Power injection method and linear programming for FACTS control
一种新的流变相法制备锂离子电池纳米_LiVOPO_4正极材料_英文_
一种新的流变相法制备锂离子电池纳米-LiVOPO 4正极材料熊利芝1,2何则强1,2,*(1吉首大学生物资源与环境科学学院,湖南吉首416000;2中南大学化学化工学院,长沙410083)摘要：采用新型流变相法制备锂离子电池正极材料纳米-LiVOPO 4.采用X 射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜以及电化学测试等手段对LiVOPO 4的微观结构、表面形貌和电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明,采用流变相法制备的LiVOPO 4由粒径大约在10-60nm 的小颗粒组成.首次放电容量,首次充电容量以及库仑效率分别为135.7mAh·g -1,145.8mAh ·g -1和93.0%.0.1C (1C =160mA ·g -1)放电时,60次循环后,放电容量保持在134.2mAh ·g -1,为首次放电容量的98.9%,平均每次循环的容量损失仅为0.018%.而1.0C 和2.0C 放电时的放电容量达到0.1C 放电容量的96.5%和91.6%.随着放电次数的增加,电荷转移阻抗增加,而锂离子在电极中的扩散系数达到10-11cm 2·s -1数量级.实验结果显示采用流变相法制备的LiVOPO 4是一种容量高、循环性能好、倍率性能好的锂离子电池正极材料.关键词：锂离子电池;流变相法;LiVOPO 4;倍率性能;扩散系数中图分类号：O646A New Rheological Phase Route to Synthesize Nano -LiVOPO 4Cathode Material for Lithium Ion BatteriesXIONG Li -Zhi 1,2HE Ze -Qiang 1,2,*(1College of Biology and Environmental Sciences,Jishou University,Jishou 416000,Hunan Province,P.R.China ;2College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Central South University,Changsha 410083,P.R.China )Abstract ：A novel lithium -ion battery cathode material,nano -LiVOPO 4,was synthesized by a new rheological phase method.The microstructure,surface morphology,and electrochemical properties were characterized by various electrochemical methods in combination with X -ray diffraction (XRD)and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results show that the orthorhombic LiVOPO 4,obtained by this rheological phase method,is made up of 10-60nm particles.The first discharge capacity,charge capacity,and columbic efficiency of LiVOPO 4were found to be 135.7mAh ·g -1,145.8mAh·g -1,and 93.0%,respectively.After 60cycles,the discharge capacity remained 134.2mAh ·g -1,at 98.9%of the first discharge capacity,and the capacity loss per cycle was only 0.018%at 0.1C (1C =160mA ·g -1).More than 96.5%and 91.6%of the discharge capacity at 0.1C were maintained at 1.0C and 2.0C ,respectively.The charge transfer resistance increased with the increase of the cycle number and the diffusion coefficient of lithium ion in the nano -LiVOPO 4was in the order of 10-11cm 2·s -1.Experimental results suggest that the rheological phase method is a good route for the synthesis of LiVOPO 4cathode material of high capacity,good cycling performance,and good current rate capability for lithium ion batteries.Key Words ：Lithium ion battery;Rheological phase method;LiVOPO 4;Current rate capability;Diffusioncoefficient[Article]物理化学学报(Wuli Huaxue Xuebao )Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin .,2010,26(3)：573-577March Received:October 18,2009;Revised:December 16,2009;Published on Web:January 13,2010.*Corresponding author.Email:csuhzq@;Tel:+86-743-8563911.The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20873054),Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China (07JJ3014),Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (2005037700),Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department,China (07A058),and Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Central South University,China (2004107).国家自然科学基金(20873054)、湖南省自然科学基金(07JJ3014)、中国博士后科学基金(2005037700)、湖南省教育厅科研项目(07A058)和中南大学博士后科学基金(2004107)资助鬁Editorial office of Acta Physico -Chimica Sinica573Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin.,2010Vol.26Recently,performance of mobile electronic devices,such as mobile phone or laptop computer,is drastically improving and so,the demands for battery become more severe.Due to its large power density and cycle stability,lithium ion battery is now widely used for the electric source of mobile equipment.The current most important requirement for lithium ion rechargeable battery is to decrease cost and increase the power density.In the current battery,LiCoO2and graphitic carbon are commonly used for cathode and anode,respectively.However,natural abun-dance of Co is limited and this element is expensive.Therefore, development of cathode material without containing Co is strongly required.At present,great attentions are paid for tansi-tion metal phosphates,such as LiMPO4(M=Fe,Mn,Co)[1-4], Li3V2(PO4)3[5-10],and LiVPO4F[11-12],as a new class of cathode ma-terials for lithium ion batteries.These materials contain both mo-bile lithium ions and redox-active transition metals within a rigid phosphate network,and display remarkable electrochemical,and thermal stabilities as well as comparable energy density.Among these materials,LiFePO4is of great interest for the replacement of LiCoO2in Li ion batteries due to its low cost,nontoxicity and good electrochemical properties since1997[1,13-17].However,com-pared with LiFePO4,LiVOPO4has an advantage of higher poten-tial(4.0and3.7V(versus Li/Li+))for charge and discharge, and this phosphate is highly interesting from the viewpoint of the alternative cathode[18-21].Kerr et al.[22]presented that the tri-c linic phase LiVOPO4synthesized fromε-VOPO4showed the capacity of100mAh·g-1up to100cycles at C/10of current rate. Azmi et al.[19,23]reported that orthorhombic phase of LiVOPO4 could be synthesized by impregnation method and exhibited fairly good cycle stability for Li de-intercalation and intercala-tion.For all functional materials,their properties were greatly in-fluenced by the synthesis methods.Many preparation methods have been investigated with an aim to achieve high capacity LiVOPO4,however,the capacity of the products ever reported is usually unsatisfactory in particular when discharged at a high current rate.To meet high power demands of lithium ion batteries in new applications,the rate capability of LiVOPO4has to be sig-nificantly improved.There are two main frequently employed strategies:one is to increase the intrinsic electronic conductivity by microstructure controlling,the other is to enhance lithium ion transport by reducing the bulk diffusion length,which can be achieved by utilization of nanostructured materials.The rheological phase method is the process of preparing compounds or materials from a solid-liquid rheological mixture. That is,the solid reactants are fully mixed in a proper molar ratio, and made up by a proper amount of water or other solvents to form a Bingham body in which the solid particles and liquid substance are uniformly distributed,so that the product can be obtained under suitable experiment conditions[24].Because of its low temperature,short calcination time,and products with small particle with uniform distribution,rheological method has been used to synthesize cathode and anode materials for lithium ion batteries[25-26].In the present study,rheological technique is used to synthesize nano-LiVOPO4.The microstructure and electro-chemical properties of LiVOPO4as cathode material for lithium ion batteries were studied.1ExperimentalAnalytical grade powders of LiOH·2H2O(AR),NH4VO3(AR), (NH4)2HPO4(AR)and citric acid(AR)with equal amount of substance were mixed uniformly to get a mixture.Then1.5mL distilled water per gram mixture was added to the mixture under magnetic force stirring to obtain a mash.The mash was dried in vacuum at80℃for4h to form the precursor.The precursor was calcined in Ar atmosphere at650℃for6h to obtain blue LiVOPO4powders.Phase identification and surface morphology studies of the samples were carried out by an X-ray diffractometer(XRD;D/ MAX-gA,Rigaku Corporation,Japan)with Cu Kαradiation and scanning electron microscope(SEM;JSM5600LV,JEOL Ltd., Japan,accelerating voltage of20kV).Elemental analyses for lithium,vanadium,and phosphorus were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS;SP-3530AA)and inductively cou-pled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer(ICP;TY9900).A slurry containing80%(mass fraction,similarly hereinafter) LiVOPO4,10%acetylene black,and10%PVDF(polyvinyli-dene fluoride)was made using N-methylprrolidinone(NMP)as the solvent.The electrodes with an area of1cm2were prepared by coating the slurry(about100μm in thickness)on alumin-um foils followed by drying in vacuum at60℃for12h.Elec-trochemical tests were performed using a conventional cointype cell,employing lithium foil as a counter electrode and1.0mol·L-1LiPF6in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate(EC/DMC) (with EC and DMC volume ratio of1∶1)as the electrolyte.The assembly was carried out in an Ar-filled glove box.The electr-ochemical tests were carried out with an electrochemical work station(CHI660B,CHI Instruments Inc.,Shanghai,China).2Results and discussionFig.1shows the XRD pattern of LiVOPO4derived from rheo-logical phase method.As shown in Fig.1(a),All the reflections from the LiVOPO4could be indexed reliably using a standard structural refinement program.XRD peaks in Fig.1agree well with those of the standard JCPDS card No.72-2253.The LiVOPO4 compound possesses an orthorhombic symmetry,space group Pnma,characterized by the unit cell parameters a=0.7446(4) nm,b=0.6278(4)nm,and c=0.7165(4)nm.Except for peaks corresponding to LiVOPO4,no other peaks can be found,sug-gesting that the rheologically synthsized LiVOPO4is very pure. The LiVOPO4framework structure is closely related to that found in VOPO4and comprises infinite chains of corner-shared VO6 octahedra,cross-linked by corner-sharing PO4tetrahedron[27-28]. The cell parameters for the rheologically prepared material com-pare favorably with literature values reported by Lii et al.[28]for a574No.3XIONG Li-Zhi et al.：A New Rheological Phase Route to Synthesize Nano-LiVOPO4Cathode MaterialFig.1XRD pattern(a)and SEM image(b)of LiVOPO4hydrothermally prepared sample,i.e.,a=0.7446(3)nm,b=0.6292(2) nm,and c=0.7177(2)nm.Elemental analysis results confirmed the expected stoichiometry of LiVOPO4.As seen from Fig.1(b),the scanning electron microscopy(SEM) examination indicated that the rheologically synthsized LiVOPO4 consists of particles with average primary size in the range of 10-60nm,which agrees well with the average crystal size of around35nm calculated from the XRD profile.They also showed the presence of considerable material agglomeration. The agglomerates averaged around50nm in size.The lithium extraction/insertion behavior for the LiVOPO4 active material relies on the reversibility of the V4+/V5+redox couple:LiVOPO4圳VOPO4+Li++e-Fig.2shows the initial charge-discharge curve of the rheologi-cally synthesized LiVOPO4material.These data were collected at25℃at an approximate0.1C(16mA·g-1)rate using voltage limits of3.0and4.3V(vs Li/Li+).As shown in Fig.2,at low current density,orthorhombic LiVOPO4prepared by rheological phase method is highly attractive as the alternative cathode for lithium ion rechargeable battery.This is because LiVOPO4ex-hibits high discharge potential of3.85V and reasonably large capacity.The initial oxidation process equates to a material spe-cific capacity of145.8mAh·g-1during this lithium extraction. Based on a theoretical specific capacity for LiVOPO4of166 mAh·g-1[20]and assuming no side reactions,the fully charged material corresponds to Li0.12VOPO4.Excursions to higher oxi-dation potentials(ultimately up to5.0V(vs Li/Li+))resulted in the increased irreversibility as well as active material degrada-tion evidenced by electrolyte discoloration.The reinsertion pro-cess amounts to135.7mAh·g-1,indicating a higher first-cycle charge reversibility of93%than the literature value(85%)repor-ted by Barker et al.[29].The cycling performance was tested at0.1C(16mA·g-1)in the range of3.0-4.3V as shown in the insert figure in Fig.2.Af-ter cycling60times,the discharge capacity of LiVOPO4is sus-tained at134.2mAh·g-1,which is98.9%of the initial capacity,and the capacity loss per cycle is only0.018%,suggesting LiVOPO4 derived by rheological phase method is promising as alternative cathode material for lithium ion batteries with high capacity and good cycling performance.Fig.3shows the discharge capacity of LiVOPO4as a function of current rate.As shown in Fig.3,discharge capacity of LiVOPO4drastically decreased with increasing current rate due to the increase of the polarization of electrode.The discharge capacity of LiVOPO4at0.1C(16mA·g-1),1.0C(160mA·g-1),Fig.2Electrochemical performance data for a typical Li/ LiVOPO4cell cycled between3.0and4.3V at approximate0.1C(16mA·g-1)rate for charge and dischargeThe inset figure in Fig.2is the cycling performance curve.Fig.3Discharge capacity of LiVOPO4as a function ofcurrent ratepotential window:3.0-4.3V(vs Li/Li+);1C=160mA·g -1575Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin.,2010Vol.26Fig.4i-t(a)and i-t-1/2(b)curves of nano-LiVOPO4electrodeFig.5Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of nano-LiVOPO4electrode at various cycling timesIn the equivalent circuit,R e is the electrolyte resistance,R ct is the charge-transfer resistance,C dl is the double layer capacitance,Z w is the Warburg impedance,andC L is the intercalation capacitance.and2.0C(320mA·g-1)is135.7,130.9,and124.3mAh·g-1,resp-ectively.More than96.5%and91.6%of the discharge capacity at0.1C are sustained at1.0C and2.0C,respectively.This result is better than that of the LiVOPO4reported by Azmi et al.[19],in-dicating good current rate capability of LiVOPO4synthesized by rheological phase method.The good current rate capability may result mainly from the small particle size and large surface area of LiVOPO4nanoparticles.The smaller the particle size,the larger the surface area and the lower the current density,which results in less polarization of electrode and better current rate capability of LiVOPO4.Further work is underway to find out if there are any other reasons leading to good current rate capabili-ty of LiVOPO4.The chemical diffusion coefficient was measured with the po-tential step technique.In this method,the current generated due to an applied voltage step,is measured as a function of time. The measured current decays as the lithium ion diffuses throughthe electrode.The step ends when the current becomes less than 1%of the maximum current at the onset of the applied potential. The i-t and i-t-1/2curves for the two powders at the applied po-tential step of0.1V(vs Li/Li+)(3.94→4.04V)are shown in Fig.4.By assuming that the semi-finite diffusion of lithium ion in the electrode is the rate-determining procedure,the diffusion coefficient(D)of lithium ion in the electrode can be determined by the following Cottrell equation[30]:i=nFD1/2c0π-1/2t-1/2where,n is the number of the redox reactions,F is the Faraday constant,and c0is the lithium ion concentration in the solid electrode,which can be calculated from the open circuit voltage. According to Fig.4and Cottrell equation,the diffusion coeffi-cient of lithium ion in the electrode can be calculated to be 5.52×10-11cm2·s-1,which is as same magnitude again as the value(2.79×10-11cm2·s-1)reported by Ren et al.[20].The experi-ment results show that the current rate capability of LiVOPO4by rheological phase method is better than that reported by Azmi et al.[19],while the diffusion coefficient of lithium ion in the elec-trode is in the same order.This may be due to the difference in preparation methods of materials and testing means of diffusion coefficient.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of nano-LiVOPO4and the equivalent circuit are displayed in Fig.5.All the spectra show a semicircle in the high frequency range and an inclined line in the low frequency range.The semicircle in the high frequency range is associated with the“charge trans-fer reactions”at the interface of electrolyte/oxide electrode,which corresponds to the charge transfer resistance.The inclined line in the low frequency range is attributable to“Warburg impedan-ce”that is associated with lithium ion diffusion through the oxide electrode.The semicircle increases with the increase of cycle number.This indicates that the“charge transfer”resistance be-comes larger with the increase of cycle number.The figure also shows that the slope of the inclined line varies with the cycle number.The slope of the inclined line at the first cycle is the biggest and after cycling10times it gets smaller.However, when the cycle number reaches60,the slope of the inclined line becomes stable.3Conclusions(1)Orthorhombic nano-LiVOPO4with particle size in the range of10-60nm was synthesized by a new rheological phase method.(2)The first discharge of LiVOPO4is135.7mAh·g-1and 98.9%of that is kept after60cycles.More than96.5%and576No.3XIONG Li-Zhi et al.：A New Rheological Phase Route to Synthesize Nano-LiVOPO4Cathode Material91.6%of the discharge capacity at0.1C are sustained at1.0C and2.0C,respectively.The chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium ion in the nano-LiVOPO4was measured with the potential step technique and the value is in the order of10-11 cm2·s-1.(3)Rheological phase method is a good route to synthesize LiVOPO4cathode material with high capacity,good cycling performance,and good current rate capability for lithium ion batteries.References1Padhi,A.K.;Najundaswamy,K.S.;Goodenough,J.B.J.Electrochem.Soc.,1997,144:11882Yamada,A.;Chung,S.C.J.Electrochem.Soc.,2001,148:A960 3Amine,K.;Yasuda,H.;Yamachi,M.Electrochem.Solid State Lett.,2000,3:1784Azuma,G.;Li,H.;Tohdam,M.Electrochem.Solid State Lett., 2002,5:A1355Saidi,M.Y.;Barker,J.;Huang,H.;Sowyer,J.L.;Adamson,G.J.J.Power Sources,2003,119-112:2666Yin,S.C.;Grond,H.;Strobel,P.;Huang,H.;Nazar,L.F.J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2003,125:3267Hung,H.;Yin,S.C.;Kerr,T.;Taylor,N.;Nazar,L.F.Adv.Mater., 2002,14:15258Ren,M.M.;Zhou,Z.;Li,Y.Z.;Gao,X.P.;Yan,J.J.Power Sources,2006,162:13579Li,Y.Z.;Zhou,Z.;Ren,M.M.;Gao,X.P.;Yan,J.Electrochim.Acta,2006,51:649810Ren,M.M.;Zhou,Z.;Gao,X.P.;Peng,W.X.J.Phys.Chem.C, 2008,112:568911Barker,J.;Saidi,M.Y.;Swoyer,J.L.J.Electrochem.Soc.,2003, 150:A139412Li,Y.Z.;Zhou,Z.;Gao,X.P.;Yan,J.J.Power Sources,2006, 160:63313Yamada,A.;Chung,S.C.;Hinokuma,K.J.Electrochem.Soc.,2001,148:A22414Andersson,A.S.;Thomas,J.O.;Kalska,B.;Haggstrom,L.Electrochem.Solid State Lett.,2000,3:6615Konarova,M.;Taniguchi,I.J.Power Sources,2009,194:1029 16Kuwahara,A.;Suzuki,S.;Miyayama,M.Ceramics International, 2008,34:86317Li,J.;Suzuki,T.;Naga,K.;Ohzawa,Y.;Nakajima,T.Mater.Sci.Eng.B-Solid State Mater.Adv.Technol.,2007,142:8618Azmi,B.M.;Ishihara,T.;Nishiguchi,H.;Takita,Y.Electrochim.Acta,2002,48:16519Azmi,B.M.;Ishihara,T.;Nishiguchi,H.;Takita,Y.J.Power Sources,2005,146:52520Ren,M.M.;Zhou,Z.;Su,L.W.;Gao,X.P.J.Power Sources, 2009,189:78621Yang,Y.;Fang,H.;Zheng,J.;Li,L.;Li,G.;Yan,G.Solid State Sciences,2008,10:129222Kerr,T.A.;Gaubicher,J.;Nazar,L.F.Electrochem.Solid State Lett.,2000,3:46023Azmi,B.M.;Ishihara,T.;Nishiguchi,H.;Takita,Y.Electrochemistry,2003,71:110824Sun,J.;Xie,W.;Yuan,L.;Zhang,K.;Wang,Q.Mater.Sci.Eng.B-Solid State Mater.Adv.Technol.,1999,64:15725He,Z.Q.;Li,X.H.;Xiong,L.Z.;Wu,X.M.;Xiao,Z.B.;Ma,M.Y.Materials Chemistry and Physics,2005,93:51626He,B.L.;Zhou,W.J.;Bao,S.J.;Liang,Y.Y.;Li,H.L.Electrochim.Acta,2007,52:328627Gaubicher,J.;Orsini,F.;Le Mercier,T.;Llorente,S.;Villesuzanne,A.;Angenault,J.;Quarton,M.J.Solid State Chem.,2000,150:25028Lii,K.H.;Li,C.H.;Cheng,C.Y.;Wang,S.L.J.Solid State Chem.,1991,95:35229Barker,J.;Saidi,M.Y.;Swoyer,J.L.J.Electrochem.Soc.,2004, 151:A79630Bard,A.J.;Faulkner,L.R.Electrochemical methods:fundamentals and applications.2nd ed.New York:Wiley,2001577。
动车组四象限整流模拟仿真研究
动车组四象限整流模拟仿真研究发布时间：2021-03-29T14:40:24.313Z 来源：《工程管理前沿》2021年第1期作者：刘天宇1 李尚宇2 李国太3[导读] 电能作为现代社会的重要能源之一，广泛应用于工农业生产、刘天宇1 李尚宇2 李国太3中车长春轨道客车股份有限公司高速制造中心长春 130000摘要：电能作为现代社会的重要能源之一，广泛应用于工农业生产、人民生活、国防科技等各个领域。
随着电力电子技术的发展，大量的非线性负载和各种整流设备被广泛的应用于各行各业，使电网谐波含量大大增加，电能质量下降。
所以，抑制谐波污染、改善供电质量成为迫切需要解决的问题。
本文还利用MATLAB/SIMULINK进行有源单相电源滤波器的仿真，结果表明，该滤波器能够对谐波电流起到了较好的补偿作用，具有较好的动态补偿特性。
关键词：谐波、MATLAB、动态抑制、防护Simulation Research on four quadrant rectifier of EMULiu Tianyu1、Li Shangyu2、Kong Yushu3Changchun Railway Vehicle Co. Ltd. High Speed Manufacturing Center Changchun 130000Abstract:As one of the important energy sources in modern society, electric energy is widely used in industrial and agricultural production, people's life, national defense technology and other fields. With the development of power electronic technology, a large number of nonlinear loads and various rectifiers are widely used in all walks of life, which greatly increases the harmonic content of the power grid and reduces the power quality. Therefore, to suppress harmonic pollution and improve the quality of power supply has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper,MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to simulate the APF. The results show that the APF can compensate the harmonic current better and has better dynamic compensation characteristics.引言随着科学技术的发展，随着工业生产水平和人民生活水平的提高，非线性用电设备在电网中大量投运，造成了电网的谐波分量占的比重越来越大。
一种改进型电导增量法MPPT控制策略仿真研究
Isc
C2 Uoc
（ 3）
( ) [ ( ) ] C2 =
Um － 1 Uoc
In 1 － Im Isc
－1
（ 4）
1． 2 光伏电池输出特性曲线
在 MATLAB 2015a 仿真平台上搭建 PV 电池模
块，其 P － U 输出特性曲线如图 2 所示。从图 2 可
以看出，任意某时刻的 S 和 T 都会对应一条 P － U
单 峰 值 曲 线； 这 个 最 大 值 点 就 是 最 大 功 率 点
Abstract： Aiming at solving the difficulty in reconcile the dynamic response and steady － state accuracy of single － conductance incremental method，a MPPT control strategy based on constant voltage method combined with variable step － length conductance increment method is proposed． It can quickly locate near the maximum power point by constant voltage method at startup time，then use the variable step size conductance increment method to accurately track the maximum power point． The MPPT simulation model based on Boost circuit is built on Simulink simulation platform． Simulink simulation results show that the composite MPPT algorithm not only can track fast，but also have high stable precision and good engineering value． Key words： variable step size； dynamic response； steady state accuracy； Simulink
参考文献——精选推荐
参考⽂献[1] Meng W., Wei J., Luo X., et al. Separation of β-agonists in pork on a weak cation exchange column by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Analytical Methods,2012, 4(4): 1163.[2] 聂建荣, 朱铭⽴, 连槿, 等. ⾼效液相⾊谱-串联质谱法检测动物尿液中的15 种β-受体激动剂. ⾊谱,2010, 28(8): 759-764.[3] Traynor I., Crooks S., Bowers J., et al. Detection of multi-β-agonist residues in liver matrix by use of a surface plasma resonance biosensor. Analytica Chimica Acta,2003, 483(1): 187-191. [4] Kuiper H., Noordam M., van Dooren-Flipsen M., et al. Illegal use of beta-adrenergic agonists: European Community. Journal of Animal Science,1998, 76(1): 195-207.[5] Watkins L., Jones D., Mowrey D., et al. The effect of various levels of ractopamine hydrochloride on the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science,1990, 68(11): 3588-3595.[6] Parr M. K., Opfermann G., Sch?nzer W. Analytical methods for the detection of clenbuterol. Bioanalysis,2009, 1(2): 437-450.[7] López-Mu?oz F., Alamo C., Rubio G., et al. Half a century since the clinical introduction of chlorpromazine and the birth of modern psychopharmacology. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry,2004, 28(1): 205-208.[8] Goodman L., Gilman A. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 7th edn Macmillan. New York,1980: 1054-1105.[9] 王春燕. ⽑细管电泳—电化学发光检测吩噻嗪类药物的研究. 长春理⼯⼤学, 2006.[10] 孙雷, 张骊, 徐倩, et al. 超⾼效液相⾊谱-串联质谱法检测猪⾁和猪肾中残留的10 种镇静剂类药物. ⾊谱,2010, 28(1): 38-42.[11] 顾华兵, 谢洁, 彭涛, et al. 鸡⾁组织中氯丙嗪残留的HPLC-MS/MS 检测⽅法的建⽴. 中国家禽,2014, 36(15): 33-36.[12] Mitchell G., Dunnavan G. Illegal use of beta-adrenergic agonists in the United States. Journal of Animal Science,1998, 76(1): 208-211.[13] Directive C. Council Directive 96/23/EC of 29 April 1996 on measures to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in live animals and animal products and repealing Directives 85/358/EEC and 86/469/EEC and Decisions89/187/EEC and 91/664/EEC. Official Journal L125,1996, 23(5): 10-32.[14] 农业部, 卫⽣部. 禁⽌在饲料和动物饮⽤⽔中使⽤的药物品种⽬录[Z] 农业部公告[2002] 176 号. 2002.[15] Damasceno L., Ventura R., Cardoso J., et al. Diagnostic evidence for the presence of β-agonists using two consecutive derivatization procedures and gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis. Journal of Chromatography B,2002,780(1): 61-71.[16] 王培龙. β-受体激动剂及其检测技术研究. 农产品质量与安全,2014, 1): 44-52.[17] Wang L.-Q., Zeng Z.-L., Su Y.-J., et al. Matrix effects in analysis of β-agonists with LC-MS/MS: influence of analyte concentration, sample source, and SPE type. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2012, 60(25): 6359-6363.[18] Shao B., Jia X., Zhang J., et al. Multi-residual analysis of 16 β-agonists in pig liver, kidney and muscle by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry,2009, 114(3): 1115-1121.[19] Josefsson M., Sabanovic A. Sample preparation on polymeric solid phase extraction sorbents for liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of human whole blood--a study on a number of beta-agonists and beta-antagonists. Journal of Chromatography A 2006, 1120(1-2):1-12.[20] Zhang Z., Yan H., Cui F., et al. Analysis of Multiple β-Agonist and β-Blocker Residues in Porcine Muscle Using Improved QuEChERS Method and UHPLC-LTQ Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Food Analytical Methods,2015: 1-10. [21] Wang P., Liu X., Su X., et al. Sensitive detection of β-agonists in pork tissue with novel molecularly imprinted polymer extraction followed liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry detection. Food chemistry,2015, 184(72-79.[22] Li T., Cao J., Li Z., et al. Broad screening and identification of beta-agonists in feed and animal body fluid and tissues using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry combined with spectra library search. Food Chem,2016, 192(188-196.[23] Xiong L., Gao Y.-Q., Li W.-H., et al. A method for multiple identification of four β2-Agonists in goat muscle and beefmuscle meats using LC-MS/MS based on deproteinization by adjusting pH and SPE for sample cleanup. Food Science and Biotechnology,2015, 24(5): 1629-1635.[24] Zhang Y., Zhang Z., Sun Y., et al. Development of an Analytical Method for the Determination of β2-Agonist Residues in Animal Tissues by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with On-line Electrogenerated [Cu (HIO6) 2] 5--Luminol Chemiluminescence Detection. Journal of Agricultural and Food chemistry,2007, 55(13): 4949-4956.[25] Liu W., Zhang L., Wei Z., et al. Analysis of beta-agonists and beta-blockers in urine using hollow fibre-protected liquid-phase microextraction with in situ derivatization followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 2009, 1216(28): 5340-5346. [26] Caban M., Mioduszewska K., Stepnowski P., et al. Dimethyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silyldiethylamine--a new silylating agent for the derivatization of beta-blockers and beta-agonists in environmental samples. Analytica Chimica Acta,2013, 782(75-88.[27] Caban M., Stepnowski P., Kwiatkowski M., et al. Comparison of the Usefulness of SPE Cartridges for the Determination of β-Blockers and β-Agonists (Basic Drugs) in Environmental Aqueous Samples. Journal of Chemistry,2015, 2015([28] Zhang Y., Wang F., Fang L., et al. Rapid determination of ractopamine residues in edible animal products by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: development and investigation of matrix effects. J Biomed Biotechnol,2009, 2009(579175.[29] Roda A., Manetta A. C., Piazza F., et al. A rapid and sensitive 384-microtiter wells format chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for clenbuterol. Talanta,2000, 52(2): 311-318.[30] Bacigalupo M., Meroni G., Secundo F., et al. Antibodies conjugated with new highly luminescent Eu 3+ and Tb 3+ chelates as markers for time resolved immunoassays. Application to simultaneous determination of clenbuterol and free cortisol in horse urine. Talanta,2009, 80(2): 954-958.[31] He Y., Li X., Tong P., et al. An online field-amplification sample stacking method for the determination of β 2-agonists in human urine by CE-ESI/MS. Talanta,2013, 104(97-102.[32] Li Y., Niu W., Lu J. Sensitive determination of phenothiazines in pharmaceutical preparation and biological fluid by flow injection chemiluminescence method using luminol–KMnO 4 system. Talanta,2007, 71(3): 1124-1129.[33] Saar E., Beyer J., Gerostamoulos D., et al. The analysis of antipsychotic drugs in humanmatrices using LC‐MS (/MS). Drug testing and analysis,2012, 4(6): 376-394.[34] Mallet E., Bounoure F., Skiba M., et al. Pharmacokinetic study of metopimazine by oral route in children. Pharmacol Res Perspect,2015, 3(3): e00130.[35] Thakkar R., Saravaia H., Shah A. Determination of Antipsychotic Drugs Known for Narcotic Action by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography. Analytical Chemistry Letters,2015, 5(1): 1-11.[36] Kumazawa T., Hasegawa C., Uchigasaki S., et al. Quantitative determination of phenothiazine derivatives in human plasma using monolithic silica solid-phase extraction tips and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A,2011, 1218(18): 2521-2527.[37] Flieger J., Swieboda R. Application of chaotropic effect in reversed-phase liquid chromatography of structurally related phenothiazine and thioxanthene derivatives. J Chromatogr A,2008, 1192(2): 218-224.[38] Tu Y. Y., Hsieh M. M., Chang S. Y. Sensitive detection of piperazinyl phenothiazine drugs by field‐amplified sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Electrophoresis,2015, 36(21-22): 2828-2836.[39] Geiser L., Veuthey J. L. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical analysis. Electrophoresis,2007, 28(1‐2): 45-57.[40] Lara F. J., García‐Campa?a A. M., Gámiz‐Gracia L., et al. Determination of phenothiazines in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine using capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection. Electrophoresis,2006,27(12): 2348-2359.[41] Lee H. B., Sarafin K., Peart T. E. Determination of beta-blockers and beta2-agonists in sewage by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A,2007, 1148(2): 158-167.[42] Meng W., Wei J., Luo X., et al. Separation of β-agonists in pork on a weak cation exchange column by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Analytical Methods,2012, 4(4): 1163-1167. [43] Yang F., Liu Z., Lin Y., et al. Development an UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Detection of β-Agonist Residues in Milk. Food Analytical Methods,2011, 5(1): 138-147.[44] Quintana M., Blanco M., Lacal J., et al. Analysis of promazines in bovine livers by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorimetric detection. Talanta,2003, 59(2): 417-422.[45] Tanaka E., Nakamura T., Terada M., et al. Simple and simultaneous determination for 12 phenothiazines in human serum by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2007, 854(1-2): 116-120.[46] Kumazawa T., Hasegawa C., Uchigasaki S., et al. Quantitative determination of phenothiazine derivatives in human plasma using monolithic silica solid-phase extraction tips and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J ChromatogrA,2011, 1218(18): 2521-2527.[47] Qian J. X., Chen Z. G. A novel electromagnetic induction detector with a coaxial coil for capillary electrophoresis. Chinese Chemical Letters,2012, 23(2): 201-204.[48] Baciu T., Botello I., Borrull F., et al. Capillary electrophoresis and related techniques in the determination of drugs of abuse and their metabolites. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2015, 74(89-108.[49] Sirichai S., Khanatharana P. Rapid analysis of clenbuterol, salbutamol, procaterol, and fenoterol in pharmaceuticals and human urine by capillary electrophoresis. Talanta,2008, 76(5):1194-1198.[50] Toussaint B., Palmer M., Chiap P., et al. On‐line coupling of partial filling‐capillary zone electrophoresis with mass spectrometry for the separation of clenbuterol enantiomers. Electrophoresis,2001, 22(7): 1363-1372.[51] Redman E. A., Mellors J. S., Starkey J. A., et al. Characterization of Intact Antibody Drug Conjugate Variants using Microfluidic CE-MS. Analytical chemistry,2016.[52] Ji X., He Z., Ai X., et al. Determination of clenbuterol by capillary electrophoresis immunoassay with chemiluminescence detection. Talanta,2006, 70(2): 353-357.[53] Li L., Du H., Yu H., et al. Application of ionic liquid as additive in determination of three beta-agonists by capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection. Electrophoresis,2013, 34(2): 277-283.[54] 张维冰. ⽑细管电⾊谱理论基础. 北京：科学出版社,2006.[55] Anurukvorakun O., Suntornsuk W., Suntornsuk L. Factorial design applied to a non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis method for the separation of beta-agonists. J Chromatogr A,2006, 1134(1-2): 326-332.[56] Shi Y., Huang Y., Duan J., et al. Field-amplified on-line sample stacking for separation and determination of cimaterol, clenbuterol and salbutamol using capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A,2006, 1125(1): 124-128.[57] Chevolleau S., Tulliez J. Optimization of the separation of β-agonists by capillary electrophoresis on untreated and C 18 bonded silica capillaries. Journal of Chromatography A,1995, 715(2): 345-354.[58] Wang W., Zhang Y., Wang J., et al. Determination of beta-agonists in pig feed, pig urine and pig liver using capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Meat Sci,2010, 85(2): 302-305.[59] Lin C. E., Liao W. S., Chen K. H., et al. Influence of pH on electrophoretic behavior of phenothiazines and determination of pKa values by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis,2003, 24(18): 3154-3159.[60] Muijselaar P., Claessens H., Cramers C. Determination of structurally related phenothiazines by capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A,1996, 735(1): 395-402.[61] Wang R., Lu X., Xin H., et al. Separation of phenothiazines in aqueous and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. Chromatographia,2000, 51(1-2): 29-36.[62] Chen K.-H., Lin C.-E., Liao W.-S., et al. Separation and migration behavior of structurally related phenothiazines in cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography A,2002, 979(1): 399-408.[63] Lara F. J., Garcia-Campana A. M., Ales-Barrero F., et al. Development and validation of a capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of phenothiazines in human urine in the low nanogram per milliliter concentration range using field-amplified sample injection. Electrophoresis,2005, 26(12): 2418-2429.[64] Lara F. J., Garcia-Campana A. M., Gamiz-Gracia L., et al. Determination of phenothiazines in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine using capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection. Electrophoresis,2006,27(12): 2348-2359.[65] Yu P. L., Tu Y. Y., Hsieh M. M. Combination of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin for high-speed enantioseparation of phenothiazines bycapillary electrophoresis. Talanta,2015, 131(330-334.[66] Kakiuchi T. Mutual solubility of hydrophobic ionic liquids and water in liquid-liquid two-phase systems for analytical chemistry. Analytical Sciences,2008, 24(10): 1221-1230.[67] 陈志涛. 基于离⼦液体相互作⽤⽑细管电泳新⽅法. 万⽅数据资源系统, 2011.[68] Liu J.-f., Jiang G.-b., J?nsson J. ?. Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2005, 24(1): 20-27.[69] YauáLi S. F. Electrophoresis of DNA in ionic liquid coated capillary. Analyst,2003, 128(1): 37-41.[70] Kaljurand M. Ionic liquids as electrolytes for nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis,2002, 23(426-430.[71] Xu Y., Gao Y., Li T., et al. Highly Efficient Electrochemiluminescence of Functionalized Tris (2, 2′‐bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) and Selective Concentration Enrichment of Its Coreactants. Advanced Functional Materials,2007, 17(6): 1003-1009.[72] Pandey S. Analytical applications of room-temperature ionic liquids: a review of recent efforts. Anal Chim Acta,2006, 556(1): 38-45.[73] Koel M. Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry,2005, 35(3): 177-192.[74] Yanes E. G., Gratz S. R., Baldwin M. J., et al. Capillary electrophoretic application of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids. Analytical chemistry,2001, 73(16): 3838-3844.[75] Qi S., Cui S., Chen X., et al. Rapid and sensitive determination of anthraquinones in Chinese herb using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquid with β-cyclodextrin as modifier in capillary zone electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography A,2004, 1059(1-2): 191-198.[76] Jiang T.-F., Gu Y.-L., Liang B., et al. Dynamically coating the capillary with 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids for separation of basic proteins by capillary electrophoresis. Analytica Chimica Acta,2003, 479(2): 249-254.[77] Jiang T. F., Wang Y. H., Lv Z. H. Dynamic coating of a capillary with room-temperature ionic liquids for the separation of amino acids and acid drugs by capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2006, 61(11): 1108-1112.[78] Qi S., Cui S., Cheng Y., et al. Rapid separation and determination of aconitine alkaloids in traditional Chinese herbs by capillary electrophoresis using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoium-based ionic liquid as running electrolyte. Biomed Chromatogr,2006, 20(3): 294-300.[79] Wu X., Wei W., Su Q., et al. Simultaneous separation of basic and acidic proteins using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ion liquid as dynamic coating and background electrolyte in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis,2008, 29(11): 2356-2362.[80] Guo X. F., Chen H. Y., Zhou X. H., et al. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium methyl sulfonate acidic ionic liquid as a new dynamic coating for separation of basic proteins by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis,2013, 34(24): 3287-3292.[81] Mo H., Zhu L., Xu W. Use of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids as background electrolytes in capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of inorganic anions. J Sep Sci,2008, 31(13): 2470-2475.[82] Yu L., Qin W., Li S. F. Y. Ionic liquids as additives for separation of benzoic acid and chlorophenoxy acid herbicides by capillary electrophoresis. Analytica Chimica Acta,2005, 547(2): 165-171.[83] Marszall M. P., Markuszewski M. J., Kaliszan R. Separation of nicotinic acid and itsstructural isomers using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquid as a buffer additive by capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal,2006, 41(1): 329-332.[84] Gao Y., Xu Y., Han B., et al. Sensitive determination of verticine and verticinone in Bulbus Fritillariae by ionic liquid assisted capillary electrophoresis-electrochemiluminescence system. Talanta,2009, 80(2): 448-453.[85] Li J., Han H., Wang Q., et al. Polymeric ionic liquid as a dynamic coating additive for separation of basic proteins by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta,2010, 674(2): 243-248.[86] Su H. L., Kao W. C., Lin K. W., et al. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids and an anionic surfactant: excellentbackground electrolyte modifiers for the analysis of benzodiazepines through capillary electrophoresis. J ChromatogrA,2010, 1217(17): 2973-2979.[87] Huang L., Lin J. M., Yu L., et al. Improved simultaneous enantioseparation of beta-agonists in CE using beta-CD and ionic liquids. Electrophoresis,2009, 30(6): 1030-1036.[88] Laamanen P. L., Busi S., Lahtinen M., et al. A new ionic liquid dimethyldinonylammonium bromide as a flow modifier for the simultaneous determination of eight carboxylates by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A,2005, 1095(1-2): 164-171.[89] Yue M.-E., Shi Y.-P. Application of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids in separation of bioactive flavonoids by capillary zone electrophoresis. Journal of Separation Science,2006, 29(2): 272-276.[90] Liu C.-Y., Ho Y.-W., Pai Y.-F. Preparation and evaluation of an imidazole-coated capillary column for the electrophoretic separation of aromatic acids. Journal of Chromatography A,2000, 897(1): 383-392.[91] Qin W., Li S. F. An ionic liquid coating for determination of sildenafil and UK‐103,320 in human serum by capillary zone electrophoresis‐ion trap mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis,2002, 23(24): 4110-4116.[92] Qin W., Li S. F. Y. Determination of ammonium and metal ions by capillary electrophoresis–potential gradient detection using ionic liquid as background electrolyte and covalent coating reagent. Journal of Chromatography A,2004, 1048(2): 253-256.[93] Borissova M., Vaher M., Koel M., et al. Capillary zone electrophoresis on chemically bonded imidazolium based salts. J Chromatogr A,2007, 1160(1-2): 320-325.[94] Vaher M., Koel M., Kaljurand M. Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis in acetonitrile using lonic-liquid buffer electrolytes. Chromatographia,2000, 53(1): S302-S306.[95] Vaher M., Koel M., Kaljurand M. Ionic liquids as electrolytes for nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis,2002, 23(3): 426.[96] Vaher M., Koel M. Separation of polyphenolic compounds extracted from plant matrices using capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography A,2003, 990(1-2): 225-230.[97] Francois Y., Varenne A., Juillerat E., et al. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic behavior of 2-aryl propionic acids in the presence of an achiral ionic liquid. A chemometric approach. J Chromatogr A,2007, 1138(1-2): 268-275.[98] Lamoree M., Reinhoud N., Tjaden U., et al. On‐capillary isotachophoresis for loadability enhancement in capillary zone electrophoresis/mass spectrometry of β‐agonists. Biological mass spectrometry,1994, 23(6): 339-345.[99] Huang P., Jin X., Chen Y., et al. Use of a mixed-mode packing and voltage tuning for peptide mixture separation in pressurized capillary electrochromatography with an ion trap storage/reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer detector. Analytical chemistry,1999, 71(9):1786-1791.[100] Le D. C., Morin C. J., Beljean M., et al. Electrophoretic separations of twelve phenothiazines and N-demethyl derivatives by using capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography with non ionic surfactant. Journal of Chromatography A,2005, 1063(1-2): 235-240.。
Silicon Sensing Systems DMU30-01 高性能 MEMS 陀螺仪 加速计技
FeaturesPrecision 6-DOF MEMS Inertial Measurement Unit Silicon Sensing’s latest VSG3Q MAX inductive gyroand capacitive accelerometer MEMSExcellent Bias Instability and Random WalkAngular - 0.1°/hr, 0.02°/√hrLinear - 15μg, 0.05m/s/√hrNon-ITARCompact and lightweight - 68.5 x 61.5 x 65.5H (mm), 345gInternal power conditioning to accept 4.75V to 36V input voltageRS422 interfaces-40°C to +85°C operating temperature range Sealed aluminium housingRoHS compliantIn-house manufacture from MEMS fabrication to IMU calibrationEvaluation kit and integration resources availableFirst class customer technical supportFuture developments and expansion capabilityMulti sensor MEMS blendingLow power ‘sleep’ modeAdditional sensor integration - GPS/Magnetometer/BarometerNorth fi nding modeAHRS functionalityOther interface protocols and specifi cationsCustom and host application integrationDMU30-01 IMU DMU30 Evaluation Kit DMU30 Mating ConnectorFigure 5.3 Gyro Scale Factor Errorover TemperatureFigure 5.5 Gyro Max Non-Linearity Error (±490°/s range) over Temperature Figure 5.4 Normalised Gyro Scale Factor Errorover TemperatureFigure 5.6 Gyro Max Non-Linearity Error (±200°/s range) over TemperatureFigure 5.1 Gyro Bias Error (°/h) over Temperature Figure 5.2 Normalised Gyro Bias Error (°/h)over TemperatureFigure 5.11 Accelerometer Scale Factor Error (±1g range) over Temperature(Plymouth g = 9.81058m/s/s)Figure 5.10 Normalised AccelerometerBias Error (mg) over TemperatureFigure 5.12 Normalised Accelerometer Scale Factor Error (±1g range) over TemperatureFigure 5.7 Gyro Noise (°/srms) vs Test Chamber Temperature Figure 5.8 Gyro Misalignments and Crosscoupling (±200°/s range) over Chamber TemperatureFigure 5.15 current Consumption vs Chamber Temperature (12V supply)Figure 5.16 DMU30 Temperature Output Difference (°/C) vs Test Temperature (self heating)Figure 5.17 Gyro Allan Variance Figure 5.14 Accelerometer Misalignments and Crosscoupling over TemperatureFigure 5.18 Gyro In Run StabilityFigure 5.21 Accelerometer Allan Variance Figure 5.23 Accelerometer Spectral DataFigure 5.22 Accelerometer In Run Stability Figure 5.24 Accelerometer Cumulative Noise Figure 5.20 Gyro Cumulative NoiseFigure 5.19 Gyro Spectral DataFigure 8.1 DMU30 Evaluation Kit8.1.1 DMU30 Evaluation Kit ContentsFigure 9.1 DMU30 LabelSER NO. YYWWXXXX CCMADE IN PLYMOUTH UKFigure 11.1 Axis De In order to minimise the requirement for size effectcompensation the accelerometer seismic masses have been located as close as possible to the centre of the DMU30 (the inertial reference point shown in Figure 11.2).61.5 M A X68.5 MAXExperts on Design-Infor sensors and power solutionsScan here and get an overview of personal contacts!We are here for you. Addresses and Contacts.Headquarter Switzerland:Angst+Pfister Sensors and Power AG Thurgauerstrasse 66CH-8050 ZurichPhone +41 44 877 35 00*********************************Office Germany:Angst+Pfister Sensors and Power Deutschland GmbH Edisonstraße 16D-85716 UnterschleißheimPhone +49 89 374 288 87 00************************************。
镍基高温合金喷油孔的飞秒激光精密加工
第 31 卷第 6 期2023 年 3 月Vol.31 No.6Mar. 2023光学精密工程Optics and Precision Engineering镍基高温合金喷油孔的飞秒激光精密加工王旭1，张子浩1，李俐群1*，黄怡晨1，李福泉1，蔺晓超2，杨诗瑞2，郭鹏2（1.哈尔滨工业大学先进焊接与连接国家重点实验室，黑龙江哈尔滨 150001；2.北京动力机械研究所，北京 100074）摘要：飞秒激光平面螺旋钻孔策略在灵活性、精度和工艺效率方面具有许多优势，可满足某型号航天发动机供油喷嘴直通孔的加工精度需求。
因此，本研究采用飞秒激光平面螺旋钻孔方式，系统研究了激光功率、单层进给量、单层扫描时间、离焦量以及脉冲重复率之间的作用关系及对钻孔质量的影响。
结果表明，离焦量对入口孔径的影响最为明显；对出口孔径和锥度影响较大的参数为功率以及进给量；对加工效率影响最大的参数为功率。
根据上述影响规律进行调整，本实验成功在厚度为1.5 mm的GH3044板材上制备出孔径为390 μm的通孔，出口入口孔径误差小于0.6 μm、锥度小于0.5°。
通过统计不同参数下微孔内壁粗糙度变化规律并以此对参数进行调整，有效地将孔壁粗糙度降低至Sa 0.6μm，满足工艺要求。
孔壁形貌分析表明钻孔质量优良，随激光脉冲重复频率增加，孔壁附近组织逐渐粗化，但均无明显重铸层或热影响区，能够实现高精度微孔的相对“冷加工”。
本研究为后续追求高雾化效果的异形孔的制备提供了理论依据。
关键词：激光技术；飞秒激光；镍基高温合金；微孔；加工质量中图分类号：TN249 文献标识码：A doi：10.37188/OPE.20233106.0849Femtosecond laser precision machining of fuel injection holes innickel-based superalloysWANG Xu1，ZHANG Zihao1，LI Liqun1*，HUANG Yichen1，LI Fuquan1，LIN Xiaochao2，YANG Shirui2，GUO Peng2（1.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining， Harbin Institute of Technology，Harbin 15001， China；2.Beijing Power Machinery Research Institute， Beijing 100074， China）* Corresponding author， Email： liliqun@Abstract： Femtosecond laser planar spiral drilling strategies offer several advantages， such as flexibility，precision， and process efficiency， making it possible to achieve high machining accuracy for specific types of aerospace engine oil supply nozzle.Therefore，in this study，we adopted a femtosecond laser helical drilling method and systematically investigated the effects of laser power，single layer feed，single layer scan time， defocusing amount， and pulse repetition rate on the quality of drilling. The defocusing amount has significant influence on the inlet diameter， while power and feed are the parameters affecting the outlet diameter the most；processing efficiency heavily depends on power.Considering these aspects，through-holes with a hole size of 390 μm were successfully prepared on GH3044 sheets with a thickness of 1.5 文章编号1004-924X（2023）06-0849-11收稿日期：2022-08-28；修订日期：2022-11-01.基金项目：先进焊接与连接国家重点实验室自主研究课题项目资助第 31 卷光学精密工程mm. The errors for inlet-outlet diameters and taper were less than 0.6 μm and 0.5°， respectively. Using the statistical analysis of the variation law of hole wall roughness under different parameters， it was found that the roughness value can be effectively reduced to Sa = 0.6 μm， which exceeds than the process re⁃quirement， by simply adjusting parameters. Moreover， the analysis of the hole wall morphology showed that the drilling quality was excellent.By increasing the laser pulse repetition frequency，the microstruc⁃ture near the hole wall gradually coarsens.However，there is no obvious recast layer or heat-affected zone，which is necessary to realize the relatively “cold”processing for high-precision micro holes.This study provides a theoretical basis for the fabrication of special-shaped micro holes using the high atomiza⁃tion effect.Key words： laser technology； femtosecond laser； nickel base superalloy； micro hole； processing quality1 引言镍基高温合金因其具有优异的机械性能、良好的蠕变强度和高温性能而广泛用于工业涡轮机和飞机发动机中涡轮叶片、燃烧室、喷油装置等关键零部件的制造［1-2］。
LINEAR LTC400X 说明书
L DESIGN FEATURESFeature-Packed Charger Handles All Battery Chemistries and Produces 3A/50W for Fast Charging from a4mm × 4mm QFN by James A. McKenzie IntroductionThe LTC4009, LTC4009-1 and LTC4009-2 are a family of high power battery charger ICs that achieve a small circuit size and high performance with-out compromising functionality. The family operates with high efficiency while packing the most desirable charging and protection features into a space-efficient 20-lead 4mm × 4mm QFN package. When combined with just a few external components and termination control, the LTC4009 family facilitates construction of chargers capable of delivering up to 3A to batteries with output power levels approaching 50W. These ICs are especially well-suited to implementingmicroprocessor-controlled chargersfor all chemistry types, includingsmart batteries.High PerformanceThe LTC4009 family builds upon theproven quasi-constant frequency,constant off-time PWM control ar-chitecture found in other LinearTechnology battery chargers such asthe LTC4006, LTC4007, LTC4008,and LTC4011. This buck topologyprovides continuous switching withsynchronous rectification, even withno load current.Normally the charger operates overa wide duty cycle range in a mannersimilar to a fixed-frequency PWM con-troller running at 550kHz. However,if the input or output voltage drivesthe duty cycle to extremes, below 20%or above 80%, the LTC4009 smoothlyadjusts the operating frequencydownward to avoid pulse-skippingthat might otherwise begin to occurat 550kHz. Under very low dropoutconditions requiring high duty cycleoperation, the internal watchdogtimer on the LTC4009 prevents thecharger from switching below 25kHz.This allows the charger to achieve a Table 1. LTC4009 family featuresFeature L TC4009L TC4009-1L TC4009-2L TC4008Output Voltage Selection External ResistorDivider Pin Programmableat 4.1V/cellPin Programmableat 4.2V/cellExternal ResistorDividerOutput Voltage Accuracy(Room Temperature)±0.5% + Divider Error±0.6%±0.6%±0.8% + Divider Error Maximum Charge Current3A3A3A4ACharge Current Accuracy±5%±5%±5%±5%Input Current Limit Accuracy±4%±4%±4%±7%Input Current Limit/Indicator L L L L External PWM Switching MOSFETs All NFET All NFET All NFET PFET/NFET Nominal PWM Frequency550kHz550kHz550kHz300kHz Shutdown Pin L L L Merged with ACP C/10 Indicator L L L L Charge Current Monitor L L L LTermination Method External External External ExternalFault Indicator LThermistor Interface L INFET Control LDESIGN FEATURES Lmaximum duty cycle of 98% or higher without producing frequencies that could extend down into the audible range.With a synchronous rectifier, not only are high current applications supported at efficiency levels greater than 90%, but switching activity is continuous and independent of the load current. Maintaining full continu-ous conduction mode in the inductor at final output voltage, under no-load conditions, avoids pulse-skipping which can generate audible noise and provide poor load regulation.The input current limit accuracy is typically ±3% and a maximum of ±4% over the full operating tempera-ture range. Output voltage accuracy is typically ±0.5% and a maximum of ±0.8% over temperature.Small PCB FootprintBesides its small surface mount pack-age size, the LTC4009 family offers other features that drive down the total solution size.For instance, as shown in Figure 1, the family supports direct drive of both an N-channel MOSFET power switch and N-channel MOSFET synchronousrectifier. N-channel MOSFETs are desirable in high current applica-tions because of their lower R DS(ON), and the LTC4009 family uses a novel adaptive gate drive that is insensitive to MOSFET inertial delays to avoid overlap conduction losses. Many suppliers now source dual N-channel MOSFETs in a single space-efficient package, often with individual drivecapabilities tailored to synchronous buck PWM switching topologies.Increasing the switching frequency to 550kHz and adjusting internal bias circuits to allow higher charge current ripple minimize both the inductor size and output capacitance requirements. This is particularly important because these components tend to dominate the overall solution size due to con-tinual improvements in IC and passive SMD packaging technology.The physical layout of a typical 3A application is shown in Figure 3, requiring only 240mm 2 of board space.A Rich TraditionThe LTC4009 family builds upon the general purpose features offered by the LTC4008 and the output voltage programming convenience afforded by the LTC4006. Each member of the LTC4009 family contains the same charge current and input current limit programming features, along with a full complement of charge monitor-ing, safety and fault management functions. The LTC4009 has a fully adjustable output voltage, which is set with a simple resistor divider. ChargeFigure 1. A 12.6V, 3A lithium-ion chargerD2, D4, D5: MBR230LSFT1D3:CMDSH-3Q1: 2N7002Q2, Q3: Si7212DN L1: IHLP-2525CZ-11When combined with just a few external components and termination control, the LTC4009 family facilitates construction of chargers capable of delivering up to 3A to batteries with output power levels approaching 50W. These ICs are especially well suited to implementing microprocessor-controlled chargers for all chemistry types, including smartbatteries.L DESIGN FEATURES current accuracy is maintained at output voltages below 6V, making the LTC4009 ideal for charging nickel-based chemistries or supercaps.The LTC4009-1 and LTC4009-2 are easy to use in lithium-based battery products containing one to four series cells. Each has a range of output voltages that can be se-lected simply by strapping two pins to either ground or the output of the onboard 5V regulator, as shown for the LTC4009-1 in Figure 2. No other ex-ternal components are required to set this precision voltage. The LTC4009-1 provides 4.1V/cell settings in support of evolving consumer product safety standards or coke-anode cells, while the LTC4009-2 utilizes 4.2V/cell for conventional full-capacity charging of graphite-anode lithium-ion packs. The ICs contain a dedicated PMOS switch that during shutdown removes the additional current drained fromthe battery by the resistive feedback divider, whether external or internal. Table 1 compares the features of the LTC4009 family to the LTC4008. Battery Charge Management The LTC4009 family contains all of the features required for complete external charge control and state monitoring with a logic-level shutdown control input and three open-drain status outputs. All charging is uncondition-ally suspended and battery drain is reduced to its lowest levels if the SHDN input is asserted by driving the pin to ground. DC input supply volt-age is sensed by feeding an external resistor voltage divider to the DCDIV sense input. The AC present status output indicates whether or not this input voltage is within a valid range for charging under all modes of opera-tion, whether charging is in progress or suspended. There is a charge status output that indicates when the battery is being charged. The drive level of this pin changes from low impedance (about 2k) to a 25µA pull-down current source to indicate that the charge cur-rent has dropped to one-tenth of the programmed full-scale bulk value. These control inputs and status outputs of the LTC4009, along with the analog current monitor output,can be used by the host system toperform necessary preconditioning,charge termination and safety timingfunctions.Charge Fault Management:Safety FirstThe LTC4009 family has a built-in faultmanagement system that suspendscharging immediately for various in-ternal and external fault conditions.First, battery overvoltage protection isprovided with a comparator that looksfor sudden loss of battery load duringcharge. This comparator instantly sus-pends PWM activity when the batteryvoltage rises above the programmedoutput voltage by 6%. This protects thecharger, the battery, and downstreamcomponents in charger-fed topologiesunder the condition where the batteryis suddenly removed or if internalbattery pack electronics momentarilydisconnect the load in order to performfunctions such as calibration or pulsecharging.Next, the DC sensing input has bothunder and overvoltage threshold limitsto ensure the system is protected fromstarting or running during unsafeconditions, such as transient inputovervoltage or an overloaded DC inputadapter.These parts have several means ofdetecting or avoiding reverse chargecurrent. For instance, reverse currentcan occur in a synchronous systemif a slightly overcharged battery isinserted, with the resulting reversecurrent discharging the battery and/ordamaging other system components.To prevent reverse currents, the partsin this family first monitor the PROGpin for reverse current. PROG outputsa voltage analog of the average chargecurrent flowing in the system. Next,the Figure 3. A typical LTC4009 application layoutPOWER TOSYSTEMQ1, Q2: Si7212DNL1: IHLP-2525CZ-11Figure 2. A 16.4V, 2A lithium-ion chargercontinued on page 33DESIGN IDEAS Lpart are shown in Table 1. Soft-start and latch off functions are controlled by the RUN/SS pin, preventing inrush current and current overshoot during startup, and providing the option of latch-off if an under voltage or short circuit is presented. An open drain power-good pin monitors the output and pulls low if the output voltage is ±10% from the regulation point.ConclusionThe LTC3608, LTC3609, LTC3610 and LTC3611 buck regulators of-fer the efficiency and power output capability of separate (controller + discrete) MOSFET solutions with the ease-of-use and space-saving advantages of traditional MOSFET-on-the-die monolithics. These parts also yield higher efficiencies thantraditional monolithic solutions. They conserve power, save space, and simplify power designs. They reduce discrete components over control-ler-based solutions, making them agood fit in everything from low power portable device applications such as notebook and palmtop computers to high-power industrial distributed power systems. LTable 1. Integrated MOSFET buck regulatorsL TC3610L TC3611L TC3608L TC3609PV IN Max 24V 32V 18V 32V I LOAD Max 12A10A8A6APackage 9mm × 9mm × 0.9mm64-pin9mm × 9mm × 0.9mm64-pin7mm × 8mm × 0.9mm52-pin7mm × 8mm × 0.9mm52-pinR DS(ON) Top FET 12mΩ15mΩ14mΩ19mΩR DS(ON) Bottom FET6.5mΩ9mΩ8mΩ12mΩLOAD STEP 1A-8A V IN = 12V V OUT = 1.2V FCB = 0V200mVV OUT 200mV/DIVI L 5A/DIV Figure 3. Transient response for the typical LTC3608 application represented in Figure 1 with a load step of 1A to 8ALOAD CURRENT (A)50E F F I C I E N C Y (%)5565756070808590Figure 2. Efficiencies for a typical LTC3608 application in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and continuous conduction mode (CCM)LTC4009 family monitors the voltage across the input blocking diode for unexpected voltage reversal. Initial startup, restarts from fault conditions, and charge current reduction during input current limit are also carefully controlled to avoid producing reverse current.All members of the family provide an input current limit flag to tell the system when the adapter is running at over 95% of its current capacity. Finally, each IC features internal over-temperature protection to pre-vent silicon damage during elevated thermal operation.Recovery from all fault conditions is under full control of the analog feed-back loops, which guarantees charging remains suspended until the internal feedback loops respond coherently and report the need to supply current to the load to maintain proper voltage or current regulation.ConclusionThe LTC4009 family integrates a full set of charger building blocks in a small PCB footprint. The result is a high power battery charger IC with high precision and a full set of monitoring and fault handling features.The LTC4009 provides adjustable output voltage control with a simple, external, user-programmed resistive voltage divider. As such, it is suitable as a general purpose charger that workswith multiple battery chemistries and supercaps. It offers direct control over the entire charge process, facilitating implementation of a wide range of charge termination algorithms with an external microprocessor.The LTC4009-1 and LTC4009-2 feature pin-programmable output voltage for common lithium-ion or lithium-polymer battery pack configu-rations with one to four series cells. For these chemistries, the number of precision external application compo-nents is reduced without sacrificing accuracy. Both 4.1V/cell (LTC4009-1) and 4.2V/cell (LTC4009-2) options are available, allowing the user to balance capacity and safety per the demands of the application. LLTC4009, continued from page 20。
NORMA 4000 5000 Power Analyzer 用户说明手册说明书
Since some countries or states do not allow limitation of the term of an implied warranty, or exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, the limitations and exclusions of this warranty may not apply to every buyer. If any provision of this Warranty is held invalid or unenforceable by a court or other decision-maker of competent jurisdiction, such holding will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision.
BEGRENZTE GEWÄHRLEISTUNG UND HAFTUNGSBESCHRÄNKUNG
Fluke gewährleistet, daß jedes Fluke-Produkt unter normalem Gebrauch und Service frei von Material- und Fertigungsdefekten ist. Die Garantiedauer beträgt 2 Jahre ab Versanddatum. Die Garantiedauer für Teile, Produktreparaturen und Service beträgt 90 Tage. Diese Garantie wird ausschließlich dem Erster
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Abstract: More effective control means for line flow control and 1) Since different type of FACTS devices possesses different voltage support are required for better operation of modem power models and different control parameters, it is difficult to systems. In this paper, a novel framework and versatile model for cover all types of FACTS devices in the power flow control deriving FACTS control parameters, based on Optimal Multiplier methods aforementioned. A versatile and effective Newton-Raphson power flow method (OMNR), decomposed Power technique for power flow control is still in demand. Injection Model (PIM) and linear programming (LP), is proposed. In order to take full advantage of OMNR method for power flow with 2) It is widely recognized that conventional power flow embedded FACTS devices and linear programming for power f o lw algorithms are convergence failure-prone when applied to control, a rectangular - polar hybrid formulation is adopted. power systems with embedded FACTS devices [9][19]. As Numerical results on a modified IEEE 30-node network are FACTS devices are used to control power flow, the system presented to illustrate the proposed approach. is often pushed to the verge of operational ranges. If the Keywords: Flexible AC Transmission System; power flow control; power flow method for control is not flexible enough to linear programming. sustain such situations, it is impossible to evaluate their impacts on the system correctly. I. INTRODUCTION Increased loading of power systems, environmental 3) While undertaking power flow control to make the specified node voltage and line flow attain predetermined targets, the restrictions, combined with a world wide deregulation of the state variables of other nodes, such as node voltages and power industry, require more effective control means for angles, should be guaranteed to be within the given power flow control. The development of Flexible AC operational ranges. Otherwise, even though control targets Transmission System (FACTS) has been proved to be an are satisfied with control parameters calculated, from the attractive alternative for reinforcement of transmission view of the whole system, the power flow scenario achieved systems. The flexibility, effectiveness and versatility afforded is still unfeasible. It is obvious that neither error-feedback by FACTS, present pressing challenges for power flow adjustment nor automatic adjustment method can deal with operation and control. this asriect. Owing to the above advantages, more and more utilities have Taken into account of all these factors, a novel framework and shown interests and are undertaking studies of versatile model for deriving FACTS control parameters based applications. In the past, as far as steady state control power flow method [41[161[171~ decomposed 'IM concerned, various methods have been proposed to derive On control strategies for various FACTS ,devices. The error- and linear Programming is presented in this paper. The new characteristics: 3[] feedback adjustment [ ] 4 involves modifications of a control method has the variable to maintain &other functionally dependent variable at 1) Applying active and reactive power injections as control a specified value. Generally speaking, this method is simple and variables, it is a versatile approach which is capable of does not need to change conventional algorithms but the modelling virtually any type of FACTS devices convergence speed is slow. There are other three methods based effectively. Once the required power injections are on ti solution process with the aim to improve the algorithm hs derived, they can be easily converted into FACTS control convergence or flexibility. They are sensitivity method parameters according to the type of the devices. [6][13][14], distribution factors [15] and user defined models [18]. Another major algorithm is automatic adjustment method 2) Since in the model built, power injections are treated as independent values, which do not vary with the connected [9, lo], in which the control parameters are directly considered node voltage amplitudes and phases, thereby the Jacobian as independent state variables. Although the method has a good matrix needs not to be modified during the power flow convergence, it is inevitable that the resulted Jacobian m t i arx iterations. Thus, it is easy and efficient to implement the will be enlarged. In addition, there are a number of important proposed method. issues which need to be addressed further: 3) Considering unfeasible results because of state variables beyond the operation lmt, iis linear programming is applied by including constraints of state variables.