GPS中英文翻译

GPS^统电子信息工程08级三班 江海东 专业名称：年级班级：学生姓名：学 号:2220083421SummarizingThe Global PositioningSystemAbstract:Global Positioning System is based on thebackground of the United States Department of Defense.lt is designed,invested,developed,and operated by the United States Department of Defense ,GPS is a satellite-based positioning and time transfering GPS positioning function has a wide range of applications in the modern measurement and a more moder n buildi ng.GPS-RTK tech no logy is also widely used in moderni zati on buildi ng, and now GPS has also bee nshow n to be a ni mporta nt civilia n com mun ities of interest, and increasingly wide rangeof applicated.Keyword:GPS,Locating , RTK , Lay out, Survey1.BackgroundThe 50s, the former U.S.S.R has not launched humanities first artificial earth satellite, the American scientists in along its track research in, had discovered the Doppler shift phenomenon, and has facilitated Doppler satellite navigation posi- tioning system completing using this principle, has obtained the enormous success in the military and the civi aspect, was in a navigation localization history leap, our country once has also introduced many Doppler receiver, applied to the island association measured, the Earth explored and so on the applied to the island association measured, the Earth explored and so on the domain. But becauseDoppler satellite orbit highly low, signal-carrier frequency low, the track precision enhances with difficulty, causes the pointing accuracy lowly, satisfies the geodetic survey or the project survey request, is more impossible to use in the astronomy Earth dynamics research. In order to enhance the satellite positi oning the precisi on,US started from 1973 to prepare for con struct ion global positioning system GPS (Global Positioning System).After has entered the plan proof, the system test stage,started in 1989 to launch the official work satellite,and completely completed in 1994, investment use. The GPS system spaceartially is composed by twenty one satellites, evenly distributes in six orbit, the ground level is 20,000 Kilometers, the inclination of orbit is 55, the flat heart rate approximately is 0, the week con tract is 12 hours, the satellite to the earth launching two wave bands intelligence signals,the intelligence signal frequency respectively is 1575.442 mega cycles per sec ond (the L2 wave ban d), on the satellite has in stalled the precisi on very high atomic clock, guarantees the frequency the stability, modulates in the carrier has the expression satellite position the broadcast star experienee, use in the range finder C/A code and P yard, as well ad other system information, can in the global scope, to willfully multi-user provide thehigh accuracy, all-weather, is continual, real-time three dimensional measuresfast, the threedimensional localization and the time service.The GPS system control section by is located in the American foundations of the states 5 monitoring stationsto be composed, thesestand did not ask breaks Carries on the observation to GPS satellite, and will calculate and the forecast information by the infusion standsrenews to thesatellite information.The GPS system user is extremely covert, it is one kind of one-way system,the user only receives but does not need the transmitting message,and therefore user's quantity also is not limited. Although GPS is the unification starts is, but very quantity also is not limited. Although GPS recei ver and processing software emerge in abundance. At prese nt the receiver which appears in the Chin ese market main ly has ROGUE,ASHTECH, TRIMBLE, LEICA, SOKKIA, TOPCON a nd so on.. Ca n carry o n the observation to two frequencies the receiver to be called the double frequency receiver, only can carry on the observati on to a freque ncy the receiver to become the inference. Says regarding the mapping user,GPS has causedthe revolutionary changein the mapping domain, at present, in the scope several thousand kilometers controls n etwork, in the precisio n from hun dred to the millimeter level localizati on, gen erally all GPS took the first choice method, is day by day mature along wi th the RTK tech no logy, GPS started to decimeter and even a centimeter level layout, domain seepageand so on high accuracy dynamic localization.The international GPS geodetic survey served IGS with Earth dynamics from 1992, has established many data storage and the process in g cen ter in the whole world, year to year observed a stationwith hundred, our country has also set up Shanghai Yu Shan, Wuhan, Xian, Taiwan and so on many year to year measuring platforms station, these stations observation data passed on every day through the internet net to US' S data storage center, IGS also nearly real-time synthesizes various data processing center the result, an d the participa nt intern ati onal earth rotati on served the IERS global coord in ates reference system maintenan ce a nd the earth rotati on parameter issue. The user also may free on-line obtain product and so on observation data and precise star experienee fromintern et.The GPS system real-time navigation pointing is very high,US hasimplemented the so-called SA policy in 1992, namely reduces the broadcaststarto undergo the star posi tion precision, reduces the star clock to change thepositive number the precision, adds on the high frequency vibration to thesatellite datum frequency (to cause false distanee measuring accuracy to reducewith phase), latterhas implemented the A-S policy, soon P yard cha nge is Y yard namely further limi ts to the precise false dista nce survey, but America n military and special permissi on user not these polices in flue nces, but US in order to obtain the bigger commercial interest, thesepolicy ends are cancelled.2.GPS localizatiorprincipalThe GPS receiver may receive and use in the time service accurately to the nano sec on d level time in formatio n; will use i n to forecast the future for several m on ths the satellite to locate the summary position forecast star experience; Uses in calculates whe n the localizatio n to n eed the satelli te coord in ates the broadcast star experie nce, the precision is (each satellite is different several meter to several dozensmeters~changesas necessary);As well as GPS system information, like satellite condition and so on.The GPS receiver may obtain the satellite sign to the code to the receiver distance, because includes the receiver satellite clock the error and the atmosphere propagated error, therefore is called the false distance. The false distance obtains which to the OA code is called the UA code false distance, the precision approximately is about 20 meters, obtains the false distance to P yard to be called P yard false distance, the precision approximately is about 2 meters.The GPS receiver to the satellite signal which receives, carries on the decoding or uses other tech no logies, will modulate after the carrier the in formatio n removes, will be allowed to restore the carrier. Strict says, the carrier phase should be called the carrier beat freque ncy phase, it is receives produces the Doppler shift in flue nce satellite sig nal carrier phase and receiver this machine vibration difference of the signal phase. Gen erally experie nce Yuan time which determ ined in the receiver clock surveyed, maintains to the satellite signal track under, may record the phase change value, but starts time the observation receiver and the satellite oscillator phase change value is does not know, namely misty degree of whole week, only can calculate in the data processing as the parameter solution. Phaseobservation value precision high to millimeter, but the premise is solves misty degree of whole week, therefore only has when the relative localization, and has a section continuously observes the value can use the phase observation value, but must achieve meters down to themillimeter level also only to be able to usethe phase observation value.According to the locate mode, the GPS localization divides into the simple point localization and the relative localization (differenee localization). The simple point localization is according to a receiver observation data determined the receiver position the way, it only can usethe false distaneeview survey, may use in Chef Chuan and so on the summary navigation localization. The relative localization (differenee localization) is according to two above receivers observation data determined between the observation point the relative position method, it already may use the false distanee view survey also to be possible to use the phase view survey, the geodetic surveyor the project survey should use the phaseobservatio n value to carry on the relative localizati on. Has contained the satellite and receiver ZhongChai, the atmospheric dissemination in the GPS view survey retards, error and so on multipart effect, when localization error the in flue nee, whe n carries on the relative localizati on the majority of public errors are counterbalaneed or weaken, therefore the pointing accuracy greatly will enhance, the double frequency receiver will be allowed to act according to two frequencies in the view survey counterbalanee atmosphere the ionosphere-path error main part, will request high in the precision, between the receiver the distanee will be farther when (atmosphere will have obvious differenee), will be supposed to select the double frequency receiver.When localization observation, if the receiver is opposite to the earths surface movement, then is called the dynamic localization, like uses in summary navigation localization the and so on Chef Chuan precision is 30-100 meter false distanee simple point localization, either uses in the city vehicles navigation localization rice level precision false distanee differenee localization(RTK), the real-time differenee localization needs the data chain real-time transmits two or many stations observation data calculates together.When localization observation, if the receiver is opposite to the earths surface static, then is called the static localization, when carries on controls the net observes, gen erally selects this method by several receivers also to observe, it can maximum limit display GPS the pointing accuracy,special-purpose Yu Zheizhong the goal receiver is called the earth receiver,is in the receiver a performanee best kind. At present, GPS already could achieve the earths crust performanee observation the precision request, IGS year to year the measuring platform already can constitute millimeter level the global coord in ates frame.3.RTK technologiesThe conventional GPS measuring technique, like the static state, the fast static state , the dyn amic survey all~eed afterwards to carry on the soluti on to calculate can obtain a centimeter level the precision, but RTK is can real-time obtain the centimeter level pointing accuracy in the open country the measuring technique, it has used the carrier phase dynamic real-time difference (Real-timekinematics)the method, is the GPS applicati on sig ni fica nt milest on e, its appeara ncefor the project layout, the terra in mapping, each kind of control survey has brought the new dawn, enormously enhanced the field operation work efficiency.The high accuracy GPS survey must use the carrier phase observation value,the RTK localizati on tech no logy, it can real-time provide in assig ns in the coord in ate system the three dime nsional localizati on result, and achieves the cen timeter level precision. Under the RTK work pattern, the datum stands through the data chain tran smi ts together its observati on value and the survey stati on coord in ates in formatio n for the mobile station. Mobile stands not only receives the data through the data link which stands from the datum, but also must gather the GPS observation data, and composes the differe nce observati on value in the system to carry on the real-time processing, simultaneously produces the centimeter level localization result, a lasted. The mobile station may be at the static condition, also may be at the state of motion; May first carry on the i nitializati on after the fixed point to e nterthe dy namic work aga in, also may under the dynamic condition directly opening machine,and completes the week fuzz in ess search soluti on un der the dyn amic environment. After end knows the number solution to be fixed, then carries on each calendar Yuan real-time processing, so long as can maintain four above satellites phases observation value the track and the essential geometric figure ,then the mobile station may produce the centimeter level localization result as necessary.The RTK tech no logy key lies in the data process ing tech no logy and the data tran smissi on tech no logy, whe n the RTK localizati on requeststhe datum stati on receiver real-time the observation data (false distanee observation value, phaseobservation value) and the know data transmission for the mobile station receive, the data quantity quite big, gen erally all requests9,600 bauds rate, this in on radio is no t difficult to realize.4.The applicatiorof RTK(1)Each kind of control surveyThe traditional geodetic survey, the project control survey uses the triangular net, the line-network method executes measured, not only requires a lot of work timeconsuming, request In divisibility, moreover the precisi on distributi on non-uni formity, also at the field operation did not know how the precision, does use conventional the GPS static state survey, the fast static state, the false dynamic method, survey in the process at field operation not to be able real-time to know the pointing accuracy, after if surveys completes, after returns to house processing to discover the precision does no t gatherthe request, but also must retur n measured, but uses RTK to carry on the con trol survey, can real-time know the pointing accuracy, if the fruits and cakes position precision request has satisfied, the user was allowed to stop observing, how moreover knew the observation quality, This may greatly enhance the work efficiency. If uses in the road control survey RTK,electronic circuit control survey, the hydraulic engineering con trol survey, the geodetic survey, the n not only may greatly reducethe man power intensi ty, the economical expense, moreover greatly enhances the working efficiency,measured a control point may complete in several minutes even several sec on ds.(2)Terra in mapp ingIn the past measured whe n topographic diagram gen erally first must in measure area establishment chart root control point, then on chart root control point top carriage entire station meter or altazimuth coord ination small flat panel mapping, now develops the field operati on with the en tire stati on meter and the electro nic hand coord in ati on thing code, uses big scale mapp ing software to carry on the mapp ing, even develops recent field operation electron dull mapping and so on, all requestsin the survey station to measure all around terra in Ian dform an d so on departme ntpo int, these po ints all wi th survey stati on in divisibility, moreover gen erally requests at least 2-3 pers on to operate, needs when puts together the chart once the precision not to gather the request also to obtain the field operation to return measured,whennow uses RTK, only needs a person to carry the in strume nt in on the terra in Ian dform departme nt point dull 12 sec ond kinds which must measure, and simulta neously in puts the characteristic code, through hand book may real-time know the position precision, after measured a region returns to in the room, may output the topographic diagram by the specialized software connection which requests, like this usesRTK only to n eed a pers onto operate,does no t request a between indi visibi Ii ty, greatly enhanced the working efficiency, uses the RTK coord in ati on electr on hand book to be allowed to survey each kind of topographic diagram, I ike the ordinary mapping, the track, line strip the shape topographic diagram surve ying, roadpipeli ne topographic diagram surve ying, coord in ates the depth-fi nding device to be allowed to use in to measurethe reservoir topographic diagram, Navigation seamapping and so on.(3)LayoutLayout surveys an applicati on bran ch, it request through the certa in method to use the certa in in strume nt the spot positi on which artificial desig ns in really for to demarcate, in the past used the convention layout the method very many, like the altazimuth junction met layout, whe n the entire 50 stati on meter and so on, gen erally layout a desig n positi on, ofte n n eededthe back a nd forth bile target, moreover took 2-3 pers onto operate, simulta neously also requested the in divisibility situati on in the process to be good, in the production application the efficiency was not very high, sometimes layout encountered the difficult situation to be able to draw support fromYu Hindu the method to layout. Sometimes, if uses the RTK tech no logy layout, only must the spot positi on coord in ates which desig ns in put to the electro n han d, is carry ing the GPS receiver, it can remind you to walk to want to layout a position, both rapid and convenient, because GPS is comes directly through the coord in ates layout,the precisi on is very high, thus can greatly enhanceefficiency, also only needsa person to operate.5.The applicatiorof GPSGPS offers for military and makes a reservation andsetsup accurately at first, it is still con trolled by the America n military so far. Military GPS products is it c onfirm and follow in field adva ncing solderi ng and coord in at ing of equipme nt in to used for mainly, the gun ship for the sea navigates, offers the positi on and n avigati on in formati on for military aircraft.⑴ The GPS system use is extensivelyAt present, application, GPS of system very extensive already, we can use GPS sig nai can carry on sea, empty and n avigati on of land, the guida nee of the guided missile, earth measurement and accurate localization of project measurement.,transmission of time and measurementof the speed,etc.For survey and draw field,GPS satellite fix tech no logy is it set up n ati on wide earth measurementof high accuracy control network to use for already, determ in eglobal dyn amic parameterof earth;Usedfor sett ing up land marine earth measureme ntdatum, un ite and exam in esa nd surveys a nd draws in the ocea nthe high-accuracy isla nd Ian d;Used for moni tori ng plate motio n state of the earth andthe earthscrustdeformation;Usedin project measure,isit set up city and project control main meansof network to becomeFor determine Aero-Space photograph camera position in the twinkling of an eye, realize for a small amoun tof ground con trol or there is n o aerial surveyc on trolled in region to become and pursue fast, technical revolution causing the geographicalinformation system,globalenvironmental remoteto follow their monitor.A lot of commerceand government organs use GPS equipment to follow their vehicle positi on; This gen erally n eeds to draw support from wireless com muni cati on tech no logy.SomeGPSreceiver in tegrated radio, radio teleph one move data term inal is it meets n eed, motorcade of managementto come.(2)Appearanee of the resource environment of pluralistic spaceAt present, GPS, GLONASS, INMARSA T waits for the system to all possessand navigate to orient the function, formed the pluralistic room resource environment. This pluralistic space environment ,has impelled and fumed a piece of com mon tactics intern ati on ally and folly, n amely on one hand fully utilize the existi ng system, on the other hand prepare to establish folk GNSS system actively ,by the tome around the2010,GNSS folk system build our purely, the woke world form the tendency that GPS/GLONASS/GNSS stood like the legs of a tripod, could get rid of the reliance on the si ngle system fun dame ntally, form owning in com mon, security resource environment which world shares of worlk.World can is it is it use realm at most as single navigation means to navigate satelli te to enter. This international and folk strategy, there id in flue nce and force U.S.A to use the policy to make more ome n adjustme nt to its GPS con verselu .In aword , becauseof the establishme nt of the resource environment of pluralistic space ,have created an unprecedented gapped international environment for the development and application of GPS.(3)Develop gapsindustryGPS Will form in dustrializatio n like the automobile, wireless com muni cati on at present in the future, US>A strengthen wide areasystematic WAAS (namely wide area is it revise date chain transfer to already, it make geostationary satellite it have C? A yards of function too, form wide area the GPS strengthen system of) plan international standard of developing into of. Some units produce car-mounted GPS system too at present in our country.For GPS industry of developing our country, already China GPS project centrehasbeen established in Wuhan.全球定位系统概述摘要：全球定位系统是以美国国防为背景，由美国国防部设计、投资、开发、和运行的。