殖民主义时期的美国文学英文 ppt课件
美国文学PPT
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Puritanism: American Puritans
Puritans want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices.
Puritans wish to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.
Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.
Religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.
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“Tenth Muse”
most famous poems—
“Contemplations”《沉思 录》
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The Literature of Reason and Revolution
“The Age of Reason” “American Enlightenment”
the first American
writer
A Description of New
England 《新英格兰叙事》 (1616)
General History of
Virginia《弗吉尼亚通史》（ 1642）
Pocahontas
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William Bradford (1590-1657)
美国文学 ppt课件
• Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.
• Religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a
wrathful GodOf Plymouth Plantation
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Anne Bradstreet (安妮·布拉 德斯特里特) (1612-1672)
the first American woman poet
a Puritan poet, once called “Tenth Muse”
• The spiritual life in the colonies during that period was molded by the bourgeois Enlightenment.
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2. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790):
• The Autobiography • Poor Richard’s Almanack
the first American writer
A Description of New England 《新英格兰叙事》 (1616)
General History of Virginia《弗吉尼亚通史》 （1642）
• Pocahontas
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William Bradford (1590-1657)
• Politics dominated the revolutionary phase of American writing.
• The crisis in American life carried by the Revolution made artists self-conscious about American subjects.
讲殖民地时期美国文学
* To seek a new Garden of Eden
* To build “City of God on earth”
Puritans came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. It is true that they wished to escape religious persecution—and the English government regarded its American colony as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables, but they were also determined to find a place where they could worship in the way they thought true Christians should. They regarded themselves as God's chosen people, they were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden.
American Puritanism
Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. It is a religious and political movement. Through it, one sees emerging the right of the individual to political and religious independence. As a culture heritage (n.遗 产，继承物，传统), Puritanism did have a profound (a.深度 的深远的；见解深刻的；深奥的) influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had an enduring (持久的) influence on American literature.
美国文学-Colonial_America PPT
II. Literary Scene in Colonial America
1. major forms: diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, sermons and commonplace books ( a
personal journal in which quotable passages, literary excerpts
Puritanism’s influence on American literature (p.14)
Purpose of writing: pragmatic Contents: practical matter-of-fact accounts of life in
the new world; highly theoretical discussions of religious questions. Style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery, simplicity of diction.
Two groups among the 17th-century American Puritans: Separatists and Massachusetts Bay Group.
Puritanism
A dominant factor in American life, one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.(p.11)
americanliteraturepartitheliteratureofcolon
❖ Religious Reason: The ascension of Charles I to the throne-who was known to be sympathetic to Roman Catholicism and impatient with Puritan reformers was taken as an ominous sign for Puritans.
Part I The Literature of Colonial America
北美殖民时期文学（1607-1750）
Although some North American tribes developed a type of hieroglyphics （象形文字）to preserve certain texts, Native-American culture was primarily oral, with a high value on the recounting of tales and dreams.
北美殖民时期文学（1607-1750）
Part I The Literature of Colonial America
北美殖民时期文学（1607-1750）
I. Historical Introduction
1. Early Settlements 1.1 1492: Columbus reached the Americas
Spaniards, Italians, and Portuguese ❖ contributed to the forming of the American civilization ❖ the colonies that became the first United States were for
美国文学殖民地时期的文学
History And Anthology Of American LiteraturePart I The Literature of Colonial AmericaHistorical IntroductionThe First American Writings & WritersPuritan ThoughtsHistorical Introduction● 1. The discovery of the American continent by Christopher Columbus in 1492 Christopher Columbus’s discovery of America2. English and European explorersThe earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians, and Portuguese, each group settling in different parts of the continent and they all contributed to the forming of the American civilization, but the colonies that became the first United States were for the most part English sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands.3. English and European settlementsThe first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. At last early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American history.Two Important New England Settlements→(Map) The Plymouth ColonyFlagship Mayflower arrives – 1620 Leader - William Bradford Settlers known as Pilgrims (朝圣者，朝觐者,清教徒前辈移民) and Separatists (主张脱离英国国教者) "The Mayflower Compact" provides for social, religious, and economic freedom, while still maintaining ties to Great Britain. The Massachusetts Bay Colony Flagship Arbella arrives – 1630 Leader - John Winthrop Settlers are mostly Puritans or Congregational (公理会教派的) Puritans "The Arbella Covenant" clearly establishes a religious and theocratic (神权政治的) settlement, free of ties to Great Britain.4. The first American writings●The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of thesesettlements. They wrote in diaries and in journals. They wrote letters and contracts and government charters and religious and political statements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting themselves to the unfamiliar climates and crops, about dealing with Indians. All seemed possible to them in the new world through hard work and faith.1) Captain John Smith●His reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, were the first distinctly Americanliterature to be written in English. Smith’s descriptions of America were filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, characters, and events that were a foundation for the nation’s literature. He portrayed English North America as a land of endless bounty.His vision helped lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans who saw themselves as new saints with a spiritual mission to flee the Old World and create a New Israel (Jerusalem---Heaven on earth), a New Promised Land, in the America that John Smith had described.2) The writers of the Southern and Middle Colonies●The writers of the Southern and Middle Colonies who followed John Smith made theirgreatest contribution to American literature in the 18th century, in the Age of Reason and Revolution.●William Byrd II Thomas JeffersonUntil that time, literature developed slowly, especially in the South. Farms widely dispersed. Towns were few. Illiteracy was high. And there was little of the religious ferment and zeal that inspired such a tide of literature to flow from Puritan New England.The First American Writer●Captain John Smith (1580-1631) was the first American writer and he published eight inall.●1)A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened inVirginia Since the First Planting of That Colony(1608), defending the handling of the settlement and proclaiming the merits of the new land●2) A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country (1612), a guide to the countryand an invitation to the bold sprits needed to enlarge and strengthen the English plantations in the new land●3) General History of Virginia (1624), containing his most famous tale of how the Indianprincess Pocahontas saved him from the wrath of her father Powhatan●Captain John Smith contributed more to the survival of the Jamestown colony than didanyone else. And he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers”instead of “gentlemen” for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward.Early New England Literature●New England: →(Map)● A region of the northeast United States comprising the modern states of Maine, NewHampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.1) A literature of ideas: New England had from the beginning a literature of ideas: theological, moral, historical, political. The Puritans had come to New England for the sake of religious freedom, while Virginia had been planted mainly as a commercial venture. Southern society was almost completely rural, interested primarily in the development of a tobacco economy.●2) Theocracy:The Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with thediscipline of a harsh church. The first intention in Massachusetts was to found a theocracy —a society in which God would govern through the church. The church thus became the supreme political body. The ideal may have been inspiring, but because of the imperfections of the human material, in practice theocracy often led to injustice and intolerance (不容异说, 偏狭).●3) The Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing: Overthe years the puritans built a way of life that was in harmony with their somber religion, one that stressed hard work, thrift (节俭;节约), piety (虔诚；虔敬), and sobriety (节制；严肃). These were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing, including the sermons, books, and letters of such noted Puritan clergyman as John Cotton and Cotton Mather.●Cotton Mather wrote more than 450 works, an example as well as an advocate of thePuritan ideal of hard work.4) The American poets: The American poets who emerged in the 17th century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet was one such poet.William Bradford and John Winthrop● 1. William Bradford (1590-1657), first governor of Plymouth. He wrote The History ofPlymouth Plantation (1856).●William Bradford started the History in 1630, ten years after the Mayflower voyage,beginning his story with an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New World. In addition to History, Bradford left a wealth of letters, other prose writings about the colony, and even a narrative poem.●He was perhaps the greatest of the Pilgrim Fathers. The New England colonies mournedhim at his death, in words written later by Cotton Mather, as “a common blessing and father to them all”.●The Pilgrim Fathers: English Puritans who went to America in 1620 and founded thecolony of Plymouth, Massachusetts2. John Winthrop (1588 –1649), first governor at Boston. He wrote The History of New England (1826).John Winthrop began to keep a journal on the Bay Colonists’voyage to Massachusetts aboard the ship Arbella in 1630 and he maintained this practice for the rest of his life. The History is less appropriate than “journal”, for the work has not the scope and order of a history. Yet it remains Winthrop’s chief work.● 3. Importance of the Histories●Both works are notable for their candid simplicity and honesty. Each book is the mostvaluable kind of historical source---an account of events by a man who has been a major figure of his time. Both accounts were written, not from literary ambition, but from a sense of the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account attained literary excellence.Puritan Thoughts● 1. What was a Puritan?●The “Puritan”was “a would-be purifier”. Puritans wanted to make pure their religiousbeliefs and practices. The word was coined by the opponents of the group and was applied to them in scorn; it was intended to ridicule them as persons who thought themselves holier or better than others. The undaunted Puritans claimed the name for themselves, adopting it as a badge of honor (荣誉徽章).● 2. What did the Puritans want to do?●The Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bibleto theology. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine, form of worship, and organization of authority. Another point of controversy was that the Church of England was the established church, that is, the official church of the state, and the most extreme Puritans, among them the Plymouth Plantation group, felt the influences of politics and the court had led to corruption within the church.●These Puritans were “Separatists”--- that is, they wished to break free from the Churchof England. The Massachusetts Bay group, on the other hand, wished to reform the church but remain a part of it. Yet once they were settled in the new land, they too moved gradually toward complete separation.● 3. What kind of people were the Puritans?●Puritans include people from the humblest to the loftiest ranks of English society, botheducated and uneducated, poor and rich. The Puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people, and it followed logically that anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God’s will and was not to be accepted. They were thus zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. They drove out of their settlements all those whose opinions seemed dangerous to them.Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts has sometimes been exaggerated, but it is true that their lives were disciplined and hard. Puritans tended to suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin. They made strict laws about private morality as well as public behavior.●Puritan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God and to forgethis mercy. From this harsh side of Puritan thought comes the picture of what Nathaniel Hawthorne (author of The Scarlet Letter)called the “stern (严厉的, 苛刻的) and black-browed (黑眉毛的, 抑郁的) Puritans.”Yet this was indeed one of their aspects, but only one. Governor Bradford and Governor Winthrop were men of character, courage, and noble spirit.●Puritanism (the practices and doctrines of the Puritans) was the strongest in the NewEngland region and had great influence upon its history, its people and its literature.4. John Cotton (1584-1652) and Roger Williams●contradictory examples of PuritansJohn CottonThe first major intellectual spokesman of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England.”From the time he came to Boston in 1633, he was the “teacher”( that is, spiritual leader) of the community, and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy ( a state ruled by the church). John Cotton’s primary influence was through the pulpit (讲坛;布道坛).●The people of Massachusetts delighted to hear him preach, and some of his listeners wereconvinced that he could make no mistake, for “God would not suffer Mr. Cotton err (犯错误，出差错)”. Yet err he did, great and good man that he was. Practical circumstances allied him with much less noble spirits than his own in suppressing differences of opinion.●Through John Cotton we can see an important characteristic of the Puritans. They weremuch more concerned with authority than with democracy.●The Puritans faults were those common to persons who hold extreme opinions.Roger Williams●With Williams begins the history of religious toleration in America, and with him, too, thehistory of the separation of church and state. Williams advocated the freedom of belief. In him we have a balance to John Cotton.●Roger Williams was interested in the Indian language. One of his works was A Key intothe Language of America; or, A Help to the Language of the Nation in That Part of America Called New England.Anne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorMany Puritans wrote verse, sometimes using that form for their narratives of actual events. Most Puritan verse was decidedly plodding (沉重缓慢的, 单调乏味的), but the work of the two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.Anne BradstreetAnne Dudley Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets.Anne Dudley Bradstreet●Both her father and her husband were governors of Massachusetts.●Bradstreet’s first published work appeared in London: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Upin America.●She wrote well when she dealt with the simple events of her daily life. The note of piety,gently sounded, was in her work.Edward Taylor: Puritan Preacher and Poet●The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor. His work followed the style and formsof the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century.Edward Taylor●Most of Taylor’s work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on thePsalms.Taylor did not publish any of his work. His poems were found in manuscript in 1937, more than two hundred years after his death. This discovery brought Taylor to immediate prominence in the colonial literary history, and enriched American poetic heritage. A complete edition of Taylor’s poems appeared in 1960.Study Question●The United States has been criticized in recent years for assuming an air of moralsuperiority and for trying to impose its opinion on the rest of the world. Can you find the seeds of these American attitudes in the literature of the first two centuries? Explain your answer by referring to specific works you have read.。
美国文学殖民主义时期puritan
Part OneCOLONIAL PERIOD AND EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE(1620-1800)I. Historical background1. The native American and their culture– Indiansno written language oral literatureno discourse power话语权Hegemonism and power politics霸权主义和强权政治2. The historical background of the colonial TimeChristopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 2:00am, Friday, October 12, 1492.Amerigo Vespucci1497, John Cabot claimed it for EnglandImmigrants from European: Spanish, Dutch, French, mostly English.question: Why travel all the way across the ocean to the New World?1). Profit motive1st Group 1580-1600 led by John SmithJamestown in Virginia in 1607Plantation way of lifePlanter in the south2). Religious motive2nd Group pilgrims1610-1620 May flower.Plymouth in Massachusetts in 1620;Bradford as governorPuritans in the north; called “First Americans”selected reading:The first view of AmericaBeing thus pa ssed the vast ocean, and a sea of troubles…they had now no friends to welcome them nor inns to entertain or refresh their weatherbeaten bodies; no houses or much less towns to repair to, to seek for succour援助者…savage barbarians were readier to fill their sides with arrows than otherwise. And for the reason it was winter, and they that know the winters of that country , know them to be sharp and violent, and subject to cruel and fierce storms …the whole country, full of woods and thickets, represented a wide and savage hue.--from William Bradford’s History of Plimmoth PlantationII. Puritanism1 Aims of Puritanism(Why did Puritans come to America?) :- to reform and purify the Church of England- to escape religious persecution- to build Theocracy神治国in the new world* God’s chosen people* To seek a new Garden of Eden* To build “City of God on earth”2. The Source and doctrines of PuritanismThey follow the ideas of the French reformer and theologian (神学家)John Calvin Doctrines: Calvinist=Puritan（Total depravity）彻底堕落。
《文学美国文学》PPT课件
因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的),
total depravity(人类是完全堕落的，所以
人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到
最好以取悦上帝), limited atonement (有
限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上
帝的拯救)
h
3
American Puritanism
Features of American Puritan
h
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2. Early American Puritan Writers
• John Smith, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown: His descriptions about the new world became the source of information for the later settlers.
Exercise
Colonial period and Revolutionary period Early Romanticism Transcendentalism Late Romanticism
The age of Realism
Irving Franklin Cooper Emerson Hawthorne Twain James Dreiser Melville Thoreau
himself to writing Amh erican subject
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2. Evaluation. (Benjamin Franklin1706 – 1790)
1) He was a rare genius in human history. Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace, and he became almost everything: a printer, postmaster, citizen, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, statesman, philosopher, political economist and ambassador.
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Early writers writing for freedom
• Roger Williams: the first rebel against the divine church
• John Woolman
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Writers in the Revolutionary Period
• William Bradford, 1st governor of Plymouth: The History of Plymouth Plantation
• John Winthrop, 1st governor of Boston, The History of New England
Their writings illustrate the religious zeal of the first settlers.
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III. Benjamin Franklin 1706 - 1790
1. His Life
1) Born the tenth of fifteen children in a poor candle and soap maker’s family, he had to leave school before he was eleven.
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Early American Puritan Poets
• Anne Bradstreet: Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America.
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America. 2) In 1607, Captain John Smith led
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American Puritanism
Features of American Puritan
idealist dream
▪they would build
the new land to
more practical,
an Eden on earth.
tougher
the severe conditions struggle for survival preoccupied with business and profits
The Colonial Period and the Revolutionary Period
Outline
• Puritanism • Literature in the early periods • Benjamin Franklin
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I. Historical Background
2. Reasons for coming to the new world wealth adventure religion: puritans
• Puritans wanted to “purify the church” to its original state, because they thought the church was corrupted and had too many rituals2020//13Puritanism
1) It is one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American Literature.
2) First, it is a branch of Protestantism holding the teachings of Calvinism, believing that human beings are basically evil, and could do nothing about it, and many, although not all, will surely be condemned to hell. People should try to try to please God by working hard, being thrifty, pious, and sober.
Writers in the Revolutionary Period
• Jonathan Edwards: the last medieval man The Freedom of the Will, The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended
• Benjamin Franklin:
②Contributing to the development of
Symbolism（象征主义）: a technique, widely used
Symbolism means using symbols in literary works. The symbol means something that represents or stands for abstract deep meaning.
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Historical Background
a code of values a philosophy of life a point of view
3. Belief---Puritanism took root in the New World
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Doctrines of Puritans
writer of the post-revolutionary period. He used his poetic talents for the independence of America, and dedicated himself 2020/4/13 to writing American subject
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2. Early American Puritan Writers
• John Smith, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown: His descriptions about the new world became the source of information for the later settlers.
3) It is more a code of values, a philosophy of life and a point of view than a kind of religion, stressing hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. It is
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3) Literature in the early periods were barren and bleak, but they represent a process in which American literature evolved towards a higher phrase.
1) Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.
some Englishmen across the ocean. 3) In 1620, 102 passengers sailed on the ship Mayflower across the sea 2020/4/13 and settled on “New England” of
Historical Background
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Puritans thought that all the simple objects existing in the world connoted deep meaning.
American Puritanism
③Influencing the style of literature: simple, fresh and direct (just as the style of Holy Bible)
• Thomas Paine: a famous pamphleteer in the age of revolution, his Common Sense appeared in 1776, boldly advocating a “Declaration of Independence.”
• Philip Freneau: the most outstanding
Without understanding of Puritanism, there can be no good understanding of American culture and literature.
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II. Literature in the early periods: 1. main features
2) In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. In form, there wasn’t any form at all, and English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted.