动词的非谓语形式1

动词的非谓语形式动名词（The Gerund）：1. 定义：动词的一种非限定形式，具有名词的作用，在句中做主语，表语，宾语，定语（构成名词性短语），兼具动词的特征，可以带上自己的宾语，状语。

2.1.1). 被动语态：当动名词的逻辑主语即执行动名词动作的主语是动作的承受者时，用动名词的被动式。

e.g. His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.So being killed by sharks was a common occurrence.2). 时态：A.一般式：用于一般情况，在一般的时态下。

e.g. I prefer finishing it by myself.Do you liking fishing?B.一般式的被动语态：e.g. He doesn’t mind being made fun of.The boy entered the classroom without being allowed by the teacher.C.完成式：表示动名词的动作发生在句子谓语动词的动作之前。

e.g. I know nothing about his having being abroad.After having gone over my lessons, I went to bed.D.完成式的被动语态：表示动名词的动作发生在句子谓语动词的动作之前，且含有被动。

e.g. Mary is proud of having been praised many times.I can still remember having been scolded by the head teacher.2.动名词的复合结构：若动名词的动作与主句动作的主语不一致，则需在动名词前加上其动作逻辑主语的形容词性物主代词或名词所有格形式，构成动名词的复合结构。

e.g. The thought that he can’t get rid of is his having made the mistake by himself.His having been hurt because of me made me feel guilty.3.动名词的功能：1). 作主语（subject）e.g. Walking is good exercise.It is a waste of time arguing about it.There is no joking about such matters.（这种事开不得玩笑。

）2). 作表语（predicative）e.g. Her job is raising pigs.To keep money you have found is stealing.3). 作宾语（object）e.g. You mustn’t delay sending doctor.注：动名词作宾语的应用：A.有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语，不能跟不定式。

如：suggest, finish, avoid,stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practice, fancy, excuse, pardon, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss等等。

e.g. She still hasn’t finished complaining about her husband’s being late.I really can’t help dancing in the beautiful night.B.有些动词后面既能跟动名词，又可跟动词不定式。

如：love, like, hate, prefer,dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等。

有些词组成的两种结构意义区别不大，但有些词组成的不同结构意义有所不同。

a.want, need：want to do表示主观需要，意为“想…”，need to do表示“需要…有必要…”，而want/need doing相当于want/need to be done，是一种主动代替被动的用法，表示“需要被…”。

e.g. She doesn’t want to see you.You don’t need to come.The room wants/needs cleaning(to be cleaned).b.remember, forget, regret等词后接动名词表示“…做过…”，后接to do表示“…要做…”。

e.g. I forget taking my notebook with me. 我忘了我是带了笔记本的。

I forget to take my notebook with me. 我忘了要带笔记本。

c.like, hate, prefer, dislike等词后跟动名词表示习惯性倾向，后跟动词不定式表示某次具体行动。

e.g. I like dancing, but I don’t like to dance now.我喜欢跳舞，但是我现在不想跳。

d.begin, start, cease等词后跟动名词表示主语有意识的行为，后跟不定式表示无意识行为。

e.g. We started working on it in 1991.Suddenly it started to rain.e.stop doing表示“停止做某事”，stop to do表示“停下来开始做某事”；go on doing表示继续做同一件事，go on to do表示继续做另一件事。

e.g. Let’s stop working and have lunch.=Let’s stop to have lunch.First, we will go on studying English, later, we will go on to do our homework.f.try to do表示“设法做某事”，try doing表示“尝试做某事”。

e.g. I tried to get everything done on time, and I tried doing it everyway.我设法按时把一切搞好，而我尝试了各种办法来完成。

C.it做形式宾语指代动名词短语。

e.g. I don’t think it worthwhile going to such a isolated place.D.动名词放在成语动词即动词+介词或副词的固定搭配后面（只能用动名词）。

如：insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, aim at, accuse…of, look forward to等。

e.g. The children are fond of reading picture books.I am looking forward to your answering my question.4). 和其他词连用作状语（此类用法也可视为动名词放在介词后作介词宾语）A.和about, against, at, before, after, by, since, besides, for, from, in, on, upon,without等构成介词短语作状语。

e.g. Since returning from Xi’an, he’s been awfully busy.What can you get by watching such useless rubbish?B.和with a view to, for the purpose of, with the object of, in case of, in theevent of, instead of, apart from等构成短语作状语。

e.g. She hurried back to school for fear of missing too many lessons.We should encourage them instead of throwing cold water on them.5). 作定语：A.体现被修饰词的作用，用途或性能。

e.g. a writing desk cooking saltdrinking water spending moneya sleeping car dancing hallB.和介词构成短语作定语，如way /method/chance/opportunity/means/habit/hope/process/ possibility/importance/necessity/intention/honor/ right of, surprise at, astonishment at, objection to, experience/skill in…意为“…的…”e.g. Have you any objection to going there on foot.He hasn’t much experience in running factories.分词（The Participle）1.分类及作用：分词包括现在分词和过去分词，它在句子中只是一个成分，具有形容词和副词的功能，同时兼具动词的特征（即及物动词可带自己的宾语或其它修饰语），在句子中可作定语，表语，状语，和补语。

2.构成及形式：1). 过去分词：动词加ed或动词的特殊变化所得的过去分词。

3). 否定式：在现在分词或过去分词前面直接加not。

4). 复合结构：即独立主格结构，其构成为“名词或代词的主格+分词”（动名词的复合是形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+动名词，注意区分），使用条件为：当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，需在分词前加上其逻辑主语的名词或代词主格。

3.现在分词与过去分词的区别：过去分词：不及物动词的过去分词表示动作的完成；及物动词的过去分词既表被动，又表示动作的完成。

过去分词没有时态和语态的变化。

现在分词：表示动作的正在进行，或表示动作的施与者发生该动作（即表主动），有时态和语态的变化。