adaptation theory

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Adaptation及其新发展

C. These choices are made with various degree of consciousness.
• On some occasions, it is plausible that we are highly conscious of our linguistic choices.
• Characteristically, talking or using language expressively and/or communicatively consists of constantly making linguistic choices, consciously or unconsciously, for language-internal(i.e. structural) and/or language-external reasons.
• The adaptability of language is embodied in its variability and negotiability. • Variability: the property of language which defines the range of
possibilities from which choices can be made. • Examples: John asks someone for a ride, the available choices are:
• The answers that the Adaptation Theory offers is: language is an adaptable means of human life and survival.

顺应论

(Zhao Huawei,2009)
LOGO
●From 1987 when Verschueren first proposed the notion of adaptation till 1999 when a comprehensive linguistic adaptation theory was presented, this theory attracted a great deal of attentions both in China and abroad. Strong responses from many researchers and scholars further contributed to the development of the theory. Chinese scholars reacted strongly towards the adaptation theory after it was introduced to China. In the next section, a brief review of the studies on the topic in China will be presented.
LOGO
2.2 Chinese scholars’ view
●The first systematic introduction to linguistic adaptation theory was in 1991 by Qian Guanlian. About ten years later in 2000, Qian discussed the theoretical origins and construction, on the basis he further summarized that Understanding Pragmatics presented a basic question, three key notions and four angles for investigation.

13 Adaptation Theory顺应论

13.1 Adaptability, variability and negotiability
Defined
as the study of linguistic adaptation or adaptability, pragmatics is necessarily a discipline that undertakes the analysis of verbal communication as a form of adaptation vital to life and survival.
13.1 Adaptability, variability and negotiability
Adaptability
refers to the property of language which enables human beings to make negotiable linguistic choices from a variable range of options in such a way as to approach points of satisfaction for communicative needs.
13.1 Adaptability, variability and negotiability
It
is the variability and negotiability of language that make its adaptability possible. related notions must be invoked to understand the dynamic process of choicemaking characteristics of language use.

顺应论概况

1.顺应论的由来
语用综观
“综观”是顺应理论总的指导思想。宏观上，它指对语言使用现象从认知、社会、文化方面进行综合观察；微观上，它包括在语言结构所有层次上对语言的选择与顺应作全面、细致的考察。
2.顺应论的理论来源
进化认识论语言起源或进化说语言习得的研究 “局部的”顺应性解释
3.顺应论的核心概念
使用语言是一个不断选择语言的过程，这种选择可能是有意识或
无意识的活动，可能是由语言内部原因或外部原因驱动的。
Variability 变异性
Variability is the property of language which defines the range of possibility from which choices can be made. It is dynamic rather than static.
Variability 变异性
就变异性而言，语言选择的范围并非静止不变而是不断变化的。一些陈旧的表达可能会很少使用甚至不再使用，而同时又有新的表达产生。
Negotiability 商讨性
Choices are not made mechanically or according to strict rules or fixed form-function relationships, but rather on the basis of highly flexible principles and strategies that are both rational and reflexive.
出发点选择的前提和基础手段与策略目的和归宿
References
Verschueren , J. (1999). Understanding Pragmatics. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社.

A Theory of Adaptation. By Linda Hutcheon

discourse whose “literariness” can be studied (18). Several chapters are stunning in the scope and development of their argument—most notably, to my mind, the ﬁ nal four chapters dealing with “Critical Practices.” Beyond the stellar quality of the book in general, I particularly enjoy Culler’s commitment to a position—for instance, his anxiety about studying the notion of omniscience “while observing a president who . . . manifestly thinks he has nothing to learn from anyone, and is convinced of the infallibility of his judgment of evil in its accordance with God’s” (184), and, elsewhere, his dismissal of Denis Dutton’s simple-minded thinking with which I’ll conclude this review. Dutton, an analytic philosopher, edits Philosophy and Literature , which annually conducts its Bad Writing Contest, an award based on “a sentence or two” and given to a published work that obfuscates ideas through “jargon-laden prose” which “sug-gests but never delivers genuine insight” (208). Culler properly turns the screw: “I think this is complete rubbish, actually. I wonder who it is who has failed to do serious intellectual work” (208). Culler’s book works wonders, indeed.John DolisPenn State University, ScrantonA Theory of Adaptation . By Linda Hutcheon. New York: Routledge, 2006. xvi + 232 pp. $22.95.Linda Hutcheon’s new book on adaptation begins with the statement, “[a]dapting is a bit like redecorating,” which is an apt description of what is happening across the media landscape today. Interior design shows have revitalized countless homes with new paint and selective staging, bestselling novels have revisited familiar characters and settings without their original authors, ﬁ lm narratives move from the screen to the stage then back to the screen in a few short years, and video games extend classic ﬁ lms and television programs in order to allow gamers to navigate (and often shoot their way) through familiar cinematic environments. With an understanding of this new terrain, A Theory of Adaptation supplements comparative adaptation theory with a critical overview of the entire process of adaptation—the what, who, why, how, where, and when of media incarnations based on previous works. comparative literature studies, vol. 45, no. 3, 2008.Copyright © 2008. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.C O M P A R A T I V E L I T E R A T U R E S T UD IE S404405B O O K R E V I E W SIn doing so, Hutcheon stages a new approach to evaluating the adaptation that considers not only narrative strategies, but also the mediums in which they are presented.The structure of the book provides a concise overview of the exchanges that occur during the process of adaptation across various media forms. Following the lead of Robert Stam, Hutcheon moves the argument about adaptation beyond ﬁ delity, which seems primarily invested in chasing loss, into far more productive critical territory. The ﬁ rst section of the book addresses issues of audience reception related to adapted works. What makes this approach unique is that Hutcheon is interested in understanding the experience of adaptation. She notes: “Part of this pleasure, I want to argue, comes simply from repetition with variation, from the comfort of ritual combined with the piquancy of surprise” (4). Hutcheon identiﬁ es a primary industrial imperative within the contemporary entertainment industry, which is a pattern of repetitive media consumption across a range of forms. For this reason, adaptations dominate the media landscape from video games to television spin-offs to webisodes, establishing what producers hope will be an ongoing entertainment experience without boundaries. Hutcheon draws us into a study of the “politics of intertextuality” (xii) in order to understand that adaptations exist not in a hierarchy of source material and recreation, but rather as works that are in dialogue.Chapter 2 covers the exchanges between telling and showing in r elation to media speciﬁ city. Hutcheon gives special attention to the aspects of per-formance, speciﬁ cally interpretations encompassing gesture, dialogue, and the voice—areas of media studies that have often been neglected in the past. She even extends this analysis of gesture into the area of video games, which is highly relevant to this emerging entertainment form and new media theory. Subsequently, chapter 3 deals with the “who” and “why” of the adaptation, speciﬁ cally considering authorship as “interpretation” with the understanding that media production is collaborative on every level. Hutcheon presents this analysis against the backdrop of intellectual property concerns, speciﬁ cally the legal constraints related to availability of rights, even with works in the public domain. The “why” of adaptation is expanded to consider the nature of cultural capital. For example, media producers must constantly evaluate the viability of an adaptation through an understanding of the audience’s previous awareness of a story and often match this with the institutional imperatives of the distributors, whether that might be PBS or a speciﬁ c theatrical company, which caters to speciﬁ c demographics or audiences. The ﬁ nal chapters of the book address the how, when, and where of the adaptation process, in which Hutcheon connects adaptation to the larger cultural ﬁ eld, speciﬁ cally to celebrity, current events,406C O M P A R A T I V E L I T E R A T U R E S T UD IE Sand transcultural considerations of race and gender. This analysis becomes p articularly important as Hollywood reaches beyond its borders to borrow stories from other nations to create ﬁ lms like The Departed and V anilla Sky.Hutcheon avoids extended case studies, opting instead for examples drawn from many sources in a form of meta-analysis. This approach is simultaneously a strength and weakness. Overall, the author demonstrates an extensive com-mand of examples from novels, the stage, ﬁ lm, and even radio and theme parks, but an extended examination of one or two of these areas might have served as a model for future analysis by students and scholars. The attention paid to this range of works will undoubtedly provoke dynamic and shifting debates within seminars at both the undergraduate and graduate level. For the general reader, The Theory of Adaptation asks audiences to think not just about which was better, the book or the ﬁ lm (or the video game or the theme park ride), but rather what is this process saying about “the human imagination” (177).William WhittingtonUniversity of Southern CaliforniaRomantic Theory: Forms of Reﬂ exivity in the Revolutionary Era. By Leon Chai. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. xx + 283 pp. $55.00.The nine chapters of this thoughtful portrait of the Romantic period survey key transformations in European thought in the wake of the French Revolu-tion. According to Leon Chai, the writing as well as the scientiﬁ c research of the period are best understood through their explicitly articulated rela-tionship with the process of thinking, or with a mode of reﬂ exivity that can be associated with “theory.” However, because his paradigm is broad, Chai identiﬁ es several tendencies unique to the “revolutionary era,” writing, for example, that “the dominant topoi” of high Romantic theory include “the spatial treatment of concepts, the primacy of development over concepts, and, ﬁ nally, the creation of metatheory” (xiv). These are taken as symptoms of the Romantic turn and as the deﬁ ning foundations of contemporarycomparative literature studies,vol.45, no.3, 2008.Copyright © 2008. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.。

Adaptation-theory教学提纲

A d a p t a t i o n-t h e o r yAdaptation Theory1.IntroductionVerschueren’s Adaptation Theory appeared as a complete and mature theory in 1999 when his book Undersatnding Pragmatics was published. Compared with traditional views on pragmatics, Verschueren detaches pragmatics from the traditional linguistic braches, regards language use as the object of pragmatics. On his approach, “pragmatics does not constitute an additional component of a theory of language, but it offers a different perspective” (Verschueren, 2000: 2). He defines pragmatics as “a general cognitive, social and cultural perspective on linguistic phenomenon in relation to their usage in forms of behaviour (ibid:7). He takes pragmatics as a functional perspective, instead of taking it as one brach of linguistics along aside with phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics.2.Linguistic choices makingUsing language must consist of the continuous making of linguistic choices, consciously or unconsciously, for language-internal and/or language-external reasons. These choices can be situated at any level of linguistic forms: phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and semantic (Verschueren, 2000: 55-56). Making choices is a two-way process which requires the choice both in the producing and interpreting an utterance. There are some features in the process of choice making:●Choices are indeed made at every possible level of structure which ranges fromphonetic, phonological, morphological to syntactic, lexical and semantic, etc;●Speakers do not only choose forms but also strategies;●The process of choice making may show various degrees of consciousness;●Choices are made both in producing and interpreting an utterance;● A language user has no freedom og choice between choosing and not choosing,except that at the level where he or she can decide either too use language or to remain silent;●Influenced and restricted by the social and cultural factors, choices are notequivalent for every user.3.Three key notions of language use●Variability: is the property of language which defines the range of possibilityfrom which choices can be made. It is dynamic rather than static. E.g.A: Where is Acton?B1: He died two weeks ago.B2: He has been asleep in the arms of God.B3: He went to his long home.●Negotiability: choices are not made mechanically or according to strictictrules or fixed from-function relationships, but rather on the basis of highlyflexible principles and strategies. E.g.A: How is my boy in school?B1: He must be taught right from wrong.B2: He needs to be brought back into the mainstream.●Adaptability enables human beings to make negotiable linguistic choicesfrom a variable range of possibilities in such a way as to approach points ofsatisfaction for communicative need. It is based in the previous twoproperties of language variablity and negotiability. E.g.A: How does he get along with his classmaates?B1: The student is a bully. He is quarrelsome and browbeats, frightens or hurts smaller or weaker puplils.B2: He needs help in learning to use his leadership qualities democratically.4.Four angles of adaptation●Contextual correlates of adaptability. It includes all the ingredients of thecommunicative contexts with which linguitic choices have to be interadaptable.The range goes from aspects of the physical surrounding to social relationships between speakers and hearers and the interlocutors’ state of mind.Physical worldProduction Social world interpretationMintal world●Structural objects of adaptability. The process of choice-making takes place at allpossible levels of linguistic structure that involves variability of any layer ofstructure, from sound to discourse. The language user selects linguistic structures in a wide range of linguitic realities in order to adapt to the spefic context.Richard: Can I drive you home?Elexandra: No thanks. The train is just up the street. It won’t take me long at all.Philip: She is a smart young lady, and very nice.●Dynamics concerns more the nature and development over time of therelationship between context and structure. It refers to actual processes ofadaptation in which, language use generates meaning dynamically by making use of the context-and structure-related tools. E.g.1.I hereby bequeath all my possessions to my wife. (Only after decalringthis sentence in court can the wish become effective.)2.I take Mary Alice to be my wedded wife. (in a Catholic weddingceremony and this oath can be declared void at a later time if themarriage is not consummated.)Salience. It clearly shows the status of adaptation process in people’s minds.Degree of the salience of the adaptation processes are basically a function of the operation of the reflexive awareness involved in language use. Not all choices, whether in production or interpretation, are made equally consciously orunconsciously. Some are virtually automatic and others are highly motivated.In all these four aspects, the ‘mind in society’ plays a crucial role in making evry decision. The using of labguage to express meaning is a dynamic process, in which the relationship between context and structure is influenced by the different degrees of salience. The Adaptaion Theory presents the major concptual framework for universal pragmatic phenomena.5.Adaptbility and adaptationAdaptability is the property of language which enables human beings to make negotiable linguistic choices from a variable range of possibilities in such a way as to approach points of satisfaction for communicative needs. Adaptation is a dynamic process in which language producers manipulate linguistic structures to adjust to the contextual demands in accordance with their intentions so that they can succeed in achieving their overaall communicaative needs. The adaptability of language is one of the prerequisites which make the process of adaptabilty. Other prerequisites are variability and negotiability. All linguistic choices are results of linguistic adaptation, no matter it is made automatically or highly motivated. The objects to which linguistic structures adapt cover both intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic factors.。

13AdaptationTheory顺应论

13.2 Language use as choice-making
A. These choices are made at every possible level of linguistic structure.
13.1 Adaptability, variability and negotiability
Defined as the study of linguistic adaptation or adaptability, pragmatics is necessarily a discipline that undertakes the analysis of verbal communication as a form of adaptation vital to life and survival.
13.1 Adaptability, variability and negotiability
A fundamental question the Adaptation Theory raises is what and how language contributes to life and survival.
13.2 Language use as choice-making
Talking or using language expressively and /or communicatively consists of constantly making linguistic choices, consciously or unconsciously, for language-internal (i.e. structural) and /or language-external reasons.

维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观

纵观维索尔伦的语用思想，其中折射出的语言哲学观具体表现在以下三方面： 1. 意义观维特根斯坦认为应将意义理解为人类语言活动中的重要内容，应把语言放到动态的交际过程中，并联系语境来分析意义。“这里的意义已不是传统的字面义，而是动态的‘非自然意义’ 。隐含意义问题，即“意义真空”现象也正是维索尔伦关注的焦点。说话者在交流过程中所用语句与其意欲表达的意义之间存在差距。并且力求澄清隐含意义的确定含意，这与语用学主流理论乃至整个语言学的研究体系相一致，其宗旨就是从不确定中寻找确定。
小结
言语顺应在交际过程中并不总会做出积极的
贡献；顺应普遍性的基础仍是悬而未决的问题，并且顺应论与其它语用理论如何形成一个有效互补的整体还有待探究。顺应论的提出既融贯了一些语用学中的主导性内容，又力求提炼并且超越传统。理解顺应论就应该在语用现象与哲学性的互动中把握两者的内在相关性。维索尔伦顺应论从更多元、更深刻、更丰满的角度拓宽了语用学的研究视角，具有为语言事实提供有意义的功能解释的可能性，
语境观语用分析方法的客观性及其意义是以语境的实在性为前提的。“语言顺应的本质是‘语言是人类与其生存环境之间相互作用的一系列适应现象之一’。维索尔伦认为语言顺应不是单向的,而是双向的或多维的,语言顺应环境、或环境顺应语言,或两者同时顺应。” 维索尔伦的语境观具有达尔文进化认识论的哲学内涵，选择是手段，适应是目的也是结果。既然选择在语言使用中普遍存在，顺应也应具有普遍性。

从维索尔伦意义研究的核心来看，他更多地汲取了日常语言研究中功用论的思想养料，用商讨性和变异性来概括语言意义的特点。维氏也继承了功能主义的语言观，动态地考察语言的动态功能，因为他的研究目标就是“语言与人类生命的其他特征的功能相关性”。维索尔伦的动态顺应正反映了语言使用者在与他人的交往中，主动去选择说话的内容，说话的方式等等。意义是通过人与人之间的互动协商而建构出来的，意义只关乎语言使用得当与否的问题，而不再停留在命题的真假值问题上。

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Physical world: temporal reference and spatial reference. Temporal reference: event time, time of utterance and reference time Spatial reference: utterance space and reference space John was being questioned. The lawyer was trying to prove his innocence. John was being questioned. The teacher was angry with him for his ignorance.
Salience of the Adaption Process
使用语言,选择语言,作出顺应,该过程会涉及许多认知心理因素,这就是顺应的意识程度 (salience) The speech acts are not of same importance in the minds of interlocutors. Social factor (mind in society, social salience, social norms) Cognitive factor (perception and representation, planning, memory)
Structural Objects of Adaptability
The choice on language, code and styles The choice on utterance-building ingredients at grammar level: suprasegment; lexicon; sentence; proposition The choice on the speech act and speech event The choice on the principles of discourse construction the organization of sentence; the cohesion and coherence of the text; the order of sentence
Contextual Correlates of Adaptability
------------------------------------------------------------------Physical world -----------------------------------------------------------Social world ------------------------------------------------------------Mental world ------------------------------------------------------------U I Production choice linguistic channel interpretation choice
Mental world: participants’ personality, emotions, beliefs, desires, motivations, etc. Social world: social settings and institutions impose many types of principles and rules on the ways in which certain types of linguistic acts can be performed
Dynamics and structure (speech act and speech event)
Example (DA)
儿子:妈妈! A1 妈妈:怎么回来啦? B1 儿子:今天星期五,你怎么啦? A2 妈妈:呃,不是要补课吗? B2 儿子:已经提到晚上补啦。A3 : A3 妈妈:喔,这样。B3 可见,言语交际就是不断调节或重新构建认知语境假设的动态顺应过程。交际就是这样推进的, 否则便很快结束或出现话题转移。
Dynamics and context
The dynamics of conversational interaction can be explained in terms of social relationship. Knowledge ,belief, intention are shaped during the process of communication
Temporal dimension
at micro-level, the interlocutor’s ‘memory’ imposes considerable time-related processing constrains, and communicative processing itself involves time-related ‘planning’ At a macro-level, earlier stages of development of languages and linguistic conventions are no longer readily accessible to the language user, conversely, communicative success future generations cannot be taken for granted.
Adaptation Theory
语境关系顺应 Contextual Correlates of Adaptability 结构客体顺应 Structural Objects of Adaptability 动态顺应 Dynamics of Adaptability 顺应过程特性 Salience of the Adaannel: different linguistic forms of language are chosen because of the context in the process of language using
Dynamics of Adaptability
Adaptation Theory
Outline
Verschueren’s ideas of pragmatics The properties of the language Four aspects of adaptation theory The example
The species originated by means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the struggle for life. Process of using language is that of choosing language ,whether consciously or unconsciously, or whether within the language or not. That language use is a cognitively, socially and culturally conditioned form of behavior. ----Verschueren Understanding Pragmatics
The properties of language
Variability Negotiability Adaptability
Variability: defining the range of possibilities from which choices are to be made Negotiability: choices are not made mechanically or according to strict rules or fixed form-function relationships, but rather on the basis of highly flexible principles and strategies that are both rational and reflexive Adaptability: making choice from a variable range of options in the negotiable manner as to meet human communicative needs.