电力系统外文翻译
电力系统翻译
电力系统翻译
Electric Power System，指电力生产、传输、分配、控制等一系列环节的总称，是由多个电力设备和系统组成的一个复杂的系统。在电力系统中，电力设备通过各种电力线路和电缆进行电力传输和分配，由此形成了一个覆盖全国的电力网，为人们的生产和生活提供了大量电力资源。
电力系统包括发电厂、变电站、输电线路、配电网等多个部分。其中，发电厂是电力系统的起点，通过燃煤、燃气、核能等不同的能源方式，将化学能、热能、核能等能源转化为电能。而变电站则是电力系统的中转站，将发电厂产生的高压电转化为适合传输和分配的低压电。输电线路则是将电能从发电厂或变电站输送到各个地方的一种电力传输方式。配电网则是将输电线路传输过来的电能供应给各个终端用户的一种电力分配方式。
电力系统专业英语单词
power output 功率输出，输出功率power output 功率输出，输出功率short circuita great deal 大量ac交流（电）admittance 导纳amp安培amp安培amplitude振幅arc电弧，弧光arise from 起于，由...出身armature电木区armature winding 电枢绕组arrangement布置，排列；设备，装置；安装，装配；置配；安排arrangement布置，排列；安装，装配；assemblage 与会者（集合称），集合，集会，装配assume假定，设想，采取，呈现automatic voltage regulator自动电压调节器，自动稳压器，自动调压器autotransformer 自耦变压器backup protection后备保护，后备保护装置block 组［件］，单元，部件；机组，单元机组；滑轮；字组，块，程序块，数据块break down 毁掉，制服，压倒，停顿，倒塌，中止，垮掉，分解bus bar汇流条，母线bus impedance matrix 母线阻抗矩阵，节点阻抗矩阵bus impedance matrix 母线阻抗矩阵，节点阻抗矩阵busbar母线，汇流条，结点，节点，汇流排bushing ［电工］套管capacitor bank 电容器组carrier protection载波保护，高频保护carrier relaying 载波继电保护，高频保护，载波中继［制］carry 携带，搬运，传送，传播；支持，执行，进位，进列changing 转换charging currents 充电电流circuit breaker ［电工］断路开关，断路器Circuit breaker 电路断路器circuit layout电路布线，线路布置circuit-breaker〈电〉断路器，断路开关circuit-breaker〈电〉断路器，断路开关clearing time通信连络断开时间，电话的话终时间clearing time通信连络断开时间，电话的话终时间combine with 与…结合come into 得到communication circuit 通讯电路conductance ［电工］电导，导率，电导系数contact 接触contact （电流的）接触；接通；接触器core loss current 铁耗电流core type 铁心式（变压器）critical point 临界点cross-sectional 横截［断］面current density 电流密度current flow 电流current transformator变流器，电流互感器 cut-and-try method 渐近法，试探法Cycle 循环、周期、周波cylindrical rotor ［电］鼓形转子，隐极转子damage 损害，伤害，损伤，破坏，损坏；事故，故障damp 阻尼,减幅，衰减damper winding阻尼绕组de-剥夺，分离 断开，去能，去激励；断电 断开，断电 不赋能的，除去电源的，去激励的demagnetizing effect ：消磁效果；去磁效应；消磁作用401丽皿0导数401丽皿0导数desired 期待的desired value 期待值，给定值，预定值，所需值，预期值detection 察觉，发觉，侦查，探测，发现determine 确定：在考虑，调查或计算之后，决定性地确认参见控制，限制development stage 发展阶段dielectric 电介质，绝缘体dielectric loss 介电损失differential protection 差动保护［装置］differential relay 差动继电器differentiate 求…的微分：计算导数或（函数的）微分difficulty 困难：困难的环境或程序:The condition or quality of being difficult:developed power 发出功率deenergizede-energizede-energized digital computer ）direct proportiondirectional relaydirect-wire circuitdisconnect switch数字计算机正比例，正比方向继电器，定向继电器单线线路隔离刀闸隔离开关 调度，迅速处理，输送，发运，发货 调度，迅速处理，输送，发运，发货distance relay 距离继电器distribution substation 配电站distribution transformer 配电变压器 disturbance 扰动 double-breaker 双断开关double-bus双母线dynamic performance 动态特性 dynamic system performance 系统动态运行特性economic dispatch 经济调度economic dispatch 经济调度economic dispatch 经济调度economic planning 经济计划 eddy curren 涡流,涡电流 eddy current 涡流,涡电流 electrical contact 电连接，电接点，电触点,电触头electromagnetic 电磁的 emf 电动势 energize 给与...电压 energize 使带电流；使通电 energy 热能源，电能：可用的热量或能量： energy 热能源，电能：可用的热量或能量 engine 发动机，机械，机器，引擎，工具 engine-driven generator ［发动］机［驱］动的发电机 equivalent circuit 等效电路 excess load 过载，过负荷，超载，过荷载 fault detection 故障检验 feature 要素 feed water 锅炉给水field winding 激励绕组，励磁绕组，场绕组 flux 磁通focal point 焦点force outage 事故停用，强迫停机，强制停机 force outage 事故停用，强迫停机，强制停机 fraction 【数学】分数：表明两个量的商的表达式 ft （foot, feet ）英尺 fuel cost 燃料费 fuel cost 燃料费 fuel input 燃料加入（量） fuel input 燃料加入（量） full load 满载，满负荷 fundamental 【物理学】基波的： Gauss-Seidel method 高斯-塞德尔法（潮流计算的） Gauss-Seidel procedure 高斯-塞德尔法generating plant 发电厂，电厂，电站，发电设备 generating system 发电系统 generation 产生；代；发电，发生，振荡，改进阶段generation schedule 发电计划 gradient approachgradient approach 梯度方法ground current 大地电流ground relay 接地继电器 ground relaying接地继电保护 guard against 提防，预防harmonic 谐波head （水站等的）蓄水高度，水头，落差，压力；势头high-speed reclosure 快速重合闸horizontal axis 水平轴线disconnected switchdispatch 发送,horizontal axis 水平轴线hydroelectric水力发电的hysteresis 磁滞hysteresis滞后作用，［物］磁滞现象identical【数】恒等的impedance ［电］阻抗，全电阻,［物］阻抗in any case 无论如何in phase adv.同相地in terms of 根据，按照，用…的话，在…方面in the case of 在…的情况incremental cost 边际成本incremental cost 边际成本incremental cost curveincremental cost curveincremental generating cost 发电成本增量incremental generating cost 发电成本增量inductive 电感性的，电感的，感应的；吸入的inductive circuit 有感电路，电感电路，感性电路inflammable 易燃的inflammable liquid 易燃液（体）injection current 注入电流instantaneous relay 瞬动继电器（电流速断保护）instantaneous value 瞬时值instrument transformator 仪表用互感器instrument transformator 仪表变压器insulation breakdown 绝缘击穿insulation deterioration 绝缘老化insulation failure 绝缘事故，绝缘损坏insure against 给...保险interconnected electric power system 互联电力系统internal voltage 内电压，电动势internal voltage 电动势，内电压internal voltage 内电压，电动势（发电机的），反电动势（电动机的） inverse time 反时，逆时inverse time current protection 反时限［过］电流保护［装置］inverse time relay 反时限继电器inverse-time definite-time limit relay 逆时定时限继电器，定时限反时继电器ionize 电离ionize 电离it follows that由此得出结论…，因而断定…key diagram 原理草图，工作图know-how ＞实际知识，技术秘诀，诀窍lagging current 滞后电流layout 设计，布置，规划；草图，布置图，线路图；排列；layout diagram 布置图layout drawing 布置图，配线图，定位图leakage flux 漏通量leakage inductance 漏电感lightning 闪电lightning arrester 避雷器limit界限，限度，限制line conductor 导线line flashover 线路闪络line terminal线路线端，线路终端line trap线路陷波器，阻波器line-to-line 两线间的，相间的，线间短路live 有电的，带电的，活动的，正极接地的load characteristic 负荷特性，负载特性load factor 负载系数long-range 远大的，长期的loop system 环形线路制，闭环系统；回路系统m.m.f 磁动势magnetize vt 使磁化magnetizing current 磁化电流，起磁电流maximum power transfer 最大传输功率mechanical stress 机械应力memory capacity 存储容量motor starter 电动机起动器multi-winding transformer 多绕组变压器mutual coupling 互耦mutual flux 互（感）磁通mutual impedance 互阻抗navigation 航海，航空，导航，领航，航行navigation 航运negative damping 负阻尼network system 网络系统，供电网系统neutral conductor 中性导线Newton-Raphson牛顿-拉夫逊nodal admittance matrix 节点导纳矩阵normal load 额定负荷，正常负载normal-voltage 正常电压Norton's theorem诺敦定理，等值电流源定理offset wave 偏移波open 开的，敞开的，打开，断路，断开，公开的，断路的open-circuit 开路的open-circuit voltage 开路电压，空载电压operating coil动作线圈，工作线圈operating frequency 工作频率，操作频率，运行频率operating range 运转范围，工作范围，作用距离，作用半径，（堆功率）运行区段out of 与…不相宜，不相称，在…范围,缺乏，放弃outage 断电output power 输出功率over-current 过电流overflash闪络，飞弧Overhead line 架空线over-load超过负荷over-voltage 过电压parallel resonance 并联谐振parallel resonance 并联谐振permeable 可渗透的，能透过的phase displacement 相（位）移phase displacement 相（位）移phase displacement 相位移phase shift 周相移动phase shifters 移相器phase-angle 相角；相位角，相移角；相（位）角phase-angle 相角；相位角，相移角；相（位）角phase-comparison 相位比较phase-displacementphase-to-ground 相对地pick-up current 接触电流，起动电流，拾音器电流planner 规划人员plunger relay插棒式继电器，螺管式继电器polarity 极性pondage power plant 抽水蓄能电站positive sequence network 正序网路potential transformator电压互感器，测量用变压器power circuit 电源电路，电力电路；动力线路，电力网，电力线路，电源线路power flow 电力潮流、功率潮流、功率通量，能流power level 功率级，［功率］电平；功率水平power line 动力线，动力网，电力线，电源线，输电线power swing功率波动，功率摆动，功率摇摆power transfer功率传输，电和输送power transfer 功率传输，电力传送power transfer 功率传输，电力传送power transformator 电源［电力，功率］变压器prefault 故障前的primary grid substation 主网变电站prime mover 原动力，发动者prime mover 原动力，发动者problem问题：应该考虑、解决或回答的问题：protective relay 保护继电器protruding-pole 凸极public hazard 公害pumped storage station 提水蓄能站pumped storage station 抽水蓄能电站quadratic formula 二次公式radial system 辐射状配电制，径向配电制radian 弧度rate current 反应［额定］电流reactance 电抗reactance drop 电抗电压下降reactive power 无功功率real number ［数］实数rectification 整流regulate管制，控制，调节，校准relative movement 相对运动relative position 相对位置relative position 相对位置relay继电器relay element继电器元件relay inverse time继电器反时限特性relay system 继电保护系统reluctance 【物理学】磁阻：reservoir水库，蓄水池resistance 电阻resistance drop 电阻（性电）压降resistivity电阻系数resistor ［电］电阻器ring bus 环形母线rpm每分钟转数run-off-river station 径流式水电厂，河流式水电厂run-of-the -riversalient pole rotor 凸极转子saturation饱和度scheme方案，线路图，电路，图表，图解，计划，线路，路，设计图，规划secondary substation 二次变电所sensor 传感器sequence component 序分量sequential tripping顺序脱扣，顺序跳闸series capacitor 串联电容器，附加电容器（仪表）series capacity串联电容series inductance 串联电感setting 装配，调整，炉墙，支座，调节，置位，装定，整定值，起动，装置，设置short-cut 短路，捷路，简化side effect 副作用single-busbar system 单母线系统single-pole switch单极开关，单刀开关sinusoidal 正弦曲线slope 【数学】斜率：slope 【数学】斜率：solid insulation 固体绝缘solid insulation 固体绝缘sparse matrix 稀疏矩阵specific loading 单位负载，比负载，比负荷specification详述，规格，说明书，规范specified load 额定负荷，设计负荷，规定负荷，标准荷载specify把…列为条件，规定，指定，确定；详细说明，具体说明squirrel cage 鼠笼stability limit 稳定极限，稳定限度，稳定度极限steady-state 稳定工况，稳定状态，稳恒状态，静态，稳态steady-state stability 稳态steam trap 凝汽阀steam turbine蒸汽轮机steam turbine 汽轮机steam valve 蒸汽阀step down 降低，降压step-type voltage regulator 分级式电压调整器step-up 升压，升高，加速step-up substation 升压变电站stir up 激起，鼓动，煽动stray flux杂散磁通Stray loss杂散损耗substation transformator 配电变压器subtransient 次暂态suffer from 忍受，遭受susceptance 电纳（导纳的虚数分量swing 摆动，动荡，摆度，振幅，摆幅switchboard 配电盘，配电屏；配电板，switching 开关switching 开关，开闭，转接，切换，换向，整流switching surge 操作过电压synchronous condenser 同步调相机synchroscope同步指示器，同步示波器system design 系统设计system layout 系统布置system reliability 系统可靠性system reliability 系统可靠性tapped抽头的；分接的；带向分接头的，带分接头的term ［数学］项：terminal voltage 端电压Thevenin theory 戴维宁理论throttle setting节流阀调整time delay relay 延时继电器，缓动继电器time setting 时间整定timer 计时器，定时器，时间发送器，时间继电器，延时调节器；程序装置torque 扭矩，转矩transfer bus 切换母线transfer传递，传送，输送；转换，转移；调动，变换；传输，传导，迁移；进位transformer bank 变压器组transformer bushing 变压器套管transformer bushing 变压器套管transformer tap 变压器分接头transient stability 瞬态［暂］态稳定性transmission capacity 输电能力，输电量transmission capacity 输电能力，输电量transmission capacity 输电能力，输电量transmission line 输电线transmission line 输电线，输电线路；谐振线transmission system 传动系统，输电系统，传输系统，发射系统transmitting capacity 输电能力；传输能力，发送能力traveling wave 行波trial and error method 试凑法，尝试法，逐次逼近法，试探，试配，试错trial-and-error 尝试法［的］，逐步逼近［法］tune谐调turbine 涡轮turbo 涡轮（发动机）unit transformer 单元［机组］变压器unity power factor ［电］整功率因数valve 阀，valving设置阀门；［阀门］关闭voltage drop 电压降落voltage rate 电压比voltage rating额定电压 电压调整器，电压调节器，稳压器，调压器 电压调整、电压调整率、电压变动率 电压调整器，电压调节器，稳压器，调压器 电压传感器 voltage transformation 变压water storage reservoir 水库water turbine 水轮机 wave shape 波形 wave shape 波形 wrap around 卷绕的，环绕的 zero sequence 零［相］序，零序 voltage regualator voltage regulation voltage regulator voltage sensor。
电力系统英文单词
电力系统powersystem发电机generator励磁excitation励磁器excitor电压voltage电流current升压变压器step-uptransformer母线bus变压器transformer空载损耗no-loadloss铁损ironloss铜损copperloss空载电流no-loadcurrent有功损耗activeloss无功损耗reactiveloss输电系统powertransmissionsystem 高压侧highside输电线transmissionline高压highvoltage低压lowvoltage中压middlevoltage功角稳定anglestability稳定stability电压稳定voltagestability暂态稳定transientstability 电厂powerplant能量输送powertransfer交流AC直流DC电网powersystem落点droppoint开关站switchstation调节regulation高抗highvoltageshuntreactor 并列的apposable裕度margin故障fault三相故障threephasefault 分接头tap切机generatortriping高顶值highlimitedvalue 静态staticstate动态dynamicstate机端电压控制AVR电抗reactance电阻resistance功角powerangle有功功率activepower电容器Capacitor电抗器Reactor断路器Breaker电动机motor功率因数power-factor定子stator阻抗impedance功角power-angle电压等级voltagegrade有功负载:activeloadPLoad无功负载reactiveload档位tapposition电阻resistor电抗reactance电导conductance电纳susceptance上限upperlimit下限lowerlimit正序阻抗positivesequenceimpedance 负序阻抗negativesequenceimpedance 零序阻抗zerosequenceimpedance无功功率reactivepower功率因数powerfactor无功电流reactivecurrent斜率slope额定rating变比ratio参考值referencevalue电压互感器PT分接头tap仿真分析simulationanalysis 下降率drooprate传递函数transferfunction框图blockdiagram受端receive-side同步synchronization保护断路器circuitbreaker摇摆swing阻尼damping无刷直流电机BruslessDCmotor 刀闸隔离开关Isolator机端generatorterminal变电站transformersubstation永磁同步电机Permanent-magnetSynchronismMotor异步电机AsynchronousMotor三绕组变压器three-columntransformerThrClnTrans 双绕组变压器double-columntransformerDblClmnTrans 固定串联电容补偿fixedseriescapacitorcompensation 双回同杆并架double-circuitlinesonthesametower单机无穷大系统onemachine-infinitybussystem励磁电流Magnetizingcurrent补偿度degreeofcompensation电磁场:Electromagneticfields失去同步lossofsynchronization装机容量installedcapacity无功补偿reactivepowercompensation故障切除时间faultclearingtime极限切除时间criticalclearingtime强行励磁reinforcedexcitation并联电容器shuntcapacitor<下降特性droopcharacteristics线路补偿器LDClinedropcompensation电机学ElectricalMachinery自动控制理论AutomaticControlTheory电磁场ElectromagneticField微机原理PrincipleofMicrocomputer电工学Electrotechnics电路原理Principleofcircuits电机学ElectricalMachinery电力系统稳态分析Steady-StateAnalysisofPowerSystem电力系统暂态分析Transient-StateAnalysisofPowerSystem电力系统继电保护原理PrincipleofElectricalSystem'sRelayProtection电力系统元件保护原理ProtectionPrincipleofPowerSystem'sElement 电力系统内部过电压PastVoltagewithinPowersystem模拟电子技术基础BasisofAnalogueElectronicTechnique数字电子技术DigitalElectricalTechnique电路原理实验电气工程讲座Lecturesonelectricalpowerproduction电力电子基础Basicfundamentalsofpowerelectronics高电压工程Highvoltageengineering电子专题实践Topicsonexperimentalprojectofelectronics 电气工程概论Introductiontoelectricalengineering电子电机集成系统Electronicmachinesystem电力传动与控制ElectricalDriveandControl电力系统继电保护PowerSystemRelayingProtection主变压器maintransformer升压变压器step-uptransformer降压变压器step-downtransformer工作变压器operatingtransformer备用变压器公用变压器commontransformer三相变压器three-phasetransformer单相变压器single-phasetransformer带负荷调压变压器on-loadregulatingtransformer 变压器铁芯transformercore变压器线圈transformercoil变压器绕组transformerwinding变压器油箱transformeroiltank变压器外壳变压器风扇transformerfan变压器油枕transformeroilconservator∽drum 变压器额定电压transformerretedvoltage变压器额定电流transformerretedcurrent变压器调压范围transformervoltageregulationrage 配电设备powerdistributionequipmentSF6断路器SF6circuitbreaker开关switch按钮button隔离开关isolator,disconnector 真空开关vacuumswitch刀闸开关knife-switch接地刀闸earthingknife-switch 电气设备electricalequipment 变流器currentconverter电流互感器currenttransformer电压互感器voltagetransformer电源powersource交流电源ACpowersource 直流电源DCpowersource 工作电源operatingsource 备用电源Standbysource 强电strongcurrent 弱电weakcurrent继电器relay信号继电器signalrelay电流继电器currentrelay电压继电器voltagerelay跳闸继电器trippingrelay合闸继电器closingrelay中间继电器intermediaterelay时间继电器timerelay零序电压继电器zero-sequencevoltagerelay 差动继电器differentialrelay闭锁装置lockingdevice遥控telecontrol遥信telesignalisation遥测telemetering遥调teleregulation断路器breaker,circuitbreaker少油断路器mini-oilbreaker,oil-mini-mumbreaker 高频滤波器high-frequencyfilter组合滤波器combinedfilter常开触点normallyopenedcontaact常闭触点normallyclosedcontaact 并联电容parallelcapacitance保护接地protectiveearthing熔断器cutout,fusiblecutout 电缆cable跳闸脉冲trippingpulse合闸脉冲closingpulse一次电压primaryvoltage二次电压secondaryvoltage并联电容器parallelcapacitor无功补偿器reactivepowercompensationdevice 消弧线圈arc-suppressingcoil母线Bus,busbar三角接法deltaconnection星形接法Wyeconnection原理图schematicdiagram一次系统图primarysystemdiagram二次系统图secondarysystemdiagram两相短路two-phaseshortcircuit三相短路three-phaseshortcircuit单相接地短路single-phasegroundshortcircuit短路电流计算calculationofshortcircuitcurrent 自动重合闸automaticreclosing高频保护high-freqencyprotection距离保护distanceprotection横差保护transversedifferentialprotection 纵差保护longitudinaldifferentialprotection 线路保护lineprotection过电压保护over-voltageprotection母差保护busdifferentialprotection 瓦斯保护Buchholtzprotection变压器保护transformerprotection电动机保护motorprotection远方控制remotecontrol用电量powerconsumption载波carrier故障fault选择性selectivity速动性speed灵敏性sensitivity可靠性reliability电磁型继电器electromagnetic无时限电流速断保护instantaneouslyover-currentprotection 跳闸线圈tripcoil工作线圈operatingcoil制动线圈retraintcoil主保护mainprotection后备保护back-upprotection定时限过电流保护definitetimeover-currentprotection 三段式电流保护thecurrentprotectionwiththreestages 反时限过电流保护inversetimeover-currentprotection 方向性电流保护thedirectionalcurrentprotection零序电流保护zero-sequencecurrentprotection阻抗impedance微机保护MicroprocessorProtection。
电力系统的英文名称
1FACTS : 柔性交流输电系统Flexible AC TransmissionAC: alternating current Power system：电力系统telecontrol：远动GIS ：Gas lnsulated Switchgear全封闭组合电器DC: direct currentWAMS: Wide Area Measurement System广域监测系统OPF: optimal flow 最优潮流潮流计算:load flow calculationUHV: ultra high voltage 特高r Standards 国际标准化组织EMS: Electric Managerment System 电能管理系统PSS: power system stabilizer 电力系统稳定器HVDC: high-voltage direct current高压直流(电)AGC: Automatic Generation Control自动发电量控制SVC: Static Var Compensator静止无功补偿器TCSC: Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor晶闸管控制的串联电容器二极管：diode 晶闸管：Thyristor 电流互感器，CT即：current transformer PT：电压互感器电力系统分析综合程序（Power System Analysis Software Package）简称PSASP有功：active power 无功：reactive powerRTU：Remote Terminal Units远程终端单元SCADA：Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition数据采集与监视控制系统断路器：Breaker 电容器：Capacitor电抗器：Reactor继电器：relay 母线：Busbar 稳定stability电压稳定voltage stability 功角稳定angle stability 暂态稳定transient stabilityOSI: Open System Interconnect 开放式系统互联。
外文翻译及文献：电力系统The
Minimum Pow er SystemA minimum electric pow er system is show n in Fig. 1. the system cons ists of an energy source, a prime mover, a g enerator, and a load.The energy source may be coal, gas, or oil burned in a furnace to heat w ater and generate steam in a boiler; it m ay be fissionable mater ial w hich, in a nuclear reactor, w ill heat w ater to produce steam; it may be w ater in a pond at an elevation above the generating station; or it may be oil or gas burned in an internal combust ion engine.Fig. 1. The minimum electric pow er systemThe prime mover may be a steam-driven turbine, a hydraulic turbine or w ater wheel, or an internal combustion engi ne. E ach one of these prime movers has the ability to convert energy in the form of heat, falling w ater, or fuel into rotation of a shaft, w hich in turn w ill drive the generator.The electrical load on the generator may be lights, motors, heaters, or other devices, alone or in combination. P rob ably the load w ill vary from minute to minute as different demands occur.The control system functions to keep the speed of the machines substantially constant and the voltage w ithin prescr ibed limits, even though the load may change. To meet these load conditions, it is necessary for fuel input to chan ge, for the prime mover input to vary, and for the torque on the shaft from the pr ime mover to the generator to ch ange in order that the generator may be kept at constant speed. In addition, the field current to the generator must be adjusted to maintain constant output voltage. The control system may include a man stationed in the pow er pla nt that w atches a set of meters on the generator-output ter minals and makes the necessary adjustments manually. 3In a modem station, the control system is a servomechanis m that senses a generator-output conditions and autom atically makes the necessary changes in energy input and field current to hold the electrical output w it hin certain specifications.More Complicated SystemsIn most situations the load is not directly connected to the generator ter minals. More commonly the load is some di stance from the generator, requir ing a pow er line connecting them. It is desirable to keep the electric pow er supply at the load w ithin specifications. How ever, the controls are near the generator, w hich may be in another building, p erhaps several miles aw ay.If the distance from the generator to the load is considerable, it may be desir able to install transformers at the gen erator and at the load end, and to trans mit the pow er over a high-voltage line (Fig. 2). For the same pow er, the hi gher-voltage line carries less current, has low er losses for the same w ire size, and provides more stable v oltage.In some cases an overhead line may be unacceptable. Instead it may be advantageous to use an under ground ca ble. With the pow er systems talked above, the pow er supply to the load must be interrupted if, for any reason, any component of the system must be removed from service for maintenance or repair..Fig 2A generators connected through transfor mers and a high-voltage line to a distant loadAdditional system load may requir e more pow er than the generator can supply. Another generator w ith its associate d transformers and high-voltage line might be added.It can be show n that there are some advantages in making ties betw een the generators (1) and at the ends of the high-voltage lines (2and 3), as show n in Fig. 3. This system w ill operate satisfactorily as long as no trouble develo ps or no equipment needs to be taken out of service.The above system may be vastly improved by the introduction of circuit br eakers, w hich may be opened and closed as needed. Circuit breakers added to the system, Fig. 4, per mit selected piece of equipment to sw itch out of servi ce w ithout disturbing the remainder of system. With this arrangement any element of the system may be r eenergize d for maintenance or repair by oper ation of circuit breakers. Of course, if any piece of equipment is taken out of s ervice, the total load must then carried by the remaining equipment. Attention must be given to avoid over loads dur i ng such circumstances. If possible, outages of equipment are scheduled at times w hen load requirements are below nor mal.Fig. 1-3 A system w ith parallel oper ation of the generators, of the transformers and of the trans mission linesFig. 4A system w ith necessary circuit breakersFig. 5Three generators supplying three loads over high-voltage trans mission linesFig. 5 show s a system in w hich three generators and three loads are tied together by three trans mission lines. No circuit breakers are show n in this diagram, although many w ould be required in such a system.Typical System LayoutThe gener ators, lines, and other equipment w hich form an electric system are arranged depending on the manner in w hich load grow s in the area and may be rearranged from time to time.Fig. 6 A radial pow er system supply ing several loadsHow ever, there are certain plans in to w hich a particular system des ign may be classified. Three types are illustrate d: the radial system, the loop system, and the netw ork system. All of these are show n w ithout the necessary circuit breakers. In each of these systems, a single generator serves four loads.The radial system is show n in Fig. 6. Here the lines form a “tree” spreading out from the generator. Opening any li ne results in interruption of pow er to one or more of the loads.The loop system is illustrated in Fig. 7. With this arrangement all loads may be served even though one line sectio n is removed from service. In some instances dur ing nor mal operation, the loop may be open at some point, such as A. In case a line section is to be taken out, the loop is first closed at A and then the line section removed. In this manner no service interruptions occur.Fig. 1-7A loop arrangement of lines for supplying several loadsFig. 8 show s the same loads being served by a netw ork. With this arrangement each load has tw o or more circuits over w hich it is fed.Distribution circuits are commonly des igned so that they may be classified as radial or loop circuits. The high-voltag e trans mission lines of most pow er systems are arranged as netw orks. The interconnection of major pow er systems results in netw orks made up many line sections.Fig. 8A netw ork of lines for supplying several loadsAuxiliary E quipmentCircuit breakers are necessary to deenergize equipment either for normal operation or on the occurrence of short ci rcuits. Circuit breakers must be designed to carry nor mal-load currents continuously, to w ithstand the extremely high currents that occur during faults, and to separate contacts and clear a circuit in the presence of fault. Circuit break ers are rated in ter ms of these duties.When a circuit breaker opens to deenergize a piece of equipment, one side of the circuit breaker usually rem ains e nergized, as it is connected to operating equipment. Since it is sometimes necessary to w ork on the circuit breaker itself, it is also necessary to have means by w hich the circuit breaker may be completely disconnected from other energized equipment. For this purpose disconnect sw itches are placed in series w ith the circuit breakers. By openin g these disconnests, the circuit breaker may be completely deenergized, per mitting w ork to be carried on in safety.Various instruments are necessary to monitor the operation of the electr ic pow er system. Usually each generator, ea ch transformer bank, and each line has its ow n set of instruments, frequently consisting of voltmeters, ammeters, w attmeters, and var meters.When a fault occurs on a system, conditions on the system undergo a sudden change. Voltages usually drop and currents increase. These changes are most noticeable in the immediate vicinity of fault. On-line analog computers, c ommonly called relays monitor these changes of conditions, make a deter minat ion of w hich breaker should be open ed to clear the fault, and energize the trip circuits of those appropriate breakers. 'With modern equipment, the relay action and breaker opening causes removal of fault w ithin three or four cycles after its initiation.The instruments that show circuit conditions and the relays that protect the circuits are not mounted directly on the pow er lines but are placed on sw itchboards in a control house. Instrument transformers are installed on the high-vol tage equipment, by means of which it is possible to pass on to the meters and relays representative samples of th e conditions on the operating equipment. The primary of a potential transformer is connected directly to the high-vol tage equipment. The secondary provides for the instruments and relays a voltage w hich is a constant fraction of vol tage on the operating equipment and is in phase w ith it. Similarly, a current transformer is connected w ith its primar y in the high-voltage circuit. The secondary w inding provides a current w hich is a know n fraction of the pow er-equip ment current and is in phase w ith it.Bushing potential devices and capac itor potential devices serve the same purpose as potential transformers but usually w ith less accuracy in regard to ratio and phase angle.Faults on Pow er SystemsFaults and its DamageEach year new designs of pow er equipment bring about increased reliability of operation. Nevertheless, equipment f ailures and interference by outside sources occasionally result in faults on electric pow er syst ems. On the occurrenc e of a fault, current and voltage conditions become abnor mal, the delivery of pow er from the generating stations to the loads may be unsatisfactory over a considerable area, and if the faulted equipment is not promptly disconnected from the remainder of the system, damage may result to other pieces of operating equipment.A fault is the unintentional or intentional connecting together of tw o or more conductors w hich ordinarily operate w it h a difference of potential betw een them. The connection betw een the conductors may be by physical metallic cont act or it may be through an arc. At the fault, the voltage betw een the tw o parts is reduced to zero in the case of metal-to-metal contacts, or to a very low value in case the connection is through an arc. Currents of abnor mally hig h magnitude flow through the netw ork to the point of fault. These short-circuit currents w ill usually be much greater than the designed ther mal ability of the conductors in the lines or machines feeding the fault. The resultant rise in t emperature may cause damage by the annealing of conductors and by the charring of insulation. In the period duri ng w hich the fault is per mitted to exist, the voltage on the system in the near vicinity of the fault w ill be so low th at utilization equipment w ill be inoperative. It is apparent that the pow er system designer must anticipate points at which faults may occur, be able to calculate conditions that exist during a fault, and provide equipment properly adj usted to open the sw itches necessary to disconnect the faulted equipment from the remainder of the system1. Ordi narily it is desirable that no other sw itches on the system are opened, as such behavior w ould result in unnecessar y modification of the system circuits.OverloadA distinction must be made betw een a fault and an overload. An overload implies only that loads greater than the designed values have been imposed on system. Under such a circumstance the voltage at the overload point may be low, but not zero. This under voltage condition may extend for some distance beyond the overload point into the remainder of the system. The currents in the overloaded equipment are high and may exceed the ther mal des ign l imits. Nevertheless, such currents are substantially low er than in the case of a fault. Service frequently may be mai ntained, but at below-standard voltage.Overloads are rather common occurrences in homes. For example, a housew ife might plug five w affle irons into the kitchen circuit during a neighborhood party. Such an overlo ad, if per mitted to continue, w ould cause heating of the w ires from the pow er center and might eventually start a fire. To prevent such trouble, residential circuits are prote cted by fuses or circuit breakers w hich open quickly w hen currents above specified values persist. Distribution transf or mers are sometimes overloaded as customers install more and more appliances. The continuous monitoring of dist ribution circuits is necessary to be certain that transfor mer sizes are increased as load grow s.Various FaultsFaults of many types and causes may appear on electric pow er systems. Many of us in our homes have seen fray ed lamp cords w hich permitted the tw o conductors of the cord to come in contact w ith each other. When this occur s, there is a resulting flash, and if breaker or fuse equipment functions properly, the circuit is opened.Overhead lines, for the most part, are constructed of bare conductors. These are sometimes accidentally brought to gether by action of w ind, sleet, trees, cranes, airplanes, or dama ge to supporting structures. Over voltages due to li ghtning or sw itching may cause flashover of supporting or from conductor to conductor. Contamination on insulators sometimes results in flashover even dur ing nor mal voltage conditions.The conductors of underground cables are separated from each other and from ground by solid insulation, w hich m ay be oil-impregnated paper or a plastic such as polyethylene. These materials undergo some deter ioration w ith ag e, particularly if overloads on the cables have resulted in their operation at elevated temperature. Any small void pr esent in the body of the insulating material w ill result in ionization of the gas contained therein, the products of w hi ch react unfavorably w ith the insulation, deterior ation of the insulation may result in failur e of the material to retain i ts insulating properties, and short circuits w ill develop betw een the cable conductors. The possibility of cable failure is increased if lightning or sw itching produces transient voltage of abnor mally high values betw een the conductors.Transfor mer failures may be the result of insulation deterioration combined w ith over-voltages due to lightning or sw i tching trans ients. Short circuits due to insulation failure betw een adjacent turns of the same w inding may result from suddenly applied over voltages. Major insulation may fail, per mitting arcs to be established betw een primary and se condary w indings or betw een a w inding and grounded metal part such as the core or tank.Generators may fail due to breakdow n of the insulation betw een adjacent turns in the same slot, resulting in a shor t circuit in a single turn of the generator. Insulation breakdow n may also occur betw een one of the w indings and th e grounded steel structure in w hich the coils are embedded. Breakdow n betw een different w indings lying in the sam e slot results in short-circuiting extensive sections of machine.Balanced three- phase faults, like balanced three-phase loads, may be handled on a line to-neutr al bas is or on an equivalent single-phase basis. P roblems may be solved either in ter ms of volts, amperes, and ohms. The handling of faults on single-phase lines is of course identical to the method of handling three-phase faults on an equivalent s ingle-phase basis.Per manent Faults and Temporary FaultsFaults may be classified as per manent or temporary. P er manent faults are those in w hich insulation failure or struct ure failure produces damage that makes operation of the equipment impossible and requires repairs to be made. T emporary faults are those w hich may be removed by deenergiz ing the equipment for a short period of time, short ci rcuits on overhead lines frequently are of this nature. High w inds may cause tw o or more conductors to sw ing toget her momentar ily. During the short period of contact, an arc is formed w hich may continue as long as the line remai ns energized. How ever i f automatic equipment can be brought into operation to deenergize the line quickly, little ph ysical damage may result and the line may be restored to service as soon as the are is extinguished. Arcs across insulators due to over voltages from lightning or sw itching trans ients usually can be cleared by automatic circuit-brea ker operation before significant structure damage occurs.Because of this characteristic of faults on lines, many companies operate follow ing a procedure know n as high-spee d reclosing. On the occurrence of a fault, the line is promptly deenergized by opening the circuit breakers at each end of the line. The breakers remain open long enough for the arc to clear, and then reclose automatically. In man y instances service is restored in a fraction of a second. Of course, if structure damage has occurred and the fault persists,it is necessary for the breakers to reopen and lock open.电力系统最低限度的电力系统最低电力系统显示图.1 .该系统包括能源，主要动力，一台发电机和负荷。
(完整版)电力系统外文英语文献资料
Electric Power SystemElectrical power system refers to remove power and electric parts of the part,It includes substation, power station and distribution. The role of the power grid is connected power plants and users and with the minimum transmission and distribution network disturbance through transport power, with the highest efficiency and possibility will voltage and frequency of the power transmission to the user fixed .Grid can be divided into several levels based on the operating voltage transmission system, substructure, transmission system and distribution system, the highest level of voltage transmission system is ZhuWangJia or considered the high power grids. From the two aspects of function and operation, power can be roughly divided into two parts, the transmission system and substation. The farthest from the maximum output power and the power of the highest voltage grade usually through line to load. Secondary transmission usually refers to the transmission and distribution system is that part of the middle. If a plant is located in or near the load, it might have no power. It will be direct access to secondary transmission and distribution system. Secondary transmission system voltage grade transmission and distribution system between voltage level. Some systems only single second transmission voltage, but usually more than one. Distribution system is part of the power system and its retail service to users, commercial users and residents of some small industrial users. It is to maintain and in the correct voltage power to users responsible. In most of the system, Distribution system accounts for 35% of the total investment system President to 45%, and total loss of system of the half .More than 220kv voltage are usually referred to as Ultra high pressure, over 800kv called high pressure, ultra high voltage and high pressure have important advantages, For example, each route high capacity, reduce the power needed for the number of transmission. In as high voltage to transmission in order to save a conductor material seem desirable, however, must be aware that high voltage transmission can lead to transformer, switch equipment and other instruments of spending increases, so, for the voltage transmission to have certain restriction, allows it to specific circumstances in economic use. Although at present, power transmission most is through the exchange of HVDC transmission, and the growing interest in, mercury arc rectifier and brake flow pipe into the ac power generation and distribution that change for the high voltage dc transmission possible.Compared with the high-voltage dc high-voltage ac transmission has the following some advantages: (1) the communication with high energy; (2) substation of simple maintenance and communication cost is low; (3) ac voltage can easily and effectively raise or lower, it makes the power transmission and high pressure With safety voltage distributionHVDC transmission and high-voltage ac transmission has the following advantages: (1) it only need two phase conductors and ac transmission to three-phase conductors; (2) in the dc transmission impedance, no RongKang, phase shift and impact overvoltage; (3) due to the same load impedance, no dc voltage, and transfer of the transmission line voltage drop less communication lines, and for this reason dc transmission line voltage regulator has better properties; (4) in dc system without skin effect. Therefore, the entire section of route conductors are using; (5) for the same work, dc voltage potential stress than insulation. Therefore dc Wire need less insulation; (6) dc transmission line loss, corona to little interference lines of communication; (7) HVDC transmission without loss of dielectric, especially in cable transmission; (8) in dc system without stability and synchronization of trouble.A transmission and the second transmission lines terminated in substation or distribution substations, the substation and distribution substations, the equipment including power and instrument transformer and lightning arrester, with circuit breaker, isolating switch, capacitor set, bus and a substation control equipment, with relays for the control room of the equipment. Some of the equipment may include more transformer substations and some less, depending on their role in the operation. Some of the substation is manual and other is automatic. Power distribution system through the distribution substations. Some of them by many large capacity transformer feeders, large area to other minor power transformer capacity, only a near load control, sometimes only a doubly-fed wire feeders (single single variable substation)Now for economic concerns, three-phase three-wire type communication network is widely used, however, the power distribution, four lines using three-phase ac networks.Coal-fired power means of main power generating drive generators, if coal energy is used to produce is pushing the impeller, then generate steam force is called the fire. Use coal produces steam to promote the rotating impeller machine plant called coal-fired power plants. In the combustion process, the energy stored in the coal to heat released,then the energy can be transformed into the form within vapor. Steam into the impeller machine work transformed into electrical energy.Coal-fired power plants could fuel coal, oil and natural gas is. In coal-fired power plant, coal and coal into small pieces first through the break fast, and then put out. The coal conveyer from coal unloader point to crush, then break from coal, coal room to pile and thence to power. In most installations, according to the needs of coal is, Smash the coal storage place, no coal is through the adjustable coal to supply coal, the broken pieces of coal is according to the load changes to control needs. Through the broken into the chamber, the coal dust was in the second wind need enough air to ensure coal burning.In function, impeller machine is used to high temperature and high pressure steam energy into kinetic energy through the rotation, spin and convert electricity generator. Steam through and through a series of impeller machine parts, each of which consists of a set of stable blade, called the pipe mouth parts, even in the rotor blades of mobile Li called. In the mouth parts (channel by tube nozzle, the steam is accelerating formation) to high speed, and the fight in Li kinetic energy is transformed into the shaft. In fact, most of the steam generator is used for air is, there is spread into depression, steam turbine of low-pressure steam from the coagulation turbine, steam into the condenses into water, and finally the condensate water is to implement and circulation.In order to continuous cycle, these must be uninterrupted supply: (1) fuel; (2) the air (oxygen) to the fuel gas burning in the configuration is a must; (3) and condenser, condensed from the condensed water supply, sea and river to lake. Common cooling tower; (4) since water vapour in some places in circulation, will damage process of plenty Clean the supply.The steam power plant auxiliary system is running. For a thermal power plant, the main auxiliary system including water system, burning gas and exhaust systems, condensation system and fuel system. The main auxiliary system running in the water pump, condensation and booster pump, coal-fired power plants in the mill equipment. Other power plant auxiliary equipment including air compressors, water and cooling water system, lighting and heating systems, coal processing system. Auxiliary equipment operation is driven by motor, use some big output by mechanical drive pump and some of the impeller blades, machine drive out from the main use of water vaporimpeller machine. In coal-fired power plant auxiliary equipment, water supply pump and induced draft fan is the biggest need horsepower.Most of the auxiliary power generating unit volume increased significantly in recent years, the reason is required to reduce environment pollution equipment. Air quality control equipment, such as electrostatic precipitator, dust collection of flue gas desulfurization, often used in dust in the new coal-fired power plants, and in many already built in power plant, the natural drive or mechanical drive, fountain, cooling tower in a lake or cooling canal has been applied in coal-fired power plants and plants, where the heat release need to assist cooling system.In coal-fired power stations, some device is used to increase the thermal energy, they are (1) economizer and air preheater, they can reduce the heat loss; (2) water heater, he can increase the temperature of water into boiling water heaters; (3) they can increase and filter the thermal impeller.Coal-fired power plants usually requires a lot of coal and coal reservoirs, however the fuel system in power plant fuel handling equipment is very simple, and almost no fuel oil plants.The gas turbine power plants use gas turbine, where work is burning gas fluid. Although the gas turbine must burn more expensive oil or gas, but their low cost and time is short, and can quickly start, they are very applicable load power plant. The gas turbine burn gas can achieve 538 degrees Celsius in the condensing turbine, however, the temperature is lower, if gas turbine and condenser machine, can produce high thermal efficiency. In gas turbine turbine a combined cycle power plant. The gas through a gas turbine, steam generator heat recovery in there were used to generate vapor heat consumption. Water vapor and then through a heated turbine. Usually a steam turbine, and one to four gas turbine power plant, it must be rated output power.。
（完整版）电力系统外文英语文献资料
（完整版）电力系统外文英语文献资料Electric Power SystemElectrical power system refers to remove power and electric parts of the part,It includes substation, power station and distribution. The role of the power grid is connected power plants and users and with the minimum transmission and distribution network disturbance through transport power, with the highest efficiency and possibility will voltage and frequency of the power transmission to the user fixed .Grid can be divided into several levels based on the operating voltage transmission system, substructure, transmission system and distribution system, the highest level of voltage transmission system is ZhuWangJia or considered the high power grids. From the two aspects of function and operation, power can be roughly divided into two parts, the transmission system and substation. The farthest from the maximum output power and the power of the highest voltage grade usually through line to load. Secondary transmission usually refers to the transmission and distribution system is that part of the middle. If a plant is located in or near the load, it might have no power. It will be direct access to secondary transmission and distribution system. Secondary transmission system voltage grade transmission and distribution system between voltage level. Some systems only single second transmission voltage, but usually more than one. Distribution system is part of the power system and its retail service to users, commercial users and residents of some small industrial users. It is to maintain and in the correct voltage power to users responsible. In most of the system, Distribution system accounts for 35% of the total investment system President to 45%, andtotal loss of system of the half .More than 220kv voltage are usually referred to as Ultra high pressure, over 800kv called high pressure, ultra high voltage and high pressure have important advantages, For example, each route high capacity, reduce the power needed for the number of transmission. In as high voltage to transmission in order to save a conductor material seem desirable, however, must be aware that high voltage transmission can lead to transformer, switch equipment and other instruments of spending increases, so, for the voltage transmission to have certain restriction, allows it to specific circumstances in economic use. Although at present, power transmission most is through the exchange of HVDC transmission, and the growing interest in, mercury arc rectifier and brake flow pipe into the ac power generation and distribution that change for the high voltage dc transmission possible.Compared with the high-voltage dc high-voltage ac transmission has the following some advantages: (1) the communication with high energy; (2) substation of simple maintenance and communication cost is low; (3) ac voltage can easily and effectively raise or lower, it makes the power transmission and high pressure With safety voltage distribution HVDC transmission and high-voltage ac transmission has the following advantages: (1) it only need two phase conductors and ac transmission to three-phase conductors; (2) in the dc transmission impedance, no RongKang, phase shift and impact overvoltage; (3) due to the same load impedance, no dc voltage, and transfer of the transmission line voltage drop less communication lines, and for this reason dc transmission line voltage regulator has better properties; (4) in dc system withoutskin effect. Therefore, the entire section of route conductors are using; (5) for the same work, dc voltage potential stress than insulation. Therefore dc Wire need less insulation; (6) dc transmission line loss, corona to little interference lines of communication; (7) HVDC transmission without loss of dielectric, especially in cable transmission; (8) in dc system without stability and synchronization of trouble.A transmission and the second transmission lines terminated in substation or distribution substations, the substation and distribution substations, the equipment including power and instrument transformer and lightning arrester, with circuit breaker, isolating switch, capacitor set, bus and a substation control equipment, with relays for the control room of the equipment. Some of the equipment may include more transformer substations and some less, depending on their role in the operation. Some of the substation is manual and other is automatic. Power distribution system through the distribution substations. Some of them by many large capacity transformer feeders, large area to other minor power transformer capacity, only a near load control, sometimes only a doubly-fed wire feeders (single single variable substation)Now for economic concerns, three-phase three-wire type communication network is widely used, however, the power distribution, four lines using three-phase ac networks.Coal-fired power means of main power generating drive generators, if coal energy is used to produce is pushing the impeller, then generate steam force is called the fire. Use coal produces steam to promote the rotating impeller machine plant called coal-fired power plants. In the combustion process, the energy stored in the coal to heat released,then the energy can be transformed into the form within vapor. Steam into the impeller machine work transformed into electrical energy.Coal-fired power plants could fuel coal, oil and natural gas is. In coal-fired power plant, coal and coal into small pieces first through the break fast, and then put out. The coal conveyer from coal unloader point to crush, then break from coal, coal room to pile and thence to power. In most installations, according to the needs of coal is, Smash the coal storage place, no coal is through the adjustable coal to supply coal, the broken pieces of coal is according to the load changes to control needs. Through the broken into the chamber, the coal dust was in the second wind need enough air to ensure coal burning.In function, impeller machine is used to high temperature and high pressure steam energy into kinetic energy through the rotation, spin and convert electricity generator. Steam through and through a series of impeller machine parts, each of which consists of a set of stable blade, called the pipe mouth parts, even in the rotor blades of mobile Li called. In the mouth parts (channel by tube nozzle, the steam is accelerating formation) to high speed, and the fight in Li kinetic energy is transformed into the shaft. In fact, most of the steam generator is used for air is, there is spread into depression, steam turbine of low-pressure steam from the coagulation turbine, steam into the condenses into water, and finally the condensate water is to implement and circulation.In order to continuous cycle, these must be uninterrupted supply: (1) fuel; (2) the air (oxygen) to the fuel gas burning in the configuration is a must; (3) and condenser, condensed from the condensed water supply, sea and river to lake. Common coolingtower; (4) since water vapour in some places in circulation, will damage process of plenty Clean the supply.The steam power plant auxiliary system is running. For a thermal power plant, the main auxiliary system including water system, burning gas and exhaust systems, condensation system and fuel system. The main auxiliary system running in the water pump, condensation and booster pump, coal-fired power plants in the mill equipment. Other power plant auxiliary equipment including air compressors, water and cooling water system, lighting and heating systems, coal processing system. Auxiliary equipment operation is driven by motor, use some big output by mechanical drive pump and some of the impeller blades, machine drive out from the main use of water vaporimpeller machine. In coal-fired power plant auxiliary equipment, water supply pump and induced draft fan is the biggest need horsepower.Most of the auxiliary power generating unit volume increased significantly in recent years, the reason is required to reduce environment pollution equipment. Air quality control equipment, such as electrostatic precipitator, dust collection of flue gas desulfurization, often used in dust in the new coal-fired power plants, and in many already built in power plant, the natural drive or mechanical drive, fountain, cooling tower in a lake or cooling canal has been applied in coal-fired power plants and plants, where the heat release need to assist cooling system.In coal-fired power stations, some device is used to increase the thermal energy, they are (1) economizer and air preheater, they can reduce the heat loss; (2) water heater, he can increase the temperature of water into boiling water heaters; (3) they can increase and filter the thermal impeller.Coal-fired power plants usually requires a lot of coal and coal reservoirs, however the fuel system in power plant fuel handling equipment is very simple, and almost no fuel oil plants.The gas turbine power plants use gas turbine, where work is burning gas fluid. Although the gas turbine must burn more expensive oil or gas, but their low cost and time is short, and can quickly start, they are very applicable load power plant. The gas turbine burn gas can achieve 538 degrees Celsius in the condensing turbine, however, the temperature is lower, if gas turbine and condenser machine, can produce high thermal efficiency. In gas turbine turbine a combined cycle power plant. The gas through a gas turbine, steam generator heat recovery in there were used to generate vapor heat consumption. Water vapor and then through a heated turbine. Usually a steam turbine, and one to four gas turbine power plant, it must be rated output power.。
和电力系统相关的专业英语
和电力系统相关的专业英语电力系统 power system发电机 generator励磁 excitation励磁器 excitor电压 voltage电流 current升压变压器 step-up transformer母线 bus变压器 transformer空载损耗 no-load loss铁损 iron loss铜损 copper loss空载电流 no-load current有功损耗 reactive loss无功损耗 active loss输电系统 power transmission system高压侧 high side输电线 transmission line高压 high voltage低压 low voltage中压 middle voltage功角稳定 angle stability稳定 stability电压稳定 voltage stability暂态稳定 transient stability电厂 power plant能量输送 power transfer交流 AC直流 DC电网 power system落点 drop point开关站 switch station调节 regulation高抗 high voltage shunt reactor 并列的 apposable裕度 margin故障 fault三相故障 three phase fault分接头 tap切机 generator triping高顶值 high limited value静态 static (state)动态 dynamic (state)机端电压控制 AVR电抗 reactance电阻 resistance功角 power angle有功（功率） active power 电容器 Capacitor电抗器 Reactor断路器 Breaker电动机 motor功率因数 power-factor定子 stator阻抗 impedance功角 power-angle电压等级 voltage grade有功负载: active load PLoad 无功负载 reactive load档位 tap position电阻 resistor电抗 reactance电导 conductance电纳 susceptance上限 upper limit下限 lower limit正序阻抗 positive sequence impedance 负序阻抗 negative sequence impedance 零序阻抗 zero sequence impedance无功（功率） reactive power功率因数 power factor无功电流 reactive current斜率 slope额定 rating变比 ratio参考值 reference value电压互感器 PT分接头 tap仿真分析 simulation analysis下降率 droop rate传递函数 transfer function框图 block diagram受端 receive-side同步 synchronization保护断路器 circuit breaker摇摆 swing阻尼 damping无刷直流电机 Brusless DC motor刀闸(隔离开关) Isolator机端 generator terminal变电站 transformer substation永磁同步电机 Permanent-magnet Synchronism Motor异步电机 Asynchronous Motor三绕组变压器 three-column transformer ThrClnTrans双绕组变压器 double-column transformer DblClmnTrans 固定串联电容补偿 fixed series capacitor compensation 双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines on the same tower 单机无穷大系统 one machine - infinity bus system励磁电流 Magnetizing current补偿度 degree of compensation电磁场:Electromagnetic fields失去同步 loss of synchronization装机容量 installed capacity无功补偿 reactive power compensation故障切除时间 fault clearing time极限切除时间 critical clearing time强行励磁 reinforced excitation并联电容器 shunt capacitor<下降特性 droop characteristics线路补偿器 LDC(line drop compensation)电机学 Electrical Machinery自动控制理论 Automatic Control Theory电磁场 Electromagnetic Field微机原理 Principle of Microcomputer电工学 Electrotechnics电路原理 Principle of circuits电机学 Electrical Machinery电力系统稳态分析 Steady-State Analysis of Power System电力系统暂态分析 Transient-State Analysis of Power System 电力系统继电保护原理 Principle of Electrical System's Relay Protection 电力系统元件保护原理 Protection Principle of Power System 's Element电力系统内部过电压 Past Voltage within Power system模拟电子技术基础 Basis of Analogue Electronic Technique数字电子技术 Digital Electrical Technique电路原理实验 Lab. of principle of circuits电气工程讲座 Lectures on electrical power production电力电子基础 Basic fundamentals of power electronics高电压工程 High voltage engineering电子专题实践 Topics on experimental project of electronics 电气工程概论 Introduction to electrical engineering电子电机集成系统 Electronic machine system电力传动与控制 Electrical Drive and Control电力系统继电保护 Power System Relaying Protection 主变压器 main transformer升压变压器 step-up transformer降压变压器 step-down transformer工作变压器 operating transformer备用变压器 standby transformer公用变压器 common transformer三相变压器 three-phase transformer单相变压器 single-phase transformer带负荷调压变压器 on-load regulating transformer变压器铁芯 transformer core变压器线圈 transformer coil变压器绕组 transformer winding变压器油箱 transformer oil tank变压器外壳 transformer casing变压器风扇 transformer fan变压器油枕transformer oil conservator(∽ drum变压器额定电压 transformer reted voltage变压器额定电流 transformer reted current变压器调压范围 transformer voltage regulation rage配电设备 power distribution equipment SF6断路器 SF6 circuit breaker开关 switch按钮 button隔离开关 isolator,disconnector真空开关 vacuum switch刀闸开关 knife-switch接地刀闸 earthing knife-switch电气设备 electrical equipment变流器 current converter电流互感器 current transformer电压互感器 voltage transformer电源 power source交流电源 AC power source直流电源 DC power source工作电源 operating source备用电源 Standby source强电 strong current弱电 weak current继电器 relay信号继电器 signal relay电流继电器 current relay电压继电器 voltage relay跳闸继电器 tripping relay合闸继电器 closing relay中间继电器 intermediate relay时间继电器 time relay零序电压继电器 zero-sequence voltage relay差动继电器 differential relay闭锁装置 locking device遥控 telecontrol遥信 telesignalisation遥测 telemetering遥调 teleregulation断路器 breaker,circuit breaker少油断路器 mini-oil breaker,oil-mini-mum breaker 高频滤波器 high-frequency filter组合滤波器 combined filter常开触点 normally opened contaact常闭触点 normally closed contaact并联电容 parallel capacitance保护接地 protective earthing熔断器 cutout,fusible cutout电缆 cable跳闸脉冲 tripping pulse合闸脉冲 closing pulse一次电压 primary voltage二次电压 secondary voltage并联电容器 parallel capacitor无功补偿器 reactive power compensation device消弧线圈 arc-suppressing coil母线 Bus,busbar三角接法 delta connection星形接法 Wye connection原理图 schematic diagram一次系统图 primary system diagram二次系统图 secondary system diagram两相短路 two-phase short circuit三相短路 three-phase short circuit单相接地短路 single-phase ground short circuit短路电流计算 calculation of short circuit current 自动重合闸 automatic reclosing高频保护 high-freqency protection距离保护 distance protection横差保护 transverse differential protection纵差保护 longitudinal differential protection线路保护 line protection过电压保护 over-voltage protection母差保护 bus differential protection瓦斯保护 Buchholtz protection变压器保护 transformer protection电动机保护 motor protection远方控制 remote control用电量 power consumption载波 carrier故障 fault选择性 selectivity速动性 speed灵敏性 sensitivity可靠性 reliability电磁型继电器 electromagnetic无时限电流速断保护 instantaneously over-current protection 跳闸线圈 trip coil工作线圈 operating coil制动线圈 retraint coil主保护 main protection后备保护 back-up protection定时限过电流保护 definite time over-current protection三段式电流保护 the current protection with three stages 反时限过电流保护 inverse time over-current protection 方向性电流保护 the directional current protection零序电流保护 zero-sequence current protection阻抗 impedance微机保护 Microprocessor Protection。
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外文资料翻译Electric Power SystemIntroductionElectric Power System,components that transform other types of energy into electrical energy and transmit this energy to a consumer.The production and transmission of electricity is relatively efficient and inexpensive,although unlike other forms of energy,electricity is not easily stored and thus must generally be used as it is being produced.Components of an Electric Power SystemA modern electric power system consists of six main components:(1)the power station,(2)a set of transforms to raise the generated power to the high voltages used on the transmission lines,(3)the transmission,(4)the substations at which the power is stepped down to the voltage on the distribution lines,(5)the distribution lines,and(6)the transformers that lower the distribution voltage to the level used by the consumer's equipment.Power Station The power station of a power system consists of a prime mover,such as a turbine driven by water,steam,or combustion gases that operate a system of electric motors and generators.Most of the world's electric power is generated in steam plants driven by coal,oil,nuclear energyor gas.A smaller percentage of the world's electric power is generated by hydroelectric(waterpower),diesel,and internal-combustion plants.Transformers Modern electric power systems use transformers to convert electricity into different voltages.With transformers,each stage of the system can be operated at an appropriate voltage.In a typical system,the generators at the power station deliver a voltage of from 1,000 to 26,000 volts(V).Transformers step this voltage up to values ranging from 138,000 to 765,000 V for the long-distances.At the substation the voltage may be transformed down to levels of 69,000 to 138,000 V for further transfer on the distribution system.Another set of transformers step the voltage down again to a distribution level such as 2,400or 4,160 V or 15,27,or 33 kilovolts(KV).Finally the voltage is transformed once again at the distribution transformer near the point of use to 240 or 120 V.Transmission Lines The lines of high-voltage transmission systems are usually composed of wires of copper,aluminum,or copper-clad or aluminum-clad steel,which are suspend from tall latticework towers of steel by strings of porcelain insulators.By the use of clad steel wires and high towers,the distance between towers can be increased,and the cost of the transmission line thus reduced.In modern installationswith essentially straight paths,high-voltage lines may be built with as few as six towers to the kilometer.In some areas high-voltage lines are suspended from tall wooden poles spaced more closely together.For lower voltage distribution lines,wooden poles are generally used rather than steel towers.In cities and other areas where open lines create a safety hazard or are considered unattractive,insulated underground cables are used for distribution.Some of these cables have a hollow core through which oil circulates under low pressure.The oil provides temporary protection from water damage to the enclosed wires should the cable develop a leak.Pipe-type cables in which three cables are enclosed in a pipe filled with oil under high pressure(14 kg per sq cm/200psi)are frequently used. These cables are used for transmission of current at voltage as high as 345,000 V(or 345 KV).Supplementary Equipment Any electric-distribution system involves a large amount of supplementary equipment to protect the generators,transforms,and the transmission linesthemselves.The system often includes devices designed to regulate the voltage or other characteristics of power delivered to consumers.To protect all elements of a power system from short circuits and overloads,and for normal switching operations,circuit breakers are employed.These breakers are large switches that are activated automatically in the event of a short circuit or other condition that produces a sudden rise of current. Because a current forms across the terminals of the circuit breaker at the moment when the current is interrupted,some large breakers(such as those used to protect a generator or a section of primary transmission line)are immersed in a liquid that is a poor conductor of electricity, such as oil, to quench the current. In large air-type circuit breakers, as well as in oil breakers, magnetic fields are used to break up the current.Small air-circuit breakers are used for protection in shops, factories,and in modern home installations.In residential electric wiring, fuses were once commonly employed for the same purpose.A fuse consists of a piece of alloy with a low melting point, inserted in the circuit,which melts,breaking the circuit if the current rises above a certain value. Most residences now use air-circuit breakers.Power FailuresIn most parts of the world, local or national electric utilities have joined in grid systems.The linking grids allow electricity generated in one area to be shared with others. Each utility that agrees to share gains an increased reserve capacity, use of larger, more efficient generators, and the ability to respond to local power failures by obtaining energy from a linking grid.These interconnected grids are large, complex systems that contain elements operated by different groups. These systems offer the opportunity for economic savings and improve overall reliability but can create a risk of widespread failure. For example, the worst blackout in the history of the United States and Canada occurred August 14, 2003, when 61,800 megawatts of electrical power was lost in an area covering 50 million people.(One megawatt of electricity is roughly the amount neededto power 750 residential homes.)The blackout prompted calls to replace aging equipment and raised questions about the reliability of the national power grid.Despite the potential for rare widespread problems, the interconnected grid system provides necessary backup and alternate paths for power flow, resulting in much higher overall reliability than is possible with isolated systems .National or regional grids can also cope with unexpected outage such as those caused by storms, earthquakes,landslides,and forest fires, or due to human error or deliberate acts of sabotage.Power QualityIn recent years electricity has been used to power more sophisticated and technically complex manufacturing processes, computers and computer networks, and a variety of other high-technology consumer goods. These products and processes are sensitive not only to the continuity of power supply but also to the constancy of electrical frequency and voltage. Consequently, utilities are taking new measures to provide the necessary reliability and quality of electrical power, such as by providing additional electrical equipment to assure that the voltage and other characteristics of electrical power are constant.Voltage Regulation Long transmission lines have considerable inductance and capacitance.When acurrent flows through the line, inductance and capacitance have the effect of varying the voltage on the line as the current varies. Thus the supply voltage varies with the load. Several kinds of devices are used to overcome this undesirable variation in an operation called regulation of the voltage. The device include induction regulators and three-phase synchronous motors(called synchronous condensers), both of which vary the effective amount of inductance and capacitance in the transmission circuit.Inductance and capacitance react with a tendency to nullify one another. When a load circuit has more inductive than capacitive reactance, as almost invariably occurs in large power systems, the amount of power delivered for a given voltage and current is less than when the two are equal. The ratio of these two amounts of power is called the power factor. Because transmission-line losses are proportional to current, capacitance is added to the circuit when possible, thus bringing the power factor as nearly as possible to 1. For this reason, large capacitors are frequently inserted as a part of power-transmission systems.World Electric Power Production Over the period from 1950 to 2003, the most recent year for which data are available, annual world electric power production and consumption rose from slightly less than 1 trillion kilowatt-hours(kW.h) to 15.9 trillion kW.h. A change also took place in the type of power generation. In 1950 about two-thirds of the world’s electricity came from steam-generating sources and about one-third from hydroelectric sources.In 2003 thermal sources produced 65 percent of the power, but hydropower had declined to 17 percent, and nuclear power accounted for 16 percent of the total. The growth in nuclear power slowed in some countries,notably the United States, in response to concerns about safety. Nuclearplants generated 20 percent of U.S. electricity in 2003; in France, the world leader, the figure was 78 percent.ConservationMuch of the world’s electricity is produced from the use of nonrenewable resources, such as natural gas, coal, oil, and uranium. Coal, oil, and natural gas contain carbon, and burning these fossil fuels contributes to global emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. Scientists believe that carbon dioxide is the principal gas responsible for global warming, a steady rise in Earth’s surface temperature.Consumers of electricity can save money and help protect the environment by eliminating unnecessary use of electricity, such as turning off light when leaving a room. Other conservation methods include buying and using energy-efficient appliances and light bulbs, and using appliances, such as washing machines and dryers, at off-peak production hours when rates are lower. Consumers may also consider environmental measures such as purchasing “green power” when it is offered by a local utility.”Green power”is usually more expensive but relies on renewable and environmentallyfriendly energy sources, such as wind turbines and geothermal power plants.电力系统介绍电力系统把其它形式的能源转化为电能并输送给用户。