17a theory dominant-residual models - Regression models
(财务知识)ACCA财务管理英语
ACCA--财务管理英语sole propsietorship 独资企业partnership 合伙企业corporate finance 公司财务corporate 公司closely held 私下公司public company 公众公司Goldman Sachs 高盛银行pension fund 养老基金insurance company 保险公司board of director 董事会separation of ownership and management 所有权与管理权的分离limited liability 有限责任articles of incorporation 公司章程real asset 实物资产financial asset 金融资产security 证券financial market 金融市场capital market 资本市场money market 货币市场investment decision 投资决策capital budgeting decision 资本预算决策financing decision 融资决策financial manager 财务经理treasurer 司库controller 总会计师CFO 首席财务官principal-agent problem 委托代理问题principal 委托人agent 代理人agency cost 代理成本information asymmetry 信息不对称signal 信号efficient markets hypothesis 有效市场假说present value 现值discount factor 贴现因子rate of return 收益率discount rate 贴现率hurdle rate 门坎比率opportunity cost of capital 资本机会成本net present value 净现值cash outflow 现金支出net present value rule 净现值法则rate-of-return rule 收益率法则profit maximization 利润最大化doing well 经营盈利doing good 经营造益collateral 抵押品warrant 认股权证convertible bond 可转换债券primary issue 一级发行prinary market 一级市场secondary tansaction 二级交易secondary market 二级市场over-the-counter (OTC) 场外交易financial intermediary 金融中介zero-stage 启动阶段business plan 创业计划书first-stage financing 第一阶段融资after-the-money valuation 注资后的价值paper gain 账面利润mezzanine financing 引渡融资angel investor 天使投资者venture capital fund 创业投资基金limited private partnership 有限合伙企业general partner 普通合伙人limited partner 有限合伙人small-business investment companies（SBIC）小企业投资公司initial public offering (IPO) 首次公开发行primary offering 首次发行secondary offering 二次发行underwriter 承销商syndicate of underwriter 承销辛迪加registration statement 注册说明书prospectus 招股说明书road show 路演greenshoe option 绿鞋期权spread 差价offering price 发售价格underpricing 抑价winner’s curse 成功者灾难bookbuilding 标书登记fixed price offer 定价发售auction 拍卖discrimination auction 差价拍卖uniform-price auction 一价拍卖general cash offer 一般现款发行right issue 附权发行shelf registration 上架注册prior approval 事前许可bought deal 买方交易seasoned issue 新增发行knowledgeable invertor 成熟的投资者qualified institutional buyer 有资格的机构买者record date 登记日with dividend 附有红利cum dividend 附息ex dividend 除息legal capital 法定资本regular cash dividend 正常现金红利extra 额外的special dividend 特别红利stock dividend 股票红利automatic dividend reinvestment plans (DRIP) 红利自动转投计划transfer of value 价值转移capital structure 资本结构MM’s proposition MM定理weighted-average cost of capital (WACC) 加权平均资本成本margin debt 保证金借款floating-rate note 浮动利率票据money-market fund 货币市场基金interest-rate ceiling 利率上限trade-off theory 权衡理论right to default 违约权leverage buy-out (LBO) 杠杆收购asymmetric information 信息不对称financial slack 银根宽松cost of debt 负债成本cost of equity 权益成本terminal value 清算价值cash flow to equity 权益现金流rebalancing 重整project financing 项目融资adjusted cost of capital 调整资本成本equivalent loan 等值贷款offsetting transaction 反向交易depreciable basis 折旧基数adjusted present value (APV) 调整现值call option 看涨期权exercise price 执行价格strike price 敲定价格exercise date 到期日European call 欧式看涨期权American call 美式看涨期权position diagram 头寸图put option 看跌期权Salomon Brothers 所罗门兄弟公司term stucture of interest rate 利率期限结构annuity 年金perpetuity 永久年金annuity factor 年金因子annuity due 即期年金future value 终值conmpound interest 复利simple interest 单利continuously compounded rate 连续复利率Consumer Price Index (CPI) 消费物价指数current dollar 当期货币nominal dollar 名义货币constant dollar 不变货币real dollar 实际货币real rate of return 实际收益率inflation rate 通货膨胀率principal 本金deflation 滞胀yield to maturity 到期收益率market capitalization rate 市场资本化率dividend yield 红利收益率cost of equity capital 权益资本成本payout ratio 红利发放率earnings per share (EPS) 每股收益return on equity (ROE) 权益收益率discount cash flow 贴现现金流growth stock 成长股income stock 绩优股present value of growth opportunity (PVGO) 成长机会的现值price-earnings ratio (P/E) 市盈率free cash flow (FCF) 自由现金流量book rate of return 账面收益率capital investment 资本投资operating expense 经营费用payback period 回收期discounted-payback rule 贴现回收期法则discounted-cash-flow rate of return 贴现现金流量的收益率internal rate of return (IRR) 内部收益率lending 贷出borrowing 借入profitability measure 盈利指标standard of pfofitability 赢利标准modified internal rate of return 修正内部收益率mutually exclusive projects 互相排斥的项目capital rationing 资本约束profitability index 盈利指标soft rationing 软约束hard rationing 硬约束incremental payoff 增量收入net working capital 净营运资本sunk cost 沉没成本sunk-cost fallacy 沉没成本悖论overhead cost 间接费用salvage value 残值straight-line depreciation 直线法折旧Internal Revenue Service 国内税收署tax shield 税盾accelerated cost recovery system 加速成本回收折旧法alternative minimum tax 另类最低税tax preference 税收优惠accelerated depreciation 加速折旧project analysis 项目分析equivalent annual cash flow 等价年度现金流marginal investment 边际投资default risk 违约风险risk premium 风险溢酬standard error 标准误差standard deviation 标准差market portfolio 市场组合market returm (rm) 市场收益率variance 方差the loss of a dgree of freedom 自由度损失Delphic 德尔菲unique risk 独特风险unsystematic risk 非系统风险residual risk 剩余风险specific risk 特定风险diversifiable risk 可分散风险market risk 市场风险systematic risk 系统风险undiversifiable risk 不可分散风险convariance 协方差well-diversified 有效分散value additivity 价值可加性efficient portfolio 有效投资组合quadratic programming 二次规划best efficient portfolio 最佳有效投资组合capital asset pricing model (CAPM) 资本资产定价模型separation theorem 分离定理security market line 证券市场线market capitalization 市场资本总额small-cap stocks 小盘股book-to-market ration 账面-市值比data mining 数据挖掘data snooping 数据侦察consumption beta 消费贝塔consumption CAPM 消费型资本资产定价模型risk aversion 风险厌恶arbitrage pricing theory 套利定价理论sensitivity of each stock to these factors 每种股票对这些因素的敏感度three-factor model 三因素模型company cost of capital 公司资本成本industry beta 行业贝塔firm value 公司价值debt value 负债价值asset value 资产价值blue-chip firm 蓝筹股financial leverage 财务杠杆gearing 举债经营financial risk 财务风险unlever 消除杠杆relative market values of debt (E/V) 负债的相对市场价值taxable income 应税利润after-tax cost 税后成本marginal corporate tax rate 公司边际税率after-tax weighted-average cost of capital 税后加权平均资本成本cyclicality 周期性cyclical firms 周期性公司operating leverage 经营杠杆revenue 收入fixed costs 固定成本variable costs 可变成本rate of output 产出率certainty equivalent 确定性等价值certainty-equivalent cash flow 确定性等价现金流risk-adjusted discount rate 风险相应贴现率underlying variables 基础变量sample 抽样real option 实物期权decision tree 决策树timing qption 安排期权production option 生产性期权option to bail out 清算选择权economic rent 经济租金future market 期货市场capital budget 资本预算strategic planning 战略规划appropriation request 拨款申请postaudit 事后审计stock options 股票期权private benefit 私下利益perks 特权享受perquisite 特权享受overinvestment 过度投资generally accepted accounting principle (GAAP) 公认会计原则qualified doption 保留意见delegated 委托economic value added (EV A) 经济附加值trade loading 贸易超载economic depreciation 经济折旧national income and product accounts 国民收入与产出账户cap 上限合约strip 本息剥离债券swap 互换bookrunner 股份登记员efficient capital market 有效资本市场random walk 随机游走positive drift 正漂移autocorelation coefficient 自相关系数weak form of efficiency 弱有效性semistrong form of efficiency 半强有效性strong form of efficiency 强有效性market model 市场模型acquiring firm 兼并公司acquired firm 被兼并公司superior profit 超常利润overreaction 反应过度underreaction 反应不足index arbitrageur 指数套利者portfolio insurance scheme 证券组合保险策略superior rates of return 超常收益exchange-rate policy 汇率政策application date 申购日long-term asset 长期资产retained earnings 留存收益financial deficit 资金缺口internal fund 内部资金debt policy 负债政策dividend policy 红利政策long-term financing 长期融资total capitalization 资本总额reserve 准备金issued and outsanding 已发行流通股份issued but not outsanding 已发行未流通股份authorized share capital 法定股本总额financial institution 金融机构cash-flow right 现金流要求权control right 控制劝dominant stockholder 控股股东majority voting system 多数投票制cumulative voting 累计投票制supermajority 绝对多数制proxy contest 投票代理权角逐minority stockholder 小股东reverse stock split 逆股票拆细master limited partnership 业主有限责任合伙企业real estate investment trust (REIT) 房地产信托投资基金preferred stock 优先股cumulative preferred stock 红利累积优先股line of credit 授信额度fixed-rate 固定利率floating-rate 浮动利率coupon 息票London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) 伦敦银行间拆借利率eurobond 欧洲债券eurocurrency 欧洲货币euro 欧元senior 优级junior 次级subordinated 从属secured 有担保的collateral 抵押品warrant 认股权证convertible bond 可转换债券primary issue 一级发行prinary market 一级市场secondary tansaction 二级交易secondary market 二级市场over-the-counter (OTC) 场外交易financial intermediary 金融中介zero-stage 启动阶段business plan 创业计划书first-stage financing 第一阶段融资after-the-money valuation 注资后的价值paper gain 账面利润mezzanine financing 引渡融资angel investor 天使投资者venture capital fund 创业投资基金limited private partnership 有限合伙企业general partner 普通合伙人limited partner 有限合伙人small-business investment companies（SBIC）小企业投资公司initial public offering (IPO) 首次公开发行primary offering 首次发行secondary offering 二次发行underwriter 承销商syndicate of underwriter 承销辛迪加registration statement 注册说明书prospectus 招股说明书road show 路演greenshoe option 绿鞋期权spread 差价offering price 发售价格underpricing 抑价winner’s curse 成功者灾难bookbuilding 标书登记fixed price offer 定价发售auction 拍卖discrimination auction 差价拍卖uniform-price auction 一价拍卖general cash offer 一般现款发行right issue 附权发行shelf registration 上架注册prior approval 事前许可bought deal 买方交易seasoned issue 新增发行knowledgeable invertor 成熟的投资者qualified institutional buyer 有资格的机构买者record date 登记日with dividend 附有红利cum dividend 附息ex dividend 除息legal capital 法定资本regular cash dividend 正常现金红利extra 额外的special dividend 特别红利stock dividend 股票红利automatic dividend reinvestment plans (DRIP) 红利自动转投计划transfer of value 价值转移capital structure 资本结构MM’s proposition MM定理weighted-average cost of capital (WACC) 加权平均资本成本margin debt 保证金借款floating-rate note 浮动利率票据money-market fund 货币市场基金interest-rate ceiling 利率上限trade-off theory 权衡理论right to default 违约权leverage buy-out (LBO) 杠杆收购asymmetric information 信息不对称financial slack 银根宽松cost of debt 负债成本cost of equity 权益成本terminal value 清算价值cash flow to equity 权益现金流rebalancing 重整project financing 项目融资adjusted cost of capital 调整资本成本equivalent loan 等值贷款offsetting transaction 反向交易depreciable basis 折旧基数adjusted present value (APV) 调整现值call option 看涨期权exercise price 执行价格strike price 敲定价格exercise date 到期日European call 欧式看涨期权American call 美式看涨期权position diagram 头寸图put option 看跌期权。
生物专业英语 单词新
第一章细胞cytoplasm细胞质property特性the mass of主体be bounded to限制organell细胞器dissolve溶解ion离子soluble可溶解的eukaryotic真核的prokaryote原核的hereditary遗传的nucleoid拟核nucleoli核仁division分裂pore-perforated孔的ribosome核糖体endoplasmic reticulum内质网vacuole液泡lysosome溶酶体mitochondria线粒体plastid质体amino acid氨基酸polysome多聚核糖体lacy花边vesicle小泡steroid类固醇oxidation氧化shunt转轨Prominent突出的phagocytosis吞噬pinocytosis胞饮exocytosis胞吐Subset亚单位degrade降级Cristae嵴Leucoplast白色体pigment色素starch淀粉chromoplast有色体chloroplast 叶绿体chlorophyll叶绿素grana基粒stroma子座caroteoid类胡萝素Convoluted 盘绕的latticework格子threadlike线状的contractile收缩性actin肌动蛋白Myosin肌球蛋白globular球状的tubulin微管蛋白scaffold脚手架impart给予machanoenzyme机械酶dynein动力蛋白kinesin驱动蛋白Gliding滑行substrate基质adhere粘附geometry几何chemotaxis趋化性diffuse扩散Propell驱动whiplike鞭子cillia纤毛flagella鞭毛Spindle纺锤体centrioles中心粒basal body 基体第二章光合作用algae海藻protist原生生物overall总体来说bond键respiration呼吸exergonic释能的endergonic吸能的Raw material原材料reduce还原Thylakoid类囊体Photon光子Antenna complex天线复合体be funneled to使汇集aggregation集合respective分别Cleave裂开plastquinon醌ferredoxin铁氧还原蛋白coenzyme辅酶Photophosphorylation光合磷酸化noncyclic photophosphorylation非环形光合磷酸化Ribulose biphosphate核酮糖二磷酸catalyze催化carboxylase糖羧化Inhibitor 抑制物disrupt破坏第三章细胞增殖mitosis有丝分裂meiosis 减数分裂Repository仓库coil卷strand线histone组蛋白beadlike珍珠状的nucleosomes核小体chromatin染色质Karyotype核型homologous pairs同源染色体对autosome常染色体diploid二倍体haploid 单倍体In effect事实上immortal 永生的metabolism新陈代谢brief-period短暂的interphase间期Chalone抑素Partition分离prophase前期chromatid染色单体centromere着丝粒metaphase中期spind纺锤体anaphase后期telophase末期Kinetochore动粒Fungal 真菌Cytokinesis胞质分裂Progenny子Asexual无性deleterious有害的mutation突变第四章遗传学基础inheritance遗传pangenesis泛生论germ plasm theory种质学说gamete配子Particulate粒子nature属性matter物质Self-fertilize自花传粉breeds true纯品系Dominant显性的recessive隐性filial F2 allele等位基因homozygous纯合的heterozygous杂合的phenotype表型genotype基因型Law of segregation分离定律test cross 测交Law of independent assortment自由组合定律dihybrid cross双因子杂种杂交incomplete dominance不完全显性nondisjunction不分离第五章基因的化学结构alkaptonuria小儿黑酸尿综合症mold霉neurospora crassa粗糙脉雹霉One-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis 一基因一酶假说elucidate阐明metabolic代谢hemoglobin白红蛋白sickle镰刀anemia 贫血症one-gene-one-polypeptide hypothesis一基因一多肽假说Constituent成分pneumococci肺炎球菌nitrogenous含氮碱基phosphate group磷酸基团Deoxyribose脱氧adenine腺嘌呤guanine鸟嘌呤cytosine胞嘧啶thymine胸腺嘧啶Purine嘌呤pyrimidine嘧啶nucleoside核苷Helical螺旋的X-ray diffraction 射线衍射double helix双螺旋Unzip拉开template模板semiconservetive replication半保留复制bubblelike泡状的Replication forks复制叉the leading strand 前导链the lagging strand 后随链okazaki fragment冈崎片段DNA polymerase聚合酶第六章生命的起源和多样性big bang大爆炸cosmic宇宙的crust地壳mantle地幔molten溶解Duplicate复制monomer单体polymer聚合物proteinoid类蛋白clay泥土Aggregate聚合droplet液滴coacervate凝聚层solution溶液liposome脂质体bilayer双层Precursor先兆Mimick模拟ribozyme核酶enzymellike酶一样catalyst催化剂Lipid-protein脂蛋白sequester隔绝Anaerobic厌氧的heterotrophs异氧生物autotroph自养生物ozone layer臭氧层ultraviiolet紫外线的shallow浅的aerobic需氧的Land mass大陆板块continental drift大陆漂移sculpt雕刻Taxonomy分类学binomial system of nomenclariture双名法genus属family科order目class纲division门phylum门kingdom界comparative比较的anatomy解剖学taxon分类单元morphological形态学criterion群体clade进化枝Phylogenetic tree进化树graphic图解monera原核protista原生生物fungi真菌第七章真菌最大的分解者Saprobe腐生菌parasite寄生菌symbiotic共生的algae藻类Hyphae菌丝chitin明角质rhizoid假根haustoria吸器serve as rootlike anchor具有跟一样的固定性septate隔膜coenocytic多核的Mycelium菌丝体heterokaryon异核体dissimilar不同的Nonmotile不会移动的fulfill完成spore孢子borne携带aerialhyphae气生菌丝dispersal分散的Comprise包含chytridiomycete壶菌oomycete卵菌纲zygomycete结合菌vegetative营养的motile移动的flagellate带鞭毛sporangia孢囊gametangia配子囊immobile静止的resemble相似terrestrial陆生的mycorrhizal共生的Ascomycete子囊菌conidia分生孢子子实体ascus子囊truffle块菌yeast酵母penicillium青霉素fruitingbody果实体Basidiomycete担子菌纲dikaryotic双核的basidiocarp担子果club-shaped棒形的的basidia担子gill菌褶Deuteromycete半知菌类fungi imperfecti半知菌类conidia分生孢子ferment soybean发酵大豆成酱油soy sauce清酒citric acid柠檬酸aflatoxin黄曲霉素Desiccate脱水inorganic无机的第八章动物进化eggs卵子ova卵子Spermatogenesis精子发生testes睾丸gonialcell精原细胞spermatogonia精原细胞seminiferous输精的spermatocyte精原细胞spermatid精子细胞acrosome顶体Oogenesis卵子发生ovary卵巢oocyte卵原细胞ripen成熟ovulation排卵Helper辅助follicle滤泡nurse滋养gland腺体oviduct输卵管Maturation成熟gene amplification基因扩增Jelly coat胶膜acrosome reaction顶体反应fusion融合mingle融合zygote受精卵Cortical皮质的barrier障碍Parthenogenesis孤雌生殖Cleavage卵裂blastula囊胚cavity腔blastomere裂球Gastrulation原肠胚形成gastrula原肠胚ectoderm外胚层endoderm内胚层mesoderm中胚层Primitive streak原条reptile爬行vertebrate脊椎动物regulate调控Larval幼体metamorphosis变态juvenile少年Stump残余的dedifferentiation去分化compensatory hypertrophy代偿性肥大residual残留的Aging衰老ongoing不断发展的deteriorate退化degeneration退化collagen胶原蛋白lipofuscin脂褐素第九章物种起源prezygotic前合子ritual仪式genital生殖的incompatible不兼容的inviable不可生存的sterile不育的hybridsterility杂种不育性heterozygote杂种cline变异群allopatric speciation异域物种形成polyploidization多倍体multiplication增加sympatric speciation同域物种形成genera属order目phylogeny系统发生rationale原理in case of如果parallel evolution平行进化lineage血统convergent evolution趋同进化divergent evolution趋异进化homology同源性analogy同功punctuated equilibrium间断平衡第十章人口生长曲线per capita平均natality出生率mortality死亡率exponential指数的predation捕食exponential growth curve指数生长曲线carring capacity容纳量logisticgrowth curve 逻辑生长曲线fluctuation波动age structure年龄结构survivorship curve存活曲线populaion density种群密度clump成群density-independent factors密度制约因子prey猎物allelopathy异种相克相成character displacement特征替换awesome畏惧stragger令人震惊的第一章细胞cytoplasm细胞质property特性the mass of主体be bounded to限制organell细胞器dissolve溶解ion离子soluble可溶解的eukaryotic真核的prokaryote原核的hereditary遗传的nucleoid拟核nucleoli核仁division分裂pore-perforated孔的ribosome核糖体endoplasmic reticulum内质网vacuole液泡lysosome溶酶体mitochondria线粒体plastid质体amino acid氨基酸polysome多聚核糖体lacy花边vesicle小泡steroid类固醇oxidation氧化shunt转轨Prominent突出的phagocytosis吞噬pinocytosis胞饮exocytosis胞吐Subset亚单位degrade降级Cristae嵴Leucoplast白色体pigment色素starch淀粉chromoplast有色体chloroplast叶绿体chlorophyll叶绿素grana基粒stroma子座caroteoid类胡萝素Convoluted盘绕的latticework格子threadlike线状的contractile收缩性actin肌动蛋白Myosin肌球蛋白globular球状的tubulin微管蛋白scaffold脚手架impart给予machanoenzyme机械酶dynein动力蛋白kinesin驱动蛋白Gliding滑行substrate基质adhere粘附geometry几何chemotaxis趋化性diffuse扩散Propell驱动whiplike鞭子cillia纤毛flagella鞭毛Spindle纺锤体centrioles中心粒basal body 基体第二章光合作用algae海藻protist原生生物overall总体来说bond键respiration呼吸exergonic释能的endergonic吸能的Rawmaterial原材料reduce还原Thylakoid类囊体Photon光子Antenna complex天线复合体be funneled to使汇集aggregation集合respective分别Cleave裂开plastquinon醌ferredoxin铁氧还原蛋白coenzyme辅酶Photophosphorylation光合磷酸化noncyclicphotophosphorylation非环形光合磷酸化Ribulose biphosphate核酮糖二磷酸catalyze催化carboxylase糖羧化Inhibitor抑制物disrupt破坏第三章细胞增殖mitosis有丝分裂meiosis减数分裂Repository仓库coil卷strand线histone组蛋白beadlike珍珠状的nucleosomes核小体chromatin染色质Karyotype核型homologous pairs同源染色体对autosome常染色体diploid二倍体haploid 单倍体In effect事实上immortal永生的metabolism新陈代谢brief-period短暂的interphase间期Chalone抑素Partition分离prophase前期chromatid染色单体centromere着丝粒metaphase中期spind纺锤体anaphase后期telophase末期Kinetochore动粒Fungal真菌Cytokinesis胞质分裂Progenny子Asexual无性deleterious有害的mutation突变第四章遗传学基础inheritance遗传pangenesis泛生论germ plasm theory种质学说gamete配子Particulate粒子nature属性matter物质Self-fertilize自花传粉breedstrue纯品系Dominant显性的recessive隐性filial F2allele等位基因homozygous纯合的heterozygous杂合的phenotype表型genotype基因型Law of segregation分离定律test cross 测交Law of independent assortment自由组合定律dihybrid cross双因子杂种杂交incomplete dominance不完全显性nondisjunction不分离第五章基因的化学结构alkaptonuria小儿黑酸尿综合症mold霉neurospora crassa粗糙脉雹霉One-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis一基因一酶假说elucidate阐明metabolic代谢hemoglobin白红蛋白sickle镰刀anemia贫血症one-gene-one-polypeptidehypothesis一基因一多肽假说Constituent成分pneumococci肺炎球菌nitrogenous含氮碱基phosphate group磷酸基团Deoxyribose脱氧adenine腺嘌呤guanine鸟嘌呤cytosine胞嘧啶thymine胸腺嘧啶Purine嘌呤pyrimidine嘧啶nucleoside核苷Helical螺旋的X-raydiffraction 射线衍射double helix双螺旋Unzip拉开template模板semiconservetivereplication半保留复制bubblelike泡状的Replication forks复制叉the leading strand前导链the lagging strand 后随链okazakifragment冈崎片段DNA polymerase聚合酶第六章生命的起源和多样性big bang大爆炸cosmic宇宙的crust地壳mantle地幔molten溶解Duplicate复制monomer单体polymer聚合物proteinoid类蛋白clay泥土Aggregate聚合droplet液滴coacervate凝聚层solution溶液liposome脂质体bilayer双层Precursor先兆Mimick模拟ribozyme核酶enzymellike酶一样catalyst催化剂Lipid-protein脂蛋白sequester隔绝Anaerobic厌氧的heterotrophs异氧生物autotroph自养生物ozone layer臭氧层ultraviiolet紫外线的shallow浅的aerobic需氧的Land mass大陆板块continental drift大陆漂移sculpt雕刻Taxonomy分类学binomial system of nomenclariture双名法genus属family科order目class纲division门phylum门kingdom界comparative比较的anatomy解剖学taxon分类单元morphological形态学criterion群体clade进化枝Phylogenetic tree进化树graphic图解monera原核protista原生生物fungi真菌第七章真菌最大的分解者Saprobe腐生菌parasite寄生菌symbiotic共生的algae藻类Hyphae菌丝chitin明角质rhizoid假根haustoria吸器serve as rootlike anchor具有跟一样的固定性septate隔膜coenocytic多核的Mycelium菌丝体heterokaryon异核体dissimilar不同的Nonmotile不会移动的fulfill完成spore孢子borne携带aerialhyphae气生菌丝dispersal分散的Comprise包含chytridiomycete壶菌oomycete卵菌纲zygomycete结合菌vegetative营养的motile移动的flagellate带鞭毛sporangia孢囊gametangia配子囊immobile静止的resemble相似terrestrial陆生的mycorrhizal共生的Ascomycete子囊菌conidia分生孢子子实体ascus子囊truffle块菌yeast酵母penicillium青霉素fruitingbody果实体Basidiomycete担子菌纲dikaryotic双核的basidiocarp担子果club-shaped棒形的的basidia担子gill菌褶Deuteromycete半知菌类fungi imperfecti半知菌类conidia分生孢子ferment soybean发酵大豆成酱油soy sauce清酒citric acid柠檬酸aflatoxin黄曲霉素Desiccate脱水inorganic无机的第八章动物进化eggs卵子ova卵子Spermatogenesis精子发生testes睾丸gonialcell精原细胞spermatogonia精原细胞seminiferous输精的spermatocyte精原细胞spermatid精子细胞acrosome顶体Oogenesis卵子发生ovary卵巢oocyte卵原细胞ripen成熟ovulation排卵Helper辅助follicle滤泡nurse滋养gland腺体oviduct输卵管Maturation成熟gene amplification基因扩增Jelly coat胶膜acrosome reaction顶体反应fusion融合mingle融合zygote受精卵Cortical皮质的barrier障碍Parthenogenesis孤雌生殖Cleavage卵裂blastula囊胚cavity腔blastomere裂球Gastrulation原肠胚形成gastrula原肠胚ectoderm外胚层endoderm内胚层mesoderm中胚层Primitive streak原条reptile爬行vertebrate脊椎动物regulate调控Larval幼体metamorphosis变态juvenile少年Stump残余的dedifferentiation去分化compensatory hypertrophy代偿性肥大residual残留的Aging衰老ongoing不断发展的deteriorate退化degeneration退化collagen胶原蛋白lipofuscin脂褐素第九章物种起源prezygotic前合子ritual仪式genital生殖的incompatible不兼容的inviable不可生存的sterile不育的hybridsterility杂种不育性heterozygote杂种cline变异群allopatric speciation异域物种形成polyploidization多倍体multiplication增加sympatric speciation同域物种形成genera属order目phylogeny系统发生rationale原理in case of如果parallel evolution平行进化lineage血统convergent evolution趋同进化divergent evolution趋异进化homology同源性analogy同功punctuated equilibrium间断平衡第十章人口生长曲线per capita平均natality出生率mortality死亡率exponential指数的predation捕食exponential growth curve指数生长曲线carring capacity容纳量logisticgrowth curve 逻辑生长曲线fluctuation波动age structure年龄结构survivorship curve存活曲线populaion density种群密度clump成群density-independent factors密度制约因子prey猎物allelopathy异种相克相成character displacement特征替换awesome畏惧stragger令人震惊的。
AGENCY PROBLEMS AND RESIDUAL CLAIMS
代理问题和剩余请求权AbstractSocial and economic activities, like religion, entertainment, education, research, and the production of other goods and services, are carried on by different types of organizations, for example, corporations, proprietorships, partnerships, mutual and nonprofits. There is competition among organizational forms for survival. The form of organization that survives in an activity is the one that delivers the product demanded by customers at the lowest price while covering costs. The characteristics of residual claims are important both in distinguishing organizations from one another and in explaining the survival of organizational forms in specific activities. This paper develops a set of propositions that explain the special features of the residual claims of different organizational forms as efficient approaches to controlling agency problems.社会和经济活动，如宗教、娱乐、教育、研究及商品和服务的生产和提供活动，是通过不同种类的组织进行的。
文化研究的开放性与全球性
文化研究的开放性与全球性内容提要:全球化时代呼唤着一种与之相适应的文化理论。
方兴未艾的文化研究具有这种广阔的理论视野。
目前,文化研究在全球范围内,特别是在英语世界已形成一股研究热潮。
本文着重介绍文化研究的源流及其学科特点,即开放性与全球性。
关键词:文化研究开放性全球性20世纪西方文学与文化理论新潮迭起,流派纷呈。
肇端于英美理论界的文化研究(CulturalStudies)即是20世纪后期多元共生时代的产物。
文化研究与西方文学与文化诸理论的产生和发展有着“共时”联系,作为一种理论话语,文化研究近年来已引起全球性的普遍关注。
文化研究虽产生英美理论界,然而,影响已超出了英语世界。
一般认为,文化研究是跨学科或多学科的文化理论,它一开始就不是一个传统意义上的独立学科,它既在现有学科之中,但并非受制于某一学科或理论,学科界限也不确定。
它本身没有一个界定明确的方法论,也不局限于具体的或界限清晰的研究领域.文化研究借鉴了诸多人文与社会科学理论和方法,如语言学、哲学、人类学、心理学、政治学和文艺批评等。
文化研究的对象也十分宽广,如:以东西方不断变化的历史和文化关系为背景的“东方学”及西方殖民主义批判;以爱德华·萨义德(EdwardSaid)、霍米·巴巴(HomiBhaa)和盖娅特里·斯匹瓦克(GayatriSpivak)等人为代表的后殖民主义理论;以女性主义批评为主的性别研究,主要涉及女性批评话语的构建、性别诗学研究以及怪异理论;文化工业、消费文化以及影视传媒生产和消费的研究;文化全球化理论及其反拨等等。
文化研究的特点是,注重讨论各种文化实践与权力之间的关系,即文化现象和文化实践中的权力运作对文化实践的影响与干涉作用。
文化研究并非只是纯粹的、具体文化类别的理论探讨,它与社会关系、政治制度有密切的联系,其使命就是分析在具体的社会关系和环境中文化是如何表现自身和受制于社会与政治制度的。
文化研究致力于对当代社会文化的“道德评价”或批判,直至诉诸激进政治行动的努力。
SPSS词汇(中英文对照)
Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Effect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 一般线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点HILOGLINEAR, 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable, 变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test, W检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z-transformation, Z变换。
遗传学名词解释(中英对照版)
遗传学名词解释（中英对照版）abortive transduction 流产转导：转导的DNA片段末端掺入到受体的染色体中，在后代中丢失。
acentric chromosome 端着丝粒染色体：染色体的着丝粒在最末端。
Achondroplasia 软骨发育不全：人类的一种常染色体显性遗传病，表型为四肢粗短，鞍鼻，腰椎前凸。
acrocetric chromosome 近端着丝粒染色体：着丝粒位于染色体末端附近。
active site 活性位点：蛋白质结构中具有生物活性的结构域。
adapation 适应：在进化中一些生物的可遗传性状发生改变，使其在一定的环境能更好地生存和繁殖。
adenine 腺嘌呤：在DNA中和胸腺嘧啶配对的碱基。
albino 白化体：一种常染色体隐性遗传突变。
动物或人的皮肤及毛发呈白色，主要因为在黑色素合成过程中，控制合成酪氨酸酶的基因发生突变所致。
allele 等位基因：一个座位上的基因所具有的几种不同形式之一。
allelic frequencies （one frequencies）在群体中存在于所有个体中某一个座位上等位基因的频率。
allelic exclusion 等位排斥：杂合状态的免疫球蛋白基因座位中，只有一个基因因重排而得以表达，其等位基因不再重排而无活性。
allopolyploicly 异源多倍体：多倍体的生物中有一套或多套染色体来源于不同物种。
Ames test 埃姆斯测验法：Bruce Ames 于1970年人用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（大鼠）肝微粒体法来检测某些物质是否有诱变作用。
amino acids 氨基酸：是构成蛋白质的基本单位，自然界中存在20种不同的氨基酸。
aminoacyl-tRNA 氨基酰- tRNA：tRNA的氨基臂上结合有相应的氨基酸，并将氨基酸运转到核糖体上合成蛋白质。
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase 氨基酰- tRNA合成酶：催化一个特定的tRNA结合到相应的tRNA分子上。
Discrete Applied Mathematics
Discrete Applied Mathematics157(2009)2217–2220Contents lists available at ScienceDirectDiscrete Applied Mathematicsjournal homepage:/locate/damPreface$This special issue on Networks in Computational Biology is based on a workshop at Middle East Technical University in Ankara,Turkey,September10–12,2006(.tr/Networks_in_Computational_Biology/). Computational biology is one of the many currently emerging areas of applied mathematics and science.During the last century,cooperation between biology and chemistry,physics,mathematics,and other sciences increased dramatically,thus providing a solid foundation for,and initiating an enormous momentum in,many areas of the life sciences.This special issue focuses on networks,a topic that is equally important in biology and mathematics,and presents snapshots of current theoretical and methodological work in network analysis.Both discrete and continuous optimization,dynamical systems, graph theory,pertinent inverse problems,and data mining procedures are addressed.The principal goal of this special issue is to contribute to the mathematical foundation of computational biology by stressing its particular aspects relating to network theory.This special issue consists of25articles,written by65authors and rigorously reviewed by70referees.The guest editors express their cordial thanks to all of them,as well as to the Editors-in-Chief of Discrete Applied Mathematics,Prof.Dr.Endre Boros and his predecessor,Prof.Dr.Peter L.Hammer,who was one of the initiators of this special issue but left us in2006, and to Mrs.Katie D’Agosta who was at our side in each phase of preparation of this DAM special issue.The articles are ordered according to their contents.Let us briefly summarize them:In the paper of Jacek Błażewicz,Dorota Formanowicz,Piotr Formanowicz,Andrea Sackmann,and MichałSajkowski, entitled Modeling the process of human body iron homeostasis using a variant of timed Petri nets,the standard model of body iron homeostasis is enriched by including the durations of the pertinent biochemical reactions.A Petri-net variant in which, at each node,a time interval is specified is used in order to describe the time lag of the commencement of conditions that must be fulfilled before a biochemical reaction can start.Due to critical changes in the environment,switches can occur in metabolic networks that lead to systems exhibiting simultaneously discrete and continuous dynamics.Hybrid systems represent this accurately.The paper Modeling and simulation of metabolic networks for estimation of biomass-accumulation parameters by Uˇg ur Kaplan,Metin Türkay,Bülent Karasözen,and Lorenz Biegler develops a hybrid system to simulate cell-metabolism dynamics that includes the effects of extra-cellular stresses on metabolic responses.Path-finding approaches to metabolic-pathway analysis adopt a graph-theoretical approach to determine the reactions that an organism might use to transform a source compound into a target compound.In the contribution Path-finding approaches and metabolic pathways,Francisco J.Planes and John E.Beasley examine the effectiveness of using compound-node connectivities in a path-finding approach.An approach to path finding based on integer programming is also presented. Existing literature is reviewed.This paper is well illustrated and provides many examples as well as,as an extra service,some supplementary information.In A new constraint-based description of the steady-state flux cone of metabolic networks,Abdelhalim Larhlimi and Alexander Bockmayr present a new constraint-based approach to metabolic-pathway analysis.Based on sets of non-negativity constraints,it uses a description of the set of all possible flux distributions over a metabolic network at a steady state in terms of the steady-state flux cone.The constraints can be identified with irreversible reactions and,thus,allow a direct interpretation.The resulting description of the flux cone is minimal and unique.Furthermore,it satisfies a simplicity condition similar to the one for elementary flux modes.Most biological networks share some properties like being,e.g.,‘‘scale free’’.Etienne Birmeléproposes a new random-graph model in his contribution A scale-free graph model based on bipartite graphs that can be interpreted in terms of metabolic networks,and exhibits this specific feature.$Dedicated to our dear teacher and friend Prof.Dr.Peter Ladislaw Hammer(1936–2006).0166-218X/$–see front matter©2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.dam.2009.01.0212218Preface/Discrete Applied Mathematics157(2009)2217–2220Differential equations have been established to quantitatively model the dynamic behaviour of regulatory networks representing interactions between cell components.In the paper Inference of an oscillating model for the yeast cell cycle, Nicole Radde and Lars Kaderali study differential equations within a Bayesian setting.First,an oscillating core network is learned that is to be extended,in a second step,using‘‘Bayesian’’methodology.A specifically designed hierarchical prior distribution over interaction strengths prevents overfitting and drives the solutions to sparse networks.An application to a real-world data set is provided,and its dynamical behaviour is reconstructed.The contribution An introduction to the perplex number system by Jerry L.R.Chandler derives from his approach to theoretical chemistry,and provides a universal source of diagrams.The perplex number system,a new logic for describing relationships between concrete objects and processes,provides in particular an exact notation for chemistry without invoking either chemical or‘‘alchemical’’symbols.Practical applications to concrete compounds(e.g.,isomers of ethanol and dimethyl ether)are given.In conjunction with the real number system,the relations between perplex numbers and scientific theories of concrete systems(e.g.,intermolecular dynamics,molecular biology,and individual medicine)are described.Since exact determination of haplotype blocks is usually impossible,a method is desired which can account for recombinations,especially,via phylogenetic networks or a simplified version.In their work Haplotype inferring via galled-tree networks using a hypergraph-covering problem for special genotype matrices,Arvind Gupta,Ján Maňuch,Ladislav Stacho, and Xiaohong Zhao reduce the problem via galled-tree networks to a hypergraph-covering problem for genotype matrices satisfying a certain combinatorial condition.Experiments on real data show that this condition is mostly satisfied when the minor alleles(per SNP)reach at least30%.Recently the Quartet-Net or,for short,‘‘QNet’’method was introduced by Stefan Grünewald et al.as a method for computing phylogenetic split networks from a collection of weighted quartet trees.Here,Stefan Grünewald,Vincent Moulton,and Andreas Spillner show that QNet is a‘‘consistent’’method.This key property of QNet does not only guarantee to produce a tree if the input corresponds to a tree—and an outer-labeled planar split network if the input corresponds to such a network;the proof given in their contribution Consistency of the QNet algorithm for generating planar split networks from weighted quartets also provides the main guiding principle for the design of the method.Kangal and Akbash dogs are the two well-known shepherd dog breeds in Turkey.In the article The genetic relationship between Kangal,Akbash,and other dog populations,Evren Koban,Çigdem Gökçek Saraç,Sinan Can Açan,Peter Savolainen, andİnci Togan present a comparative examination by mitochondrial DNA control region,using a consensus neighbour-joining tree with bootstrapping which is constructed from pairwise FST values between populations.This study indicates that Kangal and Akbash dogs belong to different branches of the tree,i.e.,they might have descended maternally from rather different origins created by an early branching event in the history of the domestic dogs of Eurasia.In their paper The Asian contribution to the Turkish population with respect to the Balkans:Y-chromosome perspective,Ceren Caner Berkman and inci Togan investigate historical migrations from Asia using computational approaches.The admixture method of Chikhi et al.was used to estimate the male genetic contribution of Central Asia to hybrids.The authors observed that the male contribution from Central Asia to the Turkish population with reference to the Balkans was13%.Comparison of the admixture estimate for Turkey with those of neighboring populations indicated that the Central Asian contribution was lowest in Turkey.Split-decomposition theory deals with relations between real-valued split systems and metrics.In his work Split decomposition over an Abelian group Part2:Group-valued split systems with weakly compatible support,Andreas Dress uses a general conceptual framework to study these relations from an essentially algebraic point of view.He establishes the principal results of split-decomposition theory regarding split systems with weakly compatible support within this new algebraic framework.This study contributes to computational biology by analyzing the conceptual mathematical foundations of a tool widely used in phylogenetic analysis and studies of bio-diversity.The contribution Phylogenetic graph models beyond trees of Ulrik Brandes and Sabine Cornelsen deals with methods for phylogenetic analysis,i.e.,the study of kinship relationships between species.The authors demonstrate that the phylogenetic tree model can be generalized to a cactus(i.e.,a tree all of whose2-connected components are cycles)without losing computational efficiency.A cactus can represent a quadratic rather than a linear number of splits in linear space.They show how to decide in linear time whether a set of splits can be accommodated by a cactus model and,in that case,how to construct it within the same time bounds.Finally,the authors briefly discuss further generalizations of tree models.In their paper Whole-genome prokaryotic clustering based on gene lengths,Alexander Bolshoy and Zeev Volkovich present a novel method of taxonomic analysis constructed on the basis of gene content and lengths of orthologous genes of 66completely sequenced genomes of unicellular organisms.They cluster given input data using an application of the information-bottleneck method for unsupervised clustering.This approach is not a regular distance-based method and, thus,differs from other recently published whole-genome-based clustering techniques.The results correlate well with the standard‘‘tree of life’’.For characterization of prokaryotic genomes we used clustering methods based on mean DNA curvature distributions in coding and noncoding regions.In their article Prokaryote clustering based on DNA curvature distributions,due to the extensive amount of data Limor Kozobay-Avraham,Sergey Hosida,Zeev Volkovich,and Alexander Bolshoy were able to define the external and internal factors influencing the curvature distribution in promoter and terminator regions.Prokaryotes grow in the wide temperature range from4◦C to100◦C.Each type of bacteria has an optimal temperature for growth.They found very strong correlation between arrangements of prokaryotes according to the growth temperature and clustering based on curvature excess in promoter and terminator regions.They found also that the main internal factors influencingPreface/Discrete Applied Mathematics157(2009)2217–22202219 the curvature excess are genome size and A+T composition.Two clustering methods,K-means and PAM,were applied and produced very similar clusterings that reflect the aforementioned genomic attributes and environmental conditions of the species’habitat.The paper Pattern analysis for the prediction of fungal pro-peptide cleavage sites by SüreyyaÖzöˇgür Ayzüz,John Shawe-Taylor,Gerhard-Wilhelm Weber,and Zümrüt B.Ögel applies support-vector machines to predict the pro-peptide cleavage site of fungal extra-cellular proteins displaying mostly a monobasic or dibasic processing site.A specific kernel is expressed as an application of the Gaussian kernel via feature spaces.The novel approach simultaneously performs model selection, tests the accuracy,and computes confidence levels.The results are found to be accurate and compared with the ones provided by a server.Preetam Ghosh,Samik Ghosh,Kalyan Basu,and Sajal Das adopt an‘‘in silico’’stochastic-event-based simulation methodology to determine the temporal dynamics of different molecules.In their paper Parametric modeling of protein–DNA binding kinetics:A discrete event-based simulation approach,they present a parametric model for predicting the execution time of protein–DNA binding.It considers the actual binding mechanism along with some approximated protein-and DNA-structural information using a collision-theory-based approach incorporating important biological parameters and functions into the consideration.Murat Ali Bayır,Tacettin Doˇg acan Güney,and Tolga Can propose a novel technique in their paper Integration of topological measures for eliminating non-specific interactions in protein interaction networks for removing non-specific interactions in a large-scale protein–protein interaction network.After transforming the interaction network into a line graph,they compute betweenness and other clustering coefficients for all the edges in the network.The authors use confidence estimates and validate their method by comparing the results of a test case relating to the detection of a molecular complex with reality.The article Graph spectra as a systematic tool in computational biology by Anirban Banarjee and Jürgen Jost deals with the obviously important question of how biological content can be extracted from the graphs to which biological data are often reduced.From the spectrum of the graph’s Laplacian that yields an essentially complete qualitative characterization of a graph,a spectral density plot is derived that can easily be represented graphically and,therefore,analyzed visually and compared for different classes of networks.The authors apply this method to the study of protein–protein interaction and other biological and infrastructural networks.It is detected that specific such classes of networks exhibit common features in their spectral plots that readily distinguish them from other classes.This represents a valuable complement to the currently fashionable search for universal properties that hold across networks emanating from many different contexts.Konstantin Klemm and Peter F.Stadler’s Note on fundamental,nonfundamental,and robust cycle bases investigates the mutual relationships between various classes of cycle bases in a network that have been studied in the literature.The authors show for instance that strictly fundamental bases are not necessarily cyclically robust;and that,conversely, cyclically robust bases are not necessarily fundamental.The contribution focuses on cyclically robust cycle bases whose existence for arbitrary graphs remains open despite their practical use for generating all cycles of a given2-connected graph. It presents also a class of cubic graphs for which cyclically robust bases can be constructed explicitly.Understanding the interplay and function of a system’s components also requires the study of the system’s functional response to controlled experimental perturbations.For biological systems,it is problematic with an experimental design to aim at a complete identification of the system’s mechanisms.In his contribution A refinement of the common-cause principle,Nihat Ay employs graph theory and studies the interplay between stochastic dependence and causal relations within Bayesian networks and information theory.Applying a causal information-flow measure,he provides a quantitative refinement of Reichenbach’s common-cause principle.Based on observing an appropriate collection of nodes of the network, this refinement allows one to infer a hitherto unknown lower bound for information flows within the network.In their article Discovering cis-regulatory modules by optimizing barbecues,Axel Mosig,Türker Bıyıkoˇg lu,Sonja J.Prohaska, and Peter F.Stadler ask for simultaneously stabbing a maximum number of differently coloured intervals from K arrangements of coloured intervals.A decision version of this best barbecue problem is shown to be NP-complete.Because of the relevance for complex regulatory networks on gene expression in eukaryotic cells,they propose algorithmic variations that are suitable for the analysis of real data sets comprising either many sequences or many binding sites.The optimization problem studied generalizes frequent itemset mining.The contribution A mathematical program to refine gene regulatory networks by Guglielmo Lulli and Martin Romauch proposes a methodology for making sense of large,multiple time-series data sets arising in expression analysis.It introduces a mathematical model for producing a reduced and coherent regulatory system,provided a putative regulatory network is given.Two equivalent formulations of the problem are given,and NP-completeness is established.For solving large-scale instances,the authors implemented an ant-colony optimization procedure.The proposed algorithm is validated by a computational analysis on randomly generated test instances.The practicability of the proposed methodology is also shown using real data for Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Jutta Gebert,Nicole Radde,Ulrich Faigle,Julia Strösser,and Andreas Burkovski aim in their paper Modelling and simulation of nitrogen regulation in Corynebacterium glutamicum at understanding and predicting the interactions of macromolecules inside the cell.It sets up a theoretical model for biochemical networks,and introduces a general method for parameter estimation,applicable in the case of very short time series.This approach is applied to a special system concerning nitrogen uptake.The equations are set up for its main components,the corresponding optimization problem is formulated and solved, and simulations are carried out.2220Preface/Discrete Applied Mathematics157(2009)2217–2220Gerhard-Wilhelm Weber,Ömür Uˇg ur,Pakize Taylan,and Aysun Tezel model and predict gene-expression patterns incorporating a rigorous treatment of environmental aspects,and aspects of errors and uncertainty.For this purpose,they employ Chebyshev approximation and generalized semi-infinite optimization in their paper On optimization,dynamics and uncertainty:A tutorial for gene–environment networks.Then,time-discretized dynamical systems are studied,the region of parametric stability is detected by a combinatorial algorithm and,then,the topological landscape of gene–environment networks is analyzed in terms of its‘‘structural stability’’.We are convinced that all papers selected for this special issue constitute valuable contributions to many different areas in computational biology,employing methods from discrete mathematics and related fields.We again thank all colleagues who have participated in this exciting endeavor with care,foresight,and vision,for their highly appreciated help.Guest editorsAndreas DressBülent KarasözenPeter F.StadlerGerhard-Wilhelm Weber125July2008Available online29March2009 1Assistant to the guest editors:Mrs.Cand.MSc.Bengisen Pekmen(Institute of Applied Mathematics,METU,Ankara).。
ACCA财务管理英语
ACCA--财务管理英语solepropsietorship独资企业partnership合伙企业corporatefinance公司财务corporate公司closelyheld私下公司publiccompany公众公司GoldmanSachs高盛银行pensionfund养老基金insurancecompany保险公司boardofdirector董事会separationofownershipandmanagement所有权与管理权的分离limitedliability有限责任articlesofincorporation公司章程realasset实物资产financialasset金融资产security证券financialmarket金融市场capitalmarket资本市场moneymarket货币市场investmentdecision投资决策capitalbudgetingdecision资本预算决策financingdecision融资决策financialmanager财务经理treasurer司库controller总会计师CFO首席财务官principal-agentproblem委托代理问题principal委托人agent代理人agencycost代理成本informationasymmetry信息不对称signal信号efficientmarketshypothesis有效市场假说presentvalue现值discountfactor贴现因子rateofreturn收益率discountrate贴现率hurdlerate门坎比率opportunitycostofcapital资本机会成本netpresentvalue净现值cashoutflow现金支出netpresentvaluerule净现值法则rate-of-returnrule收益率法则profitmaximization利润最大化doingwell经营盈利doinggood经营造益collateral抵押品warrant认股权证convertiblebond可转换债券primaryissue一级发行prinarymarket一级市场secondarytansaction二级交易secondarymarket二级市场over-the-counter(OTC)场外交易financialintermediary金融中介zero-stage启动阶段businessplan创业计划书first-stagefinancing第一阶段融资after-the-moneyvaluation注资后的价值papergain账面利润mezzaninefinancing引渡融资angelinvestor天使投资者venturecapitalfund创业投资基金limitedprivatepartnership有限合伙企业generalpartner普通合伙人limitedpartner有限合伙人small-businessinvestmentcompanies （SBIC）小企业投资公司initialpublicoffering(IPO)首次公开发行primaryoffering首次发行secondaryoffering二次发行underwriter承销商syndicateofunderwriter承销辛迪加registrationstatement注册说明书prospectus招股说明书roadshow路演greenshoeoption绿鞋期权spread差价offeringprice发售价格underpricing抑价winner’scurse成功者灾难bookbuilding标书登记fixedpriceoffer定价发售auction拍卖discriminationauction差价拍卖uniform-priceauction一价拍卖generalcashoffer一般现款发行rightissue附权发行shelfregistration上架注册priorapproval事前许可boughtdeal买方交易seasonedissue新增发行knowledgeableinvertor成熟的投资者qualifiedinstitutionalbuyer有资格的机构买者recorddate登记日withdividend附有红利cumdividend附息exdividend除息legalcapital法定资本regularcashdividend正常现金红利extra额外的specialdividend特别红利stockdividend股票红利automaticdividendreinvestmentplans(DRIP)红利自动转投计划transferofvalue价值转移capitalstructure资本结构MM’spropositionMM定理weighted-averagecostofcapital(WACC)加权平均资本成本margindebt保证金借款floating-ratenote浮动利率票据money-marketfund货币市场基金interest-rateceiling利率上限trade-offtheory权衡理论righttodefault违约权leveragebuy-out(LBO)杠杆收购asymmetricinformation信息不对称financialslack银根宽松costofdebt负债成本costofequity权益成本terminalvalue清算价值cashflowtoequity权益现金流rebalancing重整projectfinancing项目融资adjustedcostofcapital调整资本成本equivalentloan等值贷款offsettingtransaction反向交易depreciablebasis折旧基数adjustedpresentvalue(APV)调整现值calloption看涨期权exerciseprice执行价格strikeprice敲定价格exercisedate到期日Europeancall欧式看涨期权Americancall美式看涨期权positiondiagram头寸图putoption看跌期权SalomonBrothers所罗门兄弟公司termstuctureofinterestrate利率期限结构annuity年金perpetuity永久年金annuityfactor年金因子annuitydue即期年金futurevalue终值conmpoundinterest复利simpleinterest单利continuouslycompoundedrate连续复利率ConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)消费物价指数currentdollar当期货币nominaldollar名义货币constantdollar不变货币realdollar实际货币realrateofreturn实际收益率inflationrate通货膨胀率principal本金deflation滞胀yieldtomaturity到期收益率marketcapitalizationrate市场资本化率dividendyield红利收益率costofequitycapital权益资本成本payoutratio红利发放率earningspershare(EPS)每股收益returnonequity(ROE)权益收益率discountcashflow贴现现金流growthstock成长股incomestock绩优股presentvalueofgrowthopportunity(PVGO)成长机会的现值price-earningsratio(P/E)市盈率freecashflow(FCF)自由现金流量bookrateofreturn账面收益率capitalinvestment资本投资operatingexpense经营费用paybackperiod回收期discounted-paybackrule贴现回收期法则discounted-cash-flowrateofreturn贴现现金流量的收益率internalrateofreturn(IRR)内部收益率lending贷出borrowing借入profitabilitymeasure盈利指标standardofpfofitability赢利标准modifiedinternalrateofreturn修正内部收益率mutuallyexclusiveprojects互相排斥的项目capitalrationing资本约束profitabilityindex盈利指标softrationing软约束hardrationing硬约束incrementalpayoff增量收入networkingcapital净营运资本sunkcost沉没成本sunk-costfallacy沉没成本悖论overheadcost间接费用salvagevalue残值straight-linedepreciation直线法折旧InternalRevenueService国内税收署taxshield税盾acceleratedcostrecoverysystem加速成本回收折旧法alternativeminimumtax另类最低税taxpreference税收优惠accelerateddepreciation加速折旧projectanalysis项目分析equivalentannualcashflow等价年度现金流marginalinvestment边际投资defaultrisk违约风险riskpremium风险溢酬standarderror标准误差standarddeviation标准差marketportfolio市场组合marketreturm(rm)市场收益率variance方差thelossofadgreeoffreedom自由度损失Delphic德尔菲uniquerisk独特风险unsystematicrisk非系统风险residualrisk剩余风险specificrisk特定风险diversifiablerisk可分散风险marketrisk市场风险systematicrisk系统风险undiversifiablerisk不可分散风险convariance协方差well-diversified有效分散valueadditivity价值可加性efficientportfolio有效投资组合quadraticprogramming二次规划bestefficientportfolio最佳有效投资组合capitalassetpricingmodel(CAPM)资本资产定价模型separationtheorem分离定理securitymarketline证券市场线marketcapitalization市场资本总额small-capstocks小盘股book-to-marketration账面-市值比datamining数据挖掘datasnooping数据侦察consumptionbeta消费贝塔consumptionCAPM消费型资本资产定价模型riskaversion风险厌恶arbitragepricingtheory套利定价理论sensitivityofeachstocktothesefactors每种股票对这些因素的敏感度three-factormodel三因素模型companycostofcapital公司资本成本industrybeta行业贝塔firmvalue公司价值debtvalue负债价值assetvalue资产价值blue-chipfirm蓝筹股financialleverage财务杠杆gearing举债经营financialrisk财务风险unlever消除杠杆relativemarketvaluesofdebt(E/V)负债的相对市场价值taxableincome应税利润after-taxcost税后成本marginalcorporatetaxrate公司边际税率after-taxweighted-averagecostofcapital税后加权平均资本成本cyclicality周期性cyclicalfirms周期性公司operatingleverage经营杠杆revenue收入fixedcosts固定成本variablecosts可变成本rateofoutput产出率certaintyequivalent确定性等价值certainty-equivalentcashflow确定性等价现金流risk-adjusteddiscountrate风险相应贴现率underlyingvariables基础变量sample抽样realoption实物期权decisiontree决策树timingqption安排期权productionoption生产性期权optiontobailout清算选择权economicrent经济租金futuremarket期货市场capitalbudget资本预算strategicplanning战略规划appropriationrequest拨款申请postaudit事后审计stockoptions股票期权privatebenefit私下利益perks特权享受perquisite特权享受overinvestment过度投资generallyacceptedaccountingprinciple(GAAP)公认会计原则qualifieddoption保留意见delegated委托economicvalueadded(EVA)经济附加值tradeloading贸易超载economicdepreciation经济折旧nationalincomeandproductaccounts国民收入与产出账户cap上限合约strip本息剥离债券swap互换bookrunner股份登记员efficientcapitalmarket有效资本市场randomwalk随机游走positivedrift正漂移autocorelationcoefficient自相关系数weakformofefficiency弱有效性semistrongformofefficiency半强有效性strongformofefficiency强有效性marketmodel市场模型acquiringfirm兼并公司acquiredfirm被兼并公司superiorprofit超常利润overreaction反应过度underreaction反应不足indexarbitrageur指数套利者portfolioinsurancescheme证券组合保险策略superiorratesofreturn超常收益exchange-ratepolicy汇率政策applicationdate申购日long-termasset长期资产retainedearnings留存收益financialdeficit资金缺口internalfund内部资金debtpolicy负债政策dividendpolicy红利政策long-termfinancing长期融资totalcapitalization资本总额reserve准备金issuedandoutsanding已发行流通股份issuedbutnotoutsanding已发行未流通股份authorizedsharecapital法定股本总额financialinstitution金融机构cash-flowright现金流要求权controlright控制劝dominantstockholder控股股东majorityvotingsystem多数投票制cumulativevoting累计投票制supermajority绝对多数制proxycontest投票代理权角逐minoritystockholder小股东reversestocksplit逆股票拆细masterlimitedpartnership业主有限责任合伙企业realestateinvestmenttrust(REIT)房地产信托投资基金preferredstock优先股cumulativepreferredstock红利累积优先股lineofcredit授信额度fixed-rate固定利率floating-rate浮动利率coupon息票LondonInterbankOfferedRate(LIBOR)伦敦银行间拆借利率eurobond欧洲债券eurocurrency欧洲货币euro欧元senior优级junior次级subordinated从属secured有担保的collateral抵押品warrant认股权证convertiblebond可转换债券primaryissue一级发行prinarymarket一级市场secondarytansaction二级交易secondarymarket二级市场over-the-counter(OTC)场外交易financialintermediary金融中介zero-stage启动阶段businessplan创业计划书first-stagefinancing第一阶段融资after-the-moneyvaluation注资后的价值papergain账面利润mezzaninefinancing引渡融资angelinvestor天使投资者venturecapitalfund创业投资基金limitedprivatepartnership有限合伙企业generalpartner普通合伙人limitedpartner有限合伙人small-businessinvestmentcompanies （SBIC）小企业投资公司initialpublicoffering(IPO)首次公开发行primaryoffering首次发行secondaryoffering二次发行underwriter承销商syndicateofunderwriter承销辛迪加registrationstatement注册说明书prospectus招股说明书roadshow路演greenshoeoption绿鞋期权spread差价offeringprice发售价格underpricing抑价winner’scurse成功者灾难bookbuilding标书登记fixedpriceoffer定价发售auction拍卖discriminationauction差价拍卖uniform-priceauction一价拍卖generalcashoffer一般现款发行rightissue附权发行shelfregistration上架注册priorapproval事前许可boughtdeal买方交易seasonedissue新增发行knowledgeableinvertor成熟的投资者qualifiedinstitutionalbuyer有资格的机构买者recorddate登记日withdividend附有红利cumdividend附息exdividend除息legalcapital法定资本regularcashdividend正常现金红利extra额外的specialdividend特别红利stockdividend股票红利automaticdividendreinvestmentplans(DRIP)红利自动转投计划transferofvalue价值转移capitalstructure资本结构MM’spropositionMM定理weighted-averagecostofcapital(WACC)加权平均资本成本margindebt保证金借款floating-ratenote浮动利率票据money-marketfund货币市场基金interest-rateceiling利率上限trade-offtheory权衡理论righttodefault违约权leveragebuy-out(LBO)杠杆收购asymmetricinformation信息不对称financialslack银根宽松costofdebt负债成本costofequity权益成本terminalvalue清算价值cashflowtoequity权益现金流rebalancing重整projectfinancing项目融资adjustedcostofcapital调整资本成本equivalentloan等值贷款offsettingtransaction反向交易depreciablebasis折旧基数adjustedpresentvalue(APV)调整现值calloption看涨期权exerciseprice执行价格strikeprice敲定价格exercisedate到期日Europeancall欧式看涨期权Americancall美式看涨期权positiondiagram头寸图putoption看跌期权。
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Recovery and fit
• Regression recovered target variable (17.2)
X Reg = E{X } + Cv {X , Z } (Cv {Z })−1 (Z − E{Z })
• R-squared
Reg R2 ||X } σ 2 {X
(17a.31)
= × ×
Regression models: definition
Definition A regression LFM, or macroeconomic LFM is a dominantresidual decomposition (17a.5) X ≡ α + βZ + U where (α, β , Z ) ≡ = Constraints C:
(17a.25) (17a.27)
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Factor Models > Theory: dominant-residual models > Regression models
This update: Mar-28-2017 - Last update
Factor Models > Theory: dominant-residual models > Regression models
Regression models: definition
Definition A regression LFM, or macroeconomic LFM is a dominantresidual decomposition (17a.5) X ≡ α + βZ + U where (α, β , Z ) ≡ = Constraints C:
(a,b,F )∈C (17a.22)
(17a.23)
argmax R2 σ 2 {a + bF ||X } argmin E{ σ −1 (a + bF − X )
2
(17a.24) }
(a,b,F )∈C
Observable
F =Z E{a + bF } = E{X } β = Cv {X , Z } (Cv {Z })−1
(a,b,F )∈C (17a.22)
(17a.23)
Fitness objective
argmax R2 σ 2 {a + bF ||X } argmin E{ σ −1 (a a.24) }
(a,b,F )∈C
Observable
F =Z E{a + bF } = E{X }
Factor Models > Theory: dominant-residual models > Regression models
Residual features
• Residuals: U ≡ X − X Reg • Factors Z are systematic (17b.5)
Cv {Un , Zk } = 0
(a,b,F )∈C (17a.22)
(17a.23)
argmax R2 σ 2 {a + bF ||X } argmin E{ σ −1 (a + bF − X )
2
(17a.24) }
(a,b,F )∈C
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1 × tr(Cv {X }(σ 2 )−1 ) tr[Cr {X , Z } Cr{Z } Diag (Sd {X })(σ )
−1 2 −1
(17a.33) Cr {Z , X } ×
Diag (Sd {X })]
ARPM - Advanced Risk and Portfolio Management - arpm.co
(a,b,F )∈C (17a.22)
(17a.23)
argmax R2 σ 2 {a + bF ||X } argmin E{ σ −1 (a + bF − X )
2
(17a.24) }
(a,b,F )∈C
Observable
F =Z E{a + bF } = E{X }
To be determined
Diag (Sd {X })(σ 2 )−1 Diag (Sd {X })]
Reg Maximal explanatory power (R2 ||X } ≈ 1) if σ 2 {X
• high Cr {X , Z } • low Cr {Z }
⇐ no collinearity
ARPM - Advanced Risk and Portfolio Management - arpm.co
Regression models: loadings
Definition A regression LFM, or macroeconomic LFM is a dominantresidual decomposition (17a.5) X ≡ α + βZ + U where (α, β , Z ) ≡ = Constraints C:
This update: Mar-28-2017 - Last update
Factor Models > Theory: dominant-residual models > Regression models
Regression Linear Factor Model under different correlations
(a,b,F )∈C (17a.22)
(17a.23)
argmax R2 σ 2 {a + bF ||X } argmin E{ σ −1 (a + bF − X )
2
(17a.24) }
(a,b,F )∈C
Observable
F =Z E{a + bF } = E{X } β = Cv {X , Z } (Cv {Z })−1
• Univariate target X , two observable factors Z ≡
2 • (X Z ) ∼ N (µX,Z , σ X,Z )
Z1 Z2
.
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This update: Mar-28-2017 - Last update
Regression models: scatter specification
Definition A regression LFM, or macroeconomic LFM is a dominantresidual decomposition (17a.5) X ≡ α + βZ + U where (α, β , Z ) ≡ = Constraints C: Independent of σ 2 : σ 2 ≡ In ¯ (17a.41)
(17a.25)
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Factor Models > Theory: dominant-residual models > Regression models
• Residuals U are not idiosyncratic (17b.6)
(17a.35)
Cv {U } = Cv {X } − Cv {X , Z } Cv {Z }−1 Cv {Z , X } ⇒ Cv {Un , Um } = 0
(17a.36)
ARPM - Advanced Risk and Portfolio Management - arpm.co
Factor Models > Theory: dominant-residual models > Regression models
Regression models: definition
Definition A regression LFM, or macroeconomic LFM is a dominantresidual decomposition (17a.5) X ≡ α + βZ + U where (α, β , Z ) ≡ = Constraints C: F =Z E{a + bF } = E{X } (17a.25)
(17a.25) (17a.27)
ARPM - Advanced Risk and Portfolio Management - arpm.co
This update: Mar-28-2017 - Last update
Factor Models > Theory: dominant-residual models > Regression models
(17a.25)
ARPM - Advanced Risk and Portfolio Management - arpm.co
This update: Mar-28-2017 - Last update
Factor Models > Theory: dominant-residual models > Regression models
This update: Mar-28-2017 - Last update