Lecture 5 Web Search
每天50道翻译过高考高频单词06-高考英语二轮复习
每天50道翻译过高考高频单词061.非常高兴得知周五在我们学校的演讲厅将举行一个欢迎晚会，我想邀请您参加。
2.按照安排，晚会的时间是下午五点半到八点半，内容很丰富。
3.我谨代表学生会给您写信，对您慷慨捐赠的这么多英文原版图书表示最深切的感谢。
4.我是学生会主席李华，写信旨在邀请你们参加我们的校园脱口秀节目。
5.很开心了解到你对中国戏剧感兴趣，我写信的目的是邀请你参加一次传统的戏剧表演。
6.担心你在新学校很难交朋友，我写信是为了向你表达我的关心和安慰，希望你能尽快适应新环境。
7.为提高学生的自我保护意识，一场有关保护学生安全的基本知识的讲座将在我校举行。
8.微信让我们可以在任何地方进行交流。
9.人们普遍认为，互联网在我们的生活中扮演着不可或缺的角色。
10.正是这个北京著名的旅游景点吸引了大量来自世界各地的游客。
（强调句型）11.让我印象最深刻的是那些有天赋的学生画家令人惊叹的作品。
（what引导的主语从句）12.毫无疑问的是/不可否认的是，去北京的旅行是值得且有益的。
13.许多学生参加了这项赛跑比赛，他们从身体和精神上受益。
14.常言道，“自助者天助。
”15.你不仅可以体验到中国的文化，还可以加深你对中国画的理解。
（not only...but also）16.展览上展出了这么多精彩的作品，你一定会更了解中国画。
17.一想到自己一个人在森林里，她就感到一阵强烈的恐惧感。
(被动语态)18. 一看到那只狼，他感到一阵强烈的恐惧感。
(被动语态)19.她感到如此懊悔，以至于脸如充血般发烫。
（倒装句型）20.既害怕又震惊，她一句话也说不出来，热泪盈眶。
（形容词短语作状语，with 复合结构）21.感到坚定和受到鼓舞，David抬起头，感激地看着我。
（形容词短语作状语）22.当我冲向终点线时，我的队友们都兴奋地尖叫起来。
(各种“说”with 情绪类名词）23.梅格高兴得叫了起来，完全忘记了她的恐惧。
(各种“说”with 情绪类名词）24.我一动不动地站着，试图编造一个合理的借口。
托福听力tpo46 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo46lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (19)原文 (19)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:I'd like to continue our discussion of animal behavior and start off today's class by focusing on a concept we haven't yet touched upon—swarm intelligence.Swarm intelligence is a collective behavior that emerges from a group of animals,like a colony of termites,a school of fish,or a flock of birds.Let's first consider the principles behind swarm intelligence,and we'll use the ant as our model.Now,an ant on its own is not that smart.When you have a group of ants,however, there you have efficiency in action.You see,there's no leader running an ant colony. Each individual,each individual ant operates by instinctively following a simple set of rules when foraging for food.Rule number1:Deposit a chemical marker…called a pheromone.And rule2:Follow the strongest pheromone path.The strongest pheromone path is advantageous to ants seeking food.So,for example,when ants leave the nest,they deposit a pheromone trail along the route they take.If they find food,they return to the nest on the same path and the pheromone trail gets stronger—it's doubled in strength.Because an ant that took a shorter path returns first,its pheromone trail is stronger,and other ants will follow it, according to rule2.And as more ants travel that path,the pheromone trail gets even stronger.So,what's happening here?Each ant follows two very basic rules,and each ant acts on information it finds in its immediate local environment.And it's important to note: Even though none of the individual ants is aware of the bigger plan,they collectively choose the shortest path between the nest and a food source because it's the most reinforced path.By the way,a-a few of you have asked me about the relevance of what we're studying to everyday life.And swarm intelligence offers several good examples of how concepts in biology can be applied to other fields.Well,businesses have been able to use this approach of following simple rules when designing complex systems,for instance,in telephone networks.When a call is placed from one city to another,it has to connect through a number of nodes along the way.At each point,a decision has to be made:Which direction does the call go from here?Well,a computer program was developed to answer this question based on rules that are similar to the ones that ants use to find food.Remember,individual ants deposit pheromones,and they follow the path that is most reinforced.Now,in the phone network,a computer monitors the connection speed of each path, and identifies the paths that are currently the fastest—the least crowded parts of the network.And this information,converted into a numeric code,is deposited at the network nodes.This reinforces the paths that are least crowded at the moment. The rule the telephone network follows is to always select the path that is most reinforced.So,similar to the ant's behavior,at each intermediate node,the call follows the path that is most reinforced.This leads to an outcome which is beneficial to the network as a whole,and calls get through faster.But getting back to animal behavior,another example of swarm intelligence is the way flocks of birds are able to fly together so cohesively.How do they coordinate their movements and know where they're supposed to be?Well,it basically boils down to three rules that each bird seems to follow.Rule1:Stay close to nearby birds.Rule2:Avoid collision with nearby birds.And rule3:Move in the average speed and direction of nearby birds.Oh,and by the way,if you're wondering how this approach can be of practical use for humans:The movie industry had been trying to create computer-generated flocks of birds in movie scenes.The question was how to do it easily on a large scale?A researcher used these threerules in a computer graphics program,and it worked!There have also been attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people using this bird flocking model of swarm intelligence.However,I'm not surprised that more research is needed.The three rules I mentioned might be great for bird simulations,but they don't take into account the complexity and unpredictability of human behavior.So,if you want to create crowds of people in a realistic way,that computer model might be too limited.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Various methods that ants use to locate foodB.A collective behavior common to humans and animalsC.A type of animal behavior and its application by humansD.Strategies that flocks of birds use to stay in formation2.According to the professor,what behavior plays an important role in the way ants obtain food?A.Ants usually take a different path when they return to their nest.B.Ants leave chemical trails when they are outside the nest.C.Small groups of ants search in different locations.D.Ants leave pieces of food along the path as markers.3.What are two principles of swarm intelligence based on the ant example?[Click on2answers.]A.Individuals are aware of the group goal.B.Individuals act on information in their local environment.C.Individuals follow a leader's guidance.D.Individuals instinctively follow a set of rules.4.According to the professor,what path is followed by both telephone calls on a network and ants seeking food?A.The path with the least amount of activityB.The most crowded pathC.The path that is most reinforcedD.The path that has intermediate stopping points5.Why does the professor mention movies?A.To identify movie scenes with computer-simulated flocks of birdsB.To identify a good source of information about swarm intelligenceC.To emphasize how difficult it still is to simulate bird flightD.To explain that some special effects in movies are based on swarm intelligence6.What is the professor's attitude about attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people?A.She believes that the rules of birds'flocking behavior do not apply to group behavior in humans.B.She thinks that crowd scenes could be improved by using the behavior of ant colonies as a model.C.She is surprised by how realistic the computer-generated crowds are.D.She is impressed that computer graphics can create such a wide range of emotions.答案C B BD C D A译文下面听一段生物学讲座的片段。
专题7 完形填空 (解析+词汇+变式+技巧+模拟) -2024年1月浙江首考英语卷深度解析(原卷版)
《2024年1月浙江首考英语卷深度解析及变式训练》养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
专题07 完形填空(解析+词汇+变式+技巧+模拟) 原卷版关键词：人与社会, 老外看中国, 文化交流, 中国故事, 旅行见闻, 自学成才While taking a 20-hour train ride along the edge of the Taklimakan Desert in the northwestern China, I had the kind of humbling, educational, and above all else, wonderful 41 with a local that all travelers long for. A young Chinese man 42 me on the train. My 43 friend spoke virtually no English, so I happily took the 44 to practice my Chinese.Over several hours he would tell me about how he had 45 a two-year professional school to quickly find a job 46 highways in order to help support his family. Perhaps most 47 , however, was the fact that this man spent hours studying every day after hard physical labor. Without batting an eye he would 48 a translated Emerson passage before asking about the literary influence of American 49 as a whole. “And what do you all learn about Russian authors?” I 50 him asking at one point.It would have been easy to 51 my assumptions about this highway builder who had never been more than a few hundred miles from home. But this highly informed, 52 , and admirable person prevented me doing so. In the course of a couple of hours, he 53 me just how much one can gain from 54 with an open mind, and a willingness to 55 with locals from all walks of life.41. A. experiment B. encounter C. competition D. appointment42. A. treated B. saved C. lectured D. approached43. A. true B. so-called C. new D. long-lost44. A. chance B. advice C. trouble D. right45. A. visited B. financed C. attended D. founded46. A. building B. sweeping C. checking D. guarding47. A. typical B. obvious C. natural D. remarkable48. A. publish B. quote С. copy D. download49. A. writers B. historians C. workers D. students50. A. anticipate B. imagine C. recall D. catch51. A. look into B. rely on C. go over D. deal with52. A. well-behaved B. multi-skilled C. warm-hearted D. self-educated53. A. asked B. warned C. showed D. promised 54. A. traveling B. reading C. searching D. teaching 55. A. cooperateB. sideC. negotiateD. engage一、高频单词1. edge n.2. northwestern a.3. humbling a.4. educational a.5. local n.6. virtually ad.7. professional a.8. highway n.9. passage n. 10. literary a. 11. assumption n. 12. informed a. 13. admirable a. 14. willingness n. 15. encounter n. 16. competition n. 17. lecture v. 18. approach vt. 19. finance vt. 20. sweep vt. 21. guard vt. 22. typical a. 23. remarkable a. 24. quote vt. 25. download vt. 26. historian n. 27. anticipate vt. 28. recall vt . 29. well-behaved a. 30. multi-skilled a. 31. warm-hearted a. 32. self-educated a. 33. cooperate vi. 34. negotiate vi. 35. engage vt. 36. side vi.二、核心语块 1. above all 2. long for3. take the chance to do sth4. spend time doing sth5. bat an eye6. as a whole7. prevent sb (from) doing 8. in the course of 9. from all walks of life 10. engage with sb 11. cooperate with sb 12. side with sb 13. negotiate with sb 1. While _________(take) a 20-hour train ride, I had the kind of humbling, educational, and above all else, wonderful encounter _________ a local that all travelers long for.2. A young Chinese man _________(approach) me on the train. My new friend spoke virtually no English, so I _________(happy) took the chance to practice my Chinese.3. Over several hours he would tell me about how he _________(attend) a two-year professional school to quickly find a job building highways in order to help support his family.4. This man spent hours _________(study) every day after hard physical labor.5. _________ batting an eye he would quote a _________(translate) Emerson passage before asking about the literary influence of American authors as a whole.6. It would have been easy _________(rely) on my assumptions about this highway builder _________ had never been more than a few hundred miles from home.7. But this highly _________(inform), self-educated, and _________(admire) person prevented me doing so.8. In the course of a couple of hours, he showed me just how _________ one can gain from travelling with an open mind, and a _________(willing) to engage with locals from all walks of life.The sun was beginning to sink as I set off into the Harenna Forest. I was on my way to ____41____ a unique honey harvest. Here, in south-east Ethiopia, hand-carved beehives(蜂箱)are placed in the ____42____. Reaching them to get the honey is difficult—and often ____43____ .I ____44____ beekeeper Ziyad over a wide stretch of grassland before entering a thick jungle. Ziyad began preparations. He ____45____ handfuls of damp tree leaves, wrapped them with string, and ____46____ the bunch to create a torch(火把). Then, with one end of a rope tied to his waist and the other end around the trunk of a tree, Ziyad began ____47____ . He stopped every few minutes to move the ____48____ higher up the tree trunk.____49____ , Ziyad got close to the hive which was around 20 metres above the ground. Sitting on a branch, he _____50_____ towards it and blew smoke from his torch into a tiny hole in the hive. Suddenly, Ziyad let out a sharp cry. Within seconds, he’d _____51_____ the trunk and was back on the ground.It was too _____52_____ to collect the honey. A cool summer had delayed _____53_____ . Baby bees were still in the honeycombs(蜂巢). The adult bees were _____54_____ and kept attacking as Ziyad escaped from the tree. He had to wait for the right _____55_____ to go back up.41. A. share B. collect C. celebrate D. witness42. A. courtyards B. fields C. treetops D. caves43. A. urgent B. dangerous C. expensive D. pointless44. A. searched B. recognised C. followed D. invited45. A. gathered B. cleaned C. dropped D. checked46. A. shook B. lit C. measured D. decorated47. A. jumping B. talking C. testing D. climbing48. A. hives B. leaves C. rope D. honey49. A. Finally B. Surprisingly C. Naturally D. Immediately50. A. backed B. dived C. shouted D. inched51. A. cut off B. gone up C. slid down D. held onto52. A. high B. early C. fast D. close53. A. hatching B. training C. sowing D. trading54. A. curious B. hungry C. bored D. angry55. A. moment B. equipment C. person D. order高考完形填空九大解题技巧【技巧一】据搭配，知答案完形填空中，有时会涉及短语，以动词短语为主，偶见介词短语等。
托福听力tpo39 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo39lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (19)原文 (19)题目 (22)答案 (23)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.MALE PROFESSOR:Since Earth formed,some four and a half billion years ago,the number of minerals here has increased dramatically,from a few dozen relatively simple minerals early on…to over4,300kinds of minerals we can identify today—many of them wonderfully complex.A basic question of geology is how all these new minerals came into being.Well,recent studies have turned to biology to try to explain how this happens.Now,much of biology is studied through the lens of evolution.And the theory of evolution suggests that,as environments change—and inevitably they do—some organisms will have characteristics that allow them to adapt to those changes successfully…characteristics that help these organisms develop and survive and reproduce.And when environments become more complex—as tends to happen over time—those earlier adaptations,those variations…become the basis of yet other combinations and variations…and lead to ever more diverse and complex forms of life.So from fewer,simpler,and relatively similar forms of life billions of years ago,life on Earth has now become a dazzling array of diversity and complexity.Well,some geologists now want to apply this concept to explain mineral diversity too. The conditions that minerals are under are not constant.Conditions like temperature or pressure or chemical surroundings—these change—often in cycles,increasing and decreasing slowly over time.And as conditions change,minerals sometimes break down and their atoms recombine into totally new compounds,as part of a process some call mineral evolution.Now,minerals are not alive,of course,so this is not evolution in quite the same sense you'd have in living organisms.But there do appear to be some parallels.Living organisms not only adapt to their environment but also affect it—change theenvironment within which other organisms may then develop.Likewise,each new mineral also enriches the chemical environment from which lots of other,even more complex new minerals may be formed in the future.Beyond these similarities,though,what's really fascinating about mineral evolution is the way minerals apparently coevolve with living organisms.Uh,what do I mean by that?Well,it's maybe a billion years after Earth’s formation that we first see evidence of life.Of course,early life-forms were primitive—just tiny,single-celled microbes—but over time,they had a profound effect.Huge numbers of these microbes began producing food by photosynthesis,which,of course,also freed up enormous amounts of oxygen.And lots of that oxygen interacted with the atoms of existing minerals,creating rust out of iron,for instance,…reacting with a whole range of different metals to create lots of new minerals.Now,living organisms rely on minerals.But they not only take in some minerals as nutrients,they also excrete others as waste products...including what we call biominerals—minerals that form with the help of biological life.We can see geologic evidence of biomineral production in what are called stromatolites.Stromatolites look like wavy layers of sedimentary rock.But they're really fossils—fossils of the waste from microbial mats.Microbial mats are vast colonies of one-celled organisms…that were once the most prevalent form of life on Earth.And the study of stromatolites indicates that these ancient microbial mats interacted with minerals in the environment and left behind new compounds as waste products—biominerals like carbonates,phosphates,and silica.In fact,we’ve grown microbial mats in the laboratory,and,over time,they too have produced some of the same sorts of minerals found in stromatolites.Uh,you don't need to know the details of the process right now—we’re still figuring out just how it works,ourselves.But you might be interested to know that this concept of mineral evolution is being used in the search for evidence of life on other planets.The thinking is that if certainminerals occur here on Earth as a result of a biological process,and if we also find those same minerals on another planet,…this would suggest that life may have once existed there.But—just because a particular mineral is found on say,Mars or Venus—uh,we really shouldn't assume that whatever caused it to turn up there…must be the same process that formed that mineral here on Earth.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To explain how geologists identified the minerals present during Earth's formation.B.To explain why living organisms require certain minerals to survive.C.To explain the differences between simple and compound minerals.D.To explain a recent theory about mineral formation.2.What point does the professor make about the minerals present during Earth's formation?A.They were comparatively few of them.B.They were more complex than minerals formed on other planets.C.Most were not affected by temperature and pressure changes on early Earth.D.Some of them are no longer being formed naturally on Earth.3.What similarities does the professor point out between minerals and living organisms?[Click on2answers.]A.Both first appeared on Earth at approximately the same time.B.They both can be formed only in the presence of oxygen.C.They both have become more diverse and complex over time.D.Not only are they both shaped by their environment,but both also affect it.4.What are stromatolites?A.Fossils remains of microbial mats.yered deposits of iron-based minerals.yers of rock that indicate changes in Earth's pressure and temperature.D.Rock formations created when oxygen interacts with certain metals.5.Why does the professor talk about microbial mats?A.To explain why organisms tend to colonize near certain minerals.B.To describe how minerals can be created by living organisms.C.To illustrate the effects of geological processes on living organisms.D.To emphasize that evolving life depended on the presence of oxygen.6.What does the professor think about using evidence of minerals on another planet to determine whether life has existed there?A.He believes it is the most promising way to search for life on another planet.B.He doubts that complex minerals will ever be found on another planet.C.He is cautious about assuming that certain minerals indicate the presence of life.D.He is surprised that the technique was not suggested until recently.答案D A CD A B C译文旁白：请听一段地质学讲座的节选片段。
外研版高一英语必修单词表
高中英语外研版必修1~3单词表高中英语外研版必修一单词表Module 1academic [,k'demik] adj.学术的province ['prvins] n.省enthusiastic [in,θju:zi'stik] adj.热心的,amazing ['meizi] adj.令人吃惊的；令人惊讶的information [,inf'mein] n.消息website [ web’sait] n.网站；网址brilliant ['brilj?nt] adj.(口语)极好的comprehension [,kmpri'henn] n.理解,领悟instruction [in'strkn] n.（常作复数）指示；说明method ['meθ?d] n.方法bored ['b: d] adj.厌烦的；厌倦的embarrassed [im'brst] adj.尴尬的；难堪的；困窘的attitude ['titju:d] n.态度behaviour [bi'heivj] n.行为；举动previous ['pri:vi?s] adj.以前的；从前的description [di'skripn] n.记述；描述amazed ['meizd] adj.吃惊的;惊讶的embarrassing [im'brsi] adj.令人尴尬的；令人难堪的technology [tek'nl?di] n.技术impress [im'pres] vt.使印象深刻correction [k'rekn] n.改正；纠正encouragement [in'kridm?nt] n.鼓励；激励enjoyment [in'dim?nt] n.享受；乐趣fluency ['flu:nsi] n.流利；流畅misunderstanding [,misnd'stndi] n.误解disappointed [,dis'pintid] adj.失望的disappointing [,dis'pinti]adj.令人失望的system ['sist?m] n.制度；体系；系统teenager ['ti:nid] n.少年disappear [,dis'pi] vi.消失move [mu:v] adj.搬家assistant ['sistnt] n.助手, 助理cover ['kv]vt.包含diploma [di'plum] n.文凭, 毕业证书in other words 换句话说look forward to 期待；盼望at the start of 在……开始的时候at the end of 在……结束的时候go to college 上大学be divided into 被（划）分成……take part in 参加Module 2amusing ['mju:zi] adj.有趣的；可笑的energetic [,en'detik] adj.精力充沛的intelligent [in'telidnt] adj.聪明的nervous ['n:vs] adj.紧张的；焦虑的organized [':g?naizd] adj.有组织的；有系统的patient ['peint] adj.耐心的serious ['siris] adj.严肃的shy [ai] adj.害羞的；羞怯的strict [strikt] a.严格的；严厉的impression [im'pren] n.印象avoid ['vid] vt.（故意）避开hate [heit] vt.讨厌；不喜欢incorrectly [,ink'rektli] adv.不正确地completely [k?m'pli:tli] adv.十分地;完全地immediately [i'mi:di?tli] adv.立即；即刻appreciate ['pri:ieit] vt.感激admit [d'mit] vt.承认scientific [,sai?n'tifik] adj.科学的literature ['litrt] n.文学loudly ['laudli] adv.大声地wave [weiv] vt.挥（手）；招（手）joke [duk] n.玩笑；笑话summary ['sm?ri] n.总结；摘要；提要respect [ri'spekt] vt.&n.尊敬；尊重grade [greid] n.（美）成绩；分数headmaster ['hed'mɑ:st]n.校长headmistress ['hed'mistris] n.女校长period ['pirid] n.一段时间revision [ri'vin] n.复习translation [tr?ns'lein] n.翻译timetable ['taimteibl] n.时间表topic ['tpik] n.话题；题目vacation [vei'kein] n.假期revise [ri'vaiz] vt.温习（功课）discipline ['disiplin] n.纪律relationship [ri'leinip] n.关系formal ['f:m?l] adj.正式的relaxed [ri'l?kst] adj.轻松的；松懈的；宽松的similarly ['simil?li] adv.同样地, 类似地make sure 确定；确信；查明；弄清楚so that （引起表示结果的从句）因此make progress 取得进步as a result 结果in fact 事实上fall asleep 睡着tell jokes 讲笑话；开玩笑Module 3helicopter ['helikpt]n.直升飞机motorbike ['mut, baik] n.摩托车tram [tr?m] n.电车distance ['dist?ns] n.距离abandoned ['bndnd] adj.被遗弃的camel ['k?ml] n.骆驼cassette [k'set] n.录音带desert ['dez?t] n.沙漠diamond ['daimnd] n.钻石expert ['eksp:t] n.专家midnight ['midnait] n.半夜product ['prdkt] n.产品scenery ['si:n?ri] n.风景; 景色shoot [u:t] vt.(shot,shot)射杀soil [sil] n.土壤journey ['d:ni] n.旅程train [trein] vt.训练circus ['s:ks] n.马戏团seaside ['si:said] n.海滨stadium ['steidi?m] n.运动场；体育场eagle ['i:gl] n.鹰frighten ['fraitn] vt.是吃惊；惊吓kindergarten ['kind,gɑ:tn] n.幼儿园apartment ['pɑ:tm?nt] n.（美）公寓；单元住宅cartoon [kɑ:'tu:n] n.卡通；漫画interview ['int?vju:] n.面试；面谈interviewer ['intvju:] n.（面试时的）主考官；面谈者event [i'vent] n.事件exhausted [ig'z:stid] adj.疲惫不堪的downtown ['daun'taun] adj.商业区的；市中心的vacuum [`'vkjum] n.真空；空白rail [reil] n.铁轨ceremony ['serim?ni] n.仪式track [tr?k] n.轨道souvenir [,su:v'ni] n.纪念品get on 上（车、船等）get off 下（车、船等）get into 上（车）get out of 下（车）take off （飞机）起飞be short for 是……的缩写/简称not …any more 不再our of date 过时refer to 指的是Module 4survey [s'vei] n.调查neighbourhood n.四邻local ['lukl] adj.地方的；局部的suburb ['sb:b] n.城郊；郊区hometown [h?um'taun] n.家乡attractive ['trktiv] adj.有吸引力的;吸引人的fortunate ['f:tnit] adj.幸运的；吉祥的pretty ['priti] adv.很；相当sound [saund] vi.听起来tourist ['tu?rist]n.旅游者；观光客bother ['be]vt.打扰；烦扰；麻烦nuisance ['nju:sns] n.令人讨厌的人或事rent [rent] n.租金district ['distrikt] n.地域；区域；行政区approach ['prut] vt.接近harbour n.海港gorgeous ['g:ds] adj.美丽的；宜人的architecture ['ɑ:kitekt] n.建筑starve [stɑ:v] vi.饿死park [pɑ:k] vt.停车traffic ['tr?fik] n.交通committee [k'miti] n.委员会organization [':g?nai'zn] n.组织unemployed [,nim'plid] adj.失业的；没有工作的household ['haush?uld] n.家属；家人occupation [,kju'pein] n.职业professional [pr'fenl] adj.专业的manual ['mnjul] adj.用手的；手的employment [im'plim?nt] n.就业；工作；职业gallery ['glri] n.美术馆；画廊exchange [iks'teind] vt.交换fascinating ['fsineiti] adj.迷人的, 吸引人的afford ['f:d] vt.买得起;有能力支付survive [s'vaiv] vi.死里逃生；大难不死contact ['knt?kt] vt.联络；联系（某人）put up 修建so far 到目前为止up to now 到目前为止till now 到目前为止get away from 摆脱a great many 许多；大量a number of 许多；大量（谓语动词要用复数）the number of ……的数量（谓语动词要用单数）go up 上升Module 5liquid ['likwid] n.液体expand [ik'sp?nd] vi.膨胀contract ['kntr?kt] vi.收缩substance ['sbst?ns] n.物质mixture ['mikst] n.混合物oxygen ['ks?dn] n.氧气electricity [,ilek'trisiti] n.电stage [steid] n.阶段；时期conclusion [k?n'klu:n] n.结论aim [eim] n.目标；目的reaction [ri'kn] n.反应electrical [i'lektrik?l] adj.与电有关的；用电的equipment [i'kwipm?nt] n.设备；装备react [ri'kt] vi.（化学）反应potassium n.钾sodium ['sudim] n.钠calcium ['klsim] n.钙magnesium [mg'ni:zim] n.镁aluminium [,lju'minim] n.铝zinc [zi?k] n.锌partial ['pɑ:l] adj.部分的；局部的copper ['kp]n.铜oxide ['ksaid] n.氧化物rust [rst] vi.生锈boil [bil] vt.生锈ordinary [':din?ri] adj.普通的;平常的steam [sti:m] n.蒸汽;水气float [fl?ut] vi.漂浮form [f:m] vi.形成dissolve [di'zlv] vt.溶解；分解；分离balance ['blns] n.天平crucible ['kru:sibl] n.坩锅tongs [tz] (复）夹子；小钳子flame [fleim] n.火焰facility [f'siliti] n.（常作复数）设备；工具lecture ['lekt] n.演讲department [di'pɑ:tm?nt] n.（大学的）科、系astonished ['stnit] adj.吃惊的；惊愕的add…to…往……加入……used to 过去（常常）……in the area of 在……领域be proud of 为……感到骄傲/自豪be supposed to 应当；理应Module 6contain [k?n'tein] vt.包含；包括access ['kses] n.接近；通路crash [kr?] vi.(计算机)崩溃keyword ['ki: , w:d] n.密码；口令log [lg] vt.记录；登录software ['sftw]n.软件breakdown ['breikdaun] n.故障source [s:s] n.来源；出处accessible [k'sesbl] adj.可进入的；可使用的data ['deit] n.（复）数据defence [di'fens] n.保护；防卫create [kri:'eit] vt.创造；发明network ['netw:k] n.网络via [vai] prep.途径；经由percentage [p'sentid] n.百分数；百分率design [di'zain] vt.设计document ['dkjum?nt] n.文件invention [in'venn] n.发明permission [p'min] n.许可military ['milit?ri] adj.军事的；军队的concentrate ['kns?ntreit] vi.集中（注意力、思想等）definite ['definit] adj.明确的fantastic [fn'tstik] adj.极好的；美妙的independent [,indi'pend?nt] adj.独立的essay ['esei] n.文章pass [p?s] vt.超过frequently ['fri:kw?ntli] adv.时常；经常disadvantage [,dis?d'vɑ:ntid] n.弊端；缺点average ['vrid] adj.平均的statistics [st'tistiks] n.（复）统计数字shorten [':tn] vt.缩短sideways ['saidweiz] adv.横着地；斜着地Cincinnati n.辛辛那提(美国城市)search n.vt.& vi.搜寻；寻找in search of 寻找；追求geography n.地理书salesman n.售货员, 店员lad n.少年；小伙子request n.& vt.请求；要求store n.商店disappointment n.失望；沮丧bookseller n.书商ahead of 在…前面；优于sailor n.海员, 水手；水兵add vt.又说, 补充说eyebrow n.眉毛remainder n.剩余物consist of 由……组成as well 也become known as …作为……而出名；被称为……；叫作……go down 下降come up with 提出from that moment on 从那时起concentrate on 聚精会神；集中思想compared with 与……相比高中英语外研版必修二单词表Verb.1. diet 照医生的规定饮食2. injure 伤害3. head 朝…方向前进4. eye 注视, 观看5. breathe呼吸6. inject 注射7. reduce 减少8. disagree 不同意9. ban 禁止10. affect 影响11. recognize 认识, 认出12. lose 丢失, 失去13. compose 作曲, 创作14. tour 巡回演出, 旅行15. influence 影响16. record 录音17. mix 使混合18. paint 绘画, 画19. imitate 临摹, 模仿, 仿效20. observe观察, 注意到21. adopt 采纳, 采用22. aim 打算, 意欲23. stand 忍受24. realize 领悟, 了解, 实现25. destroy 破坏, 毁坏26. orbit 绕轨道飞行27. welcome 欢迎28. replace 代替, 取代29. found 建立, 创立30. produce 创作, 生产31. leap 跳跃, 飞跃32. interest 使感兴趣33. argue 争论Adj.& Adv.1. fit 健康的, 强健的2. rare 稀少的, 罕有的3. unhealthy 不健康的4. wealthy 富裕的, 有钱的5. rarely 稀少地, 极少地6. anxious 焦虑的, 不安的7. painful 疼痛的8. normal 正常的, 一般的9. overweight 太胖的10. awful 可怕的, 吓人的11. addictive 上瘾的12. powerful有力的/有功效的13. nearby附近的14. illegal 违法的, 不合法的15. likely 可能的16. horrible 令人不快的17. gymnastic 体操的18. musical 音乐的19. Austrian 奥地利的20. catchy 动人的21. complex 复杂的22. solo 独奏的23. colorful 彩色的24. contemporary 当代的25. delightful 令人愉快的26. traditional 传统的27. alive 有活力的28. unusual 不寻常的29. realistic 现实主义的30. aboard 在船上31. historical 历史性的32. amateur 业余的33. delighted 高兴的34. backstage 在后台35. cultural 文化的36. financial 金融的37. royal 皇家的, 皇室的38. female 女的, 女性的39. male 男的, 男性的40. graceful 优美的, 优雅的41. moving 感人的42. occasionally 有时, 偶尔43. entertaining有趣的Noun.1. diet 饮食, 日常饮食2. fat 脂肪3. flu 流感4. toothache 牙痛5. proverb 谚语6. captain 队长7. injury 伤害8. pain 疼痛9. lifestyle 生活方式10. lung 肺11. throat 喉咙, 咽喉, 嗓子12. pneumonia 肺炎13. prescription 处方14. symptom 症状15. X-ray X光16. insurance 保险17. questionnaire问卷/调查表18. drug 毒品, 药品19. bronchitis 支气管炎20. cancer 癌症21. cigarette 香烟22. tobacco 烟草, 烟丝23. cannabis 大麻24. cocaine 可卡因25. danger 危险26. addict 瘾君子27. needle 针, 针管28. burglary 盗窃, 窃案29. crime 罪行, 犯罪行为30. criminal 罪犯31. connection 联系, 关联32. ratio 比, 比率33. shoplifting 逛商店偷窃行为34. treatment 治疗35. adult 成人36. café餐馆, 咖啡馆37. participant参与者/参加者38. leaflet 传单, 印刷品39. distraction分心/分散注意力40. jogging 慢跑41. audience 听众42. choir 唱诗班, 合唱队43. classical 古典音乐44. composer 作曲家45. conductor 指挥46. jazz 爵士乐47. orchestra 管弦乐队/团48. saxophone 萨克斯管49. court 宫廷50. director 指挥51. genius 天才52. peasant 农民53. symphony 交响乐/交响曲54. talent 天分, 天赋, 才华55. Austria 奥地利56. prince 王子, 亲王57. album 专辑58. ballad 民歌, 民谣, 情歌59. band 乐队60. lyrics 歌词61. tune 曲调62. lecturer 讲师63. like 爱好, 嗜好64. dislike 憎恶, 不喜欢65. artist 艺术家66. drawing 图画67. painter 画家68. painting 绘画, 油画69. scene 景色, 风景70. aspect 方面71. reality 真实, 现实, 逼真72. style 风格73. exhibition 展览74. expression 表达, 表现75. landscape 风景, 风景画76. portrait 画像, 肖像, 人像77. watercolor 水彩画78. headline 标题79. photograph 照片80. celebrity 名人81. economy 经济82. politics 政治83. photographer 摄影师84. cosmonaut 宇航员85. navigator领航员/驾驶员86. taikonaut 太空人/宇航员87. universe 宇宙88. sailor 船员, 水手89. orbit 轨道90. capsule 太空舱91. flight 飞行, 航班92. congratulation 祝贺93. achievement 成就, 伟绩94. alien 外星人95. astronomer 天文学家96. autograph 亲笔签名97. fan 迷98. spaceship 宇宙飞船99. telescope 望远镜100. actor 演员101. part 角色102. politician 政治家103. belief 信念, 信条104. disbelief 不信, 怀疑105. evidence 证据106. review 评论107. poster 海报108. thriller 充满刺激的电影109. comedy 喜剧110. sword 剑111. actress 女演员112. character 角色, 人物113. masterpiece 杰作114. fiancé未婚夫115. rooftop 屋顶116. ad 广告117. channel 频道118. telly 电视119. drama 戏剧120. plot 情节121. setting 背景122. shark 鲨鱼123. section 部分，节Senior Book2Phrases1. be connected with 与…有联系2. take exercise锻炼3. be crazy about迷恋4. have a temperature发烧5. lie down躺下6. begin with以…开始7. put…into…将…投入…8. become ill生病9. related to有关系的10. break into破门而入11. belong to属于12. become addicted to沉迷于, 对…上瘾13. take one’s advice听某人的意见14. in order to为了…15. so as to为了…16. give up戒除, 放弃17. be impressed with留下深刻印象18. split up分裂, 分割19. make a note of记录20. be/get tired of对…厌烦21. be fond of喜欢, 喜爱22. tell by从…可以看出23. put off推迟, 延期24. take turns轮流25. a series of一系列的26. in total总共, 合计27. now that既然28. believe in相信29. be similar to和…相似30. come out出现, 出版31. fall in love with爱上/喜欢32. be in love with爱上/喜欢33. play a part扮演角色34. to one’s surprise令某人吃惊的是35. in surprise吃惊地36. care about关心, 顾虑37. every now and then有时38. at the age of在…岁时高中英语外研版必修三单词表1.across prep.横过；穿过(SH3 M1 P1)2.boot n.长统靴；皮靴(SH3 M1 P1)3.continental adj.大陆的；大洲的(SH3 M1 P1)4.face vt.面向；面对(SH3 M1 P1)5.range n.山脉(SH3 M1 P1)ndmark n.标志性建筑(SH3 M1 P2)7.gallery n.美术馆；画廊(SH3 M1 P2)8.situated adj.坐落（某处）的；位于（某处）的(SH3 M1 P2)9.symbol n.象征；符号(SH3 M1 P2)10.located adj.位于(SH3 M1 P2)11.architect n.建筑师(SH3 M1 P2)12.project n.计划；项目；工程(SH3 M1 P2)13.sculpture n.雕刻；泥塑(SH3 M1 P2)14.birthplace n.发源地(SH3 M1 P2)15.civilization n.文明(SH3 M1 P2)16.ancient adj.古代的(SH3 M1 P2)17.opposite prep.在……对面(SH3 M1 P4)18.sign vt.签署(SH3 M1 P7)19.agreement n.协议；契约(SH3 M1 P7)20.whereabouts adv.在哪里(SH3 M1 P8)ern vt.统治；治理(SH3 M1 P9)22.head n.领袖；领导人(SH3 M1 P9)23.representative n.代表(SH3 M1 P9)24.parliament n.国会；议会(SH3 M1 P9)25.region n.地区；区域(SH3 M1 P10)26.geographical adj.地理的(SH3 M1 P10)27.feature n.特点(SH3 M1 P10)28.produce n.产品；农产品(SH3 M1 P10)29.hunger n.饥饿(SH3 M2 P11)30.income n.收入(SH3 M2 P11)31.poverty n.贫穷(SH3 M2 P11)32.human n.（与动物等对比的）人(SH3 M2 P12)33.development n.发展(SH3 M2 P12)34.index n.指数(SH3 M2 P12)35.measure vt.测定；测量；评估(SH3 M2 P12)36.goal n.目标(SH3 M2 P12)37.expectancy n.（根据概率得出的）预期数额(SH3 M2 P12)38.position n.位置(SH3 M2 P12)cate vt.教育；培养；训练(SH3 M2 P12)40.figure n.数字(SH3 M2 P13)41.household n.一家人；家庭(SH3 M2 P14)42.homeless adj.无家可归的(SH3 M2 P14)43.charity n.慈善团体(SH3 M2 P15)44.crowded adj.拥挤的(SH3 M2 P16)45.freeway n.高速公路(SH3 M2 P16)46.inhabitant n.居民(SH3 M2 P16)47.similarity n.类似；相似(SH3 M2 P16)48.unfortunate adj.不幸的；遗憾的(SH3 M2 P16)49.location n.位置；所在地(SH3 M2 P16)50.tourism n.旅游业(SH3 M2 P16)51.transport n.交通工具(SH3 M2 P16)52.industrial adj.工业的(SH3 M2 P17)53.polluted adj.受到污染的(SH3 M2 P17)54.smart adj.漂亮的；整洁的；时髦的(SH3 M2 P17)55.vast adj.巨大的；庞大的；浩瀚的(SH3 M2 P17)56.entertainment n.娱乐(SH3 M2 P19)57.exchange n.交换(SH3 M2 P19)58.disaster n.灾难(SH3 M3 P21)59.flood n.洪水(SH3 M3 P21)60.hurricane n.飓风(SH3 M3 P21)61.lightning n.闪电(SH3 M3 P21)62.thunderstorm n.雷暴(SH3 M3 P21)63.tornado n.龙卷风(SH3 M3 P21)64.column n.柱状物；柱状体(SH3 M3 P21)65.experience vt.经历(SH3 M3 P21)66.cause vt.引起；导致(SH3 M3 P21)67.current n.海流；潮流(SH3 M3 P22)titude n.纬度(SH3 M3 P22)69.furniture n.家具(SH3 M3 P22)70.bury vt.埋葬(SH3 M3 P22)71.feather n.羽毛(SH3 M3 P22)72.fur n.（动物的）毛皮(SH3 M3 P22)73.occur vi.发生(SH3 M3 P22)74.tropical adj.热带的(SH3 M3 P22)75.equator n.赤道(SH3 M3 P22)76.rotating adj.旋转的；循环的(SH3 M3 P23)77.violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强烈的(SH3 M3 P23)78.wave n.波浪(SH3 M3 P23)79.strike vt.& n.(struck; struck/striken)（雷电、暴风雨等）袭击(SH3 M3 P23)80.cemetery n.墓地；公墓(SH3 M3 P23)81.coffin n.棺材(SH3 M3 P23)82.ruin vt.毁坏(SH3 M3 P24)83.ash n.灰(SH3 M3 P25)84.erupt vt.（火山的）爆发；喷发(SH3 M3 P25)va n.熔岩；岩浆(SH3 M3 P25)86.tidal adj.受潮水影响的；有涨落的(SH3 M3 P25)87.volcano n.火山(SH3 M3 P25)88.previous adj.以前的(SH3 M3 P25)89.eruption n.（火山的）爆发；喷发(SH3 M3 P25)90.possibility n.可能；可能性(SH3 M3 P25)91.earthquake n.地震(SH3 M3 P27)92.terrifying adj.吓人的；可怕的(SH3 M3 P28)93.luckily adv.幸运地；幸亏(SH3 M3 P28)94.thankfully adv.感激地；满怀感谢地(SH3 M3 P28)95.hopefully adv.满怀希望地；有希望地(SH3 M3 P28)96.sadly adv.伤心地；不幸地(SH3 M3 P28)97.fortunately adv.幸运地；幸亏(SH3 M3 P28)98.warning n.警告(SH3 M3 P28)99.worldwide adj.全世界的(SH3 M3 P29) 100.active adj.积极的；活跃的(SH3 M3 P29)101.damage n.& v.损失；损害(SH3 M3 P29)102.sandstorm n.沙尘暴(SH3 M4 P 31)103.frightening adj.吓人的；可怕的(SH3 M4 P 31)104.inland adj.内地的；内陆的(SH3 M4 P 31)105.mass adj.大量的；大规模的(SH3 M4 P 32)106.campaign n.战役；活动(SH3 M4 P 32)107.dune n.沙丘(SH3 M4 P 32)108.desertification n.（土地的）沙漠化(SH3 M4 P 32)109.process n.进程；过程(SH3 M4 P 32)110.citizen n.公民；市民(SH3 M4 P 32)111.dust n.沙尘；灰尘(SH3 M4 P 32)112.forecast vt.预报；预告(SH3 M4 P 32)113.strength n.力量；力气(SH3 M4 P 32)114.cycle vi.骑自行车(SH3 M4 P 32)115.mask n.面罩(SH3 M4 P 32)116.atmosphere n.大气；大气层(SH3 M4 P 35)117.carbon n.碳(SH3 M4 P 35)118.dioxide n.二氧化物(SH3 M4 P 35)119.chemical n.化学药品(SH3 M4 P 35)120.environment n.环境(SH3 M4 P 35)121.garbage n.废料；垃圾(SH3 M4 P 35)122.melt vi.融化(SH3 M4 P 35)123.pollution n.污染(SH3 M4 P 35)124.recycle v.重新利用；再循环(SH3 M4 P 35)125.coastal adj.沿海的(SH3 M4 P 35)126.concerned adj.关心的；担心的(SH3 M4 P 35) 127.evidence n.根据；证明(SH3 M4 P 35) 128.major adj.主要的；多数的(SH3 M4 P 35) 129.urgent adj.紧急的(SH3 M4 P 35) 130.pollute vt.污染(SH3 M4 P 35) plain vi.抱怨；发牢骚(SH3 M4 P 36) 132.nutshell n.坚果壳；简单的一句话(SH3 M4 P 38)133.scary adj.恐怖的；吓人的(SH3 M4 P 38)134.absolutely adv.绝对地；完全地(SH3 M4 P 38) 135.protection n.保护(SH3 M4 P 40)136.Module 5equal adj.平等的(SH3 M5 P 41) 137.importance n.重要；重要性(SH3 M5 P 41) 138.philosopher n.哲学家(SH3 M5 P 41) 139.philosophy n.哲学(SH3 M5 P 41) 140.teaching n.（常作复数）教导；学说(SH3 M5 P 41) 141.thinker n.思想(SH3 M5 P 41) 142.kindness n.善良(SH3 M5 P 41) 143.order n.秩序(SH3 M5 P 42) 144.principle n.原则；准则(SH3 M5 P 42) 145.position n.职位(SH3 M5 P 42) 146.stress vt.强(SH3 M5 P 43) 147.resign vi.辞职(SH3 M5 P 43) 148.adviser n.顾问(SH3 M5 P 43) 149.influential adj.有影响的(SH3 M5 P 43) 150.love n.仁爱(SH3 M5 P 43) 151.honesty n.诚实(SH3 M5 P 45) 152.justice n.公正(SH3 M5 P 45) 153.bark n.树皮(SH3 M5 P 46) 154.contribution n.贡献(SH3 M5 P 46)155.invent vt.发明(SH3 M5 P 46)156.leather n.皮革(SH3 M5 P 46)157.monk n.和尚(SH3 M5 P 46) 158.soft adj.柔软的(SH3 M5 P 46)159.category n.范畴；种类(SH3 M5 P 46)160.sutra n.（佛教的）经(SH3 M5 P 47)161.inventor n.发明家(SH3 M5 P 47)162.argument n.争论；辩论；议论(SH3 M5 P 47) 163.freedom n.自由(SH3 M5 P 48) 164.fuel n.燃料(SH3 M5 P 48)165.condition n.状况；条件；环境(SH3 M5 P 49)166.bulletin n.小型报刊；短新闻；报告(SH3 M6 P 51)167.canal n.运河(SH3 M6 P 51)168.civil adj.民用的；国内的(SH3 M6 P 51)169.cliff n.悬崖；峭壁(SH3 M6 P 51)170.dam n.坝；堤；水闸(SH3 M6 P 51) 171.engineering n.（土木）工程(SH3 M6 P 51) 172.gorge n.峡谷(SH3 M6 P 51) 173.hydro-electric adj.水力发电的(SH3 M6 P 51)174.reservoir n.水库(SH3 M6 P 51)175.structure n.建筑物；结构(SH3 M6 P 51) 176.terminal n.（机场的）集散站；终点站；候机厅(SH3 M6 P 51)177.date vi.始于（某一历史时期）(SH3 M6 P 51) 178.accommodate vt.容纳（乘客等）(SH3 M6 P 51) 179.carving n.（尤指木头、象牙等的）雕刻(SH3 M6 P 52) 180.construction n.建造；建设；建(SH3 M6 P 52) 181.relic n.（常作复数）（历史的）遗迹；(SH3 M6 P 52) 182.site n.场所；遗址(SH3 M6 P 52) 183.Buddhist n.佛教徒(SH3 M6 P 52) 184.generate vt.发（电）(SH3 M6 P 52) 185.harness vt.利用；将（自然力）变成动力(SH3 M6 P 52) 186.historical adj.历史的；有关历史的(SH3 M6 P 52) 187.narrow adj.狭窄的(SH3 M6 P 52) 188.poem n.诗；诗歌(SH3 M6 P 52) 189.submerge vt.浸入水中；淹没(SH3 M6 P 52) 190.global adj.全球的(SH3 M6 P 53) 191.watchtower n.望台(SH3 M6 P 53) 192.remove vt.迁移；搬迁(SH3 M6 P 53) 193.freezing adj.冷冰冰的；极冷的(SH3 M6 P 58) 194.ridiculous adj.荒唐的；可笑的(SH3 M6 P 58) 195.enormous adj.巨大的；庞大的(SH3 M6 P 58) 196.observatory n.观察台(SH3 M6 P 59) 197.foggy adj.有浓雾的(SH3 M6 P 59) 198.crash vi.（飞机）失事；坠毁(SH3 M6 P 59)199.because of 因为；由于200.be known as 作为……而出名/闻名201.ever since 自从……一直202.in terms of 据……；依据……203.on the other hand 另一方面；反过来说204.little by little 一点点地；逐渐地205.at the top of 在……顶端206.at the bottom of 在……底部207.make effort 努力208.be connected with 与……有联系；与……有关209.be close to 接近；靠近210.pick up 卷起；掀起211.take off 去掉212.on average 平均起来213.end up 结果为……, 以……结束214.set fire to 放火（焚烧）……215.catch fire 着火216.put out 扑灭（火）217.take place 发生218.in all 总共；总计219.cut down 砍倒220.be caught in 突然遭遇（风暴等）221.one after another 一个接一个地222.have a bad effect on 对……有坏影响223.take in 吸收224.give out 放出；发出225.in a nutshell 简言之；概括地讲226.look through 浏览227.be at war with 与……交战228.bring up 养育；抚养229.become interested in 对……感兴趣230.be proud of 为……自豪231.in conclusion 总之232.for the first time 第一次233.date from 起源于234.hold back 阻止e true （梦想等）变成现实236.make sense 有意义；有道理237.bring an end to 结束；终止。
查阅文献途径
阅读学术文献对于会计金融领域的科研工作,尤其是近年来在财经领域取得快速开展的实证学术研究的开展,都需要大量的工具书、参考书及相关文献资料.那么对于实证研究的初学者来说如何查找和阅读所需要的文献？我们在这里简单的谈一下查找资料的根本方法：第一节查找文献简单的说,文献就是你能查找和浏览的一切资料的总和.以以下举的都是文献的载体：期刊、书籍、会议记录、政府与商业机构的报告、新闻报纸、学位论文〔毕业论文等〕、网络〔电子期刊等〕、多媒体〔CD-ROM等〕、杂志.也就是说,在以上载体所浏览的文章、图表、声音、动画,都属于文献.对于文献的查找途径与方法我们简单的讲述一下.一、图书馆查询系统的查询方法首先,图书馆对于实证研究者来说是很好的资源,我们可以在图书馆中通过电子查阅的方式查阅到文献所在的具体的库,比方社会科学文献库,自然科学文献库、期刊论文文献库等等,然后在确定的库中一般是根据具体专业和方向来划分的,比方经济类、金融类、治理类等等,我们可以根据研究对象来寻找所需要的书或文献；另外, 我们可以通过图书馆计算机查询系统查阅到所需要文献的编号,那么系统将会告诉我们该文献所在的库以及该文献的位置.对于实证研究初学者来说如果遇到交叉学科的研究,我们可以根据所交叉的几个学科来分别查阅文献.二、网络查询方法随着现代科学技术的开展,资料和信息的来源更为广泛,我们面对的不仅是图书、报纸、杂志等传统的出版物,而现在以计算机为中央的信息网络开展非常迅速,计算机网络查询提升了文献的搜集、检索的效率.所以,计算机网络查询是实证研究者应充分利用的现代化手段.一般根据学术资源的内容划分,网上资源可分为如下几种类型.〔一〕数据库资源.包括网络版或者光盘版的数据库.以以下举一些和金融会计实证研究相关的国内外着名的电子期刊数据库和学位论文、会议文献等其他全文数据库.1.电子期刊数据库(1)SDOS全文期刊数据库荷兰ElsevierScience出版集团出版的期刊是世界上公认的高质量学术期刊.其电子期刊全文数据库一ScienceDirectOnSite(SDOS)包括1995年以来ElsevierScience出版集团所属的各出版社(包括AcademicPress)出版的期刊1500余种.(2)EBSCOhost全文期刊数据库EBSCOPublishing自1984年成立至今,一直专注文献数据库的开展并于1994年率先推出网上(Online)全文数据库一EBSCOhost.其中学术期刊数据库(AcademicSearchPremier)和商业资源数据库(BusinessSourcePremier)对于实证研究非常有用.AcademicSearchPremier(ASP)：收录7,000多种生物科学、工商经济、资讯科技、通讯传播、工程、教育、艺术、文学、医药学等领域的期刊,其中近4000种全文刊, SCI收录的核心期刊为1453种(含全文刊350种).BusinessSourcePremier(BSP)：收录3700余种内容涉及经济、商业、贸易、金融、企业治理、市场及财会等相关专业领域的学术期刊的索引和文摘,其中包括2900余种的全文期刊.(3)SpringerLINK电子期刊(全文)德国施普林格(Springer-Verlag)是世界上着名的科技出版社,其通过SpringerLINK 系统发行的电子图书并提供学术期刊检索效劳.目前拥有400多种电子期刊(全文), 其覆盖的学科范围有：生命科学、化学、地球科学、计算机科学、数学、医学、物理与天文学、工程学、环境科学、经济学和法律等.可下载并浏览其全文,文献全文均是以PDF格式提供.(4)ABI商业信息全文数据库(AbstractsofBusinessInformation/INFORMGlobal 简称ABI),由美国ProQuestInformationandLearning公司出版,是欧美大学普遍使用的着名商业及经济治理期刊论文数据库.该数据库涉及主题范围有：财会、银行、商业、计算机、经济、能源、工程、环境、金融、国际贸易、保险、法律、治理、市场、税收、电信等领域, 涉及这些行业的市场、企业文化、企业案例分析、公司新闻和分析、状况和预测等方面资料.ABI收录商业方面的期刊2590多种,其中1820余种期刊有全文和图像,其余的期刊提供文摘；被SSCI和SCI收录的期刊有403种,其中全文期刊242种.(5)中国期刊全文数据库(CJFD)中国期刊全文数据库支开口〕?是目前世界上最大的连续动态更新的中国期刊全文数据库,积累全文文献800万篇,题录1500余万条,分九大专辑,126个专题文献数据库.其包含国内公开出版的6100种核心期刊与专业特色期刊的全文.覆盖范围：理工A 〔数理化天地生〕、理工B 〔化学化工能源与材料〕、理工C 〔工业技术〕、农业、医药卫生、文史哲、经济政治与法律、教育与社会科学、电子技术与信息科学.〔6〕中、外文维普科技期刊数据库中外文科技期刊数据库〔维普〕由重庆维普资讯出版.?中文科技期刊数据库〔全文版〕?收录了1989年至今12000余种中文期刊的全文,包括经济治理、教育科学、图书情报、自然科学、农业科学、医药卫生和工程技术等类.?外文科技期刊数据库〔文摘版〕?收录5000余种国外重要期刊的文摘,通过维普公司遍布全国的合作单位,可便利地获取原文.〔7〕万方数据资源系统之数字化期刊作为国家〃九五〃重点科技攻关工程,目前已经集纳了理、工、农、医、人文等五大类70多个类目的2500多种科技类核心期刊,实现全文上网,真正成为科技期刊网上出版社.2.学位论文、会议文献等其他全文数据库〔1〕中国学位论文全文数据库该数据库的资源由国家法定学位论文收藏机构一中国科技信息研究所提供,并委托万方数据加工建库,收录了自1980年以来我国自然科学领域博士、博士后及硕士研究生论文,其中文摘已达30万余篇,最近三年的论文全文10万多篇,每年新增3万篇.〔2〕中国学术会议论文数据库中国学术会议论文数据库?是国内唯一的学术会议文献全文数据库.国家级学会、协会、研究会组织召开的全国性学术会议论文.每年涉及600余个重要的学术会议,每年增补论文15000余篇.数据范围覆盖自然科学,工程技术,农林,医学等所有领域,收录论文十几万篇.学术会议全文数据库既可从会议信息,也可以从论文信息进行查找,是了解国内学术动态必不可少的帮手.〔3〕中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库〔CDMD〕中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库支口乂口〕?是目前国内相关资源最完备、收录质量最高、连续动态更新的中国博硕士学位论文全文数据库,迄今已完成2000-2003年80000本论文的数据加工与入库.每年收录全国300家博士培养单位的优秀博/硕士学位论文约28000篇,学科覆盖范围包括：理工A 〔数理化天地生〕、理工B 〔化学化工能源与材料〕、理工C 〔工业技术〕、农业、医药卫生、文史哲、经济政治与法律、教育与社会科学、电子技术与信息科学.〔4〕国务院开展研究中央信息网国务院开展研究中央信息网〔简称〃国研网〃〕,是中国着名的大型经济类专业网站, 是向领导者和投资者提供经济决策支持的权威的信息平台.国研网以国务院开展研究中央丰富的信息资源和强大的专家阵容为依托,并与海内外众多着名的经济研究机构和经济资讯提供商紧密合作,全面整合中国宏观经济、金融研究和行业经济领域的专家学者以及研究成果.国研网兼具专业性、权威性、前瞻性、指导性和包容性,以先进的网络技术和独到的专业视角,为中国各级政府部门提供关于中国经济政策和经济开展的深入分析和权威预测,为国内外企业家提供中国经济环境、商业时机与治理案例信息,为海内外投资者提供中国宏观经济和行业经济领域的政策导向及投资环境信息,使投资者及时了解并准确把握中国整体经济环境及其开展趋势,从而指导投资决策和投资行为.〔5〕中国经济信息网中国经济信息网〔简称〃中经网〃〕,是国家信息中央联合各地及部委信息中央组建的、以提供经济为主要业务的专业性信息效劳网络.中经网继承了国家信息中央长期经济信息工作所积累的信息资源和信息分析经验,将其开展成为丰富的网上信息,以中、英文两个版本为政府部门、企业集团、金融机构、研究机构和海外投资者提供网络经济信息效劳.中经网日更新量到达250万以上汉字,是互联网上最大的中文经济信息库,是描述和研究中国经济的权威性网站.〔6〕ProQuest博士论文PDF全文数据库为满足国内对博士论文全文的广泛需求,中科-亚信协助国内各学术研究单位、高等院校,以及公共图书馆,提供ProQuest博士论文PDF全文的网络共享.为此,中科-亚信协同国内各图书馆组织建立ProQuest博士论文中国集团联盟站点.其文摘可以通过博硕士论文数据库〔PQDD〕查询.〔二〕电子图书电子图书又称e-book,是将书的内容制作成电子版后,以传统纸制书籍1/3至1/2 的价格在网上出售.购置者用信用卡或电子货币付款后,即可下载使用专用浏览器在计算机上离线阅读.其主要功能有:可以订阅众多电子期刊、书和文档,从网上自动下载所订阅的最新新闻和期刊,显示整页文本和图形,并通过搜索、注释和超链接等增强阅读体验,采用翻页系统,类似于纸制书的翻页,可随时把网上电子图书下载到电子阅读器上,也可以自己购置的书和文档储存到电子阅读器上.常见的有如下几种电子图书网站.1.超星电子图书超星电子图书数据库现有30万种各种学科的电子图书.用户在使用时无需注册, 只要安装其专用的浏览器即可下载或在线阅读电子图书.2.书生之家书生电子图书镜像站已拥有几万本图书的数字信息资源,阅读前,必须下载并运行书生阅读器〔reader〕,下载运行一次即可.以后再读书时,会自动启动reader读书.电子丛书德国施普林格〔Springer-Verlag〕是世界上着名的科技出版集团,通过SpringerLink 系统提供其学术期刊及电子图书的在线效劳.2002年7月开始,Springer公司和EBSCO/Metapress 公司在国内开通了SpringerLink 效劳.SpringerLink包含有多套电子丛书,其中包括着名的LectureNotesinComputerScience 等经典,讲义系列’,以及历史悠久的LandoltB?rnstein物理与化学物理手册等.〔三〕各种学术团体和学术研究机构的网站企业和商业部门,国际组织和政府部门,行业协会等单位的网址或主页上,可以查到许多非正式〃出版〃的文献信息.这些信息是有一定的学术参考价值.〔四〕学术动态信息如电子邮件、电子会议、电子布告新闻、专题论坛、专家学者个人主页等等.〔五〕利用搜索引擎直接查找搜索引擎是比拟新的网络工具,也是实证研究初学者必不可少的工具,我们在研究中遇到问题,搜索引擎可以告诉我们在那里可以找到结果,目前比拟常用的几个搜索引擎是：搜索引擎Google公司的创新搜索技术每天为全球数以千计的人们提供信息效劳.Google公司于1998年由斯坦福大学博士生LarryPage和SergeyBrin创立.Google目前已经成为全球所有主要市场中的最有价值的网络资产.2.百度搜索引擎百度,2000年1月创立于北京中关村,是全球最大的中文搜索引擎.2000年1月1日,公司创始人李彦宏、徐勇携120万美元风险投资,从美国硅谷回国,创立了百度公司.2000年5月,百度首次为门户网站一一硅谷动力提供搜索技术效劳,之后迅速占领中国搜索引擎市场,成为最主要的搜索技术提供商.2001年8 月,发布搜索引擎Beta版,从后台效劳转向独立提供搜索效劳,并且在中国首创了竞价排名商业模式,2001年10月22日正式发布Baidu搜索引擎.3.雅虎搜索引擎90年代初,搜索引擎的应用起源于少数高校和科研机构中对研究论文的查找.1994 年4月,斯坦福大学两位博士生杨致远和DavidFilo共同创办了雅虎,通过着名的雅虎目录为用户提供导航效劳.雅虎目录有近100万个分类页面,14个国家和地区当地语言的专门目录,包括英语、汉语、丹麦语、法语、德语、日语、韩文、西班牙语等. 自问世以来,雅虎目录已成为最常用的在线检索工具之一,并成功地使搜索引擎的概念深入人心.4.搜狗搜索引擎搜狗是搜狐公司于2004年8月3日推出的完全自主技术开发的全球首个第三代互动式中文搜索引擎,是一个具有独立域名的专业搜索网站一一〃搜狗〃的问世标志着全球首个第三代互动式中文搜索引擎诞生,是搜索技术开展史上的重要里程碑.搜狗网页搜索,全球首个中文网页收录量到达40亿的搜索引擎.5.天网搜索引擎由北大网络实验室研制开发的天网中英文搜索引擎是国家〃九五〃重点科技攻关项目〃中文编码和分布式中英文信息发现〃的研究成果,并于1997年10月29日正式在CERNET上向广阔Internet用户提供Web信息导航效劳.第二节网络文献检索方式简介：SpringerLink由于网上有着丰富的文献资源,且查询和保存都远比纸质文献便利,因此网络检索方式已经成为查询文献的第一选择.在这里以为例,对网络资源的查询作一个简单介绍.Springer网络版丛书通过SpringerLink平台提供网络效劳.1.登录SpringerLink国内读者可通过SpringerLink的登陆,也可以直接登陆登陆主页.这里介绍的是通过进行检索的方式.读者可以对包括Springer网络版丛书在内的SpringerLink所有电子出版物(包括电子丛书和电子期刊),进行浏览、检索和查阅文章标题和文摘.2.浏览Springer网络版丛书登录SpringerLink后,读者可以通过两种方式进行浏览：(1)利用SpringerLink页面上方的导航条点击导航条内的BROWSE进入浏览页面,选择Publications标签,选中BookSeries, 点击Browse即进入BrowseResults页面,可看到Springer网络版丛书题名列表,逐层向下点击即可进行浏览；(2)利用SpringerLink 主页上的BrowsePublications 链接该链接在SpringerLink主页的BrowseandExplore栏目下.点击该链接,可以直接进入BrowseResults页面.该页面按题名字顺列出SpringerLink提供的所有电子出版物(包括电子丛书和电子期刊),在页面右侧的JumpTo下面点击相应字母即可直接跳至Springer网络版丛书的相关题名列表,逐层向下点击即可进行浏览.3.阅览通过Springer网络版丛书题名列表页面,逐层依次点击相应的各丛书题名、卷次、内容标题,读者就可以看到已出版的该丛书各卷次、各卷包括的内容标题和编着者信息、摘要和关键词等内容；点击内容标题后,在翻开的页面右侧点击OpenFullText,读者即可阅览PDF格式的内容全文.4.检索(1)通过SpringerLink系统所有页面上方的检索(Searchfor)框和高级检索(AdvancedSearch)框,可检索包括Springer网络版丛书在内的所有SpringerLink电子出版物(包括电子丛书和电子期刊).从检索结果列表中选择出版物为相关丛书名的记录,点击进入即可查阅到符合检索要求的丛书内容.(2)通过浏览方式进入相关丛书的卷次页后,页面右侧出现的快速检索(QuickSearch)框,提供在相关丛书卷次内进行该卷次内容的直接检索.。
2024年中考英语高频核心词汇(按词性划分)--for阅读完形
中考英语重点高频词汇一、名词类（n.）1.action 行为；行动2.advice 建议3.ability 能力4.activity 活动5.adult 成年人6.advertisement 广告7.advantage 优势；好处8.article passage 文章9.authorwriter 作者；作家10.audience 听众；观众11.area 地区；区域12.artist 艺术家13.aimpurpose 目标；目的14.attitude 态度15.behavior 行为；表现16.chance 机会17.character 角色；人物18.choice 选择19.pany 公司20.ment 评论21.confidence 信心22.crowd 人群23.petition 竞争24.control 控制25.culture 文化26.decision 决定27.death 死亡28.diseaseillness 疾病29.development 发展30.effort 努力31.effectinfluence 影响32.engineer 工程师33.examtest 考试34.exercise 运动；练习35.experiment 实验36.experience 经历；经验37.energy 能量；精力38.environment 环境39.event 事件；公开活动40.friendship 友情；友谊41.flight 飞行；航班42.habit 习惯rmation 信息44.invention 发明（物）45.invitation 邀请46.lie 谎言47.lesson 课；教训；道理48.lecturespeech 讲座；演讲49.medal 奖牌50.member 成员51.message 消息；留言52.magazine 杂志53.methodway 方法54.nature 自然55.newspaper 报纸56.opinion 意见；观点57.order 顺序；订单；命令58.pain 痛苦59.performance 表演；表现60.poempoet 诗歌；诗人61.post 帖子62.poster 海报63.population 人口64.purpose 目的65.price 价格；价钱66.prize 奖项；奖67.result 结果68.relationship 关系69.research 调查70.review 评论；复习71.sciencescientist 科学科学家72.secret 秘密73.sign 标识牌；指示牌74.situation 情形；情况75.skill 技能76.study 学习；研究77.society 社会78.spirit 精神79.space 太空；空间80.stage 舞台81.storeshop 商店82.survey 研究；调查问卷83.success 成功84.surprise 惊奇；惊讶；惊喜85.system 系统86.task 任务87.tear 眼泪88.teenager 青少年89.thought 想法；思考90.view 观点；风景；视野91.visitor 游客；访客92.universitycollege 大学93.universe 宇宙94.work(s) 工作；作品95.website 网站二、动词类（v.）1.advise 建议2.agreedisagree 同意/不同意3.allow 允许4.accept 接受5.achieve 实现；达到6.affect 影响7.argue 争论；辩论8.appear 出现；似乎9.avoid 避免10.attend 参加；出席11.book 预订12.change 改变13.choose 选择14.pletefinish 完成15.continue 继续16.municate 交流17.consider 认为；考虑18.create 创造；创新19.decide 决定20.depend 依靠；依赖21.describe 描述22.discover 发现23.encourage 鼓励24.expect 期望；指望25.failsucceed 失败成功26.follow 跟随；跟着27.guide 指导；引导28.hold 举行；举办29.hug 拥抱30.hurt 伤害31.improve 提高32.imagine 想象33.increase 提升；提高34.infer 推断35.invite 邀请36.invent 发明37.influence 影响38.introduce 介绍39.knock 敲门40.lie 说谎(lieliedlied)；平躺（lielaylain）lying41.mention 提到；提及42.nod 点头43.obey 遵守anize 组织45.order 命令；下订单46.protect 保护47.prefer 更喜欢48.provide 提供49.punish 惩罚50.refer to 指代；指的是51.refuse 拒绝52.realize 意识到；实现53.receive 收到54.reduce 减少55.remind 提醒；想起56.respect 尊重57.save 节约；节省58.search 查找；搜寻59.seem 似乎60.shake 摇（头）；摇摆61.shout 大喊；大叫62.show 表明；表现63.sigh 叹息64.solve 解决65.study 研究66.support 支持67.understand 理解68.wonder 想知道三、形容词、副词类（adj./adv.）1.afraid 害怕的2.alone 独自的3.annoyed 生气的；恼怒的4.bored 烦的；无聊的5.certain 确定的（sure）6.mon 常见的；相同的（have...in mon）7.confident 自信的；有信心的8.convenient 方便的；便利的9.dangerous 危险的10.embarrassed 尴尬的11.excited 激动的；兴奋的12.familiar 熟悉的13.famous 著名的；出名的14.foreign 外国的15.frightened 害怕的；惊恐的16.legalillegal 合法的非法的17.local 当地的18.necessary 必需的；必要的19.nervous 紧张的20.terrible 糟糕的；可怕的21.tired 累的；困的22.online 线上的23.own 自己的24.obvious 明显的25.ordinary 普通的26.patient 耐心的27.perfect 完美的28.pleased 开心的；满意的29.polite 有礼貌的30.popular 受欢迎的；流行的31.quiet 安静的32.relaxed 放松的33.satisfied 满意的34.silent 安静的；寂静的35.similar 相似的36.social 社会的；社交的37.suitable 合适的38.whole 全部的；整体的39.widewidely 宽的；广泛的40.wise 睿智的；聪明的41.worried 担心的；担忧的42.quitevery 很；相当地43.actually 事实上44.accurately 准确地45.certainly 确定地；一定地46.correctly 正确地47.pletely 完全地48.directly 直接地49.exactly 准确地50.fortunately 幸运地51.hardly 几乎不52.nearly 接近；几乎53.really 真正地；真地54.recently 最近；近来55.suddenly 突然地四、介词、连词类（prep./conj.）1.of A of B: B的A2.between 在......(两者)之间3.among 在......(多者)之间4.during 在......期间5.as ①作为② =because 因为... ③=when 当...6.on ①在...上面；② =about 关于③be on开着的；进行着的（状态）7.by ①by sb/sth被某人/物②by the river 在河边③by car/bus通过...④by doing通过做某事8.to ①to sb.给某人② to do sth. 为了做某事③ to doing sth.(搭配中的介词)9.with ①with sb和某人；② with sth: 用某物(with a pen)；有了某物(with money)；带着某物（with a smile）10.except 除了......11.althoughthough 虽然；尽管12.but ①但是②除了(have no choice but..) ③not...but.... 不是...而是...13.besides 除此之外；此外14.if ①如果（状语从句）②是否（宾语从句）15.unless 除非16.until 直到（not...until 直到...才...）17.since ①自从②既然；因为18.still ①仍然②静止的19.while ① =when: 当...时候②表前后的对比：然而③一会儿（after a while）20.however 然而（=but）21.therefore 因此（=so）。
高中英语外研版选修一单词表
外研版英语必修一的单词Module 1academic ,ækə'demik adj. 学术的province 'prɒvins n. 省enthusiastic in,θju:zi'æstik adj.热心的,amazing ə'meiziŋ adj.令人吃惊的；令人惊讶的information ,infə'meiʃən n. 消息website web’sait n.网站；网址brilliant 'briljənt adj.口语极好的comprehension ,kɒmpri'henʃən n. 理解,领悟instruction in'strʌkʃən n.常作复数指示；说明method 'meθəd n. 方法bored 'bɒ: d adj.厌烦的；厌倦的embarrassed im'bærəst adj.尴尬的；难堪的；困窘的attitude 'ætitju:d n. 态度behaviour bi'heivjə n. 行为；举动previous 'pri:viəs adj.以前的；从前的description di'skripʃən n.记述；描述amazed ə'meizd adj. 吃惊的;惊讶的embarrassing im'bærəsiŋ adj.令人尴尬的；令人难堪的technology tek'nɒlədʒi n. 技术impress im'pres vt.使印象深刻correction kə'rekʃən n. 改正；纠正encouragement in'kʌridʒmənt n. 鼓励；激励enjoyment in'dʒɒimənt n.享受；乐趣fluency 'flu:ənsi n.流利；流畅misunderstanding ,misʌndə'stændiŋ n. 误解disappointed ,disə'pɒintid adj. 失望的disappointing ,disə'pɒintiŋ adj.令人失望的system 'sistəm n. 制度；体系；系统teenager 'ti:nidʒə n.少年disappear ,disə'piə vi. 消失move mu:v adj.搬家assistant ə'sistənt n. 助手, 助理cover 'kʌvə vt.包含diploma di'pləumə n. 文凭, 毕业证书in other words 换句话说look forward to 期待；盼望at the start of 在……开始的时候at the end of 在……结束的时候go to college 上大学be divided into 被划分成……take part in 参加Module 2amusing ə'mju:ziŋ adj. 有趣的；可笑的energetic ,enə'dʒetik adj. 精力充沛的intelligent in'telidʒənt adj. 聪明的nervous 'nə:vəs adj.紧张的；焦虑的organized 'ɒ:gənaizd adj.有组织的；有系统的patient 'peiʃənt adj.耐心的serious 'siəriəs adj. 严肃的shy ʃai adj.害羞的；羞怯的strict strikt a. 严格的；严厉的impression im'preʃən n. 印象avoid ə'vɒid vt.故意避开hate heit vt.讨厌；不喜欢incorrectly ,inkə'rektli adv.不正确地completely kəm'pli:tli adv. 十分地;完全地immediately i'mi:diətli adv.立即；即刻appreciate ə'pri:ʃieit vt.感激admit əd'mit vt. 承认scientific ,saiən'tifik adj. 科学的literature 'litərətʃə n. 文学loudly 'laudli adv. 大声地wave weiv vt.挥手；招手joke dʒəuk n. 玩笑；笑话summary 'sʌməri n.总结；摘要；提要respect ri'spekt vt.&n.尊敬；尊重grade greid n.美成绩；分数headmaster 'hed'mɑ:stə n.校长headmistress 'hed'mistris n.女校长period 'piəriəd n.一段时间revision ri'viʒən n.复习translation træns'leiʃən n. 翻译timetable 'taimteibl n. 时间表topic 'tɒpik n.话题；题目vacation vei'keiʃən n. 假期revise ri'vaiz vt.温习功课discipline 'disiplin n.纪律relationship ri'leiʃənʃip n. 关系formal 'fɒ:məl adj. 正式的relaxed ri'lækst adj.轻松的；松懈的；宽松的similarly 'similəli adv.同样地,类似地make sure 确定；确信；查明；弄清楚so that 引起表示结果的从句因此make progress 取得进步as a result 结果in fact 事实上fall asleep 睡着tell jokes 讲笑话；开玩笑Module 3helicopter 'helikɒptə n.直升飞机motorbike 'məutə, baik n.摩托车tram træm n.电车distance 'distəns n. 距离abandoned ə'bændənd adj.被遗弃的camel 'kæml n. 骆驼cassette kæ'set n.录音带desert 'dezət n. 沙漠diamond 'daiəmənd n. 钻石expert 'ekspə:t n. 专家midnight 'midnait n. 半夜product 'prɒdʌkt n. 产品scenery 'si:nəri n. 风景; 景色shoot ʃu:t vt.shot,shot射杀soil sɒil n. 土壤journey 'dʒə:ni n. 旅程train trein vt. 训练circus 'sə:kəs n. 马戏团seaside 'si:said n. 海滨stadium 'steidiəm n. 运动场；体育场eagle 'i:gl n. 鹰frighten 'fraitn vt.是吃惊；惊吓kindergarten 'kində,gɑ:tn n.幼儿园apartment ə'pɑ:tmənt n.美公寓；单元住宅cartoon kɑ:'tu:n n. 卡通；漫画interview 'intəvju: n.面试；面谈interviewer 'intəvju:ə n.面试时的主考官；面谈者event i'vent n. 事件exhausted ig'zɒ:stid adj.疲惫不堪的downtown 'daun'taun adj.商业区的；市中心的vacuum `'vækjuəm n. 真空；空白rail reil n.铁轨ceremony 'seriməni n.仪式track træk n. 轨道souvenir ,su:və'niə n. 纪念品get on 上车、船等get off 下车、船等get into 上车get out of 下车take off 飞机起飞be short for 是……的缩写/简称not …any more 不再our of date 过时refer to 指的是Module 4survey sə'vei n. 调查neighbourhood n.四邻local 'ləukəl adj.地方的；局部的suburb 'sʌbə:b n.城郊；郊区hometown həum'taun n.家乡attractive ə'træktiv adj.有吸引力的;吸引人的fortunate 'fɒ:tʃənit adj.幸运的；吉祥的pretty 'priti adv.很；相当sound saund vi.听起来tourist 'tuəristn.旅游者；观光客bother 'bɒðə vt.打扰；烦扰；麻烦nuisance 'nju:sns n.令人讨厌的人或事rent rent n. 租金district 'distrikt n.地域；区域；行政区approach ə'prəutʃ vt. 接近harbour n.海港gorgeous 'gɒ:dʒəs adj.美丽的；宜人的architecture 'ɑ:kitektʃə n. 建筑starve stɑ:v vi.饿死park pɑ:k vt. 停车traffic 'træfik n. 交通committee kə'miti n. 委员会organization 'ɒ:gənai'zʃən n.组织unemployed ,ʌnim'plɒid adj.失业的；没有工作的household 'haushəuld n.家属；家人occupation ,ɒkju'peiʃən n. 职业professional prə'feʃənl adj.专业的manual 'mænjuəl adj.用手的；手的employment im'plɒimənt n.就业；工作；职业gallery 'gæləri n.美术馆；画廊exchange iks'tʃeindʒ vt. 交换fascinating 'fæsineitiŋ adj. 迷人的, 吸引人的afford ə'fɒ:d vt. 买得起;有能力支付survive sə'vaiv vi.死里逃生；大难不死contact 'kɒntækt vt.联络；联系某人put up 修建so far 到目前为止up to now 到目前为止till now 到目前为止get away from 摆脱a great many 许多；大量a number of 许多；大量谓语动词要用复数the number of ……的数量谓语动词要用单数go up 上升Module 5liquid 'likwid n. 液体expand ik'spænd vi.膨胀contract 'kɒntrækt vi.收缩substance 'sʌbstəns n. 物质mixture 'mikstʃə n.混合物oxygen 'ɒksədʒən n. 氧气electricity ,ilek'trisiti n. 电stage steidʒ n. 阶段；时期conclusion kən'klu:ʒən n. 结论aim eim n. 目标；目的reaction ri'ækʃən n. 反应electrical i'lektrikəl adj.与电有关的；用电的equipment i'kwipmənt n. 设备；装备react ri'ækt vi.化学反应potassium n. 钾sodium 'səudiəm n. 钠calcium 'kælsiəm n. 钙magnesium mæg'ni:ziəm n. 镁aluminium ,ælju'miniəm n. 铝zinc ziŋk n. 锌partial 'pɑ:ʃəl adj.部分的；局部的copper 'kɒpə n. 铜oxide 'ɒksaid n. 氧化物rust rʌst vi. 生锈boil bɒil vt.生锈ordinary 'ɒ:dinəri adj. 普通的;平常的steam sti:m n. 蒸汽;水气float fləut vi.漂浮form fɒ:m vi.形成dissolve di'zɒlv vt. 溶解；分解；分离balance 'bæləns n.天平crucible 'kru:sibl n. 坩锅tongs tɒŋz 复夹子；小钳子flame fleim n. 火焰facility fə'siliti n.常作复数设备；工具lecture 'lektʃə n. 演讲department di'pɑ:tmənt n.大学的科、系astonished ə'stɒniʃt adj.吃惊的；惊愕的add…to… 往……加入……used to 过去常常……in the area of 在……领域be proud of 为……感到骄傲/自豪be supposed to 应当；理应Module 6contain kən'tein vt. 包含；包括access 'ækses n.接近；通路crash kræʃ vi.计算机崩溃keyword 'ki: , wə:d n.密码；口令log lɒg vt.记录；登录software 'sɒftwєə n. 软件breakdown 'breikdaun n.故障source sɒ:s n.来源；出处accessible ək'sesəbl adj.可进入的；可使用的data 'deitə n.复数据defence di'fens n.保护；防卫create kri:'eit vt. 创造；发明network 'netwə:k n. 网络via vaiə prep.途径；经由percentage pə'sentidʒ n.百分数；百分率design di'zain vt. 设计document 'dɒkjumənt n. 文件invention in'venʃən n. 发明permission pə'miʃən n. 许可military 'militəri adj.军事的；军队的concentrate 'kɒnsəntreit vi.集中注意力、思想等definite 'definit adj. 明确的fantastic fæn'tæstik adj.极好的；美妙的independent ,indi'pendənt adj.独立的essay 'esei n.文章pass pæs vt.超过frequently 'fri:kwəntli adv.时常；经常disadvantage ,disəd'vɑ:ntidʒ n.弊端；缺点average 'ævəridʒ adj.平均的statistics stə'tistiks n.复统计数字shorten 'ʃɒ:tn vt.缩短sideways 'saidweiz adv.横着地；斜着地Cincinnati n. 辛辛那提美国城市search n. vt. & vi. 搜寻；寻找in search of 寻找；追求geography n. 地理书salesman n. 售货员,店员lad n. 少年；小伙子request n. & vt. 请求；要求store n. 商店disappointment n. 失望；沮丧bookseller n. 书商ahead of 在…前面；优于sailor n. 海员,水手；水兵add vt. 又说,补充说eyebrow n. 眉毛remainder n. 剩余物consist of 由……组成as well 也become known as … 作为……而出名；被称为……；叫作……go down 下降come up with 提出from that moment on 从那时起concentrate on 聚精会神；集中思想compared with 与……相比。
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Politeness Performance
2015/12/9
11
What is a Web Crawler?
Web Crawler? What? How?
• A program for downloading web pages.
• Given an initial set of seed URLs, it recursively downloads every page that is linked from pages in the set.
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Robots Exclusion
Example file: /robots.txt
# Disallow allow all robots User-agent: * Disallow: /cyberworld/map/ Disallow: /tmp/ # these will soon disappear Disallow: /foo.html
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Simple Web Crawler Algorithm
Basic Algorithm Let S be set of URLs to pages waiting to be indexed. Initially S is the singleton, s, known as the seed. Take an element u of S and retrieve the page, p, that it references.
Some retrieve
Indexing after crawl
Some index only the first part of long files Do you keep the files (e.g., Google cache)?
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Robots Exclusion – “gentlecrawler”
Edt. By:
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Content
Overview of web search Web crawler
Politeness Performance
(later lessons)
Indexing/ranking Scalability
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Web Search
The Robots Exclusion Protocol A Web site administrator can indicate which parts of the site should not be visited by a robot, by providing a specially formatted file on their site, in http://.../robots.txt. The Robots META tag A Web author can indicate if a page may or may not be indexed, or analyzed for links, through the use of a special HTML META tag See: /wc/exclusion.html
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Strategies
Subject hierarchies — 1st Generation
• Yahoo! -- use of human indexing Web crawling + automatic indexing – 2nd Generation
•ltaVista,...
WebPages Crawling WebPages
Extract Links from WebPage
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Simple Web Crawler Algorithm (cont’d)
UrlsTodo = {‘‘/index.html’’}
Repeat: url = UrlsTodo.getNext() html = Download( url ) UrlsDone.insert( url ) newUrls = parseForLinks( html ) For each newUrl not in UrlsDone:
• Web crawler
• Indexing system • Search system Considerations • Economics
• Scalability
• Legal issues
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Content
Overview of web search Web crawler
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Economic Models
Advertising
Traffic Ranking, the “life” of a commercial search engine!
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Economic Models
Licensing
Cost of company are covered by fees, licensing of software and specialized services
# To allow Cybermapper User-agent: cybermapper Disallow:
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Extracts from: /robots.txt
User-agent: * Allow: /searchhistory/ Disallow: /search Disallow: /groups Disallow: /images Disallow: /catalogs Disallow: /catalogues Disallow: /news Disallow: /nwshp Disallow: /? Disallow: /addurl/image? Disallow: /pagead/ Disallow: /relpage/ Disallow: /relcontent ……
• Variations:
A focused web (专业爬虫) crawler downloads only those pages whose content satisfies some criterion. (Needs the support of categorization approaches) A deep web crawler downloads dynamic web content (trends to be hot!) Also known as a web spider
Advertising
Access is free, with display advertisements (introduced by Lycos, but boosted by Google®)
Can lead to distortion of results to suit advertisers (Don't be evil?)
Note that currently only a few robots implement this.
Goal
Provide information discovery for large amounts of open access material on the web
Challenges
• Volume of material -- several billion items, growing steadily
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What to retrieve
No web crawler retrieves everything
Most crawlers retrieve only
HTML (leaves and nodes in the tree) ASCII clear text (only as leaves in the tree) PDF PostScript,…
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Economic Models
Subscription
Monthly fee with logon provides unlimited access (introduced by InfoSeek)
Pay annually or monthly
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Economic Models
• Items created dynamically or in databases (deep web, about 150 times of web pages of surface web) • Great variety -- length, formats, quality control, purpose, etc. • Inexperience of users -- range of needs • Economic models to pay for the service
Lecture 5
Web Search (1)