国际商务课本习题
国际商务习题大全
一、单选题：1、在解释上易产生分歧的不可抗力事故是( )。
A、商业风险事故B、政府的行动C、社会异常事故D、社会力量事故2、诉讼与仲裁的相同点是( )。
A、二者审理案件的机构性质相同B、二者审理制度相同C、二者审理的依据相同D、二者均是按照一定程序进行审理3、以仲裁方式解决交易双方争议的必要条件是( )。
A、交易双方当事人订有交易协议B、交易双方当事人订有合同C、交易双方当事人订有意向书D、交易双方当事人订有仲裁协议4、国际商会国际仲裁院设在( )。
A、德国B、法国C、英国D、意大利5、多数国家都认定仲裁裁决是( )。
A、无约束力的B、可更改的C、终局性的D、不确定的6、国际货物买卖中交易的标的物都是具体的（）。
A、品种B、品名C、商品D、名称7、一些足以反映商品品质的主要指标称为（）。
A、商品等级B、商品标准C、商品规格D、商品说明书8、四川榨菜中用来表明商品品质的方法是（）。
A、凭商标或品牌B、凭产地名称C、凭规格D、凭标准9、我方在接到国外来样后提供对等样品供买方确认，这样就把来样成交转变为（）。
A、凭买方样品成交B、凭卖方样品成交C、凭对等样品成交D、看货买卖10、品质机动幅度一般用于某些（）。
A、机械产品B、工业制成品C、初级产品D、机电产品11、工艺品适于（）。
A、凭样品买卖B、凭商标或品牌买卖C、凭规格,等级或标准买卖D、凭产地名称买卖12、按照某些国家的法律规定,卖方的交货数量必须与合同的规定相符,否则买方（）。
A、有权提出索赔,也可拒收B、无权提出索赔,但可拒绝受货C、有权提出索赔,但不可拒收D、无权提出索赔或拒收13、包装上仅有买方指定的商标或牌名,但无生产国别的包装方式是（）。
A、无牌中性包装B、定牌中性包装C、卖方习惯包装D、惯常方式包装14、在国际货物买卖中,作为卖方,其最基本的义务是（）。
A、保证货物的质量B、提交货物和单据C、保证货物的数量D、保证货物的规格15、仅适用于水上运输方式的C组中的贸易术语是（）。
国际商务习题
国际商务题一、单项选择题1.WTO的最高权力机构是（ D ）A.总理事会B.多边贸易协议C.总干事D.部长大会2.一个公司打入国际市场的途径中，出口打入模式主要是指（ A ）A.有形商品贸易B.无形商品贸易C.技术贸易D.许可证贸易3.以下属于仲裁协议内容的是（ D ）A.仲裁机构B.仲裁程序C.仲裁申请D.仲裁结果4.国际贸易中最主要的运输方式是（ A ）A.海洋运输B.航空运输C.内河运输D.公路运输5.在国际交往中使用最广泛的语言是（ B ）A.世界语B.汉语C.日语D.英语6.人口总量是研究市场容量时必须充分考虑的一个重要因素，这是因为（ A ）A.人口总量决定着各类商品的需求量B.人口总量决定着生活必需品的需求量C.人口总量决定着奢侈品的需求量D.人品总量决定着高档商品的需求量7.定标是指（ D ）A.选定投标人B.确定标的C.制定评标规则D.决定中标人8.根据《中国东盟全面经济合作框架协议》，中国与东盟建成自由贸易区的时间是（ D ）A.2006年B.2008年C.2009年D.2010年9.外汇风险是指由于不确定的汇率波动造成的（ A ）A.企业资产价值的变化B.企业负债价值的变化C.企业利润的变化D.企业资产或负债价值的变化10.北美自由贸易区的核心是（ A ）A.美国B.加拿大C.墨西哥D.阿根廷11.第二次世界大战以后，国际分工发展的主要趋势是（ C ）A.部门间分工B.部门内分工C.产品内分工D.不确定12.企业把目标集中在一个或少数几个子市场的战略，被称为（ C ）A.产品差异化战略B.成本集中战略C.集中战略D.市场竞争战略13.国际商务最基本的形式是（ B ）A.国际投资B.国际贸易C.国际经济技术合作D.特许经营14.在其他国家境内的本国律师事务所、银行分支机构提供的服务属于服务贸易中的（ C ）A.越境提供B.境外消费C.商业存在D.自然人移动15.在纯粹的市场经济体制下，社会生产活动的数量和种类是由（ D ）A.价格体系的变化决定的B.消费者决定的C.厂商决定的D.供求关系决定的16.下列国家中不属于北美自由贸易区成员的是（ C ）A.美国B.加拿大C.巴西D.墨西哥17.由于教育的差异，会导致（ D ）A.对不同消费品的偏好相同B.对同一消费品的偏好相同C.对相同的产品的接受程度相同D.对相同的产品的接受程度不同18.在过去50年时间里，对国际商务活动影响最大的技术进步发生在（ C ）A.生物和医学领域B.电子和制造领域C.运输和通信领域D.化学和电子领域19．合同磋商的两个基本环节是（ C ）A．发盘、发价B．要约、反要约C．要约、承诺D．接受、签合同20．仲裁机构属于（ A ）A．民间组织B．官方组织C．半民间组织D．半官方组织21.在合同的数量条款中明确规定交货数量的增减幅度的条款称为（ A ）A.溢短装条款B.包装条款C.支付条款D.运输条款22.关于CIF与DES的区别，除了交货地点和交货方式不同外，表述最准确的是（ A ）A.只有风险划分的界限不同B.只有运输方式不同C.风险划分与费用负担都不同D.只有费用的负担不同23.下列运输方式中，有力地促进了国际多式联运发展的运输方式是（ D ）A.管道运输B.航空运输C.大陆桥运输D.集装箱运输24.在D/P远期、D/P即期和D/A三种支付方式下，就卖方风险而言，按由大到小顺序排列应为（ D ）A.D/P远期>D/P即期>D/AB.D/A>D/P即期>D/P远期C.D/P远期>D/A>D/P即期D.D/A>D/P远期>D/P即期25.行审单议付的依据是（ C ）A.合同、信用证B.合同、单据C.单据、信用证D.信用证、委托书26.CIF合同的货物在装船后因火灾被焚，应由（ D ）A.卖方负担损失B.卖方请求保险公司赔偿C.买方请求保险公司赔偿D.买方负担损失并请求保险公司赔偿27.包销方式中包销人与供货人之间的关系为（ B ）A.代理关系B.买卖关系C.委托关系D.互购关系28.被许可方在规定地域和有效期内对转让的技术具有独占使用权，许可方不能再将这项技术转让给第三方，同时许可方自己也不能在该地域内利用这项技术制造和销售产品，这种协议称做（ A ）A.独占许可协议 B.排它许可协议C.普通许可协议D.可转让许可协议29.提单的种类不包括（ D ）A.清洁与不清洁提单B.联运提单与联合运输提单C.直达提单与转船提单D.所有权提单与非所有权提单30.某种商品FOB价为69元，运费为20元，保险费率为10%，保险额为CIF价格的110%，则CIF价为（ A ）A.97.9B.100C.197.9D.8931.根据国际市场需求的特点对现有产品进行修改，以全部或部分解决原有产品不适应国外顾客需求的缺陷，这种产品开发策略称为（ A ）A.产品延伸B.产品创新C.产品适应D.国际产品32.在交易的成交期和结算期之间由于汇率变化造成的损益称为（ C ）A.会计风险B.经营风险C.交易风险D.价格风险33.麦当劳快餐店采取的主要经营方式是（ D ）A.技术咨询服务B.交钥匙工程承包C.合作生产与合作研究D.国际特许经营34．世界汇率制度主要包括（ B ）A．固定汇率制、钉住汇率制B．固定汇率制、浮动汇率制C．浮动汇率制、钉住汇率制D．浮动汇率制、固定汇率制、钉住汇率制35．根据提单抬头不同，海运提单分为（ D ）A．清洁提单和不清洁提单B．已装船提单和备运提单C．直达提单和转船提单D．记名提单和指示提单36．通过协商解决国际商务纠纷的缺点是（ D ）A．节省诉讼费B．增进双方的友好关系C．有利于协议的执行D．协议不具有法律效力37.按付款日期不同，可以将汇票分为( A )A.即期汇票和远期汇票B.商业汇票和银行汇票C.光票和跟单汇票D.记名汇票和不记名汇票38．最基本的企业营销组合工具 4P 是指（ C ）A．产品、价格、计划、促销B．产品、价格、计划、请求C．产品、价格、渠道、促销D．产品、价格、计划、渠道39．处于技术生命周期第二阶段的是（ C ）A．创新阶段B．成长阶段C．成熟阶段D．衰退阶段40．国际工程承包的特点是（ D ）A．差异性小B．综合性弱C．项目周期短D．风险大41．保护关税的目的是（ C ）A．保护本国消费者B．保护本国消费市场的健康发展C．保护本国产业的发展D．保护外国产品的销路42．业主要求承包商按照规定完成全部工程而付给其确定价款的合同称为（ C ）A．单价合同B．总价合同C．总包合同D．分包合同43．关于承诺的生效时间，英美法系的国家实行的原则是（ B ）A．到达生效B．投邮生效C．签订合同时生效D．双方约定生效44．经营地域比较广阔而且地域差异较大的企业，一般而言，应建立（ D ）A．职能型组织B．产品型组织C．分散型组织D．地域型组织45．关税可以分为（ D ）A．从量税和从价税两种B．从量税、从价税、选择税三种C．从量税、从价税、混合税三种D．从量税、从价税、选择税和混合税四种46．对于国际商务活动而言，有两种成本是至关重要的，即（ B ）A．生产成本与沟通成本B．沟通成本与运输成本C．生产成本与运输成本D．固定成本与变动成本47.目前世界上最大,最具权威性的国际标准化专门机构是( A )A.ISOB.ISAC.IMFD.SOS48．世界上最重要的国际流通货币是（ A ）A．美元B．欧元C．英镑D．日元49．企业制定国际竞争战略的着眼点主要包括（ D ）A．区位优势、规模经济、学习经济B．规模经济、区位优势、政策适应、市场适应C．市场适应、区位优势D．区位优势、规模经济、学习经济、政策适应、市场适应50．调研人员通过改变某些变量的值而保持其他变量不变，用以衡量这些变量（这些变量称为自变量）对我们关注的一些变量的变化的影响（这些变量称为因变量），这种方法称为（ C ）A．询问法B．观察法C．实验法D．访问法二、判断对错（正确的请写“T”，错误的请写“F”）。
国际商务课后习题1
国际商务课后习题1一、名词解释国际商务经济全球化产业内贸易所有权优势内部化优势交易风险国际资本流动间接标价法政治风险需求导向定价法撇脂策略渗透策略国际分销渠道选择性分销渠道策略横向发展模式纵向发展模式混合发展模式广义的“走出去”战略国际市场促销活动渠道长度策略国际财务管理直接标价法彩车效应战略联盟二、判断改错题（要求：先判断对错，将错误的地方改正过来。
）这部分内容自己看习题库吧。
三、简答题1.国际商务经营活动的主要内容包括哪些？2.国际商务与国内商务有何联系与区别？3.简述当代国际商务活动的主要经营形式。
4.国际商务包括哪些基本理论？5.简述当前外汇市场的主要特点。
6.影响汇率变动的因素是什么？7.直接出口的形式有哪些？8.分析间接出口的利弊。
9.影响国际企业投资成功的障碍因素包括哪些方面？10.企业对国际市场进行细分有什么好处？11.简述国际品牌设计应遵循的原则。
12.国际新产品开发程序包括哪些？13.简述国际市场定价的影响因素。
14.何谓跨国公司的转移定价？它有何作用？15.在国际市场上产品包装策略主要有哪几种？16.跨国商务实体的资金来源有哪些途径？17.简述EPRG战略模式体系的主要内容。
18.简述中国企业开展国际化经营的必要性。
19.政府政治环境的不稳定具体表现在哪几个方面？20.金融市场的全球化主要表现在哪些方面？21.简述跨国战略联盟的动因。
22.日常外汇风险管理手段有哪些？23.简述中国企业海外投资的特点。
24.我国企业进入国际市场时，投资区域相对集中的趋同行为特征是什么？25.影响市场规模大小的因素有哪些？四、论述题1.为什么说商品出口是国际商务经营最简单的形式?2.为什么说比较利益论是国际商务理论的基本理论？其他主要贸易理论同比较比较利益论有何联系？3.结合当代国际商务发展形势分析国际贸易理论作为国际商务理论基础的局限性4. 试述从事国际经营的企业面临的政治风险有哪几种，如何对其进行防范？5.企业进行国际市场营销决策的步骤是什么？国际目标市场策略有哪几种？分析这几种目标市场营销策略的优缺点。
韩玉军《国际商务》课后习题详解(第1~5章)【圣才出品】
韩玉军《国际商务》课后习题详解第一章导论1．试述国际商务的概念、类型与特征。
答：（1）国际商务主要是指国际企业从事国际贸易、国际投资和国际生产过程中产生的跨国经营活动，或者说国际商务是研究围绕这些跨国经营活动产生的相关事务，包括企业的国际战略、策略，资源配置及经营管理，市场开发与拓展，如何遵守、规避国际规则，如何适应不同国家的政治、经济、文化、法律、社会环境，以及如何使自己的思想、产品或服务适应国际市场等。
（2）概括起来讲，国际商务可以分为三大类：①国际贸易，即货物与服务的进出口；②国际直接投资；③特许经营、合作经营、合作开发、工程承包与劳务合作、国际信贷与融资等贸易与直接投资以外的其他国际经济活动。
（3）国际商务的主要特征有三个方面：①国际商务是企业国际化战略的综合反映；②国际商务以进入和开拓国际市场为目标；③国际商务复杂多变、风险大。
2．试述经济全球化的含义、本质、原因与特征。
答：（1）经济全球化是世界上各国和地区之间通过商品、服务及劳动力、资本、信息、技术、管理等生产要素的跨国界流动，寻求资源最优配置的一个互相联系、互相依赖并不断深化的过程。
它主要包括贸易、生产、科技、金融、资本和劳动力流动的国际化与自由化。
（2）关于经济全球化的本质，主要有如下几种观点：①“自由派”观点认为经济全球化是资本扩张的必然结果，所以，经济全球化的本质就是资本主义化甚至可以说是美国化，是美国模式资本主义在全球取得最后胜利的标志。
具体来看这种观点包括两种主要看法：第一，全球化是跨国公司的全球化；第二，全球化的实质是美国化。
②“新马克思主义”观点或“左”派观点认为经济全球化是资本主义化、美国化，因此本质上就是经济殖民主义，是帝国主义发展的新阶段，必须坚决批判与反对。
③“怀疑派”认为历史并没有显现所谓全球化的事实，充其量不过是出现了高水平的国际化，也就是国家之间经济互动而已，经济全球化是某些理论家的神话。
④“变革论”认为全球化是21世纪推动社会经济、政治快速变革的中心力量，这些变革正在重新塑造着现在世界。
《国际商务管理》课程习题库
经济学院《国际商务管理》课程习题库一、名词解释：（每小题3分）第一章：1.国际商务: （易）2.国际商务学: （易）3.跨国公司: （中）4.国际市场: （易）5.贸易条约和协定: （中）6.经济全球化: （中）第二章：7. 比较成本论：（中）8. 相互需求原理：（中）9. 产业内贸易：（中）10. 波特四因素：（较难）11. 生产要素：（易）12. 需求条件：（中）13. 相关及支持产业：（较难）14. 比较成本论：（中）15. 相互需求原理：（较难）16. 产业内贸易：（中）17. 波特四因素：（中）18. 生产要素：（易）19. 需求条件：（中）20. 相关及支持产业:（中）21. 国际竞争力: （中）22. 国际竞争的类型: （中）23.所有权优势：（易）24. 内部化优势：（中）25. 区位优势：（较难）第三章：26.直接标价法:（中）27.间接标价法：（中）28.固定汇率: （易）29.浮动汇率: （易）30.即期汇率: （中）31.远期汇率: （中）32.单一汇率: （易）33.复汇率: （易）34.国际资本流动：（中）35.政治风险：（较难）36.国际收支：（中）37.外汇市场：（中）38.外汇期货：（较难）39.外汇期权：（较难）40.掉期交易：（较难）41. 货币市场：（易）42. 资本市场：（易）43. 贴现：（中）44. 信贷市场：（易）45. 证券市场：（中）46. 国际债券：（较难）47. 市场经营环境: （易）48.次级影响因素:（中）49. 一级影响因素: （中）50. 国际收支: （中）51. 技术环境: （易）52. 环境威胁: （易）53. 环境机会:（中）54. 交易风险：（较难）55. 经济风险：（较难）56. 储备风险：（中）第四章：57. 商品出口：（易）58. 间接出口:（中）59. 直接出口：（易）60. 彩车效应:（难）61. 新建进入: （中）62. 收购进入: （中）63. 外贸收购：（中）64. 独家代理：（中）65.易货贸易：（易）66.回购贸易：（较难）67.互换贸易：（较难）68.转手贸易：（较难）69. 补偿贸易：（中）70.合同安排：（中）71.管理合同：（较难）72.国际分包合同：（难）73.对外直接投资：（中）第五章：74. 国际市场细分:（中）75. 国际目标市场:（易）76. 国际目标市场选择:（中）77. 集中性市场策略:（中）78. 无差异性市场策略:（易）79. 差异性市场策略:（易）80. 国际市场定位战略:（中）81.渗透策略：（较难）82. 国际分销渠道:（较难）83. 撇脂策略：（中）84．国际市场促销活动:（较难）85．渠道长度策略：（较难）86．选择性分销渠道策略：（较难）87．需求导向定价法：（较难）88. 全球统一定价策略：（易）89.市场差别定价策略：（易）90. 成本差别定价法：（易）91. 直接渠道策略：（易）92. 渠道宽度策略：（易）93. 广泛性分销渠道策略：（中）94.独家分销渠道策略：（易）95. 国际标准化广告：（中）第六章：96. 外向型企业：（易）97. 广义的“走出去”战略：（较难）98.狭义的“走出去”战略：（较难）99. 竞争战略: （较难）100. 成本领先战略: （易）101. 差异化战略: （易）102. 集中战略: （易）第七章：103.横向发展模式：（易）104.纵向发展模式:（易）105.前向发展: （易）106.向后发展: （易）107.混合发展模式: （易）108.范围经济:（较难）109.战略实施计划:（较难）110.跨国并购:（较难）111.战略联盟:（较难）第八章：112. 营运资本:（易）113. 营运资本流量管理:（较难）114. 营运资本存量管理:（较难）115. 国际财务管理:（中）116. 转移定价：（中）117.项目融资：（较难）二、判断改错题：（每小题2分，要求：先判断对错，将错误改正过来。
国际商务课后习题参考答案定稿版
国际商务课后习题参考答案HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】C h a p t e r1:G l o b a l i z a t i o n1. Describe the shifts in the world economy over the last 30 years. What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in Great Britain? North America? Hong Kong?Answer: The world economy has shifted dramatically over the past 30 years. As late as the 1960s, four stylized facts described the demographics of the global economy. The first was U.S. dominance in the world economy and world trade. The second was U.S. dominance in the world foreign direct investment picture. Related to this, the third fact was the dominance of large, multinational U.S. firms in the international business scene. The fourth was that roughly half of the globe - the centrally planned economies of the Communist world - was off-limits to Western international businesses. All of these demographic facts have changed. Although the U.S. remains the world's dominant economic power, its share of world output and world exports have declined significantly since the 1960s. This trend does not reflect trouble in the U.S. economy, but rather reflects the growing industrialization of developing countries such as China, India, Indonesia, and South Korea. This trend is also reflected in the world foreign direct investment picture. As depicted in Figure 1.2 in the textbook, the share of world output (or the stock of foreign direct investment) generated by developing countries has been on a steady increase since the 1960s, while the share of world outputgenerated by rich industrial countries has been on a steady decline. Shifts in the world economy can also be seen through the shifting power of multinational enterprises. Since the 1960s, there have been two notable trends in the demographics of the multinational enterprise. The first has been the rise of non-U.S. multinationals, particularly Japanese multinationals. The second has been the emergence of a growing number of small and medium-sized multinationals, called mini-multinationals. The fall of Communism in Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union have brought about the final shift in the world economy. Many of the former Communist nations of Europe and Asia seem to share a commitment to democratic politics and free market economies. Similar developments are being observed in Latin America. If these trends continue, the opportunities for international business may be enormous. The implications of these shifts are similar for North America and Britain. The United States and Britain once had the luxury of being the dominant players in the world arena, with little substantive competition from the developing nations of the world. That has changed. Today, U.S. and British manufacturers must compete with competitors from across the world to win orders. The changing demographics of the world economy favor a city like Hong Kong. Hong Kong (which is now under Chinese rule) is well located with easy access to markets in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, and other Asian markets. Hong Kong has a vibrant labor force that can compete on par with the industrialized nations of the world. The declinein the influence of the U.S. and Britain on the global economy provides opportunities for companies in Hong Kong to aggressively pursue export markets.2. "The study of international business is fine if you are going to work in a large multinational enterprise, but it has no relevance for individuals who are going to work in smaller firms." Evaluate this statement.Answer: People who believe in this view, and the firms that they work for, may find that they do not achieve their full potential (at best) and may ultimately fail because of their myopia. As barriers to trade decrease and state of the art technological developments take place throughout the world, new opportunities and threats exist on a worldwide basis. The rise of the mini-multinationals suggests there are global opportunities even for small firms. But staying attuned to international markets is not only important from the perspective of seeking profitable opportunities for small firms; it can also be critical for long-term competitive survival. Firms from other countries may be developing products that, if sold internationally, may wipe out small domestic competitors. Scanning international markets for the best suppliers is also important for small firms, for if a domestic competitor is able to tap into a superior supplier from a foreign country, it may be able to seriously erode a small firm's competitive position before the small firm understands the source of its competitor's competitive advantage and can take appropriate counter actions.3. How have changes in technology contributed to the globalization of markets and of production? Would the globalization of production and markets have been possible without these technological changes?Answer: Changes in technology have contributed to the globalization of markets and of production in a very substantive manner. For instance, improvements in transportation technology have paved the way for companies like Coca-Cola, Levi Strauss, Sony and McDonalds to make their products available worldwide. Similarly, improvements in communications technology have had a major impact. The ability to negotiate across continents has been facilitated by improved communications technology, and the rapidly decreasing cost of communications has lowered the expense of coordinating and controlling a global corporation. Finally, the impact of information technology has been far reaching. Companies can now gain worldwide exposure simply by setting up a homepage on the Internet. This technology was not available just a few short years ago. The globalization of production and markets may have been possible without improvements in technology, but the pace of globalization would have been much slower. The falling cost of technology has made it affordable for many developing nations, which has been instrumental in helping these nations improve their share of world output and world exports. The inclusion of these nations, such as China, India, Thailand, and South Korea, has been instrumental in the globalization of markets and production. In addition, improvements in global transportationand communication have made it relatively easy for business executives from different countries to converse with one another. If these forms of technology, including air-travel, fax capability, e-mail, and overnight delivery of packages were not available, it would be much more difficult for businesses to conduct international trade.4. "Ultimately, the study of international business is no different from the study of domestic business. Thus, there is no point in having a separate course on international business." Evaluate this statement.Answer: This statement reflects a poor understanding of the unique challenges involved in international business. Managing an international business is different from managing a purely domestic business for at least four reasons. These are: (1) countries are different; (2) the range of problems confronted by a manager in an international business is wider and the problems themselves more complex than those confronted by a manager in a domestic business; (3) an international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed by government intervention in the international trade and investment system; and (4) international transactions involve converting money into different currencies. As a result of these differences, there are ample reasons for studying international business as a specific field of study or discipline.5. How might the Internet and the associated World Wide Web impactinternational business activity and the globalization of the world economy? Answer: According to the text, the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) promise to develop into the information background of tomorrow's global economy. This improved technology will not only make it easier for individuals and companies in different countries to conduct business with one another, but will also further decrease the cost of communications. These improvements will undoubtedly hasten the already rapid pace of globalization. Another distinct attribute of the Internet and the WWW is that they act as an equalizer between large (resource rich) and small (resource poor) firms. For instance, it does not cost any more for a small software firm to gain visibility via the WWW than it does for a large software company like Microsoft. As a result, the WWW helps small companies reach the size of audience that was previously only within the reach of large, resource rich firms.6. If current trends continue, China may emerge as the world's largest economy by 2020. Discuss the possible implications of such a development for(1) The world trading system.(2)The world monetary system.(3)The business strategy of today's European and U.S. based global corporations.(4)Global commodity prices.Answer: The world trading system would clearly be affected by such a development. Currently China enjoys a somewhat privileged status within theWorld Trade Organization as a “developing” country. Such a rise to eminence, however, would clearly force it to become a full and equal member, with all the rights and responsibilities. China would also be in a position to actively affect the terms of trade between many countries. On the monetary front, one would expect that China would have to have fully convertible and trading currency, and it could become one of the “benchmark” currencies of the world. From the perspective of Western global firms, China would represent both a huge market, and potentially the home base of some very capable competitors. Finally, commodity prices would probably fall.7. Read the Country Focus in this chapter on the Ecuadorian rose industry, the answer the following questions:a) How has participation in the international rose trade helped Ecuador’s economy and its people? How has the rise of Ecuador as a center for rose growing benefited consumers in developed nations who purchase the roses? What do the answers to these questions tell you about the benefits of international trade?b) Why do you think that Ecuador’s rose ind ustry only began to take of 20 years ago? Why do you think it has grown so rapidly?c) To what extent can the alleged health problems among workers in Ecuador’s rose industry be laid at the feet of consumers in the developed world and their desire for perfect Valentine’s Day roses?d) Do you think governments in the developed world should place trade sanctions on Ecuador roses if reports of health issues among Ecuadorian rose workers are verified? What else might they do to improve the situation in Ecuador?a) Ecuador is the world’s fourth largest producer of roses. In fact, roses represent the country’s fifth largest export. The industry is vital to Ecuador’s economy, creating tens of thousands of jobs, jobs that pay significantly above the country’s minimum wage. Taxes and revenues from the rose growers have also helped to pave roads, build schools, and construct sophisticated irrigation systems. For Ecuador’s consumers, the success of the industry means bigger, more vibrant flowers than were previously available. Most students will recognize that the conditions in Ecuador give the country a distinct advantage in rose growing, and that by focusing on the industry, Ecuador has been able to benefit from international trade. Consumers in other countr ies also benefit from Ecuador’s flower exports with better products.b) Ecuador’s rose industry began some 20 years ago, and has been expanding rapidly ever since then. Most students will probably focus advances in technology as a key to the industry’s s uccess. Roses are a very fragile, perishable product. Modern technology enables growers to used refrigerated air transport to get the product to markets around the globe. Without that ability, the growers would be limited to the market immediately surroundingthe country.c) Students will probably be divided on this issue with some students arguing that consumers are to blame for the problems, and others placing the blame on the growers. Students taking the first perspective will probably suggest that most consumers purchase their roses with little consideration for how they are grown. Rather, most consumers simply focus on their beauty and price. Students blaming the growers might argue that growers, because they feel the effect of less-than-perfect roses in the form of smaller profits, will be motivated to find ways to produce ever more perfect flowers. Certainly, the use of pesticides and other products can produce a better crop. In the end, there is probably blame on both sides. If more consumers were aware of the health problems resulting from the improper use of pesticides, they would probably demand some changes. Similarly, if pressure were put on the growers to use pesticides safely, health problems could be reduced.d) Trade sanctions are a tool that is often employed by governments that are making a statement against a specific action or actions. In the case of Ecuador, trade sanctions certainly would be an option, as would publicizing the situation so that more consumers were aware of the conditions. In the end though, it is important to consider the effect of the sanctions or other measures on people like Maria who might lose their livelihood as a result. Chapter 2: National Differences1. Free market economies stimulate greater economic growth, whereas state-directed economies stifle growth! Discuss.Answer: In a market economy, private individuals and corporations are allowed to own property and other assets. This right of ownership provides a powerful incentive for people to work hard, introduce new products, develop better advertising campaigns, invent new products, etc., all in the hopes of accumulating additional personal capital and wealth. In turn, the constant search on the part of individuals and corporation to accumulate wealth enriches the entire economy and creates economic growth. In contrast, in a command economy, private individuals and corporations are not allowed to own substantial quantities of property and other assets. The objective of a command economy is for e veryone to work for “the good of the society.” Although this sounds like a noble ideal, a system that asks individuals to work for the good of society rather than allowing individuals to build personal wealth does not provide a great incentive for people to invent new products, develop better advertising campaigns, find ways to be more efficient, etc. As a result, command economies typically generate less innovation and are less efficient than market economies.2. A democratic political system is an essential condition for sustained economic progress. Discuss.Answer: This question has no clear-cut answer. In the West, we tend to arguethat democracy is good for economic progress. This argument is largely predicted upon the idea that innovation is the engine of economic growth, and a democratic political system encourages rather than stifles innovation. However, there are examples of totalitarian regimes that have fostered a market economy and strong property rights protection and experienced rapid economic growth. The examples include four of the fastest growing economies of the past 30 years – South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong – all of which have grown faster than Western economies. However, while it is possible to argue that democracy is not a necessary precondition for the establishment of a free market economy, it seems evident that subsequent economic growth leads to establishment of democratic regimes. Several of the fastest-growing Asian economies have recently adopted more democratic governments.3. What is the relationship between corruption (i.e., bribe taking by government officials) in a country and economic growth? Is corruption always bad?Answer: Economic evidence suggests that high levels of corruption significantly reduce the economic growth rate in a country. By siphoning off profits, corrupt politicians and bureaucrats reduce the returns to business investment, and hence, reduce the incentive that both domestic and foreign businesses have to invest in that country. The lower level of investment that results has a negative impact on economic growth. However, while most studentswill probably agree that corruption is bad, some may point out that the U.S., despite its Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, does allow “grease payments” to expedite or secure the performance of a routine governmental action. According to Congress, “grease payments” while technically bribes are not being used to obtain or maintain business, but rather are simply made to facilitate performance of duties that the recipients are already obligated to perform. 4. The Nobel prize-winning economist Amartya Sen argues that the concept of development should be broadened to include more than just economic development. What other factors does Sen think should be included in an assessment of development? How might adop tion of Sen’s views influence government policy? Do you think Sen is correct that development is about more than just economic development? Explain.Answer: Sen has argued that development be assessed less by material output measures such as GNP per capita, and more by the capabilities and opportunities that people enjoy. Sen suggests that development be seen as a process of expanding real freedoms that people experience, and as such, that development requires the removal of major impediments to freedom. Governments influenced by Sen might ensure that basic health care and education programs are available especially for women. Many students will agree with Sen and the notion that development is not just an economic process, but a political one too, and that to succeed citizens must be given a voice in the important decisions made for the country.5. You are the CEO of a company that has to choose between making a $100 million investment in either Russia or the Czech Republic. Both investments promise the same long-run return, so your choice of which investment to make is driven by considerations of risk. Assess the various risks of doing business in each of these nations. Which investment would you favor and why? Answer: When assessing the risks of investment, one should consider the political, economic, and legal risks of doing business in either Russia or the Czech Republic. At this time (Fall 2002), the risk in Russia would probably be considered higher than the risk in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic has just been accepted as a future member of the EU, and as such gains the benefits and stability offered by the EU. Russia, by contrast, is still many years away from even being in a position to be considered by the EU for membership. Depending upon when you are using the book, this situation could be different. (You also may want to substitute other countries into this question depending on current events and the countries with which you feel your students will be most familiar.)6. Read the Country Focus on India in this chapter and answer the following questions:a. What kind of economic system did India operate during 1947-1990? What kind of system is it moving towards today? What are the impediments to completing this transformation?b. How might widespread public ownership of businesses and extensive government regulations have impacted (i) the efficiency of state and private businesses, and (ii) the rate of new business formation in India during the 1947-1990 time frame? How do you think these factors affected the rate of economic growth in India during this time frame?c. How would privatization, deregulation, and the removal of barriers to foreign direct investment affect the efficiency of business, new business formation, and the rate of economic growth in India during the post-1990 time period?d. India now has pockets of strengths in key high technology industries such as software and pharmaceuticals. Why do you think India is developing strength in these areas? How might success in these industries help to generate growth in other sectors of the Indian economy?e. Given what is now occurring in the Indian economy, do you think that the country represents an attractive target for inward investment by foreign multinationals selling consumer products? Why?Answer:a. The economic system that developed in India after 1947 was a mixed economy characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. In 1991, India’s government embarked on anambitious economic reform program. Much of the industrial licensing system was dismantled, and several areas once closed to the private sector were opened. In addition, investment by foreign companies was welcomed, and plans to start privatizing state-owned businesses were announced. India has posted impressive gains since 1991, however there are still impediments to further transformation. Attempts to reduce import tariffs have been stalled by political opposition from employers, employees, and politicians. Moreover, the privatization program has been slowed thanks to actions taken by the Supreme Court. Finally, extreme poverty continues to plague the country.b. The mixed economy that developed in India after 1947 was characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. This system not only constrained the growth of the private sector, but it also consequently limited the effects of competition that typically promote efficiency and productivity in a free market system. The system even limited the actions of private companies, requiring them to get government approval for routine business activities. Production quotas and high import tariffs also stunted the development of a healthy private sector, as did restrictive labor laws that made it difficult to fire employees. Foreign exchange restrictions, limitations on foreign investment, controls on land use, and managed prices further exacerbated the situation. It would appear that India’s rate of economic growth was negatively affected during this time frame. By 1994, India’s economy was still smaller than Belgium’sdespite having a large population. Both GDP and literacy rates were very low, and some 40 percent of the population lived in poverty.c. In 1991, India’s government embarked on an ambitious economic reform program. So far, the response to the program has been impressive. The economy expanded at an annual rate of about 6.3 percent from 1994 to 2004. Foreign investment is up from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. Certain sectors of the economy including information technology and pharmaceuticals have done particularly well. Still, problems persist. Actions taken by the government continue to limit efficiency gains for private companies and the country’s high rate of poverty is still a major problem.d. India’s gains in information technology and pharmaceuticals are impressive. The country has emerged as a vibrant global center for software development, and India’s pharmaceutical companies have taken a strong global position by selling low cost generic versions of drugs that have come of patent in the developed world. As these industries continue to prosper, other sectors of the economy should also see the benefit of spillover effects.e. Foreign investment is up in India. In fact, foreign investment rose from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. However, whether India is an attractive destination for foreign multinationals selling consumer products remains to be seen. Certainly, the large population will serve to attractsome companies, but the fact that some 40 percent of the population is living in abject poverty will scare other companies away. Moreover, it is still not easy to run a company in India thanks to laws limiting everything from who can be fired to who can which products.Chapter 3: Differences in Culture1. Outline why the culture of a country influences the costs of doing business in that country. Illustrate your answer with examples.Answer: Since in a sense the entire chapter is about this question, there can be numerous reasons and examples of how culture influences the costs of doing business. Several are highlighted in the following sentences, but there could be numerous others. When there are simply different norms between how individuals from different countries interact, the costs of doing business rise as people grapple with unfamiliar ways of doing business. For example, while in the US we may get down to business first, and then get to know each other socially later, in many South American countries it is important develop a good social relationship before trying to discuss business issues. Different class structures and social mobility also raise the costs of doing business, for if there are inhibitions against working with people from different classes, then the efficiency with which information can flow may be limited and the cost of running a business increased. A country's religion can also affect the costs of business, as religious values can affectattitudes towards work, entrepreneurship, honesty, fairness, and social responsibility. In Hindu societies where the pursuit of material well-being can be viewed as making spiritual well being less likely, worker productivity may be lower than in nations with other religious beliefs. Finally, a country's education system can have important implications for the costs of business. In countries where workers receive excellent training and are highly literate, the need for specific worker training programs are decreased and the hiring of additional employees is facilitated.2. Do you think business practices in an Islamic country are likely to differ from business practices in the United States? If so, how?Answer: A number of aspects of the cultural differences between an Islamic country and the USA will cause business practices to differ. The role women can take, appropriate etiquette (including simple things like not passing papers with the left hand), holidays, and wining and dining all differ from in the USA. But beyond these, the underlying philosophy and role of business differs from in the USA. Since Muslims are stewards of property for God, rather than owners, they are more likely to use their resources carefully and may be less likely to give up or sell something to a person who may not practice the same stewardship. The importance of fairness to all parties in relations means that over-aggressiveness in self-interest may not be well received, and breaking an agreement, even if technically/legally permissible may be viewed as very inappropriate. Finally, the prohibitions on interestpayments in some Islamic countries means that the wording of the terms of an agreement must be done carefully so that "fair profits" are not construed as being "interest payments."3. What are the implications for international business of differences in the dominant religion of a country?Answer: Differences in the dominant religion of a country affect relationships, attitudes toward business, and overall economic development. Firstly, differences in religion require inter-cultural sensitivity. This sensitivity requires things like simply knowing the religious holidays, accepting that some unexpected things may happen "because of Allah's will," or understanding how interpersonal relationships may be different between "believers" and "non-believers." (Hence non-believers may be treated differently.) Secondly, religious beliefs can significantly affect a countries attitude toward business, work, and entrepreneurship. In one country successfully beating a competitor may be considered a great achievement while in another it may be thought of as showing a lack of compassion and disruptive to the society and persons involved, both attitudes that may be derived from underlying religious beliefs. Likewise, hard work may be either rewarded positively or viewed as something of secondary importance to spiritual peace and harmony. Thirdly, different dominant religions may affect the overall competitiveness and potential for economic growth of a nation, and hence attractiveness of a country for international business.。
国际商务英语课文电子版+课后习题答案 lesson(1)
Lesson (1)International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The followings are some major differences between the two:1．The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law. 2．Different counties usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3．Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. Often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4．Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement. International business first took the form of commodity trade, i. e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade.Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade. Today, the contribution of service industries of the developed countries constitutes over 60 ％of their gross domestic products and account for an increasing proportion of world trade.Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investment. Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kind of investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country. The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit. Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. The maturity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars.Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks , brand names , patents , copyrights or technology. Firms choose licensingbecause they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However, it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business. Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonuses based on profitability or sales growth are also specialized in management contracts. Government policies often have a lot to do with management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets.By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e. g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host countries. However, loss of control over the production process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.Answer the following questions:What does international business refer to? Please tell the difference between international business and domestic business.A:International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.Some major differences between international business and domestic business is following:Differences in legal systemsDifferences in currenciesDifferences in cultural backgroundDifferent in natural and economic conditionsPlease explain the differences between visible trade and invisible trade. Which is becoming more and more important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade?A: Visible trade is the form of commodity trade. The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries. The later is become more and more important.Can you cite some examples to illustrate cultural differences in international business? A: Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. Please elaborate on the two categories of international investment. What is their major difference?A: FDI (Foreign direct investment) is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country. Portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?A: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country.What is franchising? How is it different from licensing?A: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.What is a management contract? Under what conditions is it most applicable?A: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts maybe a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets.What is an international turnkey project? In what way is its variant BOT different from it? A: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project.。
国际商务练习题
Chapter 01Globalization True / False Questions1. (p. 4) The notion that national economies are relatively self-contained entities is on the rise.FALSEWe are moving away from a world in which national economies were relativelyself-contained entities.5. (p. 11) The most global markets currently are markets for industrial goods and materials that serve a universal need the world over.TRUE8. (p. 11) One of the UN central mandates is the promotion of higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development. TRUE9. (p. 11) Underlying the trend towards greater globalization is technological change anda decline in barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and capital.TRUE15. (p. 14) Declining barriers to cross-border trade and investment cannot be taken for granted.TRUE28. (p. 26) The antiglobalization effort is created and supported only by a small group of hard-core anarchists.FALSEMultiple Choice Questions41. Which of the following is not characteristic of globalization? AA. National economies are turning into independent economic systems.B. Material culture is starting to look similar the world over.C. Perceived distance is shrinking due to advances in transportation and telecommunications.D. Barriers to cross-border trade and investment are declining.46. The most global markets currently are markets for: DA. services.B. consumer goods.C. consumer durables.D. industrial goods.47. Which of the following is not an impediment that makes it difficult for firms to achieve the optimal dispersion of their productive activities to locations around the globe? AA. Reduced transportation costs.B. Government regulations.C. Issues associated with economic and political risk.D. Barriers to foreign direct investment.51. _____ occur(s) when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country. AA. International tradeB. Foreign direct investmentC. Inward investmentD. Merger and acquisitions59. Technological innovations have facilitated all of the following except:A. globalization of production.DB. globalization of markets.C. creation of electronic global marketplaces.D. creation of absolutely homogeneous consumer markets.75. Which of the following does not help create an economic system that is favorable to international business? AA. Decreased privatizationB. Widespread deregulationC. Open marketsD. Falling trade and investment barriersChapter 05International Trade TheoryTrue / False Questions1. (p. 160) Mercantilism advocated that countries should encourage exports and imports. FALSE3. (p. 161) According to the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin, if a country can produce a product by itself, it should not import that product.FALSE5. (p. 161) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory emphasizes the interplay between the proportions in which the factors of production are available in different countries and the proportions in which they are needed for producing particular goods.TRUE7. (p. 162) New trade theory stresses that in some cases countries specialize in the production and export of particular products not because of underlying differences in factor endowments, but because in certain industries the world market can only support a limited number of firms.TRUEAACSB: Reflective Thinking SkillsBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: 05-28. (p. 162) Ricardo noted the importance of country factors such as domestic demand and domestic rivalry in explaining a nation's dominance in the production and export of particular products.FALSE23. (p. 175) A central point in Vernon's product life-cycle was that demand for new products tends to be solely based on price factors.FALSE27. (p. 179) Trade is mutually beneficial, according to new trade theory, because it allows for the specialization of production, the realization of scale economies, and the production of a greater variety of products at lower prices.TRUE30. (p. 181) According to Porter, four broad attributes of a nation shape the environment in which local firms compete including supply conditions, factor endowments, regulation, and advanced factors.FALSE31. (p. 181) Porter argues that favorable demand conditions will result in competitive advantage unless the state of rivalry is sufficient to cause firms to respond to them. FALSE35. (p. 185) Porter's diamond of competitive advantage has proven to be a powerful predictor of world trade patterns.FALSE38. (p. 186) According to the new trade theory, firms that establish a first-mover advantage with regard to the production of a particular new product may subsequently dominate global trade in that product.TRUEMultiple Choice Questions42. (p. 160) Free trade:A. formed the basis for the mercantilist philosophy.B. is in direct contrast to the notion of the invisible hand as advocated by Smith.C. refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country.D. rejects the laissez-faire stance toward trade and maintains that it is not in the best interests of a country.43. (p. 160) This theory, advanced by the 19th-century English economist David Ricardo, forms the intellectual basis of the modern argument for unrestricted free trade.A. Heckscher-OhlinB. MercantilismC. Comparative advantageD. Absolute advantageDavid Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage offers an explanation in terms of international differences in labor productivity.45. (p. 161) This theory explains the observed patterns of international trade by emphasizing the interplay between the proportions in which the factors of production are available in different countries and the proportions in which they are needed for producing particular goods.A. MercantilismB. Absolute advantageC. Heckscher-OhlinD. Comparative advantageThis theory rests on the assumption that countries have varying endowments of the various factors of production.48. (p. 162) Which theory stresses that in some cases countries specialize in the production and export of particular products not because of underlying differences in factor endowments, but because in certain industries the world market can support only a limited number of firms?A. Balanced tradeB. Heckscher-OhlinC. New tradeD. Product life-cycleIn those industries when the output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant proportion of total world demand, the global market may only be able to support a small number of enterprises.51. (p. 162) Identify the theory that can be interpreted as justifying some limited government intervention to support the development of certain export-oriented industries.A. Theory of national competitive advantageB. Heckscher-Ohlin theoryC. Theory of comparative advantageD. Theory of absolute advantageGovernment, by its choice of policies, can detract from or improve national advantage. For example, regulation can alter home demand conditions, antitrust policies can influence the intensity of rivalry within an industry, and government investments in education can change factor endowments.59. (p. 166) Trade produces net gains for all involved and hence is a:A. zero-sum game.B. balance-of-trade game.C. positive-sum game.D. equilibrium-gain game.As a result of specialization and trade, output would be increased and consumers in both the concerned nations would be able to consume more. Thus, trade is apositive-sum game; it produces net gains for all involved.61. (p. 168) What is the basic message of the theory of comparative advantage?A. Countries are similar in their ability to produce goods efficientlyB. International trade is rarely beneficial to a countryC. Potential world production is greater with unrestricted free trade than it is with restricted tradeD. Trade is a zero-sum gameRicardo's theory suggests that consumers in all nations can consume more if there are no restrictions on trade. This occurs even in countries that lack an absolute advantage in the production of any good. To an even greater degree than the theory of absolute advantage, the theory of comparative advantage suggests that trade is a positive-sum game in which all countries that participate realize economic gains.69. (p. 174) According to Heckscher and Ohlin, _____ meant the extent to which a country is provided with such resources as land, labor, and capital.A. factors of productionB. economic facilitatorsC. factor endowmentsD. manufacturing factorsNations have varying factor endowments, and different factor endowments explain differences in factor costs; specifically, the more abundant a factor, the lower its cost.74. (p. 177) The product life-cycle theory:A. remains a relevant theory of explaining international trade in the modern world.B. was useful for explaining the pattern of trade during the brief period of American global dominance.C. proved to be a poor explanation of world trade patterns during the 1960s and 1970s.D. was a strong predictor of trade patterns during the 1800s.Although Vernon's theory may be useful for explaining the pattern of international trade during the brief period of American global dominance, its relevance in the modern world seems more limited.76. (p. 180) According to the new trade theorists, because early entrants are able to gain _____, the early entrants into an industry may get a lock on the world market that discourages subsequent entry.A. zero-sum advantagesB. highly skilled employeesC. process expertiseD. economies of scaleEconomies of scale are unit cost reductions associated with large-scale output. The new trade theory suggests that a country may predominate in the export of a good simply because it was lucky enough to have one or more firms among the first to produce that good. First movers' ability to benefit from increasing returns creates a barrier to entry.78. (p. 182) According to Porter, advanced factors:A. include natural resources, climate, location, and demographics.B. are the least significant for competitive advantage.C. are naturally endowed.D. are a product of investment by individuals, companies, and governments. Advanced factors include communication infrastructure, sophisticated and skilled labor, research facilities, and technological know-how. Advanced factors are the most significant for competitive advantage.。
希尔《国际商务》（第九版）课后习题详解（1-20章）【圣才出品】
希尔《国际商务》（第九版）课后习题详解（1-20章）【圣才出品】第Ⅰ篇引言和概论第1章全球化1．描述在过去30年中世界经济所发生的转变。
这些转变对总部设在英国、北美、中国香港的国际企业各意味着什么？答：（1）在过去30年中，全球经济发生了巨大变化。
20世纪60年代，世界经济的格局可用四个事实来描述：第一是美国主宰了世界经济和世界贸易；第二是美国支配了当时的世界对外直接投资；第三是在国际商务舞台上，美国的大型多国企业占统治地位；第四是地球上大约一半的计划经济国家对西方国际企业的排斥。
在过去30年中，这四个事实都已发生了变化或正在迅速地发生变化：①美国虽仍是世界上最强大的工业国，但在相对规模上较20世纪60年代下降了许多。
日本、泰国、马来西亚、中国台湾和韩国，它们的世界产出份额显著增加。
②各国在对外直接投资总存量中所占的份额的趋势是：发展中国家的份额在稳步增长，而发达国家在稳步下降。
③多国企业的性质也在变化。
多国企业的统计构成中出现了两个值得注意的趋势：一是非美国的多国公司增多了，尤其是日本；二是小型多国公司的增长。
④许多东欧国家和拉美国家进行民主政治改革和实行自由市场经济。
对国际企业而言，这种情形无疑提供了巨大的机会。
在过去的半个世纪里，这些国家和西方的国际企业实质上已有所接触，现在则提供了极多的出口与投资机会。
（2）这些转变对总部设在英国、北美、中国香港的国际企业的影响①对英国和北美国际企业的影响：美国和英国曾经主导世界，很少遭受到发展中国家的威胁，但现在却受到一定的威胁。
如今，美国和英国的制造商必须与全世界的竞争者竞争订单，但发展中国家对其高新产品和技术的需要也能促进它们的出口份额。
此外，出于成本的考虑，英国和北美的公司可能会在成本相对低的地方设立分公司。
②对中国香港国际企业的影响：中国属于发展中国家，由之前的计划经济体制向市场经济体制转轨。
香港地理位置优越，接近日本、韩国、马来西亚和其他亚洲市场，这为出口提供了便利的条件。
国际商务习题大全
一、单选题：1、在解释上易产生分歧的不可抗力事故是( )。
A、商业风险事故B、政府的行动C、社会异常事故D、社会力量事故2、诉讼与仲裁的相同点是( )。
A、二者审理案件的机构性质相同B、二者审理制度相同C、二者审理的依据相同D、二者均是按照一定程序进行审理3、以仲裁方式解决交易双方争议的必要条件是( )。
A、交易双方当事人订有交易协议B、交易双方当事人订有合同C、交易双方当事人订有意向书D、交易双方当事人订有仲裁协议4、国际商会国际仲裁院设在( )。
A、德国B、法国C、英国D、意大利5、多数国家都认定仲裁裁决是( )。
A、无约束力的B、可更改的C、终局性的D、不确定的6、国际货物买卖中交易的标的物都是具体的（）。
A、品种B、品名C、商品D、名称7、一些足以反映商品品质的主要指标称为（）。
A、商品等级B、商品标准C、商品规格D、商品说明书8、四川榨菜中用来表明商品品质的方法是（）。
A、凭商标或品牌B、凭产地名称C、凭规格D、凭标准9、我方在接到国外来样后提供对等样品供买方确认，这样就把来样成交转变为（）。
A、凭买方样品成交B、凭卖方样品成交C、凭对等样品成交D、看货买卖10、品质机动幅度一般用于某些（）。
A、机械产品B、工业制成品C、初级产品D、机电产品11、工艺品适于（）。
A、凭样品买卖B、凭商标或品牌买卖C、凭规格,等级或标准买卖D、凭产地名称买卖12、按照某些国家的法律规定,卖方的交货数量必须与合同的规定相符,否则买方（）。
A、有权提出索赔,也可拒收B、无权提出索赔,但可拒绝受货C、有权提出索赔,但不可拒收D、无权提出索赔或拒收13、包装上仅有买方指定的商标或牌名,但无生产国别的包装方式是（）。
A、无牌中性包装B、定牌中性包装C、卖方习惯包装D、惯常方式包装14、在国际货物买卖中,作为卖方,其最基本的义务是（）。
A、保证货物的质量B、提交货物和单据C、保证货物的数量D、保证货物的规格15、仅适用于水上运输方式的C组中的贸易术语是（）。
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国际商务
目录
第一章国际商务导论
第二章国际商务的基本理论
第三章国际商务环境
第四章外国经营环境
第五章国际商务经营方式
第六章国际经营战略
第七章国际商务的营销战略
第八章国际商务中的进出口实务第九章国际财务管理
第十章国际人力资源管理
第十一章国际商务组织与控制第十二章中国企业的国际经营
第一章国际商务导论
1．国际商务的含义和经济实质
2．经济全球化的含义和经济实质
3．国内经营和国外经营的联系和区别
4，现代企业和国际商务之间的必然联系
5．为了适应国际经营活动的需要，在经营观念上应该有哪些转变
第二章国际商务的基本理论
1．国际商务的基本理论是由哪些主要理论组成的？为什么选择这些理论作为国际商务的基本理论？
2.为什么说比较利益论是国际贸易理论的基本理论？其它主要贸易理论同比较利益论有哪些区别？
3．试述国外直接投资几种主要理论的主要论点
4．试述国家竞争优势理论的四要素内容
5．企业国际经营几种主要理论有何共同点
第三章国际商务环境
1．国际收支对企业经营有何影响？
2．在国际商务活动中，为什么汇率是一个重要的因素
3．简述国际倾向市场和资本市场的分类和各自的特点
4．国际资本流动在1990年代后出现了哪些特点？
5．国际贸易在1990年代后出现了哪些发展和改革？
第四章外国经营环境
1．国际经营环境包括哪些主要内容？
2．试选用某种投资环境评估方法分析和评估我国或某一地区的投资环境
3．结合本企业或本行业的经营产品，对不同国家和地区作模拟海外经营目标市场的横向比较
第五章国际商务经营方式
1．比较直接出口和间接出口的利弊
2．简述国际技术转让的主要内容转让开工和技术使用费的支付方式
3．国际企业进行海外直接投资的主要动机有哪些？
4．国际商务经营形式的选择主要的依据有哪些因素？
第六章国际经营战略
1.国际企业经营所制订的国际商务战略与国内竞争战略的比较分析
2.试述EPRG战略模式体系的主要内容
3.标准化生产与差别生产的选择主要依据是哪些
4.国际企业的成长战略有何种选择，它们各自的特点是什么
5.如果有效的实施战略
第七章国际商务的营销战略
1.制定国际产品策略所考虑的主要因素和策略的种类及采用条件
2.海外市场的产品定价受到哪些因素的制约？定价有哪些基本的方法？
3.略述国际流通渠道的组织管理。
如何选择和管理中间商？
4.国际企业的市场营销管理的基本任务是什么
第八章国际商务中的进出口实务
1.在国际贸易实务中，合同的基本贸易条件有哪些？
2.在几种常见的价格术语中，买卖双方的责任与风险如何划分？
3.在交易中如何选用不同的支付方式
4.如果确定有效的发盘(实盘)和有效的接受？
5.出口合同的履行的四大环节是什么？
第九章国际财务管理
1.国际融资渠道主要有哪些？
2.分析跨国企业的资金管理方法和手段与各国对资金转移方面的限制之间的关系。
3.国际企业投资策略主要有哪些？
4.对外汇风险的管理主要有哪些策略与手段？
5.转移价格在国际财务管理中起到了哪些独特的作用？
第十章国际人力资源管理
1.国际经营中的人力资源管理与国内经营面临问题的异同
2.跨国企业的经营战略如何影响其人事政策？
3.海外经理人员的国籍策略中不同选择对国际企业经营决策有何影响？
4.简述国际经营中常见的劳资纠纷问题及其处理。
第十一章国际商务组织与控制
1.简述组织结构的设计原则演变过程
2.组织结构有几个基本要素
3.如何保证矩阵结构的沟通管理管道畅通？
4.控制体系的类型区别何在？
5.讨论跨国公司中控制体系与网络的关系。
第十二章中国企业的国际经营
1.分析我国现阶段发展企业国际经营的客观必然性
2.论述我国企业国际经营的优势和劣势
3.论述我国企业国际经营的战略模式及相应的策略
4.我国政府在宏观上扶植企业国际经营应采取哪些策略？。