供配电系统外文翻译
电气供配电系统大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：供配电系统文献、资料英文题目：POWER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14POWER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMABSTRACTThe basic function of the electric power system is to transport the electric power towards customers. The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity using on the industry, business and daily-life. For the electric power, allcostumers expect to pay the lowest price for the highest reliability, but don't consider that it's self-contradictory in the co-existence of economy and reliable.To improve the reliability of the power supply network, we must increase the investment cost of the network construction But, if the cost that improve the reliability of the network construction, but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability .Thus we find out a balance point to make the most economic,between the investment and the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the loss brought from power-off.KEYWARDS：power supply and distribution,power distribution reliability，reactive compensation,load distributionTEXTThe revolution of electric power system has brought a new big round construction,which is pushing the greater revolution of electric power technique along with the application of new technique and advanced equipment. Especially, the combination of the information technique and electric power technique, to great ex- tent, has improved reliability on electric quality and electric supply. The technical development decreases the cost on electric construction and drives innovation of electric network. On the basis of national and internatio- nal advanced electric knowledge, the dissertation introduces the research hotspot for present electric power sy- etem as following.Firstly, This dissertation introduces the building condition of distribution automation(DA), and brings forward two typical construction modes on DA construction, integrative mode and fission mode .It emphasize the DA structure under the condition of the fission mode and presents the system configuration, the main station scheme, the feeder scheme, the optimized communication scheme etc., which is for DA research reference.Secondly, as for the (DA) trouble measurement, position, isolation and resume, This dissertation analyzes the changes of pressure and current for line problem, gets math equation by educing phase short circuit and problem position under the condition of single-phase and works out equation and several parameter s U& , s I& and e I& table on problem . It brings out optimized isolation and resume plan, realizes auto isolation and network reconstruction, reduces the power off range and time and improves the reliability of electric power supply through problem self- diagnoses and self-analysis. It also introduces software flow and use for problem judgement and sets a model on network reconstruction and computer flow.Thirdly, electricity system state is estimated to be one of the key techniques in DA realization. The dissertation recommends the resolvent of bad measurement data and structure mistake on the ground of describing state estimate way. It also advances a practical test and judging way on topology mistake in state estimate about bad data test and abnormity in state estimate as well as the problem and effect on bad data from state measure to state estimate .As for real time monitor and control problem, the dissertation introduces a new way to solve them by electricity break and exceptional analysis, and theway has been tested in Weifang DA.Fourthly, about the difficulty for building the model of load forecasting, big parameter scatter limit and something concerned, the dissertation introduces some parameters, eg. weather factor, date type and social environment effect based on analysis of routine load forecasting and means. It presents the way for electricity load forecasting founded on neural network(ANN),which has been tested it’s validity by example and made to be good practical effect.Fifthly, concerning the lack of concordant wave on preve nting concordant wave and non-power compensation and non-continuity on compensation, there is a topology structure of PWM main circuit and nonpower theory on active filter the waves technique and builds flat proof on the ground of Saber Designer and proves to be practical. Meanwhile, it analyzes and designs the way of non-power need of electric network tre- nds and decreasing line loss combined with DA, which have been tested its objective economic benefit throu- gh counting example.Sixthly, not only do the dissertation design a way founded on the magrginal electric price fitted to our present national electric power market with regards to future trends of electric power market in China and fair trade under the government surveillance, that is group competitio n in short-term trade under the way of grouped price and quantity harmony, but also puts forward combination arithmetic, math model of trading plan and safty economical restriction. It can solve the original contradiction between medium and long term contract price and short term competitive price with improvement on competitive percentage and cut down the unfair income difference of electric factory, at the same time, it can optimize the electric limit for all electric factories and reduce the total purchase charge of electric power from burthen curve of whole electric market network.The distribution network is an important link among the power system. Its neutral grounding mode and operation connects security and stability of the power system directly. At the same time, the problem about neutral grounding is associated with national conditions, natural environment, device fabrication and operation. For example, the activity situation of the thunder and lightning, insulating structure and the peripheral interference will influence the choice of neutral grounding mode Conversely, neutral grounding mode affects design, operation, debugs and developing. Generally in the system higher in grade in the voltage, the insulating expenses account for more sizable proportion at the total price of the equipment. It is very remarkable to bring the economic benefits by reducing the insulating level. Usually such system adopt the neutral directly grounding andadopt the autoreclosing to guarantee power supply reliability. On the contrary, the system which is lower in the voltage adopts neutral none grounding to raise power supply reliability. So it is an important subject to make use of new- type earth device to apply to the distribution network under considering the situation in such factors of various fields as power supply reliability, safety factor, over-voltage factor, the choice of relay protection, investment cost, etc.The main work of this paper is to research and choice the neutral grounding mode of the l0kV distribution network. The neutral grounding mode of the l0kV network mainly adopts none grounding, grounding by arc suppressing coil, grounding by reactance grounding and directly grounding. The best grounding mode is confirmed through the technology comparison. It can help the network run in safety and limit the earth electric arc by using auto-tracking compensate device and using the line protection with the detection of the sensitive small ground current. The paper introduces and analyzes the characteristic of all kind of grounding modes about l0kV network at first. With the comparison with technological and economy, the conclusion is drawn that the improved arc suppressing coil grounding mode shows a very big development potential.Then, this paper researches and introduces some operation characteristics of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode of the l0kV distribution network. And then the paper put emphasis on how to extinguish the earth electric arc effectively by utilizing the resonance principle. This paper combines the development of domestic and international technology and innovative achievement, and introduces the computer earth protection and autotracking compensate device. It proves that the improved arc suppressing coil grounding mode have better operation characteristics in power supply reliability, personal security, security of equipment and interference of communication. The application of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode is also researched in this paper.Finally, the paper summarizes this topic research. As a result of the domination of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode, it should be more popularized and applied in the distribution network in the future.The way of thinking, project and conclusions in this thesis have effect on the research to choose the neutral grounding mode not only in I0kV distribution network but also in other power system..The basic function of the electric power system is to transport the electric power towards customers. The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity using on the industry, business and daily-life. For the electric power, all costumers expect to pay the lowest price for the highest reliability, butdon't consider that it's self-contradictory in the co-existence of economy and reliable. To improve the reliability of the power supply network, we must increase the investment cost of the network con- struction But, if the cost that improve the reliability of the network construction, but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability .Thus we find out a balance point to make the most economic, between the investment and the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the loss brought from power-off. The thesis analyses on the economic and the reliable of the various line modes, according to the characteristics various line modes existed in the electric distribution net in foshan..First, the thesis introduces as the different line modes in the l0kV electric distribution net and in some foreign countries. Making it clear tow to conduct analyzing on the line mode of the electric distribution net, and telling us how important and necessary that analyses are.Second, it turns to the necessity of calculating the number of optimization subsection, elaborating how it influences on the economy and reliability. Then by building up the calculation mode of the number of optimization subsection it introduces different power supply projects on the different line modes in brief. Third, it carries on the calculation and analyses towards the reliability and economy of the different line modes of electric distribution net, describing drafts according by the calculation. Then it makes analysis and discussion on the number of optimization subsection.At last, the article make conclusion on the economy and reliability of different line modes, as well as, its application situation. Accordion to the actual circumstance, the thesis puts forward the beneficial suggestion on the programming and construction of the l0kV electric distribution net in all areas in foshan. Providing the basic theories and beneficial guideline for the programming design of the lOkV electric distribution net and building up a solid net, reasonable layout, qualified safe and efficiently-worked electric distribution net.。
电力自动化系统常见英文缩写解释
电力自动化系统常见英文缩写解释EMS：(Energy Management System)能量管理系统DMS：(Distribution Management System)配电管理系统DA：(Distribution Automation)配电自动化DSM：(Demand Side Management)需求侧管理AMR：(Automatic Message Recording)自动抄表TMR：(Tele Meter Reading)电能量计量系统CRMS：(Control Room Management System)控制室管理系统CIS：(Consumer Information System)用户信息系统A//FM/GIS：(Automatic Mapping /facility Management/geographic information System)自动绘图/设备管理/地理信息系统SCADA：(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)数据采集和监视控制OMS：(Outage Management System)停电管理系统。
WMS：(Work Management System)工作管理系统。
GPS：(global position System)全球定位系统。
SA：(Substation Automation )变电站自动化SAS：(Substation Automation System)变电站自动化系统RTU：(Remote Terminal Unit)站内远方终端DTU 数据终端单元，Data Termanit unit(DTU是指数据终端设备(Data Termanit unit),可以理解为下位GPRS发射终端，在进行通信时，传输数据的链路两端肯定存在DTU.在它的作用下对所传信息进行格式转换和数据整理校验。
)FA(Feeder Automation)馈线自动化FTU：(Feeder Terminal Unit)馈线远方终端(馈线自动化终端(FTU)是自动化系统与一次设备联结的接口，主要用于配电系统变压器、断路器、重合器、分段器、柱上负荷开关、环网柜、调压器、无功补偿电容器的监视和控制，与馈线主站通信，提供配电系统运行控制及管理所需的数据，执行主站给出的对配电设备的控制调节指令，以实现馈线自动化的各项功能。
毕业论文外文翻译-高层建筑供配电系统设计
毕业论文外文翻译-高层建筑供配电系统设计Design of Power Supply and Distribution System for High-rise BuildingsAbstractPower supply and distribution system is the lifeline of high-rise buildings. The design of power supply and distribution system is based on the characteristics of high-rise buildings, which requires not only reliable supply of power, but also the safety of electricity utilization and efficient energy consumption. In this paper, the design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings is discussed, focusing on the selection of power supply mode, the design of power distribution system, the design of grounding system, the selection of electrical equipment and the design of lightning protection system. The application of advanced technologies such as distributed power supply, energy management and control system, and intelligent electrical equipment can improve the energy efficiency and utilization of high-rise buildings, reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, and promote the development of green buildings.Keywords: high-rise buildings; power supply and distribution system; energy efficiency; green buildingsIntroductionHigh-rise buildings are an important symbol of urban development and represent the trend of modern architecture. With the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, the demand for high-rise buildings is increasing. Power supply and distribution system is an essential part of high-rise buildings, which plays a crucial role in the operation and maintenance of buildings. The design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings needs to consider many factors, such as technical performance, safety and reliability, energy efficiency, economic benefits and environmental protection, etc. In recent years, with the rapid development of new energy and advanced technology, the design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings has undergone significant changes, which focus on improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions. This paper analyzes the design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings, summarizes the selection principles and design methods of various systems, and explores the application of new technologies to improve energy efficiency and promote the development of green buildings.1. Selection of Power Supply ModeThe power supply mode is the basic foundation of power supply and distribution system of high-rise buildings. In the selection of power supply mode, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of the building and the surrounding environment, and ensure the reliability and safety of power supply. Currently, the main power supply modes for high-rise buildings are grid-connected power supply and distributed power supply.1.1 Grid-connected Power SupplyGrid-connected power supply is a traditional power supply mode, which is widely used in high-rise buildings. It has the advantages of reliable power supply, convenient operation and maintenance, and stable voltage and frequency. However, grid-connected power supply is vulnerable to natural disasters such as typhoons and earthquakes, and may cause power outages, which will affect the normal life and work of residents. Moreover, the development of distribution network is limited by the capacity of the grid, which may cause overloaded operation and reduce the energy efficiency of high-rise buildings.1.2 Distributed Power SupplyDistributed power supply is a new power supply mode, which can improve the energy efficiency of high-rise buildings and reduce the dependence on the grid. Distributed power supply includes combined heat and power (CHP), solar power, wind power and other renewable energy sources. CHP is a highly efficient power generation technology, which can generate electricity and heat at the same time, and utilize the waste heat for air conditioning and domestic hot water. Solar power and wind power are clean energy sources, which have the advantages of zero emissions and long service life. Distributed power supply can reduce the transmission and distribution losses of power supply, and improve the energy efficiency of high-rise buildings. However, the initial investment of distributed power supply is relatively high, and the technical level of electrical equipment and maintenance management is demanding.2. Design of Power Distribution SystemThe power distribution system is responsible for the power transmission and distribution of high-rise buildings, which should ensure the safety and reliability of the power supply. The design of power distribution system includes the selection of power distribution equipment, the layout of power distribution room, and the calculation of power load.2.1 Selection of Power Distribution EquipmentThe selection of power distribution equipment should meet the requirements of technical performance, safety and reliability, and energy efficiency. The main power distribution equipment includes switchgear, transformer, busbar, distribution panel, etc. The switchgear should have the function of over-current protection, short-circuit protection and earth leakage protection, and should have the advantages of small volume, low noise and high reliability. The transformer should be selected according to the capacity and voltage level, and should have the advantages of low loss, high efficiency and small size. The busbar should have the advantages of high strength, good conductivity and low resistance. The distribution panel should have the functions of metering, control, protection and communication, and should be easy to operate and maintain.2.2 Layout of Power Distribution RoomThe layout of power distribution room should be reasonable and convenient for operation and maintenance. The power distribution room should be located near the power supply entrance, and should have the advantages of good ventilation, dry, clean and spacious. The power distribution room should be equipped with the necessary security measures, such as fire prevention, explosion-proof, and lightning protection.2.3 Calculation of Power LoadThe calculation of power load is the key to the design of power distribution system. The power load includes lighting load, air conditioning load, power load and special load, etc. The calculation of power load should take into account the diversity of load, the possibility of peak load, and the capacity of power supply equipment. The primary consideration is to ensure the safety and reliability of power supply, and then to improve the energy efficiency of power utilization.3. Design of Grounding SystemThe grounding system is an important safety measure for high-rise buildings. The design of grounding system should meet the requirements of electrical safety and electrostatic discharge protection.3.1 Electrical SafetyThe grounding system should have the functions of lightning protection, over-voltage protection, over-current protection and earth leakage protection, etc. The grounding resistance should be less than the specified value, and the grounding wire should have good conductivity and corrosion resistance. The grounding system should be comprehensively tested and maintained regularly.3.2 Electrostatic Discharge ProtectionThe electrostatic discharge protection is to prevent the accumulation of static electricity and the damage of electrical equipment. The design of electrostatic discharge protection includes the selection of anti-static grounding material, the setting of anti-static floor, and the installation of anti-static equipment. The electrostatic discharge protection is especially important for data centers and sensitive electrical equipment.4. Selection of Electrical EquipmentThe selection of electrical equipment is an important part of the design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings. The selection of electrical equipment should meet the requirements of technical performance, safety and reliability, environmental protection and energy efficiency.4.1 Technical PerformanceThe electrical equipment should meet the relevant national and international standards, and have the characteristics of high efficiency, low noise, long service life and easy maintenance. The electrical equipment should have the functions of protection, control, measurement and communication, and should be compatible with the automation system.4.2 Safety and ReliabilityThe electrical equipment should have the functions of over-current protection, short-circuit protection, ground connection protection and lightning protection, etc. The electrical equipment should be installed and maintained by qualified personnel, and should be tested and checked regularly to ensure the safety and reliability of power supply and distribution system.4.3 Environmental Protection and Energy EfficiencyThe electrical equipment should have the advantages of environmental protection and energy efficiency, and should meet the requirements of green building standards. The electrical equipment should have the functions of power monitoring, energy management and control, and should be able to optimize the energy utilization and reduce the energy consumption.5. Design of Lightning Protection SystemThe lightning protection system is an important safety measure for high-rise buildings, which can prevent the damage of lightning to electrical equipment and human life. The design of lightning protection system includes the selection of lightning protection device, the installation of lightning rod, the connection of grounding wire, and the calculation of lightning protection zone.5.1 Selection of Lightning Protection DeviceThe lightning protection device should have the functions of lightning protection, over-voltage protection, surge protection and electromagnetic pulse protection, etc. The lightning protection device should be reliable and durable, and should meet the relevant national and international standards.5.2 Installation of Lightning RodThe lightning rod should be installed on the roof of high-rise buildings, and should be connected with the grounding system. The lightning rod should be placed in a high position, and should be made of light and strong materials, such as aluminum alloy or stainless steel. The lightning rod should be inspected regularly to ensure its effectiveness.5.3 Connection of Grounding WireThe grounding wire should be connected with the lightning rod, the grounding system, and the electrical equipment. The grounding wire should have the advantages of low resistance, good conductivity and corrosion resistance. The grounding wire should be tested and checked regularly to ensure its effectiveness.5.4 Calculation of Lightning Protection ZoneThe calculation of lightning protection zone is the basis for the design of lightning protection system. The lightning protection zone includes the direct lightning strike zone and the induced lightning zone. The direct lightning strike zone is the area covered by the lightning rod, and the induced lightning zone is the area beyond the direct lightning strike zone. The calculation of lightning protection zone should consider the characteristics of lightning, such as the stroke current, the distance from the lightning source, and the soil resistivity.ConclusionThe design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings is a complex and important work. The selection of power supply mode, the design of power distribution system, the design of grounding system, the selection of electrical equipment, and the design of lightning protection system are the main aspects of the design of power supply and distribution system. The application of advanced technologies such as distributed power supply, energy management and control system, and intelligent electrical equipment can improve the energy efficiency and utilization of high-rise buildings, reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, and promote the development of green buildings. The design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings should adhere to the principles of safety, reliability, energy efficiency, economic benefits and environmental protection, and strive to create a better living and working space for residents.。
工厂供电系统外文翻译
附录四英文文献及译文Analysis of the reasons for the low power factor of the factory power supply system, and to improve power factor and to take effective idle work compensation measure is discussed. To saved the electrical energy, raised enterpriseps economic efficiency has important effect。
Large and medium-sized enterprises PeiDianJian with responsibility for the whole enterprise management and distribution of electricity. At present, most of the enterprise management mode PeiDianJian obsolete, low automatization, difficult to adapt to the requirements of the development of enterprises. In view of this situation, we have developed PeiDianJian monitoring and management system. This system in the computer as the core, real-time monitoring of electric parameters, PeiDianJian all the data processing, dynamic display of statements and output. This system can be used in the PeiDianJian enterprise technical renewal and the transformation of enterprise to do well planned, save electricity, improve economic benefit has important significance.We use the mains by huge power supply system is provided, all the network supply circuit is only for each of the power supply system, network, a tiny branches output. Metal wires connected by good conductors of power supply circuit, each of its source power substation, and then from that power to client to substation and its level in scale, thousands of kilometers and hundreds of kilometers of kilometers. Bare wire in the air in the vertical distribution of atmospheric mountain while high and low, in accordance with the Qing, from dozens of rice to thousands of meters and hundreds of meters above all common. 2 km In such a large scope, the vertical distribution and wide for substation online, due to weather, no matter where or by direct discharge, clouds cloud in discharging, in the air and good conductors of bare wire easily inductive or direct lightning introduction to. This is the power system and power equipment to be struck by lightning external environment.Power supply system and electric defense methods of lightningAnalysis of the power supply system and electric easily be struck by lightning, can draw on electrical equipment, defense lightning damage, should be perfected in the power supply system, and avoid thunder lightning protection measures, the core problem is how to maximize effectively or truncate the high voltage and the thunder and lightning, strong flow under the frequency of more than 10 KHz seitching invasion.transformer segregation lawsTo effectively cut from the high voltage power and strong currents, currently use transformer isolation method. So-called isolation method, is based on transformer transformer equation:EM = 4144fNBMSType of EM for transformer original (vice), unit V; potential edge F for power source) frequency, unit (speed, N the original (vice) side of coil, The intensity of magnetic core materials BM, unit Wb/M2, S for the core area, unit M2.This equation, powerful lightning invade the transformer, due to transformer voltage electric ray than the normal supply of high pressure many times, make incentive magnetic induction than the maximum allowed by magnetic core transformer core strength BM, thus the magnetic saturation, transformer -- electricity failure, GaoLei voltage transform temporarily cannot transfer to the transformer, a deputy side of transformer protection lightning channel, the deputy of electrical equipment load. While there are usually installed transformer power valve can be powerful lightning and the lightning flow into the earth, and in the safe, high voltage, current, powerFlow, fuses will fuse off. Stop So, always packed transformer electrical equipment configuration of transformer, than by lightning bad probability is greatly reduced.Why in the fall after the power supply, sluice stop there will still be struck by lightning disasters. This happened because lightning, invading transformer connected by vice and load of electrical equipment based on low, still can exist, these induction lightning induction lightning electronics products will cause of lightning. This problem is often neglected, many lightning disasters, the event is not solved theproblem. The successful development of lightning power, for we solve this problem.Lightning arrester powerFor truncated or stop high-pressure seitching in metal wires to load caused by lightning, electric 1890 invented the clearance of the way after the lightning series fuse, 1922 made us Westinghouse carbonized silicon arresters. To use the 1972 Japan dielectric properties research into fell seconds with no gaps (ZnO) service. Current power supply system is widely used in such power lightning.Zno arrester by zinc oxide thermistors, each thermistors according to need to have it made in certain switching voltage (psa). When in the lower voltage arresters ends switching voltage (psa), high resistance thermistors present state, arrester doesn't work. When lightning arrester ends when, in the voltages above switching voltage (psa), thermistors, low resistance by breakdown, even close circuit state, in a very short time (50ns ´ s, 10-9) arrester is high, the work of a lightning through introducing the earth grounding safety. When, after the lightning arrester stabilised, voltage on both ends of the lower voltage switching voltage (psa), thermistors and present state of high value, lightning arrester stop working, electric conduction normal power.FenLiuXing avoid thunderFenLiuXing avoid thunder, is the core of wire cable in transmission series on two capacitor, input shunt capacitor in an inductance coil. So, when the capacitance and inductance coil capactance C L reasonable choice of inductance, make through two more than 10 frequency capacitor, much like KHz TV signal frequency speed to sign for dozens of hundreds of megabytes speed signals through the capacitance, and lightning frequency circuit reactance small majority in 100 KHz, when lightning through the capacitance, will produce larger pressure drop. And through the situation, high capacitance signals through the inductance greater pressure drop when L, much lower frequency of lightning, through the low impedance, large discharge by lightning, XieRu grounding. Television antenna lightning current share this line shunt principle and method.Production of equipment, such as mechanical processing machine, with various kinds of crane, with induction motor, etc, these large and electric power load isperceptual load, make the power factor of power supply system, the influence of distribution transformer lines and economic operation of power sector, reach the power factor, thus must adopt the reactive power compensation measures to improve the power factor, and can save energy and reduce consumption.The power factor of system of power supply is an important technical and economic indexes, the power factor of electric equipment is reflected the active power and the ratio of power nai. Relevant procedure: high voltage power supply power plant, the maximum load of power factor may not be less than 0.9, Other factories, power factor may not be less than 0.85.The main factors that affect the power factorThe power factor of ac electric equipment, mainly because in its working process, in addition to generate power loss, also produce reactive power loss. Therefore improving power factor the essence of the problem is to reduce the electric equipment of reactive power consumption. Asynchronous motor and power transformer is reactive power loss of the main equipment and power lines of reactive power loss, it is current through the lines. Circuit reactance.Parallel compensation in power capacitors supply system of factory installed position, have high concentrated compensation, low-pressure concentrated compensation and separate compensation on-spot three modes, etc.Theoretically speaking, the reactive power compensation is the best way of reactive power, where is produced, the whole system where compensation will not reactive current flow, but in actual power supply system in this is impossible. We currently have a 10 kv power supply system, and has three switch power transformer substation, three workshops 800kV A respectively, 560kV A capacity, 630kV A. Dynamic load hundreds of machine tools and machining, electric welding machine, etc. Combined with practical, electricity load during load fluctuation change is big, the characteristics of small load after midnight, in order to avoid over compensation, and meet after midnight on all load cases are adopted to improve the low voltage offset, automatic reactive compensation devices.分析了工厂供电系统功率因数偏低的原因,探讨了提高功率因数的方法及采取的有效无功补偿措施,对节约电能,提高企业的经济效益有重要意义。
配电系统无功补偿装置中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Optimization of reactive power compensation indistribution systemThe reactive power compensation for distribution network,as the supplement of substation compensation can effectively improve the power factor, reduce line loss, improve the end voltage, ensure the quality of power supply, also bring good economic benefits for enterprise, has received extensive attention. The distributed reactive compensation, installing power capacitors on feeders, is the main distribution network compensation mode at home and abroad [1], but different installed location and different installed capacity, the benefit is different. With the application of reactive power compensation distribution increase gradually, how to choose appropriate reactive compensation location and compensation capacity to make the maximum benefit with less cost become people's research target. And the optimization of distributed reactive compensation of distribution network was raised .At present, the decision of the best compensation capacity and the best position in actual distribution reactive compensation, usually in accordance with ideal situations, such as, the reactive load along the road distributed uniformly, increasing, diminishing distribution or as isosceles distribution, and so on [2], [9]. This method has clear results, simple calculation, and has a certain engineering practical value. But the actual reactive load distribution is more complex, which is different from the ideal situation. So, in accordance with ideal situations to premise reactive compensation configuration optimization formula may be not satisfied. To study a more general distributed reactive compensation configuration optimized method is needed.This paper studies several kinds of typical optimal allocation of reactive compensation configuration with ideal load distribution. Then it details the distributed reactive compensation optimized mathematical model,- 11 -which is applied to any load distribution or distribution network structure, and gives the effective algorithm. At last, the paper introduces the practical application of the research of the model and the algorithm.The ideal load distribution is refers to the reactive power load distributed along the line meet a kind of ideal regular distribution, for example, in any point the road reactive load is equal, named uniform distribution, the reactive load from the first end increasing or decreasing, named increasing or decreasing distribution, and so on. This is an abstract of the actual load distribution, and in such a hypothesis premise the analytical expressions of the optimal location and capacity can be deduced, which can get the best reduce loss effect. And the results are showed in Table I and Fig 1, which can be chose in practical projects [3], [4], [6].When the actual power distribution is different from the ideal situation, using the results to guide the reactive compensation configuration, the effect may be not beautiful. It needs to study a more general reactive compensation configuration optimized method.The optimization of distribution network distributed reactive compensation is distributed as a mixed integer nonlinear optimization problems, which is to determine the reactive compensation position and capacity with some constraints [5]. Therefore, the compensation position and capacity are the two decision variables. Its mathematical model is a two layers optimized problem with constraint. First is the capacity optimization at determined location, second is the distribution optimization. Based on the optimization mathematical model and algorithm, the corresponding graphical calculation software has been developed. With the optimization results, some power capacitors are installed on ten lOkV rural feederswhich had lower power factor and higher line loss. And the actual operation showed good effect. As shown in Fig 3 and Table II, it is the optimization of a feeder named CHANG 7.the total length is 22.35 km, the conductor type of trunk line is LGJ-120，with a distribution capacity of 4760 kVA. The active power- 12 -was 1904 kW, and the power factor was 0.83. The objective power factor was set at 0.9, so the reactive compensation total capacity was 358 kvar. The parameters including length and conductor type of each section, nameplate parameters of transformers, and the reactive compensation total capacity were set in the graphical software. Yet, the graph of the feeder had been drawn too. Then the results were marked on the feeder graph automatically, such as Fig. 3.As shown in Table II, theory line loss rate got an obvious 0.4149 percents decrement, if reactive compensation devices were installed. Also, under the condition of total capacity, two installations made 0.007 percent lower than one, and three points installation made 0.0003 percent lower than two. Then more compensation installations got more decrement of theory line loss rate, but the decreasing rate become inconspicuous, In contrast, equipment maintenance cost increased a lot. Therefore, two installations were selected onCHANG 7 feeder at last.This work provides scientific and reasonable theory for reactive power optimization of distribution network, and gives a reference for the distribution network loss calculation. Also, it provides the convenience for improving the quality of voltage, energy saving and improving line loss management level.1) For solving distribution network reactive power optimization problem, this paper puts forward the double optimization mathematical model of distribution network distributed reactive compensation, the inner is compensation capacity optimization, the outer layer is the reactive compensation distribution optimization. The model can do distribution reactive compensation optimization with any load distribution and arbitrary distribution network structure forms.2) By introducing Lagrange multiplier and the necessary condition of extreme, the mixed integer nonlinear optimization problem is deduced to a linear one that can be easily solved by Gaussian elimination method. It is- 13 -very imple and efficient for computer programming.3) The model and the algorithm can give different optimized results and loss reduction for different number of capacitor installation. Engineering practice showed that optimized capacitors installation can make line loss rate get an obvious decrement. This research plays an important role in the actual reactive compensation equipment installation of distribution network and line loss management.Reasonable reactive power sources compensation of rural substations h as been becoming a hot issue since Chinese rural electric network alteration. The principal reactive power compensation mode of rural substations is still using fixed compensation capacitor to control voltage and reactive power at present in China. This compensation mode has some problems. such as capacity adjustment requires manual intervention under power outage, the phenomenon of over and under compensation may always happen, the rate of putting into operation of reactive power compensation is relatively low, and so on . At the same time, there is no sampling function at the primary side of the main transformer because of the special devices in rural substations. In order to realize the objectives that the power factor is not less than 0.95 at primary side and not less than 0.9 at secondary side at the highest load, in this paper,some optimal reactive power control strategies for rural substation were proposed. In accordance with the reactive power flow conditions of the rural distribution network , the pros and cons of two control strategies were analyzed. One of the strategies was sampling at the primary side of the main transformer , the other was sampling at the s econdary side and switching control by power factor of secondary side. After comparison of such analysis, an optimal control strategy was p roposed. The data were sampledin the substation secondary side, then t he sampled data were evaluated in equivalence to the primaryside, and then the power factor assessment criteria of primary side were used t o control capacitor switching . The compensation capacity should be c- 14 -alculatedafter electric motor compensation , transformer compensation an d distributed compensation on distribution line.The sampled values at se condary side and active loss and reactive loss of themaintransformer w ere used to calculate compensation capacity to meet the power factor o bjectives of primary side. Through the example calculation and analysiby Applying actual substation data a result were obtained.The result met ap praisal standards and the power factor of main transformer primary sid e was above 0.95 at the highest load . If the power factor of main tran sformer secondary side was above 0.98 , there was no need to co mpensate for substation . If the power factor of main transformer secondaryside was under 0.97,after the compensation by using the p roposed optimal compensation capacity and the primary side power f actor control method, the power facto r of the main transformer se condary side was not less than0.98 and the primary side reaches 0.95. T hese results show that the proposed optimal control strategy and compe nsation capacity calculation method are feasible, and the research haspra ctical significance of making full use of reactive power supply in rural di stribution network.Optimal allocation of reactive power compensation plays an important role in power system planning and design. However, as a non-linear, larg e scale combinatorial . optimization problem, Conventional methods are not normally appropriate for it.A mathematical model is firstly presented in this paper for comprehensive optimal configuration in distribution feeders based on the analysis of engineering factors of reactive power compensation, whose objective is to minimize the annual expenditure involving the devices investment and the income of energy saving, and satisfy all sorts of operation ，fixing and maintenance constrains . The control variable include the capacitor banks’number and capacity of various compensation schemes. RARW-GA algorithm is adopted to solve this problem.The result of calculation and analysis of BenXi Steel group c orporation power system shows that the proposed method is feasible- 15 -and effective.An improved TS algorithm is put forward on the condition that reactive power compensation location and capacity have been identified in rural distribution lines. The Algorithm is based on capacitor optimal on-off model aimed at a minimum network loss, it can control the capacitor on-off according to the load changing and the system operation status and keep real-time voltage qualified and network loss minimum. A distributed control system is designed by using the algorithm to realize reactive power optimization, which is composed of reactive power optimal terminals and background control center. The terminal is in charge of data collection and transmission, on-off instruction receiving and executing. The control center in in charge of receiving data from every compensation point, calling control algorithm to process data, forming and sending instructions. GPRS technology is adopted to realize the system’s foreground-background communication. The actual application in some experimental networks has proved that the system can realize global optimal control for distribution lines, and is suitable to be widely used in rural distribution network.In order to solve the optimization of distribution reactive compensation point and capacity, a double optimized model is proposed, which is sui able for reactive compensation optimizationwith random load distribution or random network structure. For the compensation position and capacity decision variables, the optimized model is described as two layers of optimization with constraint . The outer one is the capacity optimization at determined location , and the inlayer is the location optimization . By introducing Lagrange multiplier, the mixed integer nonlinear optimization is deduced to a linearone that can be easily solve by Gaussian elimination method. For illustration, an application of ten 10kV rural feeders is utilized to show the feasibility of the double optimized model in solving the optimization of distribution reactive compensation point and capacity. Empirical results show that the model can give the optimized result for different number of capacitor installa-- 16 -tion, and the result with highest line loss decrementwill be used as thefi nal decision.The research provides scientific theoretical basis for Reactive compensation and plays a vital role in reactive compensation equipment installation and line loss management.Taking account of the mutual impacts of distributed generation and reactive power , to determine the optimal position and capacity of the compensation device to be installed , the paper proposed an improved Tabu search algorithm for reactive power optimiza-tion . The voltage q uality is considered of the model using minimum network active power l oss as objective Function . It is achieved by maintaining the whole s ystem power lossa minimum thereby reducing cost allocation. On the ba sis of general Tabu search algorithm , the algorithm used memory gu idance search strategy to focus on searching for a local optimum va lue, avoid a global search blindness . To deal with the neighborhood so lution set properly or save algorithm storage space,some corresponding i mprovments are made, thus, it is easily to stop the iteration of partial optimization and it is more probable to achieve the global optimizationb y use of the improved algorithm.Simulations are carried out on standard IEEE 33 test system and results are presented.SupSuperconducting Magnetic Energy Storage SMES) can inject or absorb real and reactive power to or from a power system at a very fast rate on a repetitive basis. These characteristics make the application of SMES ideal for transmission grid control and stability enhancement. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage SMES) is an attractive apparatus for some power system applications because it is capable of leveling load demand with high efficiency, compensating for load changes, maintaining a bus voltage, and stabilizing power swings. Power system stability problems have attracted the attention of power system engineers for several decades. Considerable progress has been made on excitation control, governor control, control by static var compensator, etc. Modern power systems, which are growing in size and complexity, are characterized by long distance bulk power transmissions and- 17 -wide area interconnections.In such power systems, undamped power swings of low frequency can occur. This can be a serious problem since the instability often decreases the power transmission capacity. As a result, the power that can be transmitted in steady state and transient situations is limited. If the limit is exceeded, the generator loses synchronous operation and system instabilities occur. SMES may be an effective means of preventing these instabilities, thereby maximizing power transfer to meet increased load demand. A SMES system can be represented in dynamic simulations as a continuous controllable real and reactive power source. In steady-state simulations, SMES can be represented as a continuous controllable reactive power source since it can continuously operate throughout its range of reactive power. However, the output of real power from a SMES device is limited to the amount of energy stored in the coil. The first objective of this research is to determine the optimal internal control scheme needed to decide the controllable active and reactive power based on active and reactive power demanded by the power system. The second objective is to design and simulate SMES external control models which are dependent on the network configuration. The third objective is to determine how the optimal size of a SMES device varies for a given transient stability disturbance when alternative internal control models and external control models are used.With a big number of electric energy consumers and different characters electric energy quality depends on many factors in the modern power networks. It includes: power networks and working condition factors of consumers. One of them is the possibility of reactive power balances with an important reserve providing after emergency modes on the basic knots of the power system and voltage regulation on all networks.As the length of networks of a power system increases in modern conditions, we can reduce the reactive power streams, as well as operational and capital expenses. Rational voltage mode brings to the front plan the- 18 -technical一economic aspects of the power transmission EFFICIENCY. Analyses and economic calculations show that transferring the reactive power by short length lines means of a high voltage justifies. Therefore in most cases reduction of reactive power to the minimum is very effective for economically when the sources of reactive power settle down near the consumption centers.The increase of consumer loading and its structure qualitative causes considerable increase of reactive power and constant reduction of a power factor in distributed power networks [ 1」.Thus, the tendency of modern power systems development is characterized by one side with the increase of reactive power consumption (in some systems to 1 kVAR/kVt), on the other side with decrease of power plant generators usage expediency and possibility for the reactive power compensation purpose [2-5]. In such conditions reactive power compensation attains a specialurgency. Here the optimization's primary goal is optimum placing of reactive power sources andsupport of a necessary reserve of capacity QreZ for voltage regulation on loading knot. For example, Polish power engineers consider that capacity of compensators should be 50% of the established capacity of generators in power plants. In France, Sweden and Germany the capacity of compensators is 35% of active peak loading, in the USA and Japan this volume is 70%. In different power systems of the USA the established capacity of compensators is 100% of generators capacities [6-11].Reactive power compensation problem is a multidimensional problem on the technical andeconomic aspects and consequently it is resulted with the finding of a global extremum of criterion function with the set of local extreme. In this article the voltage support within the technical restrictions and definition of optimal placing of the reactive power sources with a technique of multi-purpose- 19 -optimization of reactive power in the power system is considered. By the problem consideration as one-target optimization within restrictions the criterion function is a linear combination from several factors. The problem decision is a unique optimum version and has lacks of alternative versions, and there is not dependency of an end result from the initial data.Thus, the purpose of reactive power sources optimal placing in a power system consists ofincrease the quality of voltage in all central points of a network, control the stability of the system, reduce the power losses and capacities in networks. As a result these will increase the economic efficiency in the power system. From the economic efficiency point of view the new compensating units intended for installation should be proved and given corresponding optimum recommendations.1 .Methods and multi-purpose optimization compensations algorithms have been developed with support of a necessary reserve for preservation of normal level of voltage taking into account technical restrictions in knots of an electric network of a power system. Results of computerization to realization have shown speed and high efficiency the developed algorithm providing minimization of losses of active capacity in a net.2. Based on genetic algorithm the power and installation locations of the static capacitor banks with the multicriteria optimization technique has given. In this case, as a criterion of optimality the minimum expenses for the installation and exploitation, the minimization of power losses during the required values of voltage and power factor and maximum saving and the minimum self-payment term are accepted.3. The report of the real electricity network is given for two cases: operation without the CB;with optimal placement of CB. The application of the proposed method can reduce the averagepower losses approximately 13一14% in the electric network.- 20 -配电系统无功补偿装置容量优化配电网无功补偿，作为补充的变电站补偿可以有效地提高功率因数，减少线路损耗，提高末端电压，保证供电质量，也能带来良好的企业的经济效益，已得到泛的注意。
电力系统外文英语文献资料
Electric Power SystemElectrical power system refers to remove power and electric parts of the part，It includes substation，power station and distribution. The role of the power grid is connected power plants and users and with the minimum transmission and distribution network disturbance through transport power，with the highest efficiency and possibility will voltage and frequency of the power transmission to the user fixed 。
Grid can be divided into several levels based on the operating voltage transmission system，substructure，transmission system and distribution system, the highest level of voltage transmission system is ZhuWangJia or considered the high power grids. From the two aspects of function and operation，power can be roughly divided into two parts，the transmission system and substation。
The farthest from the maximum output power and the power of the highest voltage grade usually through line to load。
电力系统专业英语词汇
电力系统专业英语词汇1➢电力系统power system 发电机generator 电动机motor➢励磁excitation 励磁器excitor➢电压voltage 电流current 母线bus➢变压器transformer 升压变压器step-up transformer➢降压变压器step-down transformer 档位：tap position➢空载损耗：no-load loss 空载电流：no-load current➢有功损耗：active power loss 无功损耗：reactive power loss➢铁损iron loss 铜损copper loss➢输电系统power transmission system 输电线transmission line➢配电系统Power distribution system➢高压: high voltage 低压：low voltage 中压：middle voltage➢高压侧high side电力系统专业英语词汇2➢稳定stability 功角稳定angle stability 电压稳定voltage stability➢暂态稳定transient stability 静态稳定steady stability➢电厂power plant 能量输送power transfer➢交流AC (alternating current) 直流DC (direct current)电网power grid➢落点drop point 开关站switch station 调节regulation➢高压并联电抗器high voltage shunt reactor➢并列的：apposable 裕度margin➢故障fault 三相故障three phase fault 分接头：tap➢切机generator tripping 高顶值high limited value 静态static (state)➢动态dynamic (state) 机端电压控制A VR➢电抗reactance 电阻resistance➢功角power angle 有功（功率）active power电力系统专业英语词汇3➢电容器capacitor 电抗器reactor 断路器breaker➢电动机：motor 功率因数：power-factor 定子：stator➢功角power-angle 转子：rotor➢电压等级voltage grade➢有功负载: active load 无功负载：reactive load➢阻抗impedance电阻：resistor 电抗：reactance 电导：conductance 电纳：susceptance电力系统专业英语词汇4➢上限:upper limit 下限：lower limit➢正序阻抗：positive sequence impedance 负序阻抗：negative sequence impedance零序阻抗：zero sequence impedance➢无功（功率）reactive power 功率因数power factor 无功电流reactive current➢斜率slope 额定rating 变比ratio➢参考值reference value➢电压互感器PT电流互感器CT电力系统专业英语词汇5➢仿真分析simulation analysis➢传递函数transfer function➢框图block diagram➢受电端receive-side 送电端sending-side➢同步synchronization异步asynchronization➢摇摆swing 阻尼damping➢无刷直流电机：Brushless DC motor机端generator terminal➢断路器circuit breaker➢刀闸(隔离开关)：Isolator（disconnector）接地刀闸earthing disconnector 电力系统专业英语词汇6➢变电站transformer substation➢永磁同步电机：Permanent-magnet Synchronism Motor➢异步电机：Asynchronous Motor➢三绕组变压器：three-column transformer➢双绕组变压器：double-column transformer➢固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation➢双回同杆并架double-circuit lines on the same tower➢单机无穷大系统one machine - infinity bus system电力系统专业英语词汇7➢励磁电流：magnetizing current➢电磁场Electromagnetic fields➢失去同步loss of synchronization➢装机容量installed capacity➢无功补偿reactive power compensation➢并联电容器：shunt capacitor➢线路补偿器line drop compensation➢补偿度degree of compensation➢故障切除时间fault clearing time➢极限切除时间critical clearing time➢强行励磁reinforced excitation➢下降特性droop characteristics 下降率droop rate。
智能电网供配电系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译外文资料翻译Power supply system of high-rise building designAbstract: with the continuous development of city size, more and more high-rise buildings, therefore high-rise building electrical design to the designers had to face. In this paper, an engineering example, describes the electrical design of high-rise buildings and some of the more typical issues of universal significance, combined with the actual practice of an engineering solution to the problem described.Key words: high-rise building; electrical design; distribution; load calculation1 Project OverviewThe commercial complex project,with a total construction area of 405570m2,on the ground floor area of 272330m2, underground construction area of 133240m2, the main height of 99m. Project components are: two office buildings, construction area is 70800m2, 28 layers, the standard story is 3.2m.2 Load Calculation1) Load characteristics: electric load, much larger than the "national civil engineering technical measures" Large 120W/m2 indicators, especially in the electricity load more food, and different types of food and beverage catering different cultural backgrounds also high.2) the uncertainty of a large load, because the commercial real estate rents are often based on market demand, and constantly adjust the nature of the shops, making the load in the dynamic changes.3) There is no specification and technical measures in the different types of commercial projects refer to the detailed parameters of the shops, engineering design load calculation in the lack of data, in most cases to rely on staff with previous experience in engineering design calculations.Load the selection of parameters: for the above problems, the load calculation, the first developer of sales and good communication, to determine the form of layers of the forms and nature of floor area, which is calculated on the basis of electrical load basis; followed to determine parameter index within the unit area of shops is also very important and complex because there is no clear indicator of the specification can refer to; and different levels of economic development between cities is not balanced, power indices are also different; will be in the same city, different regions have different consumer groups .3) the need to factor in the choice: parameters determined, the need for load calculation. Need to factor commonly used method, the calculation will not repeat them. Need to explore is the need for coefficient selection, which in the current specifications, manuals and the "unified technical measures" is also not clear requirements, based on years of design experience that most end shops in the distribution or level within the household distribution box with case Kx generally take a while, in the calculation of the loop route to take 0.7 to 0.8, the distribution transformers in the substation calculations take 0.4 to 0.6.3 substations setLoad calculation based on the results of this project the total installed capacity of transformer 43400Kv.A, after repeated consultations with the power company, respectively, in the project in northern, central and southern three sections set the three buildings into three power substations, 1 # set 6 sets 2500Kv.A transformer substation, take the northern section of power supply; 2 # 4 1600Kv.A transformer substations located, plus 6 sets 2000Kv.A transformers, take the middle of the power supply, in addition to 5 Taiwan 10Kv.A high-pressure water chillers (total 4000Kv.A); 3 # substation located 2 units plus 2 units 1000Kv.A 2000Kv.A transformers, take the southern section of A, B twooffice supply. 10Kv power configuration of this project into two points, each at the two 10Kv lines, the power company under the provisions of 10Kv power capacity: maximum load per channel is about to 11000Kv.A, two is the 22000Kv.A, design # 1 , 3 # combination of a substation 10Kv, power line, with a total capacity of 21000Kv.A; 2 # substation transformers and 10Kv, 10Kv chillers sharing a power line, with a total capacity of 22400Kv.A. The design of the substation layout, in addition to meeting regulatory requirements, it also need to consider the high-pressure cabinets, transformers and low voltage power supply cabinet by order of arrangement, especially in low voltage distribution cabinet to feed the cable smooth and easy inspection duty problems are not seriously consider the construction of the cable crossing will cause more long detour, a waste of floor space, and convenient inspections and other issues【8】.4 small fire load power supplyIn the design of large commercial projects often encounter small fire load of electrical equipment and more dispersed distribution, if fed by a substation, a substation will be fed a lot of low-voltage low-current counter circuit breaking capacity circuit breaker and conductor of the dynamic and thermal stability in a certain extent. According to GB50045-1995 "fire protection design of tall buildings," rule "should be used in Fire Equipment dedicated power supply circuit, the power distribution equipment shall be provided with clear signs." Interpretation of the provisions of the power supply circuit means "from the low-voltage main distribution room (including the distribution of electrical room) to last a distribution box, and the general distribution lines should be strictly separated." In this design, the use of methods to increase the level of distribution, that is different from the substation bus segments, respectively, a fire fed a special circuit, set in place two distribution cabinets, distribution cabinets and then the resulting radial allocated to the end of the dual power to vote each box, so that not only meets the specification requirements for dedicated power supply circuit, but also to avoid feeding the substation level of many small current loop.5, the choice of circuit breaker and conductorCommercial real estate projects use the room as the uncertainty in the choice of circuit breakers and conductors must be considered in a certain margin to meet the needs caused by adjustment of the load changes. According to this characteristic, increased use in the design of the plug bus-powered, not only meet the requirements of large carrying capacity, and also allows the flexibility to increase supply and distribution, are reserved in each shaft in the plug-box backup in order to change, according to changes in upper and lower load, to adjust. For example: a bus is responsible for a shaft 1 to 3 layers of power, when a layer due to the change in capacity increases, while the 3-layer capacity is reduced, you can use a spare plug box layer off the 3-layer 1 layer capacity rationing . This level distribution in the substation, select the circuit breaker to choose the setting value when the circuit breaker to adjust to changes at the end to adjust the load setting value; in the bus and the transformer circuit breaker according to the choice of the general framework of values to select . For example: Route certain equipment capacity 530Kv, Kx take 0.7 to calculate current of 704A, select the frame circuit breaker is 1000A, tuning is 800A; current transformer for the 1000/50; bus carrying capacity for the 1000A, this road can meet the maximum 1000A current load requirements, even if there is adjustment, power distribution switches and circuit can not make big changes.6 layer distribution box setAccording to the division of layers of fire protection district, respectively numbered as A ~ K layers within the set level shaft for the retail lighting power distribution box, with one on one power supply shops in radial power. Should be noted that the forms of the complex layers of layers of fire partition, does not correspond to the lower, making some of shaft power in charge of the fire district at the same time, also responsible for the power supply adjacent to the fire district. At design time, using the principle of proximity, while also taking into account the burden of the whole trunk load conditions, so that each shaft as far as possible a more balanced load. PrerequisitesThe loop that you want to auto-tune must be in automatic mode. The loopoutput must be controlled by the execution of the PID instruction. Auto-tune will fail if the loop is in manual mode.Before initiating an auto-tune operation your process must be brought to a stable state which means that the PV has reached setpoint (or for a P type loop, a constant difference between PV and setpoint) and the output is not changing erratically.Ideally, the loop output value needs to be near the center of the control range when auto-tuning is started. The auto-tune procedure sets up an oscillation in the process by making small step changes in the loop output. If the loop output is close to either extreme of its control range, the step changes introduced in the auto-tune procedure may cause the output value to attempt to exceed the minimum or the maximum range limit.If this were to happen, it may result in the generation of an auto-tune error condition, and it will certainly result in the determination of less than near optimal suggested values.Auto-Hysteresis and Auto-DeviationThe hysteresis parameter specifies the excursion (plus or minus) from setpoint that the PV (process variable) is allowed to make without causing the relay controller to change the output. This value is used to minimize the effect of noise in the PV signal to more accurately determine the natural oscillation frequency of the process.If you select to automatically determine the hysteresis value, the PID Auto-Tuner will enter a hysteresis determination sequence. This sequence involves sampling the process variable for a period of time and then performing a standard deviation calculation on the sample results.In order to have a statistically meaningful sample, a set of at least 100 samples must be acquired. For a loop with a sample time of 200 msec, acquiring 100 samples takes 20 seconds. For loops with a longer sample time it will take longer. Even though 100 samples can be acquired in less than 20 seconds for loops with sample times less than 200 msec, the hysteresis determinationsequence always acquires samples for at least 20 seconds.Once all the samples have been acquired, the standard deviation for the sample set is calculated. The hysteresis value is defined to be two times the standard deviation. The calculated hysteresis value is written into the actual hysteresis field (AHYS) of the loop table.TipWhile the auto-hysteresis sequence is in progress, the normal PID calculation is not performed. Therefore, it is imperative that the process be in a stable state prior to initiating an auto-tune sequence. This will yield a better result for the hysteresis value and it will ensure that the process does not go out of control during the auto-hysteresis determination sequence.The deviation parameter specifies the desired peak-to-peak swing of the PV around the set point. If you select to automatically determine this value, the desired deviation of the PV is computed by multiplying the hysteresis value by 4.5. The output will be driven proportionally to induce this magnitude of oscillation in the process during auto-tuning.Auto-Tune SequenceThe auto-tuning sequence begins after the hysteresis and deviation values have been determined. The tuning process begins when the initial output step is applied to the loop output.This change in output value should cause a corresponding change in the value of the process variable. When the output change drives the PV away from setpoint far enough to exceed the hysteresis boundary a zero-crossing event is detected by the auto-tuner. Upon each zero crossing event the auto-tuner drives the output in the opposite direction.The tuner continues to sample the PV and waits for the next zero crossing event.A total of twelve zero-crossings are required to complete the sequence. The magnitude of the observed peak-to-peak PV values (peak error) and the rate at which zero-crossings occur are directly related to the dynamics of the process. Early in the auto-tuning process, the output step value is proportionally adjustedonce to induce subsequent peak-to-peak swings of the PV to more closely match the desired deviation amount. Once the adjustment is made, the new output step amount is written into the Actual Step Size field (ASTEP) of the loop table.The auto-tuning sequence will be terminated with an error, if the time between zero crossings exceeds the zero crossing watchdog interval time. The default value for the zero crossing watchdog interval time is two hours.Figure 1 shows the output and process variable behaviors during an auto-tuning sequence on a direct acting loop. The PID Tuning Control Panel was used to initiate and monitor the tuning sequence.Notice how the auto-tuner switches the output to cause the process (as evidenced by the PV value) to undergo small oscillations. The frequency and the amplitude of the PV oscillations are indicative of the process gain and natural frequency.7 public area distribution box setTaking into account the future needs of the business re-decoration of public areas must be reserved for power. Here the design needs to consider the following points:①question of how much reserve power, lighting and electricity, which according to GB50034-2004 "Architectural Lighting Design Standards" table of Article 6.1.3 and 6.1.8, commercial building lighting power density value, high-end supermarkets, business offices as 20W/m2, under the "decorative lighting included 50% of the total lighting power density calculation" requirements, using the reserved standard 40W/m2.②In order to facilitate the decoration in each partition set fire lighting in public areas and emergency lighting distribution box distribution box, in order to identify the electrical power distribution decoration cut-off point.③the staircase, storage rooms and other parts of the decoration does not need to do, set the power distribution circuit or a separate distribution box, try not to be reserved from the public area of electricity distribution board fed hardcover out.④control of lighting in public areas, the majority in two ways, namely,C-BUS control system or the BA system, the use of C-BUS has the advantage of more flexible control, each road can be fed out of control, adjustable light control; shortcomings is a higher cost. BA system control advantages of using low cost, simple control; disadvantage is that the exchanges and contacts for the three-phase, three-way control may be related both to open, or both, in the decoration of the contacts required to feed the power supply circuit diverge to avoid failure blackouts.Design of distribution box 8In the commercial real estate design, shop design is often only a meter box, and outlet route back to the needs of the user according to their second design, but the shops are difficult to resolve within the power supply fan coil units, air-conditioning system as a whole can not debug. The project approach is to add a circuit breaker in the meter box for the coil power supply, another way for users to use the second design, as shown below.User distribution box design9 distribution cabinet / box number and distribution circuitsLarge-scale projects are often low voltage distribution cabinet / box number, low-voltage circuits to feed the more often there will be cabinet / box number and line number duplication, resulting in the design and the future looks difficult maintenance and overhaul. The project has three 10Kv substations, 20 transformer, hundreds of low-voltage fed out of the closet, fed the circuit more. Accordance with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Chinese national standard requirements:①All the distribution number to be simple and clear, not too box and line numbers are not repeated.②number to simple and clear, not too long.③distinction between nature and type of load.④law was easy to find, make viewer at a glance. Based on the above requirements and on the ground, fire district and the underground construction industry form the different conditions, using two slightly different ways.Essential for the underground garage, uses a single comparison, also relatively fire district neat, according to fire district number, such as AL-BL-1 / 1, AP and APE, the meaning of the letters and numbers: AL on behalf of lighting distribution (AP on behalf of Power distribution box, APE on behalf of the emergency power distribution box); BI on behalf of the basement; 1 / 1 for partition 1, I fire box. Above ground is more complex, more fire district, and on the fire district does not correspond to the lower, according to shaft number is better, such as AL-1-A1, AP, and APE, letters and numbers mean: 1 represents a layer; A1 on behalf of A, No. 1 shaft fed a distribution box. Fed a low-voltage circuits, such as the number of uses: W3-6-AL-1-A1, W3-6) indicates that the route back to power supply transformer 3, 6, feed the power distribution cabinet, AL-1-A1, said the then the first loop of the distribution box for the AL-1-A1 and so on, and so on.10 ConclusionWith more and more complex commercial design projects, designers need to continually improve the design level, designed to make fine. These are only bits of the design in the business lessons learned, and the majority of designers want to communicate译文：浅谈高层建筑供配电系统设计摘要：随着城市规模的不断发展，高层建筑越来越多，因此，高层建筑电气设计就成为设计者不得不面对的问题。
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电力供应和分配系统摘要：电力系统的基本功能是向用户输送电能。
1O kV配电网是连接供电电源与工业、商业及生活用电的枢纽，其网络庞大及复杂。
对于所有用户都期望以最低的价格买到具有高度可靠性的电能。
然而，经济性与可靠性这两个因素是互相矛盾的。
要提高供电网络的可靠性就必须增加网络建设投资成本。
但是，如果提高可靠性使用户停电损失的降低小于用于提高可靠性所增加的投资，那么这种建设投资就没有价值了。
通过计算电网的投资和用户停电的损失，最终可找到一个平衡点，使投资和损失的综合经济性最优。
关键词：供配电，供电可靠性，无功补偿，负荷分配1 引言电力体制的改革引发了新一轮大规模的电力建设热潮从而极大地推动了电力技术革命新技术新设备的开发与应用日新月异特别是信息技术与电力技术的结合在很大程度上提高了电能质量和电力供应的可靠性由于技术的发展又降低了电力建设的成本进而推动了电网设备的更新换代本文就是以此为契机以国内外配电自动化中一些前沿问题为内容以配电自动化建设为背景对当前电力系统的热点技术进行一些较深入的探讨和研究主要完成了如下工作.(1)提出了配电自动化建设的两个典型模式即―体化模式和分立化模式侧重分析了分立模式下的配电自动化系统体系结构给出了软硬件配置主站选择管理模式最佳通讯方式等是本文研究的前提和实现平台.(2)针对配电自动化中故障测量定位与隔离以及供电恢复这一关键问题分析了线路故障中电压电流等电量的变化导出了相间短路工况下故障定位的数学描述方程并给出了方程的解以及故障情况下几个重要参数s U& s I& e I& 选择表通过对故障的自动诊断与分析得出了优化的隔离和恢复供电方案自动实现故障快速隔离与网络重构减少了用户停电范围和时间有效提高配网供电可靠性文中还给出了故障分段判断以及网络快速重构的软件流程和使用方法.(3)状态估计是实现配电自动化中关键技术之一本文在阐述状态估计方法基础上给出了不良测量数据的识别和结构性错误的识别方法针对状态估计中数据对基于残差的坏数据检测和异常以及状态量中坏数据对状态估计的影响及存在的问题提出了状态估计中拓扑错误的一种实用化检测和辩识方法针对窃电漏计电费问题独创性提出一种通过电量突变和异常分析防止窃电的新方法并在潍坊城区配电得到验证.(4)针对配电网负荷预测建模困难参数离散度大以及相关因素多等问题本文在分析常规负荷预测模型及方法基础上引入了气象因素日期类型社会环境影响等参数给出了基于神经网络的电力负荷预测方法实例验证了方法的正确性.(5)针对无源滤波在抑制谐波和无功补偿方面的不足以及补偿度的不连续性本文提出了一种PWM 主电路拓朴结构和基于无功功率理论的有源滤波方案建立了基于Saber Designer 仿真平台仿真分析证明了方案的可行性同时结合配电自动化技术对配电网动态无功优化补偿和降低线损的方法进行了设计分析通过实例计算验证了其客观的经济效益.(6)针对中国电力市场未来的发展趋势以及政府监管下的电力市场公平交易设计了一种适合我国电力市场现状按照电价分组电量协调分组竞价的短期电力交易模式给出了基于边际电价的机组组合算法制订交易计划的数学模型以及安全经济约束等在竞争比例逐步提高的情况下能够较好地解决原有中长期合同电价和短期竞争电价的矛盾减少电厂不公平的收益差异同时也可在电力市场全网的负荷曲线上对所有电厂进行限量优化减少总的系统购电费用.2 配电网分析Distribution network analysis配电网是电力系统中的一个重要环节，配电网接地方式和安全运行直接关系到电力系统的安全和稳定。
而接地方式的选择，是与本国国情、自然环境、设备制造和运行水平等有关的，例如，雷电的活动情况、绝缘结构的设计、对周边的干扰等因素，都会影响中性点接地方式的选择;反过来，中性点接地方式对电力系统的设计、运行、调试以及发展都有很大影响。
一般在电压等级较高的系统中，绝缘费用在设备总价格中占相当大的比重，降低绝缘水平带来的经济效益很显著，通常就采用中性点直接接地的方式，而采用自动重合闸来保证供电可靠性:相反，在电压等级较低的系统中，通常都采用中性点不接地的方式来提高供电可靠性。
因此，在综合考虑供电可靠性、安全因素、过电压因素、继电保护的选择、投资费用等各方面因素的情况下，来论证正确选择配电网接地方式的重要性，以及如何不断开发，利用新型接地装置来应用在配电网接地系统中是当今配电网接地方式的一个重要课题。
本文主要工作是对lOkV配电网接地方式进行研究和比较选择。
分别论述各类接地方式的优缺点，主要有国内外比较常用的中性点不接地方式、中性点经消弧线圈接地方式(也称谐振接地方式)、中性点电阻接地方式、中性点直接接地方式。
通过技术比较确定最优接地方式，还利用一种近几年研究开发的，应用在谐振接地方式中的自动跟踪补偿装置，再配以灵敏的小电流接地选线保护，能够有效限制电网的故障接地电弧，更有利于电网的安全运行。
本文首先对配电网各类接地方式做深入的研究。
全面介绍国内外几种常用的中性点接地方式的运行特性，通过技术经济比较对不同的接地方式进行综合评价，再结合不同的接地方式的发展前景得出结论，优化了的谐振接地方式表现出很大的发展潜力。
然后，本文对lOkV配电网中性点谐振接地方式的运行特性进行了研究和介绍。
从限制故障接地电弧的危害出发，重点论述如何利用电流谐振原理，有效熄灭故障接地电弧等。
接着，本文结合国内外科技的发展和创新成果，对谐振接地优化方式中的微机接地保护性和自动跟踪补偿装置进行全面的分析与论述，说明谐振接地优化方式在供电可靠性、人身安全、设备安全和通信干扰等方面，具有较好的运行特性，既解决了小电流接地系统接地保护的选择性，又实现了自动调谐，使此种接地方式成为配电网比较理想的中性点接地方式。
本文同时还对谐振接地方式实施技术进行了研究，包括消弧线圈的参数选择、安装、调整、运行与维护等内容。
最后，本文总结了本课题研究的内容。
谐振接地籍助微机技术的支持，近些年来国内外均在进行优化，优化谐振接地技术是提高供电可靠性、保护人身安全、设备安全和电磁环境等的一项合理的重要技术手段，而谐振接地实施技术更充分发挥谐振接地方式的功能，使谐振接地方式具有更好的技术经济指标。
随著电网的不断发展和丰富的实践结果表明，以谐振接地方式为代表的小电流接地方式优于其他接地方式，这是配电网的中性点接地方式发展的总趋势，在今后的配电网接地方式中应推广应用。
本论文提出的思路、方案和结论不仅对于lOkV配电网中性点接地方式选择研究、实际工程应用具有实际的参考作用，对于其他电压等级中性点接地方式选择同样具有借鉴的作用。
电力系统的基本功能是向用户输送电能。
lOkV配电网是连接供电电源与工业、商业及生活用电的枢纽，其网络庞大及复杂。
对于所有用户都期望以最低的价格买到具有高度可靠性的电能。
然而，经济性与可靠性这两个因素是互相矛盾的。
要提高供电网络的可靠性就必须增加网络建设投资成本。
但是，如果提高可靠性使用户停电损失的降低小于用于提高可靠性所增加的投资，那么这种建设投资就没有价值了。
通过计算电网的投资和用户停电的损失，最终可找到一个平衡点，使投资和损失的综合经济性最优。
论文针对配电网各种接线模式的特点，就各种接线模式的经济性和可靠性进行了分析。
3 小结论文首先介绍lOkV配电网各种典型的接线模式和国外几个国家的典型接线模式，然后确定配电网接线模式分析的思路，明确进行分析的必要性和重要性。
再提出最优分段数计算的必要性，阐述最优分段数对经济性和可靠性的影响，然后建立最优分段数计算模型，并简单介绍各种接线模式的供电方案。
而后对配电网各种接线模式的可靠性和经济性进行了计算和分析，通过计算并描绘的各种图表。
并对最优分段数作了分析和讨论。
文章最后对各种接线模式的经济性和可靠性进行总结，分析了各种接线模式各自的优点和缺点，其适用情况。
并结合实际情况针对lOkV配电网的规划和建设提出有益的建议。
为lOkV配电网的规划设计及为建成网架坚实、布局合理、管理科学、能够安全、优质、高效运行的配电网提供理论的依据和有益的指引。
参考文献［1］苏文成.工厂供电[M].机械工业出版社.1999.9［2］刘介才.工厂供电设计指导[M].机械工业出版社.1999.12［3］供配电系统设计规范[S].中国计划出版社.1996［4］低压配电设计规范[S].中国计划出版社.1996.6Power Supply and Distribution SystemABSTRACT:The basic function of the electric power system is to transport the electric power towards customers. The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity using on the industry, business and daily-life. For the electric power, allcostumers expect to pay the lowest price for the highest reliability, but don't consider that it's self-contradictory in the co-existence of economy and reliable.To improve the reliability of the power supply network, we must increase the investment cost of the network construction But, if the cost that improve the reliability of the network construction, but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability .Thus we find out a balance point to make the most economic,between the investment and the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the loss brought from power-off.KEYWORDS:power supply and distribution, power distribution reliability，reactive compensation, load distributionThe revolution of electric power system has brought a new big round construction,which is pushing the greater revolution of electric power technique along with the application of new technique and advanced equipment. Especially, the combination of the information technique and electric power technique, to great ex- tent, has improved reliability on electric quality and electric supply. The technical development decreases the cost on electric construction and drives innovation of electric network. On the basis of national and internatio- nal advanced electric knowledge, the dissertation introduces the research hotspot for present electric power sy- etem as following.Firstly, This dissertation introduces the building condition of distribution automation(DA), and brings forward two typical construction modes on DA construction, integrative mode and fission mode .It emphasize the DA structure under the condition of the fission mode and presents the system configuration, the main station scheme, the feeder scheme, the optimized communication scheme etc., which is for DA research reference.Secondly, as for the (DA) trouble measurement, position, isolation and resume, This dissertation analyzes the changes of pressure and current for line problem, gets math equation by educing phase short circuit and problem position under the condition of single-phase and works out equation and several parameter s U& , s I& and e I& table on problem . It brings out optimized isolation and resume plan, realizes auto isolation and network reconstruction, reduces the power off range and time and improves the reliability of electric power supply through problem self- diagnoses and self-analysis. It also introduces software flow and use for problem judgement and sets a model on network reconstruction and computer flow.Thirdly, electricity system state is estimated to be one of the key techniques in DA realization. The dissertation recommends the resolvent of bad measurement data and structure mistake on the ground ofdescribing state estimate way. It also advances a practical test and judging way on topology mistake in state estimate about bad data test and abnormity in state estimate as well as the problem and effect on bad data from state measure to state estimate .As for real time monitor and control problem, the dissertation introduces a new way to solve them by electricity break and exceptional analysis, and the way has been tested in Weifang DA.Fourthly, about the difficulty for building the model of load forecasting, big parameter scatter limit and something concerned, the dissertation introduces some parameters, eg. weather factor, date type and social environment effect based on analysis of routine load forecasting and means. It presents the way for electricity load forecasting founded on neural network(ANN),which has been tested it’s validity by example and made to be good practical effect.Fifthly, concerning the lack of concordant wave on preve nting concordant wave and non-power compensation and non-continuity on compensation, there is a topology structure of PWM main circuit and nonpower theory on active filter the waves technique and builds flat proof on the ground of Saber Designer and proves to be practical. Meanwhile, it analyzes and designs the way of non-power need of electric network tre- nds and decreasing line loss combined with DA, which have been tested its objective economic benefit throu- gh counting example.Sixthly, not only do the dissertation design a way founded on the magrginal electric price fitted to our present national electric power market with regards to future trends of electric power market in China and fair trade under the government surveillance, that is group competitio n in short-term trade under the way of grouped price and quantity harmony, but also puts forward combination arithmetic, math model of trading plan and safty economical restriction. It can solve the original contradiction between medium and long term contract price and short term competitive price with improvement on competitive percentage and cut down the unfair income difference of electric factory, at the same time, it can optimize the electric limit for all electric factories and reduce the total purchase charge of electric power from burthen curve of whole electric market network.The distribution network is an important link among the power system. Its neutral grounding mode and operation connects security and stability of the power system directly. At the same time, the problem about neutral grounding is associated with national conditions, natural environment, device fabrication and operation. For example, the activity situation of the thunder and lightning, insulating structure and the peripheral interference will influence the choice of neutral grounding mode Conversely, neutral grounding mode affects design, operation, debugs and developing. Generally in the system higher in grade in the voltage, the insulating expenses account for more sizable proportion at the total price of the equipment. It is very remarkable to bring the economic benefits by reducing the insulating level. Usually such system adopt the neutral directly grounding and adopt the autoreclosing to guarantee power supply reliability. On the contrary, the system which is lower in the voltage adopts neutral none grounding to raise power supply reliability. So it is an important subject to make use of new- type earth device to apply to the distribution network underconsidering the situation in such factors of various fields as power supply reliability, safety factor, over-voltage factor, the choice of relay protection, investment cost, etc.The main work of this paper is to research and choice the neutral grounding mode of the l0kV distribution network. The neutral grounding mode of the l0kV network mainly adopts none grounding, grounding by arc suppressing coil, grounding by reactance grounding and directly grounding. The best grounding mode is confirmed through the technology comparison. It can help the network run in safety and limit the earth electric arc by using auto-tracking compensate device and using the line protection with the detection of the sensitive small ground current. The paper introduces and analyzes the characteristic of all kind of grounding modes about l0kV network at first. With the comparison with technological and economy, the conclusion is drawn that the improved arc suppressing coil grounding mode shows a very big development potential.Then, this paper researches and introduces some operation characteristics of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode of the l0kV distribution network. And then the paper put emphasis on how to extinguish the earth electric arc effectively by utilizing the resonance principle. This paper combines the development of domestic and international technology and innovative achievement, and introduces the computer earth protection and autotracking compensate device. It proves that the improved arc suppressing coil grounding mode have better operation characteristics in power supply reliability, personal security, security of equipment and interference of communication. The application of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode is also researched in this paper.Finally, the paper summarizes this topic research. As a result of the domination of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode, it should be more popularized and applied in the distribution network in the future.The way of thinking, project and conclusions in this thesis have effect on the research to choose the neutral grounding mode not only in I0kV distribution network but also in other power system..The basic function of the electric power system is to transport the electric power towards customers. The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity using on the industry, business and daily-life. For the electric power, all costumers expect to pay the lowest price for the highest reliability, but don't consider that it's self-contradictory in the co-existence of economy and reliable. To improve the reliability of the power supply network, we must increase the investment cost of the network con- struction But, if the cost that improve the reliability of the network construction, but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability .Thus we find out a balance point to make the most economic, between the investment and the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the loss brought from power-off. The thesis analyses on the economic and the reliable of the various line modes, according to the characteristics various line modes existed in the electric distribution net in foshan..First, the thesis introduces as the different line modes in the l0kV electric distribution net and in someforeign countries. Making it clear tow to conduct analyzing on the line mode of the electric distribution net, and telling us how important and necessary that analyses are.Second, it turns to the necessity of calculating the number of optimization subsection, elaborating how it influences on the economy and reliability. Then by building up the calculation mode of the number of optimization subsection it introduces different power supply projects on the different line modes in brief. Third, it carries on the calculation and analyses towards the reliability and economy of the different line modes of electric distribution net, describing drafts according by the calculation. Then it makes analysis and discussion on the number of optimization subsection.At last, the article make conclusion on the economy and reliability of different line modes, as well as, its application situation. Accordion to the actual circumstance, the thesis puts forward the beneficial suggestion on the programming and construction of the l0kV electric distribution net in all areas in foshan. Providing the basic theories and beneficial guideline for the programming design of the lOkV electric distribution net and building up a solid net, reasonable layout, qualified safe and efficiently-worked electric distribution net. References[1] Wencheng Su. Factories power supply [M]. Machinery Industry Publishing House. 1999.9[2] Jiecai Liu. Factories power supply design guidance [M]. Machinery Industry Publishing House.1999.12[3] Power supply and distribution system design specifications[S].China plans Press. 1996[4] Low-voltage distribution design specifications [S].China plans Press. 1996.6。