SSM英文文献翻译
美军翻译军衔及简称
以前闲来无事把美军的各种军衔都整理总结了下，在编译中有可能会用到。
陆军General of the Army (GEN) 五星上将（战时才有，和平时候没有）General (GEN) 上将Lieutenant General (LTG) 中将Major General (MG) 少将Brigadier General (BG) 准将说到“五星上将”想起来需要说明一下，国内很多记者可能美国电影看多了，喜欢写美国人是“三星中将”“三星上将”之类的，其实，美军的军衔里，五个星星就是五星上将，四个星星就是上将，三个星星中将，两个星星少将，一个星星准将。
翻译时直接写这个人是上将或者中将准将之类的，除非他是“五星上将”不要说他是“X星X将”，否则显得外行。
Colonel (Col.) 上校Lieutenant Colonel (LTC) 中校Major (MAJ) 少校美军的校官的军衔标志比较特殊，上校是个鹰，中校是个白色的树叶，少校是黄色树叶。
Captain (CAPT) 上尉First Lieutenant (1 LT) 中尉Second Lieutenant (2 LT) 少尉Chief Warrant Officer (CWO) 一级准尉Warrant Officer (WO) 二级准尉尉官的军衔标志是个方块，准尉和少尉是1个方块，中尉和上尉是两个方块，区分高低级别是通过颜色，黄色低级，白色高级。
Command Sergeant Major (CSM)军士长Staff Sergeant Major (SSM)军士长1st Sergeant (1 SG)军士长Master Sergeant (MSG) 军士长Sergeant 1st Class (SFC) 军士长Staff Sergeant (SSG) 上士Sergeant (SGT) 中士Corporal (CPL) 下士Private First Class (P1C) 一等兵Private (PVT) 二等兵说到海军要提一下，海军的军衔叫法不同，比如船长（Captain）其实是指美国海军上校的意思，翻译时需要注意。
计算机英文文献加翻译
Management Information System Overview Management Information System is that we often say that the MIS, is a human, computers and other information can be composed of the collection, transmission, storage, maintenance and use of the system, system, emphasizing emphasizing the the management, management, management, stressed stressed stressed that that the modern information society In the increasingly popular. MIS is a new subject, it across a number of areas, such as scientific scientific management management management and and and system system system science, science, science, operations operations operations research, research, research, statistics statistics statistics and and and computer computer science. In these subjects on the basis of formation of information-gathering and processing methods, thereby forming a vertical and horizontal weaving, and systems. The 20th century, along with the vigorous development of the global economy, many economists have proposed a new management theory. In the 1950s, Simon made dependent on information management and decision-making ideas. Wiener published the same period of the control theory, that he is a management control process. 1958, Gail wrote: "The management will lower the cost of timely and accurate information to b etter control." During better control." During this period, accounting for the beginning of the computer, data processing in the term.1970, Walter T . Kenova just to the management information system under a definition of the . Kenova just to the management information system under a definition of the term: "verbal or written form, at the right time to managers, staff and outside staff for the past, present, the projection of future Enterprise and its environment-related information 原文请找腾讯3249114六,维^论~文.网 no no application application application model, model, model, no no mention mention of of computer applications. 1985, management information systems, the founder of the University of Minnesota professor of management at the Gordon B. Davis to a management information system a more complete definition of "management information system is a computer hardware and software resources, manual operations, analysis, planning , Control and decision -making model and the database - System. System. It It provides information to to support support enterprises enterprises or or organizations organizations of of the operation, management and decision-making function. "Comprehensive definition of this Explained Explained that that that the the the goal goal goal of of of management management management information information information system, system, system, functions functions functions and and and composition, composition, composition, but but also reflects the management information system at the time of level.With the continuous improvement of science and technology, computer science increasingly mature, the computer has to be our study and work on the run along. Today, computers are already already very low price, performance, but great progress, and it was used in many areas, the very low price, performance, but great progress, and it was used in many areas, the computer computer was was was so so so popular popular popular mainly mainly mainly because because because of of of the the the following following following aspects: aspects: aspects: First, First, First, the the the computer computer computer can can substitute for many of the complex Labor. Second, the computer can greatly enhance people's work work efficiency. efficiency. efficiency. Third, Third, Third, the the the computer computer computer can can can save save save a a a lot lot lot of of of resources. resources. resources. Fourth, Fourth, Fourth, the the the computer computer computer can can make sensitive documents more secure.Computer application and popularization of economic and social life in various fields. So that the original old management methods are not suited now more and social development. Many people still remain in the previous manual. This greatly hindered the economic development of mankind. mankind. In recent years, with the University of sponsoring scale is In recent years, with the University of sponsoring scale is growing, the number of students students in in in the the the school school school also also also have have have increased, increased, increased, resulting resulting resulting in in in educational educational educational administration administration administration is is is the the growing complexity of the heavy work, to spend a lot of manpower, material resources, and the existing management of student achievement levels are not high, People have been usin g the traditional method of document management student achievement, the management there are many shortcomings, such as: low efficiency, confidentiality of the poor, and Shijianyichang, will have a large number of of documents documents documents and and data, which is is useful useful for finding, finding, updating updating and maintaining Have brought a lot of difficulties. Such a mechanism has been unable to meet the development of the times, schools have become more and more day -to-day management of a bottleneck. bottleneck. In In In the the the information information information age age age this this this traditional traditional traditional management management management methods methods methods will will will inevitably inevitably inevitably be be computer-based information management replaced. As As part part part of of of the the the computer computer computer application, application, application, the the the use use use of of of computers computers computers to to to students students students student student student performance performance information for management, with a manual management of the incomparable advantages for example: example: rapid rapid rapid retrieval, retrieval, retrieval, to to to find find find convenient, convenient, convenient, high high high reliability reliability reliability and and and large large large capacity capacity capacity storage, storage, storage, the the confidentiality confidentiality of of of good, good, good, long long long life, life, life, cost cost cost Low. Low. Low. These These These advantages advantages advantages can can can greatly greatly greatly improve improve improve student student performance management students the efficiency of enterprises is also a scientific, standardized standardized management, management, management, and and and an an an important important important condition condition condition for for for connecting connecting connecting the the the world. world. world. Therefore, Therefore, the development of such a set of management software as it is very necessary thing.Design ideas are all for the sake of users, the interface nice, clear and simple operation as far as possible, but also as a practical operating system a good fault-tolerant, the user can misuse a timely manner as possible are given a warning, so that users timely correction . T o take full advantage advantage of the of the functions of visual FoxPro, design p owerful software powerful software at the same time, as much as possible to reduce the occupiers system resources. Visual FoxPro the command structure and working methods: Visual FoxPro was originally originally called called FoxBASE, FoxBASE, the the U.S. U.S. Fox Fox Software has introduced introduced a a database products, products, in in the run on DOS, compatible with the abase family. Fox Fox Software Software Microsoft acquisition, to be developed so that it can run on Windows, and changed its name to Visual FoxPro. Visual FoxPro is a powerful relational database rapid application development tool, tool, the the the use use use of of of Visual Visual Visual FoxPro FoxPro FoxPro can can can create create create a a a desktop desktop desktop database database database applications, applications, applications, client client client / / / server server applications applications and and and Web Web Web services services services component-based component-based component-based procedures, procedures, procedures, while while while also also also can can can use use use ActiveX ActiveX controls or API function, and so on Ways to expand the functions of Visual FoxPro.1651First, work methods 1. Interactive mode of operation (1) order operation VF in the order window, through an order from the keyboard input of all kinds of ways to complete the operation order. (2) menu operation VF use menus, windows, dialog to achieve the graphical interface features an interactive operation. (3) aid operation VF in the system provides a wide range of user-friendly operation of tools, such as the wizard, design, production, etc.. 2. Procedure means of implementation VF in the implementation of the procedures is to form a group of orders and programming language, an extension to save. PRG procedures in the document, and then run through the automatic implementation of this order documents and award results are displayed. Second, the structure of command 1. Command structure 2. VF orders are usually composed of two parts: The first part is the verb order, also known as keywords, for the operation of the designated order functions; second part of the order clause, for an order that the operation targets, operating conditions and other information . VF order form are as follows: 3. <Order verb> "<order clause>" 4. Order in the format agreed symbols 5. 5. VF in the order form and function of the use of the symbol of the unity agreement, the meaning of VF in the order form and function of the use of the symbol of the unity agreement, the meaning of these symbols are as follows: 6. Than that option, angle brackets within the parameters must be based on their format input parameters. 7. That may be options, put in brackets the parameters under specific requ ests from users choose to enter its parameters. 8. Third, the project manager 9. Create a method 10. command window: CREA T PROJECT <file name> T PROJECT <file name> 11. Project Manager 12. tab 13. All - can display and project management applications of all types of docume nts, "All" tab contains five of its right of the tab in its entirety . 14. Data - management application projects in various types of data files, databases, free form, view, query documents. 15. Documentation - display 原文请找腾讯原文请找腾讯3249114六,维^论~文.网 , statements, documents, labels and other documents. 16. Category - the tab display and project management applications used in the class library documents, including VF's class library system and the user's own design of the library. 17. Code - used in the project management procedures code documents, such as: program files (. PRG), API library and the use of project management for generation of applications (. APP). 18. (2) the work area 19. The project management work area is displayed and management of all types of document window. 20. (3) order button 21. Project Manager button to the right of the order of the work area of the document window to provide command. 22. 4, project management for the use of 23. 1. Order button function 24. New - in the work area window selected certain documents, with new orders button on the new document added to the project management window. 25. Add - can be used VF "file" menu under the "new" order and the "T ools" menu under the "Wizard" order to create the various independent paper added to the project manager, unified organization with management. 26. Laws - may amend the project has been in existence in the various documents, is still to use such documents to modify the design interface. 27. Sports - in the work area window to highlight a specific document, will run the paper.28. Mobile - to check the documents removed from the project. 29. 29. Even Even Even the the the series series series - - - put put put the the the item item item in in in the the the relevant relevant relevant documents documents documents and and and even even even into into into the the the application application executable file. Database System Design :Database design is the logical database design, according to a forthcoming data classification system and the logic of division-level organizations, is user-oriented. Database design needs of various departments of the integrated enterprise archive data and data needs analysis of the relationship between the various data, in accordance with the DBMS. 管理信息系统概要管理信息系统概要管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS （Management Information System ），是一个由人、计算机等组成的能进行信息的收集、传送、储存、维护和使用的系统，在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它越来越得到普及。
信息管理与信息系统专业管理信息系统大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：管理信息系统文献、资料英文题目：Management Information System文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：信息管理与信息系统班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：外文资料及中文译文外文资料Management Information SystemBy Russ Basiura, Mike BatongbacalIt is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is uni versalized in the contemporary community of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learn ing, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowl edge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine sc ientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape th at the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that t he crossbar mingles.1. The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world econom y, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men p ropose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strat egic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admi tted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. I n 1958, Ger. write the lid: “ the administration shall obtain without delay with the low er cost and exact message, completes the better control “. This particular period, the c alculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has ri sen.In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the boo k shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that inte rnal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic decision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet d oes not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine applicationin the way of the message support decision of strategic importance.In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da un iversity administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information s ystem relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the informatio n system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system.It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, admi nistration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definitio nmanagement information system target and meritorious service capacity and com ponent, but also make known the management information system to be living the lev el that attains at that time.1.1 The Developing History of MISThe management information system is living the most primarily phase is counti ng the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between t he incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and mor e not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE th at the American airline company put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book t he bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spot s, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “spot”wholl y to check whether to be the free place up some one flight numbers. Yet through appro ximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for insta nce it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, thereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is admi nister information system rudimentary phase.The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as statu s reports and so on. Its type stands for the production control system that is the IBM c orporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 and causes the cal culating machine level lift a step, yet form that the manufacture administration work.Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all ove r the American various places to every one components once more like works an elem ent, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference ele ment, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and transportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufa cture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the syst ematic AAS of well-developed administration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communalonce more and manufactures informationsystem CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, t hat system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks.It is the data handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make know n with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The data handling system ordinarily ca n not supply decision of strategic importance message.Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the informat ion system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. That system ma y program and the analysis scheme, and goes over key and the error solve a problem. I ts proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularly the person nel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversatio n. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic i mportance message, yet emphasize comprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.1.2 The Application of Management Information SystemThe management information system is used to the most base work, like dump re port form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then develo ping up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on indi vidual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Dat a Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the cal culating machine electric network to attain data sharing queen , the slave system conc ept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the sy stem of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the informa tion system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine techniq ue lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether back business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, mod el library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directly to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission m aking a strategic decision.There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of t he world at the early days of being living in the 70’s 20 centuries. Up at the moment, MIS is living, and there be the appropriatePopularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every p rofession reaches every department.1.3 The Direction of MIS DevelopmentClose 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alt ernations:A. Paying special attention to the administration being emphasized toestablishing MIS’s system, and causing the administration technique head for the ageing.B. The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MISsupplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.C. Director causes such management program getting in touch with togetherwith the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. not merely big-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS some small-size business also no t exceptions of self, universally establish the communal data4network, like the electronic mail and electron data exchange and so on, MIS supp lied the well support environment to the application of Intranet’s technique to speedily developing of INTERNET especially in the past few years in the interest of the busin ess.Through international technique development tendency is see, in the 90’s 20 c enturies had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique. 1. Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost a nd technical service and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment org anization and the process compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service c apacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation. Sha ll act as the service veer of middle layer management personnel staff the decision of st rategic importance of the director service? 2. Intelligentization Decision Support Syst em (IDSS)The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was suffici ently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level pe rsonnel staff.3. Lean Production (LP)Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and parallel proj ect that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product de signcutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the repr oduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in or der to meet the demand that client continuously changes. 4. Agile Manufacture (AM)One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distingu ishing feature is workers and staff members’ quality is high, and the organization simp lifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile and a nswers client requires swiftly.2. The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS DevelopmentThe effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of inf ormation system development and come into being and is coming into being the far-re aching effect with.Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be a ssisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects li ving and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation devel opment that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. T his express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathemati cal model the problem in the quantitative analysis business.The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to produce the t erm in the interest of the administration.In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under d irector, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assi stant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality ad ministration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappe arance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not m erely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit.This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exo nerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to an alyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the bus iness continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the sca rce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means o f study and cultivating, and continuously lifts individual’s quality. InThe wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably eit her the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office syst em on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produ ced the advantageous term.At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It c ompletely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with man ufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorgan ization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manu facturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturin g the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation again st consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution.The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learni ng orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able tobe better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encirc les the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the ad ministration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MI S, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system a nd administration means , and establish more valid MIS.中文翻译巴兹拉·迈克管理信息系统管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS(Management Information System), 在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它变得越来越重要、越来越普及。
计算机专业外文文献及翻译
计算机专业外文文献及翻译微软Visual Studio1微软Visual Studio是微软公司推出的软软软境～可以用软建来平台下的 Visual Studio Visual StudioWindows软用程序和软软用程序～也可以用软建软服软、智能软软软用程序和网来网插件。
WindowsOffice Visual是一自微软的个来集成软软软境;,～可以用软软由它来微StudioIDEinteqrated development environment软软窗～软手机窗～、框架、精软架框和微软的支持的控制台和软Windows Silverlight 形用软界面的软用程序以及窗体软用程序～站网～软用程序和软服软网中的本地代软软同托管WindowsWeb代软。
包含一由个智能感知和代软重构支持的代软软软器。
集成的软软工作作软一源代软软软既个Visual Studio软器又可以作软一台机器软软软器。
其他置工具包括一软软内个窗体的软用程序～软软软软～软软软软～网数据软架GUI构软软软。
有乎各软面的件增强功能～包括增加软支持它几个插源代软控制系软;如和SubversionVisual,添加新的工具集软软和可软化软软器～如并特定于域的软言或用于其他方面的软件软软生命周期SourceSafe的工具;例如的客软端,软软软源管理器,。
Team Foundation Server支持不同的软程软言的服软方式的软言～允软代软软软器和软软器;在不同程度上,支持它Visual Studio几乎所有的软程软言～提供了一软言特定服软的存在。
置的软言中包括个内中;通软C/C + +Visual C+,;通软,～,中;通软,,和,;作软+,VisualCVisual CFVisual Studio,～软支持其他软言～如和等～可通软安软的软言服软。
软也支持装独它的2010M,Python,Ruby和软特定用软提供服软的也是存在的,微XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScriptCSS.Visual Studio软～,、,和。
英文文献全文翻译
英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。
市场调研方法外文文献及翻译
市场调研方法外文文献及翻译1. Market Research Methods: Incorporating Social Media into Traditional Approaches文章介绍了如何在市场调研中运用社交媒体，以帮助企业更好地了解消费者。
研究人员将社交媒体与传统的定量调研和定性调研相结合，以获得更全面的信息。
通过采集社交媒体的数据分析消费者的行为和偏好，以及对产品或服务的反馈意见。
2. Using Eye Tracking in Market Research: A Guide to Best Practices该文献介绍了视觉追踪技术在市场调研中的应用。
作者指出，视觉追踪技术可以帮助研究人员理解消费者在浏览产品或服务时的注意力分配和行为模式。
文章介绍了适用于市场调研的视觉追踪应用程序的最佳实践和测试方法。
3. Conjoint Analysis in Marketing: New Developments with Implications for Research and Practice这篇文章介绍了一种被称为 "共轭分析" 的调研方法，该方法可以帮助研究人员了解消费者在购买某种产品或服务时的偏好和决策过程。
文献称，共轭分析已经成为市场营销领域最为普遍的工具之一。
文章还介绍了最新的研究和在实践中的应用，并探讨了一些特定情况下共轭分析的限制。
4. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal这个杂志专注于定性市场调研方法。
它包括与确定消费者需求、分析竞争对手、建立品牌等相关的研究。
文章强调定性市场调研可以提供深入的见解和对产品或服务的更清晰的理解，帮助企业做出更明智的营销和业务决策。
每一期都包括来自该领域的专家的文章，并提供案例研究和最佳实践。
5. Use of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Market Research: A Review该文献介绍了如何使用人工智能技术进行市场调研。
社交媒体技术外文文献翻译
文献信息：文献标题：Worlds Collide:Exploring the Use of Social Media Technologies for Online Learning（世界的碰撞：探索社交媒体技术在在线学习的应用）国外作者：Linda W. Friedman；Hershey H. Friedman文献出处：《Social Science Electronic Publishing》,2011字数统计：英文4201单词，22949字符；中文7445汉字外文文献：Worlds Collide:Exploring the Use of Social MediaTechnologies for Online LearningAbstract Models of distance education have evolved over decades, just in time to collide with modern pedagogies in which communication, interaction, student engagement, and active learning are of critical importance. The social media technologies encompass a wide variety of Web-based technologies such as blogs, wikis, online social networking, and virtual worlds. This paper examines the relevant published literature, looking at online learning activities through the prism of the defining characteristics of today’s new communication technologies.Keywords: business education, online learning, online education, social media, new media,blogs, wikis, collaboration, crowdsourcing, mashups, convergence, social networking, usergenerated contentINTRODUCTIONThe world is changing very rapidly. Libraries have morphed from structures filled with books to repositories of information. Information and knowledge come in many forms including DVDs, eBooks, and YouTube videos. The role of a newspaperhas changed thanks to the Internet and its social media. By the time readers see a newspaper, much of the news is old. Everyone knows about the latest crisis, and has seen photographs on the web and read the story.To make matters even more complicated, technology has converged so that, for example, a telephone has become everything from a computer to a camera. Telephone manufacturers who insisted that their job was to manufacture “pure” telephones – a telecommunication device for transmitting speech- and nothing more, are obsolete. People use their computers to watch television, listen to radio, find apartments to rent, and even find a spouse.Tedlow (2010) describes what happens to companies who look away and go into denial when paradigms shift. This is a good way to miss opportunities or even become obsolete. Some famous examples of denial are Henry Ford’s obsession with only offering an inexpensive, black, no-frills Model T Ford. A&P, which at one time was one of the largest retailers in the U.S., missed a huge opportunity to grow by not recognizing that television was making manufacturers’ brands more important than store brands. This sort of myopia is no less true in education, and perhaps more true in the slow-moving terrain of higher education.Even the disciplines of today are changing rapidly because of information access, collaboration technology, and convergence, among other factors. There are many more specialties today than in the past and there is much more "boundary crossing and interdisciplinary activity" (Klein, 1996: 42). Klein (1996: 191) asserts: "Almost all significant growth in research in recent decades, the committee [National Research Council] concluded, has occurred at the 'interdisciplinary borderlands' between established fields." It is unrealistic to believe that an educator with expertise in only a single discipline will be able to provide the necessary knowledge to solve problems that will arise in one or two decades. The amount of knowledge continues to increase exponentially.Models of online learning have evolved quite a bit from the correspondence courses that became popular in the 19th centrury, just in time to collide with 21st century pedagogies in which communication, interaction, student engagement, activelearning, and assessment are of critical importance. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relevant published literature, looking at online learning activities through the prism of the defining characteristics of t oday’s new communication technologies.THE SOCIAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGIESThe so-called social media technologies –often referred to as Web 2.0 –encompass a wide variety of web-related communication technologies such as blogs, wikis, online social networking, virtual worlds and other social media forms.Strategically, within an organization, social media technology may be incorporated individually – as, say, a corporate blog or a CEO's blog (Wyld 2007) – or comprehensively as a separate corporate function whose objective is to facilitate online communication and collaboration (Dearstyne 2007; McAfee 2006). Some of the ways that social media technologies are being used in business and other fields of endeavor have been examined in Friedman and Friedman (2008).Some use the term Web 2.0 to refer to the technological underpinnings of much of what we call social media. This term started to come into usage around 2001, when O'Reilly publications started to refer to "modern" Internet applications as "Web 2.0" These are second generation web applications, a quantum leap ahead of the old applications (V ossen and Hagemann 2007). Web 2.0 is all about human interaction –conversations in cyberspace. This new media, rather than replacing the old media, converges with it. TVs are merging with the Internet, and we now have an infotainment industry. Librarians may still help students find books, but are more likely to help them navigate the Internet and retrieve useful and credible information.Much has been said about the unique character of the social media technologies, the features that unite these seemingly disparate technologies under a single umbrella. These characteristics of social media can be summarized by the 5 C’s (Friedman and Friedman 2008): communication, collaboration, community, creativity, and convergence.COMMUNICATION.By and large, social media technologies are concerned with communication between and among human beings. This communication may beuni- bi- or multi-directional, collaborative, networked, or viral. Blogs may be viewed as an alternative or complement to publishing, but they may also be alternatives to personal webpages. Bloggers don't only engage in one-way posting. Many cite each other’s work a great deal and post comments and ripostes on each other’s blogs, and this results in "conversational blogging" (Efimova and de Moor 2005). Social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter enable communication among groups of people, large and small. The rapid speed of communication over networked Web 2.0 t echnology platforms is probably best evidenced by videos that go “viral.”COLLABORATION. New media technologies enable collaboration over the Internet. Blogs in general have limited collaboration, although a single blog may be shared among a group of bloggers and sometimes a blog may be used for group work. Wikis are today’s collaboration tool. These are also scalable, in that private wikis for small groups of people work just as well as the largest collaborative product we have ever seen –Wikipedia. Some authors have examined how wikis are used (Tapscott and Williams 2006; Sunstein 2006), both at work and in other arenas of life. Social media also encourages collaboration with virtual conferencing on, say, SecondLife.COMMUNITY. Social media like Facebook, Twitter, SecondLife, Webkinz, , and other Webenabled social media forms serve to make the world a smaller place. Groups of people, large and small, are better able to interact more regularly, stay in touch, accomplish various goals, because of these technologies. Social media technologies fostering community, are democratic and inclusive. Today’s technology may be the great equalizer, producing a leveling of the playing field (Johnson 2007). Many of the web technologies we may not previously have associated with social media now have a social networking component, for example eBay, YouTube, and HowStuffWorks. In addition, these technologies may be used as a platform for creating a learning organization (Andrus 2005).CREATIVITY. Does simple digitization turn old media into new media? Is digital media that different from non-digital (analog) media? For one thing, digitization makes editing extremely easy. Therefore, it also promotes creativity, since we are not burdened by the limits of the medium we are working with. Remembermaking changes to a large document using a typewriter? The size of the page severely limited any changes we were willing to make. With digitization and the right software our editing capabilities are limited only by our capacity for thinking. Today, consumers of digital media do not simply, read, listen, view, or play it. The also edit, mod, and create mashups. This post purchase behavior means that a product is not necessarily "finished" when it goes into production. Social media technologies enable usergenerated content, and we have much more active audience members who create, edit, post and contribute content.CONVERGENCE. In years to come, the mashup may be viewed as the metaphor of choice for today’s social media phenomeno n. Indeed, if anything can be said to be the driving force behind the social media, it is the notion of convergence. The past decades have witnessed a convergence of technology more fantastic than fiction. This is primarily due to widespread digitization and to the Internet, which itself can be seen as digitization plus telephony. Some of the results of this trend are: companies that produce printers are now in the camera business; long distance telephone calls use a broadband Internet connection; photographs are transmitted via e-mail using a cellular telephone; several companies are competing for video-on-demand; computer manufacturers are in the music business; and many more. Adaptation is the key to survival in the Internet age.There are many different forms of convergence in the social media phenomenon. Convergence of technology, encompasses both hardware and software, for example, computer technology and entertainment produced technologies like Tivo and the infotainment industry. We have seen Convergence of media attributable to technology - e.g., a newspaper must have an online presence and probably a news blog. Convergence of consumption, seen in consumers – especially students – who may be using several media simultaneously, e.g., computer, internet, music, newspapers, telephone, camera, etc., and in consumers who produce digital mash-ups using several forms of media. Hynes (2003) asks: Does technology convergence drive consumer convergence or vice versa? Finally, one of the hallmarks of the social media is convergence of roles. Today there is a blurring of the lines separating users,developers, distributers, producers, consumers, etc., with individuals taking on multiple roles comfortably.CHANGES IN ACADEMEAlmost every state is working with a challenging fiscal environment thanks to the recent Great Recession. State budgets are quite austere and it is very doubtful that there will be money in most of them for additional buildings for universities. The Texas A &M University system is using a spreadsheet to evaluate the gains and losses from every single faculty member. This is calculated by determining the revenues generated by a faculty member (number of students, grants, etc.) and deducting the expenses (faculty salary, costs of labs, etc.). This is also being done by department (Simon and Banchero, 2010). The balance sheet is showing that some faculty members netted the university close to $280,000 for the 2009 fiscal year while others cost the college about $45,000. Some departments generate gains of more than $5 million while others cost the college more than $1.4 million.One metric determines amount of earnings per student taught; some professors (i.e., nontenured lecturers) teach large classes and earn about $100 per student while others (full professors teaching small seminar classes) earn more than $10,000 per student (Simon and Banchero, 2010). Like it or not, this is these performance metrics are being used by more and more colleges as public officials are demanding more productivity and accountability and are examining educational statistics such as graduation rates, retention rates, number of students that pass professional licensing exams (e.g., CPA), median starting salaries of graduates, average student loan debt, and other such measures. Some states are insisting that these measures should be posted online so that the taxpayer should have a good idea as to the value of a college degree (Simon and Banchero 2010).It is apparent that academe will have to learn to be more productive. Education will have to learn from what retailers have done. Many retailers have moved from a brick-and-mortar approach to a click-andmortar approach. This means fewer buildings but an expanded presence on the Internet. Consumers can make purchases at storesand online. Thus, for example, Wal-Mart sells products at many stores but also does a brisk business online. The publishing industry has also made changes to its business model. Ebooks may not totally replace paper books but companies that want to survive must offer both. College textbook publishers currently offer both types of books as well as a great deal of material using the web. Textbooks often come with a homework manager that enables students to do homework online and get immediate feedback. Banks have buildings but also provide service at thousands of ATMs throughout the world.Academics who define themselves solely as individuals who teach traditional classes in a face-to-face (FTF) format are being very myopic. Academics are in the knowledge “business” whose job it is to provide information, mediate learning, and, more importantly, to enhance students’ ability to think and learn for themselves. The goal is to provide students with the tools and desire for lifelong learning, not only to impart information. The Chinese proverb –“Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime” – is especially true when it comes to education. The true job of an educator is to provide students with an unquenchable thirst for knowledge and the ability to acquire it.Some academics insist that the only way students can learn is via a traditional, face-to-face classroom. This might be justifiable if studies demonstrated that traditional learning was superior to online learning. The evidence, however, does not support this view. Means et al. (2009) did a meta-analysis of more than 1,000 studies published from 1996 to 2008 comparing online with traditional classroom teaching. What they found was that online learning does offer many advantages over traditional classroom learning. In fact, students who take courses that are either completely or partially online will perform better than students taking traditional, face-to-face courses. Interestingly, hybrid courses that combine classroom learning with online learning seem to be the best of all delivery methods. Means et al. (2009) conclude: Despite what appears to be strong support for online learning applications, the studies in this meta-analysis do not demonstrate that online learning is superior as a medium. In many of the studies showing an advantage for online learning, the onlineand classroom conditions differed in terms of time spent, curriculum and pedagogy. It was the combination of elements in the treatment conditions (which was likely to have included additional learning time and materials as well as additional opportunities for collaboration) that produced the observed learning advantages. At the same time, one should note that online learning is much more conducive to the expansion of learning time than is face-to-face instruction.Diana G. Oblinger, president of Educause, made the following statement in response to the above study: "Online education provides additional opportunities. It gives people greater opportunity for flexibility, for experiential learning, for illustrating things in multiple ways such as visualization." She emphasized that the study makes it quite obvious that colleges have to make sure to use online education and not insist on only offering courses using traditional, face-to-face instruction (Jaschik 2009).Interestingly, a recent study found that when students were asked to rate their college-level learning experiences, those they considered the most valuable all took place outside of the traditional classroom: internships, study-abroad programs, senior thesis or other faculty-mentored research projects, and capstone projects (Young, 2011).SOCIAL MEDIA AND ONLINE LEARNINGThe best of online learning, much like the best of FTF learning, requires active engagement on the part of the student. Rather than being passive recipients of transmitted knowledge, students are active participants in the learning process; they are engaged. Students –not only the instructor –help to create the learning environment. Teaching is all about communication. Not one-way communication –boring lectures – but many-to-many communication – a learning environment. Ideally, we would like students to learn as much from each other as they do from us. We manage the learning activities and facilitate learning.Liu et al. (2009) found the most commonly used Web 2.0 technologies in higher education, as studied in the literature, were: blogs, podcasts, social networking, andvirtual environments. Hovorka and Rees (2009) studied the use of a number of Web 2.0 technologies in information systems courses. Introducing social media into courses may not only help make them more interesting and even fun, but at the same time teach students can learn valuable and pervasive workplace skills: communication, collaboration, community, convergence, and creativity.Here we use each of these characteristics of social media – the so-called 5 Cs –in an online learning context. These characteristics serve as a convenient prism through which to examine the social media technologies and their application to online learning.COMMUNICATION. Williams and Jacobs (2004) consider blogs and academic discourse to be “natural allies.” Online learning is still communication –on a technology platform. Communication technologies can include “old” technologies such as email, lectures notes in pdf files, or even an online discussion forum. It can also include communication on the new Web 2.0 technologies, using social media, e.g., student blogs; a class wiki project; a twitter discussion; online social networking; video presentations on YouTube; or even a virtual world like SecondLife.COLLABORATION. Learning how to communicate and work with others should also be a goal of education (Robinson, 2008). The three skills students must have in order to succeed in the knowledge economy are: “the ability to do critical thinking and problem solving; the ability to communicate effectively; and the ability to collaborate” (Friedman, 2010). Social media tools can be used to teach s tudents how to collaborate and work with others. Many schools have lists describing the goals of general education. These lists include critical thinking, mathematical reasoning, ability to communicate, understanding the importance of cultural diversity, ability to make ethical judgments, appreciation of the fine arts, encouragement of lifelong learning, and more. Few lists include the ability to work productively with others. Collaboration is of great importance in almost every enterprise. Very few occupations allow individuals to work alone without input from others.CREATIVITY. Pink (2006: 3) observes that "the defining skills of the previous era -'left-brain' capabilities that powered the Information Age -- are necessary but nolonger sufficient." The skills that are valuable today, in the Conceptual Age, include such factors as creativity, empathy, happiness, and meaning. Video games may not be a waste of time in the Conceptual Age. Studies are finding that playing video games may sharpen the skills of physicians involved in laparoscopic surgery and help in decision making (Pink: 2006: 193). Even the military uses games and virtual worlds to train soldiers. One DARWARS computer game, AMBUSH!, is used to instruct soldiers on the appropriate course of action when their convoy is being ambushed on a dangerous roads in Iraq or Afghanistan (Boyd, 2006). Video games are being developed as training tools for firefighters to teach them how to handle hazardous materials that might appear in New York City subways (Boyd, 2006). Gee (2003) feels that "when kids play video games they can experience a much more powerful form of learning than when they're in the classroom. Learning isn't about memorizing isolated facts. It's about connecting them and manipulating them."Robinson (2005) believes that the current system of education is antiquated as it was designed with a production line mentality. Essentially, it was created in the 19th Century to meet the needs of large industries as we moved away from agriculture. Industrialism back then needed workers who were literate and creativity was not that important. Before that there was no public education since the prevailing belief was that the common man could not learn very much. A classic education was for the gentleman. This changed with the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. According to Robinson, companies today believe the most important challenge is "finding people who could make good decisions in times of uncertainty, who can adapt to new opportunities and respond creatively to change" (Robinson, 2005). He observes that in 1997, only 74 companies of the original Standard &Poor list of top 500 corporations (published in 1957) were still around (Robinson, 2005).The enemy of creativity, according to Robinson, is standardization. Education today focuses on standardized exams and standardized curriculum. The corporate world needs people who understand divergent thinking, seeing multiple answers to a problem. Schools today rely heavily on standardized tests which teach students that problems have one answer. Courses that utilize social media force students to beself-starters and have the potential to encourage them to be creative. They also teach them about networking as they will have to find ways to connect to fellow students to work on collaborative projects just as they will in the career world.Courses that are offered fully or partially online and use social media can enhance creativity since they can use numerous teaching tools that include animations, videos, wikis, blogs, web links, webinars, and virtual labs. Brown (2000) observed that the Web has created a "new kind of information fabric in which learning, working, and playing co-mingle." He adds that the Web is also "two-way, push and pull." The old method of lecturing passive students is a "push" approach that does not work for many students. Brown (2000) asserts that young people today are always "multiprocessing" and conducting several tasks simultaneously. Many can be working on the computer, talking on their cell phones, and listening to music, all at the same time! The goal of education today, according to Brown, is to teach students information navigation, i.e., how to find useful information on the Internet.COMMUNITY.It is very difficult to be creative in this day and age if one works alone. Indeed, the ability to communicate has little value if one does not possess the ability to be part of a team. Many young people are quite comfortable with using communities such as Facebook for social purposes. How important are communities for learning? Online communities have an important effect on interaction. The kind of interaction that occurs in a face-to-face class is different from the interaction that occurs in a fully online class.Bernard et al. (2009) performed a meta-analysis on the distant education literature and examined three types of interaction treatments (ITs): student-student (SS), student-teacher (ST), and student-content (SC). Student-student interaction may be built into distance education courses through the use of group projects. Student-teacher interactions are easy in hybrid courses where there are some face-to-face meetings and a bit more difficult in fully online courses. Even with fully online courses, student-teacher interactions can occur via the use of email, phone calls, discussion boards, chats, and videoconferencing. Student-content interactions can be effected by having students read online material, collect information, or watch a video.Bernard et al. (2009) conclude that all three types of interactions are important and should be an important part of fully online courses since they enhance student learning as well as satisfaction. Web 2.0 technologies are making it less costly and much easier for students to collaborate and have the student-student interaction. The research in the field is supporting the idea that three kinds of interaction are very important in learning (Wanstreet 2006; Swan 2002). Battalio (2007), however, concludes that not all students have the same learning styles. Some students may prefer learning in a traditional, face-to-face environment; others may thrive in fully online courses. Younger students, who do not have family obligations and are comfortable with social networks, may benefit greatly from online learning communities. Older students that work and have family obligations may not be satisfied with courses that utilize online learning communities.CONVERGENCE.In academia, as in other arenas, adaptation is the key to survival. When we use social media technologies to mediate learning in traditional and online courses, we increase our arsenal for knowledge creation exponentially. Indeed, the hybrid course – a blend of face-to-face and online learning – may be the ultimate mashup.CONCLUSIONThere was a time when laughter was seen as a problem in the workplace. People on the assembly line at Ford Motor Company during the 1930s and 1940s were fired for laughing or smiling while working. Ford's philosophy was: "When we are at work, we ought to be at work. When we are at play, we ought to be at play. There is no use in trying to mix the two." Today, many firms want employees to be happy at work since they feel it increases productivity and profits. The mission statement of Southwest Airlines says it all: "People rarely succeed at anything unless they are having fun doing it." (Pink, 2006: 186-187; Collinson, 2002).A large number of students quit college and fail to graduate not because of economic factors, but because they find college uninteresting. These students need tobe motivated (Carnes, 2011). Arum and Roksa (2011) claim that a significant number of college students barely improve their in the vital areas of critical thinking, writing, and problem solving/critical reasoning. Indeed, after four years, 36% had made no significant gains in those three areas. The average amount of time spent studying by college students is now less than half of what it was in the 1960s. Clearly, we have to transform education and make learning fun. One way this might be accomplished is by using social media and making learning more active.What happens when worlds collide? What happens when old education modalities converge with Web 2.0 technologies? Worlds collide – and new worlds are created.中文译文：世界的碰撞：探索社交媒体技术在在线学习的应用摘要远程教育的模型已经演化了几十年，只是在时间与现代的教育碰撞，沟通、互动、学生参与、主动学习是至关重要的。
会展经济与管理新媒体营销中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Social Networks and the Mass MediaAdapted from: American Political Science Review,2013,107 Social networking has become an every day part of many peoples’lives as evidenced by the huge user communities that are part of such networks. Facebook, for instance, was launched in February 2004 by Harvard under graduate students as an alternative to the traditional stud ent directory. In tended to cover interaction between students at Univers ities–Facebook enables individuals to encourage others to joint he network through personalized invitations, friend suggestions and creation of s pecialist groups. Today Facebook has a much wider take up than just s tudents at Universities. Facebook now facilitates interaction between peo ple by enabling sharing of common interests, videos, photos, etc. Sharin g,Some social network populations exceed that of large countries, for example Facebook has over 350 million active users. Social networks provide a platform to facilitate communication and sharing between user s, in an attempt to model real world relationships. Social networking ha s now also extended beyond communication between friends; for instanc e, there are a multitude of integrated applications that are now made a vailable by companies, and some organizations use such applications, su ch as Facebook Connect to authenticate users, i.e. they utilize a user’s Facebook credentials rather than requiring their own credentials(for exa mple the Calgary Airport authority in Canada uses Facebook Connect t o grant access to their WiFi network). This ability to combine a third party application (including its local data) to authenticate users demonstr ates the service-oriented approach to application development. By tappin g into an already established community around a particular social netw orking platform, it becomes unnecessary to require users to register wit h another system.The structure of a Social Network is essentially the formation of a dynamic virtual community with inherent trust relationships between fri ends. (Szmigin et al., 2006) identify how “relationship marketing” (ident ified as referring to all marketing activities directed towards establishing, developing and maintaining successful relational exchanges) can be faci litated through the creation of on-line communities. They discuss how o n-line communities can be used to facilitate interaction and bonding bet ween consumer and suppliers, intermediate parties and specific brands. Similarly, (Shang et al., 2006) discuss how brand loyalty can be achiev ed through various types of participation within an on-line community (focusing specifically on the –a virtual communit y of Apple users in Taiwan). They discuss the motivation for individua ls to promote certain products during on-line discussions (active particip ants) and for others to remain as lurkers (passive participants). The stu dy particularly focuses on the incentives for participants to contribute to an on-line community, based on the perception of a user about the de gree of relevance towards an object that is being discussed –focusing on both cognitive (based on utilitarian motive –concerning an individua l’s concern with the cost and benefit of the product or service) and aff ective (a value-expressive motive, referring to an individual’s interest in enhancing self-esteem or self-conception, and in projecting his/her desir ed self-image to the outside world through the product or service).It is also useful to understand, for instance, how such trust relation ships could be used as a foundation for resource (information, hardware, services) sharing. Cloud environments are typically focused on providin g low level abstractions of computation or storage. Using this approach, a user is able to access (on a short term/rental basis) capacity that is owned by another person or business (generally over a computer networ k). In this way, a user is able to outsource their computing requirement s to an external provider –limiting their exposure to cost associated wi th systems management and energy use. Computation and Storage Clou ds are complementary and act as building blocks from which applicatio ns can be constructed –using a technique referred to as “mash-ups”. S torage Clouds are gaining popularity as a way to extend the capabilities of storage-limited devices such as phones and other mobile devices. T here are also a multitude of commercial Cloud providers such as Amaz on EC2/S3, Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure and also many smalle r scale open clouds like Nimbus (Keahey et al., 2005) and Eucalyptus (Nurmi et al., 2009). A Social Cloud (Chard et al., 2010), on the other hand, is a scalable computing model in which virtualized resources co ntributed by users are dynamically provisioned amongst a group of frie nds. Compensation for use is optional as users may wish to share reso urces without payment, and rather utilize a reciprocal credit (or barter) based model (Andrade et al., 2010). In both cases guarantees are offered through customized Service Level Agreements (SLAs). In a sense, thi s model is similar to a Volunteer computing approach, in that friends s hare resources amongst each other for little to no gain. However, unlik e Volunteer models there is inherent accountability through existing frie nd relationships. There are a number of advantages gained by leveraging social networking platforms, in particular one can gain access to hug e user communities, can exploit existing user management functionality, and rely on pre-established trust formed through existing user relations hips.The author thanks Jason Barabas, Jon Bendor, Ted Carmines, Jami e Druckman, John Freeman, Matt Golder, Sona Golder, Bob Jackson, J enn Jerit, Kris Kanthak, ?zge Kemahlioglu, Charlotte Lee, Valerie Marti nez-Ebers, Adam Meirowitz, Scott McClurg, Will Moore, Chris Reenock, John Ryan, John Scholz, Jake Shapiro, Anand Sokhey, Jeff Staton, Ji m Stimson, Craig Volden, Jon Woon, four very helpful anonymous revi ewers, and audiences in the Political Economics group at the Stanford GSB, Political Science departments at FSU, GWU, Minnesota, Pittsburg h, and Stony Brook, and the Frank Batten School of Leadership and P ublic Policy at UVa. Any errors are my own.To begin to answer this question, I develop a novel theory of aggr egate opinion and behavior. The theory considers a heterogeneous popul ation of individuals who must choose between dichotomous options. It incorporates the interaction of social network and mass media influences at the individual level; its key assumption is that the more others cho ose an option, the more one is apt to do so as well. In the theory, soc ial networks provide information about the choices of those to whom o ne is directly connected, while the mass media provide (potentially bias ed) information about aggregate choice. The theory thus applies to, for example, voter turnout and political participation (e.g., Gerber, Green, a nd Larimer 2008; Lake and Huckfeldt 1998; Leighley 1990; McClurg 2 003; Rolfe 2012), opinion formation (e.g., Beck et al. 2002; Druckman and Nelson 2003; Huckfeldt and Sprague 1995), protests and social mo vements (e.g., Kuran 1991; McAdam 1986), and vote choice (e.g., Beck 2002; Huckfeldt and Sprague 1995; Ryan 2011; Sinclair 2012; Sokhey and McClurg 2012).Three major results follow from this theory. All hold both when in dividuals treat media identically and when they select into media in lin e with their preferences. First, understanding the aggregate effect of the media generally requires considering social networks, because social ne twork structure conditions media's impact. For example, additional weak ties between disparate social groups can reduce the media's impact, an d the presence of unified social elites can eliminate the media's impact entirely in the aggregate. Empirical studies of media impact that fail t o consider media's interaction with social networks risk bias.Second, social networks can amplify the effect of media bias. A bi ased media outlet that systematically under- or over-reports a poll of th e population by a only a few percentage points can in some cases swi ng aggregate behavior (e.g., turnout or vote share) by over 20% in eith er direction due to positive feedback within the network. Open advocate s in the media can have a yet larger impact even when not comparativ ely influential. Unified social elites limit the effect of media bias, but c annot fully counter an advocate; selection into media, made ever easier with technological improvements, tends to enhance the effect of bias. We should therefore expect media bias to become increasingly importan t to aggregate behavior.AN INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL THEORY OF AGGREGATE BEHAVIO RThough I present a theory of aggregate behavior, it is based on in dividual-level assumptions informed by what we know about the way p ersonal characteristics, social networks, and mass media outlets affect in dividual behavior. Due to this, the theory can explore the effect that int eractions between these three factors have on aggregate behavior. As i mportantly, the theory incorporates empirically realistic heterogeneity acr oss people in allthree factors.Additionally, people are exposed to individuals, groups, and organiz ations external to one's network, such as mass media outlets, state prop aganda, national party leaders, NGOs, and Internet personalities. These outlets can provide information, increasing political knowledge.As this small sampling of large literatures indicates, individuals' de cisions are influenced by the information they obtain via both local soc ial networks and global media outlets. However, comparatively little sch olarship has explored the three-way interaction of personal characteristic s, social networks, and mediaIn the second type of bias, which I call advocacy, the media outle t simply states a preference for one of the options, providing no inform ation about aggregate support. The goal in advocacy is to sway the po pulation toward one or the other option. As before, many goals could u nderlie advocacy beyond just the support of a biased media outlet's pre ferences. Advocacy represents the editorial power of the media or the i nfluence of an external actor; it is a "one-message" model (Zaller 1992).I focus my analysis in all three sections on the case in which one of the two options is the status quo, and all individuals begin supporti ng it. For political participation and social movements, the status quo is not participating. For opinion formation and vote choice, the status qu o is an existing option such as a policy in place or an incumbent politician, as contrasted with an alternative such as a newly proposed policy or a challenging politician. For simplicity I subsequently call participat ion the option that is not the status quo; this should be read as "partici pation in support of" the option that is not the status quo in contexts o ther than political participation or social movements.In my analysis I simultaneously vary media strength, network prop erties, media bias, and, for two outlets, the strength of the L outlet. Th ough I keep my analysis to two biased outlets, it can easily be extende d to multiple biased outlets with the addition of parameters dictating th eir relative strengths.二、译文社交网络和大众传媒社交网络已经成为许多人每天生活的一部分，即证明了这种网络庞大的用户群体。
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中南大学CentralSouthUniversity 本科毕业设计英文文献翻译题目学生姓名学号指导教师学院专业班级二○一六年一月八日Spring 的web MVC 构架模式Juergen Hoeller1、介绍：Spring 的应用构架当你第一次看到并接触Spring框架的时候，你一定会在心里想到；“哦哦，不不，这又是另一种Web构架”。
这篇文章将会指出Spring框架不是什么特殊的web框架，而是一个通用的轻量级的应用程序框架，在专用网络支持下的应用程序框架。
并且它会告诉你Spring框架明显区别于其他轻量级application framework，它将专注于web的支持，与struts和webwork有着明显的区别。
在和struts和webwork的对比上之中，Spring框架是一个服务于所有层面上的application framework：提供了bean的配置基础，AOP的支持，JDBC的提取框架，抽象事务支持，等等诸如此类。
它有一个非常显著的特点：在某个层面上如果你不需要Spring的支持，它有一个非常显著的特点：在某个层面上如果你不需要Spring的支持，你就可以不使用Spring框架的class（类），只使用它的某一部分的功能。
从它的设计理念，你可以看到Spring框架帮助你实现了真正的逻辑层和web层的成功分离：例如：一个校验应用将不用依靠controllers，就可以实现。
这样的目标是更好的重用和易测：过分依靠不必要的容器和框架将不能实现这一点。
当然，Spring的自己本身的web支持和通常框架模式的细致完整。
然而，Spring替换struts，webwork或者其他的web方案非常的容易。
这个对于Spring 的web支持或者不同的地方，Spring允许你在web容器里面建立一个中间层，在测试环境或者标准独立的应用里面来设置重用你的商务逻辑。
还有就是在J2EE环境里面，可以让你你的商务逻辑不必依靠容器提供的服务，就比如像JTA，EJB的支持。
良好的框架的一个web应用是可以运行在任何容器上，就比如，Tomcat或者Resin这些容器。
值得注意的事，Spring不是和已经存在的解决方案进行竞争的关系。
我们鼓励结合标准的技术，如Servlet，JSP，JTA，JNDI，JDBC和JDO，和其他非常匹配的工具，比方如Hibernate，Velocity,Log4J,和Caucho’s Hessian/Burlap这类工具。
这个框架的设计思想是你的应用处在需要改良的时候，你将可以对其做一些技术的选择：例如，如果你需要分布式事务处理，你可能需要用Spring框架的JTA Transaction Manager 来实现JTA服务。
或者，用DataSourceTranscactionM anager 或者HibernateTransction Manager 来实现美妙完美的单个数据库交换。
2、Web MVC：Spring web框架的设计思想Spring网络框架通过配置操作mappings可配置的处理程序，展示resolution，本地化和模板集成围绕着分派请求操作的servlet -DispatcherServlet分派请求处理程序，可配置的处理程序映射，决议，决议和语言环境和主题设计的。
缺省的操作是一个非常简单的控制器接口，他只是提供了一个“ModelAndView handleRequest（request请求，response响应）”的方法。
这已经可以将它应用于一个应用的程序控制器，但是，如果你想包含多个层次的控制，Abstract Controlerr，AbstractCommand Controllers，MultiAction Controllers，SimpleForm Controllers，AbstractWizardForm Controller将帮助你完成，应用程序控制器将代表那些子系统通常是子类。
注意，你可以选择一个适当的基类：如果你没有web form(网络形式)，你就不必用Form Controller。
这便就是和Struts最大的不同区别了。
你可以把任何物体作为命令或者形式对象来操作任何对象：这就可以不需要接口工具或者一个基础类的驱动。
Spring的数据绑定是非常的高度灵活的。
举例来说，对待类型不匹配的验证错误，他描述了具有在应用范围内的校验错误的输入机制，但不是系统错误。
所以在你的形式对象里面你大可不需要复制你的业务对象的Spring框架中的属性作为字符串表单对象,就能够处理无效的提交,或将字符串。
相反,它通常比直接绑定到您的业务对象。
这是另一个主要区别Struts是建立在需要基类行动和ActionForm——对任何类型的行动。
只需要操作出错的子任务，或者适当的转换spring框架。
换句话来说，他通常可以很好的字节绑定你的业务对象。
这也是和Struts围绕请求基础类Action和ActionForm（每个action操作类型）建立主要的不同之一。
对比WebWork（网络系统），Spring框架更多的区别在于对象角色：Spring 框架支持控制器的概念，一个可选的操作命令或者表单对象，得到数据并传递给视图的模式这个模型。
这个模式通常包含命令和表单对象，但有时也包含任意的参考数据。
换句话来说，相反一个webwork aciton（网络系统动作）联合了所有这些角色到单独的对象中。
网络系统不允许你用已经存在的业务对象作为你f表单的一部分，但是只生成各自相关Action操作类的bean属性。
最后，相同的操作请求的aciotn操作实例在一个视图里面获得赋值和形成人口集群。
因此,引用数据需要模仿作为行动的bean属性。
这些可以说是太多的角色在一个对象中。
然而，参考数据也需要作为action的属性被模拟。
一个类里面有太多的角色是值得讨论的。
关于视图：Spring框架的视图方案非常的灵活。
甚至可以编写一个视图控制器实现通过respongse返回ModelAndview对象的null值，就可以直接写到一个视图。
在通常的状况下，一个ModelAndView实例结合了一个view（视图名称）和一个model Map（模型地图），包含了bean 名称和相应的通讯对象（像命令或者形式，参考数据，等等）。
视图名称解析是非常高端的配置，不是通过bean 名称，一个propertiese 文件，就是通过你自己的ViewResolver来实现的。
这个抽象的model Map(模型映射)允许你在视图层面完成提取视图，没有任何的争辩麻烦：JSP ，速度，或者其他，每一种渲染器都可以直接完整集成使用。
这个model Map（模型映射）还可以简单转化得到适当的格式化数据的转换，像JSP 请求属性或者Velocity模板模式。
3、集成：用Spring一个不同web框架许多开发团队将为他们已有的项目或者新的项目已经获得的期限和工具进行投资。
这里没有像Struts那样大量的图书和工具，但是同样我们又大量的拥有Spring开发技巧的开发人员。
然而，如果你愿意生活在Strust的构架瑕疵中的话，它仍然是一种可行的选择web层而他将会是你在web层开发不错的选择。
当然，其他应用也是一样。
如果你不想Spring框架的web MVC，但是又想借用Spring框架嫁接其他的解决方案，你可以非常简单的通过Spring框架来继承你自己的web框架。
你可以非常简单的通过Context LoaderListener启动一个Spring root application context，并且，通过Struts 或者网络系统的action，利用Servletcontext属性（或者Spring的helper方法）存取它。
值得注意的事，这里没有任何的”plugings”被调用，因此没有专门的集成：来自web层的视图，你可以简单的将Spring作为一个管理application context 实例入口点的类库。
所有你注册的bean和Spring框架的服务都可以在不需要Spring框架的web MVC的情况下都可以被你轻松掌握。
Spring不是和Struts,Webwork这些应用进行竞争，他将作为一个纯web框架应用于很多领域，它解决了许多领域,纯web 框架不从bean配置数据访问和事务处理。
因为它不需要配置数据存储和事务操作。
所以，你可以利用Spring提供的中间层和数据存储层来丰富你的应用，甚至，你只是想用JDBC或者Hibernate进行事务抽象。
4、特点核对列表如果聚焦于web支持，Spring框架的一些显著特点是：清楚的角色分离：controller，validator，command object，form object，model object和Dispatcher Servlet，handler mapping vs view resolver，等等。
强大而且直接简单的框架和作为javaBean的应用配置，包括简单的参照和应用程序上下文引用内容，例如，从web控制器到业务对象和数据校验器。
适应性，外挂：无论使用什么样的控制器你都需要得到替代Action/ActionForm所做的每件事情的方案（简单，命令，form，范例，多重action，或者定制一个）重用业务逻辑代码，而不是源于Action/ ActionForm一切。
不需要复制：你可以用已经有的业务逻辑对象作为命令或者form对象代替反射特定的actionform子类。
可以定制的绑定和数据校验：作为应用级的输入机制的错误校验，固定日期和数字绑定，定制绑定和验证:类型不匹配,应用程序级验证错误,使违规值,本地化的日期和号码绑定等代替String-only表单对象手工解析和转换为业务对象。
例如，通过手动检查和转换业务对象来替换单个的spring。
可定制的操作，可定制的视图方案：通过名字/值映射灵活的模型传送，用一个简单的方法从简单到复杂操作映射和视图方案策略。
本地定制和主题方案：Spring 没有taglib，完全支持于JSPs，JSTL，不需要额外的连接就可以支持Veloctiy，等等。
简单但是强大的tag library 避免混乱，最大限度的灵活拓展了标记代码。