chapter8-全
英语实用口语Chapter-8-Checking-Out-at-a-Hotel--教学设计
Chapter8 Checking Out at a Hotel备注:本次教学设计打破以往的step by step的师生对话式的设计。
我们的设计提供多种选择性的活动设计，最大限度地提供给不同的教师、不同的学生选择性使用适合于你自己教学方式和学生的那种活动。
教学目的：这部分的教学目的是学习与主题相关的词汇。
通过单元词汇客房内设施与备品名称导入与学习，为整个单元的学习活动作必要的语言积累和准备。
使学生初步了解办理退房手续的常用词汇及相关客房设施与备品的英文名称，同时也为完成本单元的任务做了词汇上的准备。
Section A课时分配建议：1个课时。
Warming Up1A Match and say. 根据所给的图片和单词，配对并说出相应的名称。
【教学建议】教师与学生Free talk：Look! Where is Li Ming? 教师通过李明在Princess Hotel的照片，让学生猜猜图片中的李明在哪里，打算做什么。
当学生提到check out时，教师可随即表述：Li Ming is leaving for a new scenic spot. Now he is going to check out, too. 将话题引导到在旅馆办理退房手续的话题。
Step1: Individual activity. Students go through the pictures and know the meaning of each picture.【教学建议】教师提问：“What’s this?”或“What can you see in the picture / video?”，学生说出每张图片中涉及的办理退房手续时有关物品的英文名称，教师选择几组进行检查并给出反馈。
Step2: Individual activity. Students read the words (lobby, room number, receipt, reception desk), and match the words with pictures.【说明】本活动的目的是提供办理退房手续相关词汇，导入话题。
8-国民经济账户体系
Chapter 8 国民经济账户体系
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SNA的账户设置
序号 国民经济总体
机构部门 国外（V）
0 货物和服务账户 ——
I
生产账户
货物和服务账户
II
收入分配和使用账户
初始收入和经常 转移账户
III
积累账户
积累账户
IV
资产负债表
资产负债表
Chapter 8 国民经济账户体系
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I. 生产账户
I.1
生产账户
21.Earn from
67 18.Payoff to
22.borrowing
56 19.lending
total
663 total
credit 499 95 69 663
❖ 以上构成一个小型的国民经济账户体系。
❖ 国民经济账户不仅具备收付式平衡表的一般特点， 还具有下面的优点：表内总计平衡，表外借贷对 应，数据相互验证，便于观察分析。
18
（二）账户中的平衡项
❖ 交易账户的平衡项大多出现在左边； ❖ 资产负债账户，平衡项是净值，出现在账户右边； ❖ 积累账户中的非交易账户，平衡项为净值的变化，
出现在账户右边。
Chapter 8 国民经济账户体系
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（二）账户中的平衡项
❖ 平衡项在账户形式上的作用 ▪ 使单个账户得以平衡 ▪ 使相邻账户得以连接
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账户两方的术语
❖对于增加一个部门之经济价值的交易，SNA 采用 来源(resources)这样的术语。例如，工资与薪金 是其接受单位或部门的来源。按照惯例，来源放在 经常账户的右方。
❖ 账户的左方被称为使用(uses)，使用是指减少一个 部门之经济价值的交易。仍以工资与薪金为例，对 于支付的单位或部门而言，它们是使用。
chapter-8高速CMOS逻辑电路设计---副本剖析
内部寄生电容
8.3 逻辑努力
反相器延时的计算
S(>1)倍对称反相器的延迟时间
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加前级门的负载电容，导致恶性循环。必须采用
特别的电路设计来解决这个问题。
问题：
如何使反相
器链的总延
时最小？
8.2 驱动大电容
负载优化条件
第一级是标准尺寸反相器，输入电容为C1，FET 电阻为
R1，FET互导为β1，各级单调放大，即有
1 2 3 N 1 N
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N级反相器链的负载电容 C L C N 1 S N C1
代入尺寸放大关系
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跨文化商务交际Chapter_8_Intercultural_Management
What is intercultural management?
跨文化管理真正作为一门科学，是在20世纪70年代后 期的美国逐步形成和发展起来的。它研究的是在跨文化 条件下如何克服异质文化的冲突，进行卓有成效的管理， 其目的在于如何在不同形态的文化氛围中设计出切实可 行的组织结构和管理机制，最合理地配置企业资源，特 别是最大限度地挖掘和利用企业人力资源的潜力和价值， 从而最大化地提高企业的综合效益。 兴起这一研究的直接原因是二战后美国跨国公司进行 跨国经营时的屡屡受挫。
企业文化中一些典型的可观察到的要素
典礼和仪式 典故 象征物
语言
Some tips about Corporate culture
A company’s culture is greatly influenced b team as they set the policies and practices for the organization. Many articles and books have been written in recent years about culture in organizations, usually referred to as “corporate culture”. Every organization has its own unique culture or value set. To be specific, corporate culture can be looked as a system. Often the people who see an organization’s culture more clearly are those from the outside, the new comers, or the consultants.
Chapter 8 科技英语隐含的因果关系
8.3 包含定语从句的主从复合句表示因果关系
1 To make a bomb, we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission. 制作原子弹,必须使用铀235,因为它的所有原子 都可以裂变。 2 We cannot live on Mars, where there is no air and water. 我们不能在火星上生存,因为那里没有空气,也 没有水。
8.1 形容词短语、分词短语、分词独立结构说 明原因(或条件)
1 Cold and drought tolerant, the new variety is adaptable to north China. 这种新品种耐寒耐旱,适合于在中国北方生长。 2 Free from the attack of moisture, a piece of iron does not rust as fast as we would expect. 如不受潮,铁块锈蚀的速度就不会像我们想象的那样快。 3 Neutrons, having no charge, are repelled neither by the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus nor by the nucleus itself. 中子(由于)不带电,所以既不受原子核周围的电子云也不受原子核本身的排 斥。 4 The moon having no atmosphere, there can be no wind nor, of course, can there be any noise, for sound is carried by the air. 因为月球上没有大气层,又没有风,当然也没有什么声响,因为声音是靠空气 传播的。 5 Some alloying elements ( such as chromium and tungsten) make the grain of steel finer, thus increasing the hardness and strength of steel. 有些合金元素(如铬和钨)能细化钢的晶粒,从而增加钢的硬度和强度。 6 A fusion reaction is going on in the sun to produce almost limitless energy. 太阳内部正在进行着核聚变反应,因而产生几乎无穷无尽的能量。
(完整版)财务管理CHAPTER8
CHAPTER 8Stock Valuation II. CONCEPTSVALUATION OF ZERO GROWTH STOCKc 26. The James River Co. pays an annual dividend of $1.50 per share on its common stock.This dividend amount has been constant for the past 15 years and is expected to remainconstant. Given this, one share of James River Co. stock:a. is basically worthless as it offers no growth potential.b. has a market value equal to the present value of $1.50 paid one year from today.c. is valued as if the dividend paid is a perpetuity.d. is valued with an assumed growth rate of 3 percent.e. has a market value of $15.00.VALUATION OF ZERO GROWTH STOCKe 27. The common stock of the Kenwith Co. pays a constant annual dividend. Thus, themarket price of Kenwith stock will:a. also remain constant.b. increase over time.c. decrease over time.d. increase when the market rate of return increases.e. decrease when the market rate of return increases.DIVIDEND YIELD VS. CAPITAL GAINS YIELDc 28. The Koster Co. currently pays an annual dividend of $1.00 and plans on increasingthat amount by 5 percent each year. The Keyser Co. currently pays an annualdividend of $1.00 and plans on increasing their dividend by 3 percent annually.Given this, it can be stated with certainty that the _____ of the Koster Co. stock isgreater than the _____ of the Keyser Co. stock.a. market price; market priceb. dividend yield; dividend yieldc. rate of capital gain; rate of capital gaind. total return; total returne. capital gains; dividend yieldDIVIDEND GROWTH MODELd 29. The dividend growth model:I. assumes that dividends increase at a constant rate forever.II. can be used to compute a stock price at any point of time.III. states that the market price of a stock is only affected by the amount of the dividend.IV. considers capital gains but ignores the dividend yield.a. I onlyb. II onlyc. IIIand IV onlyd. I and II onlye. I, II, and III onlyDIVIDEND GROWTH MODELb 30. The underlying assumption of the dividend growth model is that a stock is worth:a. the same amount to every investor regardless of their desired rate of return.b. the present value of the future income which the stock generates.c. an amount computed as the next annual dividend divided by the market rate ofreturn.d. the same amount as any other stock that pays the same current dividend and has thesame required rate of return.e. an amount computed as the next annual dividend divided by the required rate ofreturn.DIVIDEND GROWTH MODELc 31. Assume that you are using the dividend growth model to value stocks. If you expectthe market rate of return to increase across the board on all equity securities, thenyou should also expect the:a. market values of all stocks to increase, all else constant.b. market values of all stocks to remain constant as the dividend growth will offset theincrease in the market rate.c. market values of all stocks to decrease, all else constant.d. stocks that do not pay dividends to decrease in price while the dividend-payingstocks maintain a constant price.e. dividend growth rates to increase to offset this change.NONCONSTANT GROWTHc 32. Latcher’s Inc. is a relatively new firm that is still in a period of rapid development. Thecompany plans on retaining all of its earnings for the next six years. Seven years fromnow, the company projects paying an annual dividend of $.25 a share and thenincreasing that amount by 3 percent annually thereafter. To value this stock as oftoday, you would most likely determine the value of the stock _____ years fromtoday before determining today’s value.a. 4b. 5c. 6d. 7e. 8NONCONSTANT GROWTHd 33. The Robert Phillips Co. currently pays no dividend. The company is anticipatingdividends of $0, $0, $0, $.10, $.20, and $.30 over the next 6 years, respectively. Afterthat, the company anticipates increasing the dividend by 4 percent annually. The firststep in computing the value of this stock today, is to compute the value of the stock inyear:a. 3.b. 4.c. 5.d. 6.e. 7.SUPERNORMAL GROWTHb 34. Supernormal growth refers to a firm that increases its dividend by:a. three or more percent per year.b. a rate which is most likely not sustainable over an extended period of time.c. a constant rate of 2 or more percent per year.d. $.10 or more per year.e. an amount in excess of $.10 a year.DIVIDEND YIELD AND CAPITAL GAINSe 35. The total rate of return earned on a stock is comprised of which two of thefollowing?I. current yieldII. yield to maturityIII. dividend yieldIV. capital gains yielda. I and II onlyb. I and IV onlyc. II and III onlyd. II and IV onlye. IIIand IV onlyDIVIDEND YIELDc 36. The total rate of return on a stock can be positive even when the price of the stockdepreciates because of the:a. capital appreciation.b. interest yield.c. dividend yield.d. supernormal growth.e. real rate of return.DIVIDEND YIELD AND CAPITAL GAINSc 37. Fred Flintlock wants to earn a total of 10 percent on his investments. He recentlypurchased shares of ABC stock at a price of $20 a share. The stock pays a $1 a yeardividend. The price of ABC stock needs to _____ if Fred is to achieve his 10percent rate of return.a. remain constantb. decrease by 5 percentc. increase by 5 percentd. increase by 10 percente. increase by 15 percentDIVIDEND GROWTH MODELd 38. Which one of the following correctly defines the dividend growth model?a. P0 = D0 (R-g)b. D = P0⨯ (R-g)c. R = (P0÷ D0) + gd. R = (D1÷ P0) + ge. P0 = (D1÷ R) + gSHAREHOLDER RIGHTSa 39. Shareholders generally have the right to:I. elect the corporate directors.II. select the senior management of the firm.III. elect the chief executive officer (CEO).IV. elect the chief operating officer (COO).a. I onlyb. I and III onlyc. II onlyd. I and II onlye. IIIand IV onlyCUMULATIVE VOTINGc 40. Jack owns 35 shares of stock in Beta, Inc. and wants to exercise as much control aspossible over the company. Beta, Inc. has a total of 100 shares of stock outstanding.Each share receives one vote. Presently, the company is voting to elect two newdirectors. Which one of the following statements must be true given thisinformation?a. If straight voting applies, Jack is assured one seat on the board.b. If straight voting applies, Jack can control both open seats.c. If cumulative voting applies, Jack is assured one seat on the board.d. If cumulative voting applies, Jack can control both open seats.e. Regardless of the type of voting employed, Jack does not own enough shares tocontrol any of the seats.STRAIGHT VOTINGa 41. ABC Co. is owned by a group of shareholders who all vote independently and whoall want personal control over the firm. If straight voting is utilized, a shareholder:a. must either own enough shares to totally control the elections or else he/she has nocontrol whatsoever.b. will be able to elect at least one director as long as there are at least three openpositions and the shareholder owns at least 25 percent plus one of the outstandingshares.c. must own at least two-thirds of the shares, plus one, to exercise control over theelections.d. is only permitted to elect one director, regardless of the number of shares owned.e. who owns more shares than anyone else, regardless of the number of shares owned,will control the elections.PROXY VOTINGe 42. The Zilo Corp. has 1,000 shareholders and is preparing to elect three new boardmembers. You do not own enough shares to control the elections but aredetermined to oust the current leadership. The most likely result of this situation isa:a. negotiated settlement where you are granted control over one of the three openpositions.b. legal battle for control of the firm based on your discontent as an individualshareholder.c. arbitrated settlement whereby you are granted control over one of the three openpositions.d. total loss of power for you since you are a minority shareholder.e. proxy fight for control of the firm.SHAREHOLDER RIGHTSe 43. Common stock shareholders are generally granted rights which include the right to:I. share in company profits.II. vote for company directors.III. vote on proposed mergers.IV. residual assets in a liquidation.a. I and II onlyb. II and III onlyc. I and IV onlyd. I, II, and IV onlye. I, II, III, and IVDIVIDENDSe 44. The Scott Co. has a general dividend policy whereby they pay a constant annualdividend of $1 per share of common stock. The firm has 1,000 shares of stockoutstanding. The company:a. must always show a current liability of $1,000 for dividends payable.b. is obligated to continue paying $1 per share per year.c. will be declared in default and can face bankruptcy if they do not pay $1 per year toeach shareholder on a timely basis.d. has a liability which must be paid at a later date should the company miss paying anannual dividend payment.e. must still declare each dividend before it becomes an actual company liability.DIVIDENDSb 45. The dividends paid by a corporation:I. to an individual become taxable income of that individual.II. reduce the taxable income of the corporation.III. are declared by the chief financial officer of the corporation.IV. to another corporation may or may not represent taxable income to the recipient.a. I onlyb. I and IV onlyc. II and III onlyd. I, II, and IV onlye. I, III, and IV onlyPREFERRED STOCKa 46. The owner of preferred stock:a. is entitled to a distribution of income prior to the common shareholders.b. has the right to veto the outcome of an election held by the common shareholders.c. has the right to declare the company bankrupt whenever there are insufficient funds topay dividends to the common shareholders.d. receives tax-free dividends if they are an individual and own more than 20 percent ofthe outstanding preferred shares.e. has the right to collect payment on any unpaid dividends as long as the stock isnoncumulative preferred.PREFERRED STOCKb 47. A 6 percent preferred stock pays _____ a year in dividends per share.a. $3b. $6c. $12d. $30e. $60PREFERRED STOCKe 48. Which one of the following statements concerning preferred stock is correct?a. Unpaid preferred dividends are a liability of the firm.b. Preferred dividends must be paid quarterly provided the firm has net income thatexceeds the amount of the quarterly dividend.c. Preferred dividends must be paid timely each quarter or the unpaid dividends startaccruing interest.d. All unpaid dividends on preferred stock, regardless of the type of preferred, must bepaid before any income can be distributed to common shareholders.e. Preferred shareholders may be granted voting rights and seats on the board ifpreferred dividend payments remain unpaid.PREFERRED STOCKe 49. In a liquidation, each share of 5 percent preferred stock is generally entitled to aliquidation payment of _____ as long as there are sufficient funds available.a. $1b. $5c. $10d. $50e. $100QUARTERLY INCOME PREFERRED SECURITIESb 50. Quarterly income preferred securities distribute payments to investors which are:I. taxed like interest income for tax purposes if the income recipient is an individual.II. excluded from the taxable income of any individual recipient.III. distributed from the after-tax income of the corporation.IV. tax deductible to the corporation.a. I and III onlyb. I and IV onlyc. II and III onlyd. II and IV onlye. II onlyPRIMARY MARKETd 51. Which one of the following transactions occurs in the primary market?a. the sale of ABC stock by Fred Jones to Mary Smithb. the tax-free gift of DEF stock to Heather by Jenniferc. the repurchase of GHI stock from Tim by GHId. the initial sale of JKL stock by JKL to Jamiee. the transfer of MNO stock from Tom to his son, JonDEALERS AND BROKERSd 52. Which one of the following statements concerning dealers and brokers is correct?a. A dealer in market securities arranges sales between buyers and sellers for a fee.b. A dealer in market securities pays the asked price when purchasing securities.c. A broker in market securities earns income in the form of a bid-ask spread.d. A broker does not take ownership of the securities being traded.e. A broker deals solely in the primary market.NEW YORK STOCK EXHANGEa 53. Technically, the actual owners of the New York Stock Exchange are its:a. members.b. specialists.c. dealers.d. floor brokers.e. commission brokers.FLOOR BROKERSd 54. Which one of the following players on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange canbe likened to part-time help in that they are called to duty only when others are fullyemployed?a. floor traderb. specialistc. dealerd. floor brokere. commission brokerSPECIALIST’S POSTb 55. The post is a stationary position on the floor of the New York Stock Exchangewhere a _____ is assigned to work.a. floor traderb. specialistc. dealerd. floor brokere. commission brokerSTOCK MARKET REPORTINGd 56. The closing price of a stock is quoted at 22.87, with a P/E of 26 and a net change of1.42. Based on this information, which one of the following statements is correct?a. The closing price on the previous day was $1.42 higher than today’s closing price.b. A dealer will buy the stock at $22.87 and sell it at $26 a share.c. The stock increased in value between yesterday’s close and today’s close by$.0142.d. The earnings per share are equal to 1/26th of $22.87.e. The earnings per share have increased by $1.42 this year.STOCK QUOTEb 57. A stock listing contains the following information: P/E 17.5, closing price 33.10,dividend .80, YTD % chg 3.4, and a net chg of -.50. Which of the following statementsare correct given this information?I. The stock price has increased by 3.4 percent during the current year.II. The closing price on the previous trading day was $32.60.III. The earnings per share are approximately $1.89.IV. The current yield is 17.5 percent.a. I and II onlyb. I and III onlyc. II and III onlyd. IIIand IV onlye. I, III, and IV onlyIII. PROBLEMSSTOCK VALUEd 58. Michael’s, Inc. just paid $1.40 to their shareholders as the annual dividend.Simultaneously, the company announced that future dividends will be increasing by4.5 percent. If you require an 8 percent rate of return, how much are you willing topay to purchase one share of Michael’s stock?a. $31.11b. $32.51c. $40.00d. $41.80e. $43.68STOCK VALUEe 59. Angelina’s made two announcements concerning their common stock today. First, thecompany announced that their next annual dividend has been set at $2.16 a share.Secondly, the company announced that all future dividends will increase by 4 percentannually. What is the maximum amount you should pay to purchase a share ofAngelina’s stock if your goal is to earn a 10 percent rate of return?a. $21.60b. $22.46c. $27.44d. $34.62e. $36.00STOCK VALUEd 60. How much are you willing to pay for one share of stock if the company just paid an$.80 annual dividend, the dividends increase by 4 percent annually and you require an8 percent rate of return?a. $19.23b. $20.00c. $20.40d. $20.80e. $21.63STOCK VALUEd 61. Lee Hong Imports paid a $1.00 per share annual dividend last week. Dividends areexpected to increase by 5 percent annually. What is one share of this stock worth toyou today if the appropriate discount rate is 14 percent?a. $7.14b. $7.50c. $11.11d. $11.67e. $12.25STOCK VALUEc 62. Majestic Homes stock traditionally provides an 8 percent rate of return. The companyjust paid a $2 a year dividend which is expected to increase by 5 percent per year. Ifyou are planning on buying 1,000 shares of this stock next year, how much should youexpect to pay per share if the market rate of return for this type of security is 9 percentat the time of your purchase?a. $48.60b. $52.50c. $55.13d. $57.89e. $70.00STOCK VALUEc 63. Leslie’s Unique Clothing Stores offers a common stock that pays an annual dividendof $2.00 a share. The company has promised to maintain a constant dividend. Howmuch are you willing to pay for one share of this stock if you want to earn 12 percentreturn on your equity investments?a. $10.00b. $13.33c. $16.67d. $18.88e. $20.00STOCK VALUEb 64. Martin’s Yachts has paid annual dividends of $1.40, $1.75, and $2.00 a share over thepast three years, respectively. The company now predicts that it will maintain aconstant dividend since its business has leveled off and sales are expected to remainrelatively constant. Given the lack of future growth, you will only buy this stock if youcan earn at least a 15 percent rate of return. What is the maximum amount you arewilling to pay to buy one share of this stock today?a. $10.00b. $13.33c. $16.67d. $18.88e. $20.00REQUIRED RETURNc 65. The common stock of Eddie’s Engines, Inc. sells for $25.71 a share. The stock isexpected to pay $1.80 per share next month when the annual dividend is distributed.Eddie’s has established a pattern of incr easing their dividends by 4 percent annuallyand expects to continue doing so. What is the market rate of return on this stock?a. 7 percentb. 9 percentc. 11 percentd. 13 percente. 15 percentREQUIRED RETURNa 66. The current yield on Alpha’s common stock is 4.8 percent. The company just paid a$2.10 dividend. The rumor is that the dividend will be $2.205 next year. The dividendgrowth rate is expected to remain constant at the current level. What is the requiredrate of return on Alpha’s stock?a. 10.04 percentb. 16.07 percentc. 21.88 percentd. 43.75 percente. 45.94 percentREQUIRED RETURNe 67. Martha’s Vineyardrecently paid a $3.60 annual dividend on their common stock. Thisdividend increases at an average rate of 3.5 percent per year. The stock is currentlyselling for $62.10 a share. What is the market rate of return?a. 2.5 percentb. 3.5 percentc. 5.5 percentd. 6.0 percente. 9.5 percentREQUIRED RETURNd 68. Bet’R Bilt Bikes just announced that their annua l dividend for this coming year will be$2.42 a share and that all future dividends are expected to increase by 2.5 percent annually. What is the market rate of return if this stock is currently selling for $22 ashare?a. 9.5 percentb. 11.0 percentc. 12.5 percentd. 13.5 percente. 15.0 percentDIVIDEND YIELD VS. CAPITAL GAINS YIELDb 69. Shares of common stock of the Samson Co. offer an expected total return of 12percent. The dividend is increasing at a constant 8 percent per year. The dividendyield must be:a. - 4 percent.b. 4 percent.c. 8 percent.d. 12 percent.e. 20 percent.CAPITAL GAINc 70. The common stock of Grady Co. returned an 11.25 percent rate of return last year.The dividend amount was $.70 a share which equated to a dividend yield of 1.5percent. What was the rate of price appreciation on the stock?a. 1.50 percentb. 8.00 percentc. 9.75 percentd. 11.25 percente. 12.75 percentDIVIDEND AMOUNTb 71. Weisbro and Sons common stock sells for $21 a share and pays an annual dividendthat increases by 5 percent annually. The market rate of return on this stock is 9 percent. What is the amount of the last dividend paid by Weisbro and Sons?a. $.77b. $.80c. $.84d. $.87e. $.88DIVIDEND AMOUNTd 72. The common stock of Energizer’s pays an annual dividend that is expected to increaseby 10 percent annually. The stock commands a market rate of return of 12 percent andsells for $60.50 a share. What is the expected amount of the next dividend to be paidon Energizer’s common stock?a. $.90b. $1.00c. $1.10d. $1.21e. $1.33d 73. The Reading Co. has adopted a policy of increasing the annual dividend on theircommon stock at a constant rate of 3 percent annually. The last dividend they paidwas $0.90 a share. What will their dividend be in six years?a. $.90b. $.93c. $1.04d. $1.07e. $1.11e 74. A stock pays a constant annual dividend and sells for $31.11 a share. If the rate ofreturn on this stock is 9 percent, what is the dividend amount?a. $1.40b. $1.80c. $2.20d. $2.40e. $2.80CONSTANT DIVIDENDb 75. You have decided that you would like to own some shares of GH Corp. but need anexpected 12 percent rate of return to compensate for the perceived risk of suchownership. What is the maximum you are willing to spend per share to buy GHstock if the company pays a constant $3.50 annual dividend per share?a. $26.04b. $29.17c. $32.67d. $34.29e. $36.59GROWTH DIVIDENDe 76. Turnips and Parsley common stock sells for $39.86 a share at a market rate of return of9.5 percent. The company just paid their annual dividend of $1.20. What is the rate ofgrowth of their dividend?a. 5.2 percentb. 5.5 percentc. 5.9 percentd. 6.0 percente. 6.3 percentGROWTH DIVIDENDc 77. B&K Enterprises will pay an annual dividend of $2.08 a share on their common stocknext week. Last year, the company paid a dividend of $2.00 a share. The companyadheres to a constant rate of growth dividend policy. What will one share of B&Kcommon stock be worth ten years from now if the applicable discount rate is 8percent?a. $71.16b. $74.01c. $76.97d. $80.05e. $83.25GROWTH DIVIDENDd 78. Wilbert’s Clothing Stores just paid a $1.20 annual dividend. The company has a policywhereby the dividend increases by 2.5 percent annually. You would like to purchase100 shares of stock in this firm but realize that you will not have the funds to do so foranother three years. If you desire a 10 percent rate of return, how much should youexpect to pay for 100 shares when you can afford to buy this stock? Ignore tradingcosts.a. $1,640b. $1,681c. $1,723d. $1,766e. $1,810GROWTH DIVIDENDb 79. The Merriweather Co. just announced that they are increasing their annual dividend to$1.60 and establishing a policy whereby the dividend will increase by 3.5 percentannually thereafter. How much will one share of this stock be worth five years fromnow if the required rate of return is 12 percent?a. $21.60b. $22.36c. $23.14d. $23.95e. $24.79GROWTH DIVIDENDb 80. Shares of the Katydid Co. common stock are currently selling for $27.73. The lastdividend paid was $1.60 per share. The market rate of return is 10 percent. At whatrate is the dividend growing?a. 2.50 percentb. 4.00 percentc. 5.98 percentd. 13.05 percente. 14.91 percentSUPERNORMAL GROWTHc 81. The Bell Weather Co. is a new firm in a rapidly growing industry. The company isplanning on increasing its annual dividend by 20 percent a year for the next four yearsand then decreasing the growth rate to 5 percent per year. The company just paid itsannual dividend in the amount of $1.00 per share. What is the current value of oneshare of this stock if the required rate of return is 9.25 percent?a. $35.63b. $38.19c. $41.05d. $43.19e. $45.81SUPERNORMAL GROWTHc 82. The Extreme Reaches Corp. last paid a $1.50 per share annual dividend. Thecompany is planning on paying $3.00, $5.00, $7.50, and $10.00 a share over the nextfour years, respectively. After that the dividend will be a constant $2.50 per share peryear. What is the market price of this stock if the market rate of return is 15 percent?a. $17.04b. $22.39c. $26.57d. $29.08e. $33.71SUPERNORMAL GROWTHd 83. Can’t Hold Me Back, Inc. is preparing to pay their first dividends. They aregoing to pay $1.00, $2.50, and $5.00 a share over the next three years, respectively.After that, the company has stated that the annual dividend will be $1.25 per shareindefinitely. What is this stock worth to you per share if you demand a 7 percentrate of return?a. $7.20b. $14.48c. $18.88d. $21.78e. $25.06NONCONSTANT DIVIDENDSc 84. NU YU announced today that they will begin paying annual dividends. The firstdividend will be paid next year in the amount of $.25 a share. The following dividendswill be $.40, $.60, and $.75 a share annually for the following three years, respectively.After that, dividends are projected to increase by 3.5 percent per year. How much areyou willing to pay to buy one share of this stock if your desired rate of return is 12 percent?a. $1.45b. $5.80c. $7.25d. $9.06e. $10.58NONCONSTANT DIVIDENDSb 85. Now or Later, Inc. recently paid $1.10 as an annual dividend. Future dividends areprojected at $1.14, $1.18, $1.22, and $1.25 over the next four years, respectively.Beginning five years from now, the dividend is expected to increase by 2 percentannually. What is one share of this stock worth to you if you require an 8 percent rateof return on similar investments?a. $15.62b. $19.57c. $21.21d. $23.33e. $25.98NONCONSTANT DIVIDENDSb 86. The Red Bud Co. pays a constant dividend of $1.20 a share. The company announcedtoday that they will continue to do this for another 3 years after which time they willdiscontinue paying dividends permanently. What is one share of this stock worth todayif the required rate of return is 7 percent?a. $2.94b. $3.15c. $3.23d. $3.44e. $3.60NONCONSTANT DIVIDENDSb 87. Bill Bailey and Sons pays no dividend at the present time. The company plans to startpaying an annual dividend in the amount of $.30 a share for two years commencingtwo years from today. After that time, the company plans on paying a constant $1 ashare dividend indefinitely. How much are you willing to pay to buy a share of thisstock if your required return is 14 percent?a. $4.82b. $5.25c. $5.39d. $5.46e. $5.58NONCONSTANT DIVIDENDSa 88. The Lighthouse Co. is in a downsizing mode. The company paid a $2.50 annualdividend last year. The company has announced plans to lower the dividend by $.50 ayear. Once the dividend amount becomes zero, the company will cease all dividendspermanently. You place a required rate of return of 16 percent on this particular stockgiven the company’s situation. What is one share of this stock worth to you today?a. $3.76b. $4.08c. $4.87d. $5.13e. $5.39NONCONSTANT DIVIDENDS。
Chapter8-厦门大学-林子雨-大数据技术原理与应用-第八章-流计算
《大数据技术原理与应用》
厦门大学计算机科学系
林子雨
ziyulin@
8.1.3 流计算概念
• 流计算：实时获取来自不同数据源的海量数据，经过实时 分析处理，获得有价值的信息
数据采集
实时分析处理
结果反馈
《大数据技术原理与应用》
流计算示意图
厦门大学计算机科学系
林子雨
ziyulin@
《大数据技术原理与应用》
厦门大学计算机科学系
林子雨
ziyulin@
8.1.1 静态数据和流数据
• 近年来，在Web应用、网络监控、传感监测等领域，兴起了一种新 的数据密集型应用——流数据，即数据以大量、快速、时变的流形式 持续到达
• 流数据具有如下特征： – 数据快速持续到达，潜在大小也许是无穷无尽的 – 数据来源众多，格式复杂 – 数据量大，但是不十分关注存储，一旦经过处理，要么被丢弃， 要么被归档存储 – 注重数据的整体价值，不过分关注个别数据 – 数据顺序颠倒，或者不完整，系统无法控制将要处理据，包括用户的 搜索内容、用户的浏览记录等数据。采用流计算进行实时数据分析， 可以了解每个时刻的流量变化情况，甚至可以分析用户的实时浏览轨 迹，从而进行实时个性化内容推荐
• 但是，并不是每个应用场景都需要用到流计算的。流计算适合于需要 处理持续到达的流数据、对数据处理有较高实时性要求的场景
传统的数据处理流程示意图
• 传统的数据处理流程隐含了两个前提：
– 存储的数据是旧的。存储的静态数据是过去某一时刻的快照，这 些数据在查询时可能已不具备时效性了
– 需要用户主动发出查询来获取结果
《大数据技术原理与应用》
厦门大学计算机科学系
林子雨
ziyulin@
英语词汇学课件chapter-8-Meaning-and-Context
1) a sheet of paper (thin flat sheets of substance for writing, printing, decorating walls, etc.)
2) a white paper (government document)
3) a term paper (essay written at the end of the term)
(1) The fish is ready to eat. (2) I like Mary better than Jean.
8.2.2 Indication of Referents
English has a large number of deictic(指示的) words such as now/then, here/there, I/you, this/that, which are often used to refer directly to the personal, temporal or locational characteristics of the situation. Without clear context, the reference can be very confusing, e.g. now.
4) today’s paper (newspaper)
5) examination paper (a set of questions used as an examination)
2) Grammatical Context
In some cases, the meanings of a polysemant may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is what we call grammatical context. Let us consider the verb become for example.
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CF 3CHO > CH 2ClCHO > CH 3CHO O2N CHO > CHO > CH3 CHO
HCHO > RCHO >CH 3COCH3 >RCOCH 3 > RCOR' >RCOPh >PhCOPh
羰基碳的正电性愈强、所连基团空间位阻愈小、 亲核反应愈易进行。
COONa CH-OH + Cu(OH)2 CH-OH COOK
COONa CH-O Cu + 2 H2O CH-O COOK （Fehling试剂）
O R C H + 2 Cu(OH)2
酒石酸钾钠
O RC OH + Cu2O + 2 H2O
可鉴别脂肪醛与 酮，也可区别芳 醛与脂肪醛
Benedict试剂: CuSO4, Na2CO3, 柠檬酸钠 （Cu2+) 作用原理同Fehling试剂,用于区别脂肪醛与芳香醛。 2. 与希夫(Schiff)试剂反应
第8章 醛、酮、醌 (Aldehyde, Ketone and Quinone) 目的要求
1.掌握醛、酮的命名。 2.掌握醛、酮、醌的结构及性质。 亲核加成反应 羰基的还原反应 α-氢的反应 醛的特殊反应 作业:P210 1(1,3,5,7,9);5(1,2,4,6,8);6;13;14(2,3)
. AgNO3 + 3 NH3 H2O
Ag(NH3)2OH + NH4NO3 + 2 H2O
（Tollens试剂）
O (Ar)R C H + 2 [Ag(NH3)2]OH
(Ar)RCOONH4 +2Ag
△
银镜反应区 别醛与酮
+ 3 NH3 + H2O
与Fehling试剂作用 Fehling：CuSO4和 酒石酸钾钠的NaOH 溶液两部分,用时等体积混合。
4-甲氧基-3-环己烯酮
CH3 O 4-甲基-3-戊烯-2-酮 CH3C CHC CH3Βιβλιοθήκη OO2,4-己二酮
CH3CH2 C CH2 C CH3
O
柠檬醛(俗名) H
3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛
1.命名下列化合物
O Cl NO2
6-硝基-4-氯-2,4-环己二烯酮
CH3 O CH3CCH2 C CH2CH CH3 CH2CH3 Cl
羰基平面 C=O极性较大，醛、酮是强极性分子(μ=2.3~2.8D).
8.1.2 分类
脂肪醛、酮
O O CH3 CH CH3CCH2CH3
CHO
O CCH3
芳香醛、酮
O
多元醛、酮
O
O O CH3C CH2C CH3
HCCH2CH2CH
8.1.3 命名
1.普通命名法 HCHO 甲醛 CH3CHO 乙醛
O (H) R C H 醛
酮 醌
共同特点：都含有羰基
O R C R'
O
O
O O
C Carbonyl group
O
8.1 结构、分类和命名
8.1.1 醛、酮的结构 O
121.7o 121pm
C
116.6o
比较
109o
143pm
H
H
平面分子
CH3
羰基碳为sp2杂化，碳原子的3 个sp2杂化轨道分别与氧及其它2 个原子形成 3个σ 键，这 3个σ 键 处于一个平面，羰基碳余下的1 个未杂化的 p 轨道与氧的 2p 轨 道彼此平行重叠，形成π键。
-HOH
负碳离子
H
OR CH C R'(H)
负烯醇离子
1. 卤代反应与碘仿反应
在酸或碱的催化下， - H被卤素代替的反应。
O RCH 2C-H(R') +
例
O
H+ X2 - RCHC-H(R') or: OH
O + Br 2
C H3C O O H
X
O Br
卤仿反应：
O CH3 C R I2
NaOH
将SO2通入品红水溶液中所得无色溶液即为Schiff试剂。
HSO2HN
2
CH SO3H
NH3Cl
＋ 2RCHO
HO R H
C
SO2NH
2
CH SO3H
N+H3Cl
-H2SO4
HO R H
C
SO2NH
2
C 紫红色络合物
NH2ClH
H2SO4
甲醛产物颜色不变，其它醛产物颜色褪去 应用：区别醛和酮；区别甲醛和其它醛。
O CHO＋H2N-NH-C-NH2
O CH=N-NH-C-NH2
苯甲醛缩氨脲
加成反应小结
与HCN加成可以增长碳链。
与NaHSO3加成可以分离和精制醛。
缩醛常用于在反应中保护醛基。
醛、酮与氨的衍生物(即羰基试剂)的反应 产物常用于醛、酮的分离和精制，其中2， 4-二硝基苯腙为黄色沉淀，常用于羰基化 合物的鉴别。
O + NH2OH
Hydroxylamine Cyclohexanone
N－OH ＋ H2O
Cyclohexanone oxime (mp 90℃) 环己酮肟(白色结晶 mp90℃)
NO 2 CH3 CH3 C O + H2NNH NO2
NO 2 CH3 C NNH CH3 NO2 + H2O
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (yellow or light orange mp126℃) 丙酮 2,4-二硝基苯腙(黄色结晶 crystals) Propanone 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone
1. 与含碳亲核试剂的加成
（1）与HCN加成
O R C H(CH3) + HCN R OH C H(CH3) CN
OH
H3O
α-羟腈
R
C COOH H(CH3)
α-羟基酸
醛、脂肪族甲基酮 和小于8个碳的环酮 能发生该反应。
HCN
H+ + CNO O C CN + NC C
+ :CNR
slow
H R' C OMgX R
R R' C OMgX R
H3O+
H R' C OH H
伯醇
R'MgX EtOEt
H3O+
H R' C OH R 仲醇
R R' C OH R
R'MgX EtOEt
H3O+
叔醇
OH
如何由苯制备：
C CH2CH3 CH3
O C CH3
+
CH3COCl
无水AlCl3
CH3CH2Br+Mg
水合氯乙醛
水合茚三酮
4. 与氨的衍生物的加成
H C O + H N G
OH H C N G
-H2O
C O
+
H2N
G
-H2O
C N G
产物都有一定 的晶形和熔点
H2N—R H2N—OH R’ R—C=O+ R—C=O H2N—NH2 H2N—NH
R R'
O H2N—NH-C-NH2 R’ R-C=N-NH-CO-NH2(缩氨脲)
-H2O OH 50℃
OH CHCH2CHO
CH
CHCHO
O
O
KO H / H O 2 加热
CH 3C(CH 2)4CCH 3
CH 3
85% (请思考反应过程)
COCH3
8.2.3 醛的特殊反应
1. 与弱氧化剂反应
Tollens、Fehling、Benedict试剂
与Tollens试剂作用--银镜反应
8.2.2 α-H的反应
与官能团相连 的碳原子称αC
O C C H
α-H变为质子的倾 向增加
羰基使α-H变得活泼,易成为质子离去。这一离去倾向也因 sp 超共轭效应而加强。α-H离解后, 醛、酮可通过形成负碳离 子或负烯醇离子将负电荷离域到 O 和α-C 上而趋于稳定。
O - O OH R C C R'(H) R CH C R'(H)
O C CH3
+
无水乙醚
CH3CH2MgBr
无水乙醚
CH3CH2MgBr
H 3O
2. 与含硫亲核试剂NaHSO3反应
O HO (H)R C H(CH3) + O S ONa OH (H)R C H(CH3) SO3Na
例如：
O + NaHSO3
OH SO3Na
醛、脂肪族甲基酮 和小于8个碳的环酮 能发生该反应。
6,6-二甲基-2-氯-4-辛酮
8.2 醛、酮的化学性质
O C H
δ δ
羰基亲核加成
（H）
醛的特殊反应
C
α —H的反应
8.2.1 亲核加成反应（Nucleophilic addition）
R δ C R' + - δ+ δ O + δ Nu A
R R' C
O-
R A+ R'
OA C Nu
Nu
电性效应
C N
R’ R—C = N-R Schiff base R’ R—C = N-OH oxime (肟) R’ R—C=N-NH2 hydrazone(腙) R’ R-C=N-NH-C6H5 phenylhydrozone
G
由于上述N-取代亚胺容易通过结晶进行纯化, 并且又可经酸水解得到原来的醛或酮，所以这些 羰基试剂也用于醛、酮的分离及精制。