里面的单词，语法和句子都弄明白了，再听这个视 频。这个视频只是讲解绿色标注的部分内容，还有详细讲解后面的选项。 黄伟英语原创 Section ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points) Text 1 第一段 Come on –Everybody’s doing it. [译文] 赶快加入吧——大家都在这样做。 That whispered message, （half invitation and half forcing）, is what most of us think of（when we hear the words peer pressure. ）
whisper v. 小声说 whispered message 耳语 think of 想起 forcing adj. 强迫的，施加压力的；n. 强制 peer pressure 同辈压力 黄伟英语原创 同辈压力（peer pressure）是指同辈人互相比较中产生的心理压力，一个 同辈人团体对个人施加影响，会促使个人改变其态度、价值观戒行为使其遵守团 体准则。 【语法】 主干：That whispered message….. is what most of us think of….. 从句1：what most of us think of 由what 引导的做is 的表语从句揑入语：half invitation and half forcing 地点状语从句：when we hear the words peer pressure. 【译文】 这一半是邀请一半是强迫的耳语是我们大多数人在听到“同辈压力”这个词 时会想到的 It usually lead s to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex.
语言学重要知识点(胡壮麟版)
Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.eg.the dog barks wowwow in english but 汪汪汪in chinese.Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.eg.dog-woof(but not w-oo-f)Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Eg. An experiment of bee communication.Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 3. Origin of language The bow-wow theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.The pooh-pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. The “yo-he-ho” theory As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 4.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings. 5. Main branches of linguistics ?Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. ?Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. ?Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes. ?Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. ?Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is concerned with both meanings of words as lexical items and levels of language below the word and above it. ?Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 6.Important distinctions in linguistics 1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive For example, ―Don’t say X.‖ is a prescriptive command; ―People don’t say X.‖ is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Lyons 2)Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. 3)Langue & parole langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). Saussure 4)Competence and performance According to Chomsky,a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence 7.consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede, or
胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题及典型题详解(第二语言和外语教学)【圣才出品】
第11章第二语言和外语教学 11.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The relation between linguistics and language teaching 语言学与语言教学之间的关系 2. Grammar, input and language learning 语法、输入与语言学习 3. Interlanguage in language teaching 语言教学中的中介语 4. Linguistics and syllabus design 语言学与教学大纲设计 5. Contrastive analysis and error analysis 对比分析与错误分析 6. Corpus linguistics and language teaching 语料库语言学与语言教学 常考考点： 语言学与语言教学的关系；语言学与语言学习；语言学与教学大纲设计；二语学习者的主要障碍；对比分析与错误分析；中介语；语料库语言学与语言教学等。
本章内容索引： I. Definition of Applied Linguistics II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching III. Linguistics and Language Learning 1. Grammar and Language Learning 2. Input and Language Learning 3. Interlanguage in Language Learning IV. Linguistics and Language T eaching 1. The discourse-based view of language teaching 2. The universal grammar (UG) and language teaching V. Syllabus Design 1. Syllabus and curriculum 2. Theoretical views behind syllabus design 3. Types of syllabus (1) The structural syllabus (2) The situational syllabus (3) The communicative syllabus (4) The task-based syllabus 4. Current trends in syllabus design (1) The co-existence of the old and the new (2) The emphasis on the learning process
考研英语作文超全笔记
英语作文（英一&&英二）超全笔记 题型及注意事项 一、题型（40min） （一）大作文：图画、图表作文25min 150-200 （二）小作文 15min 100 1.Letter （1）公务书信（不熟的人） （2）私人书信（熟悉的人） 2.告示 notice 二、评分原则与方法 （一）书写工整、卷面整洁、字迹清晰 （二）?注意： 1.单词、语法第一位：正确、准确、多变 2.结构第二位 三段论 句子之间多用逻辑关系词 多用代词代替已经出现过的名词 3.内容不重要，用来凑字数（积极向上） 三、考研写作常见问题 （一）语域问题：语言的正式性与非正式性 1.缩写词不正式 2.泛指的不定代词 you 不正式，正式文体常用 one 代替 eg：One(You) never know what measures the president will take. 3.正式文体的引导词 that 不可以省略 4.插入语使句子更正式 状语； 同位语 （二）语法常见问题 1.名词单复数：可数名词不可单独使用，要?冠词或者变复数，分不清就? the 2.主谓一致 3. 时态
以一般现在时为主 描述图画经常用现在进行时 描述图标经常用一般过去时 举例子经常用一般过去时 4.词性误用 5.中文思维 四、注意 图中有文字一定要仔细看 高分亮点 一、高分词句 随着人们生活水平的提高 With people's living standards improving, ….. 随着全球化的深入 With deepening globalization, ….. 提升解决问题的能力 improve their problem-solving skills 提高外语水平 improve their foreign language proficiency 经常锻炼 regularly take exercises / exercise on a regular basis 养成阅读的习惯 develop the habit of reading 勇敢面对并战胜困难 bravely face and conquer their di?iculties 保护环境/提高环保意识 protect the environment /improve their awareness of environmental protection 节约能源 save energy 更好地了解外国文化 have a better understanding of foreign cultures 为自己的传统文化感到骄傲 be proud of/celebrate/embrace traditional culture 对父母孝顺 be filial to their parents 随着经济的繁荣
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②自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。 ★要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。 第四，重叠选项，得出答案。(重叠原文=对照原文) 1. 通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较，重叠选项，选出答案。 2.做题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由。 阅读理解解题技巧 1. 词汇题：“搜索代入”法 ①返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方。 ②确定该词汇的词性。 ③从上下文(词汇的前后几句)中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词(如一下子找不到就再往上往下找)，代入所给词汇在文章中的位置(将之替换)看语义是否合适。 ④找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相，即答案。 注意： a.如果该词汇是简单词汇，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案。 b.考研阅读不是考察字认识不认识，而是考察是否能根据上下文作出正确的判断。 c.词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。注意不能靠单词词义直接往下推。 d.寻找时要注意同位语、特殊标点(比如分号，分号前后两句话的逻辑关系不是形式上的并列就是语义上的并列，也就是两句话的意思相同，所以可用其中一句话的意思来推测另一句话的意思从而推出所给词汇含义)、定语从句、前后缀，特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。比如：让猜一个名词词组(动词词组)的意思，我们就向上向下搜索名词词组(动词词组)。 ▲隐蔽型词汇题：题干与原文的某句完全重合，只有一两个词被替换掉。隐蔽型词汇题的做法跟词汇题的做法几乎一样，往上往下找。 2. 指代题： ①返回原文，找出出题的指代词。 ②向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子(先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不会离得太远)。 ③将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。
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