复旦大学国际贸易International Trade课件英文原版(5)..
国际贸易英文PPT课件第1章
21.06.2021
华中科技大学经济学院 刘海云
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2019年7月，ASEM会议的亚欧财长会议上，欧洲中央银行总裁德伊森 贝赫(Wim Duisenberg)和欧洲委员会主席普罗迪(Romano Prodi)也加 入了人民币升值论的合唱中。美欧官方的正式介入使得对人民币汇率 问题的争论进一步升温，《经济学家》、《华尔街日报》、《纽约时 报》、《金融时报》等西方主流媒体开始展开争执。国际货币基金组 织(IMF)、世界银行(WB)、以及国际清算银行(BIS)也纷纷发表意见。 包括蒙代尔(Robert Mundell)、克鲁格曼(Paul Krugman)、麦金农 (Ronald McKinnon)在内的一些著名经济学家，或以经济评论、或以专 业论文的形式展开讨论。
华中科技大学经济学院 刘海云
23
国际贸易的分类
按商品移动方向区分
出口贸易：是指把本国生产和加工的商品运往国外市场销售。 进口贸易：是指把外国生产和加工的商品输入国内市场销售。 复出口：是指外国商品输入国内，未经加工改制又再出口。 复进口：是指本国商品输往国外，未经加工改制又再进口。 过境贸易：甲国经过丙国向乙国出口商品，对丙国而言是过境贸易。
进出口统计的境界标 准
采用此标准的国家
国境
日本、英国、加拿大、澳 大利亚、中国、东欧等国
关境
德国、瑞士、意大利、 法国
21.06.2021
华中科技大学经济学院 刘海云
25
国际贸易的分类
按商品生产国和消费国之间有无第三国参与贸易区分
国际贸易的分类
按进出口统计的境界标准区分
总贸易（General Trade）：是指以国境作为进出口统计标准的 贸易，凡进入国境的商品一律列为进口，离开国境的商品一律列 为出口。
国际贸易实务(第五版)课件第1章 TRADE TRADES(中英对照)解析
B. All customs formalities for the export of goods
C. Deliver the goods to the carrier at the named place on the date or within the agreed period
THE SECTION ONE 1、THE DEFINITION OF TRADE TERMS
Example：国内报价：每吨1000元
国际报价: PER METRIC TON USD1000 FOB GUANGZHOU
The trade terms refer to using a brief English concept or abbreviation (缩写)of English letters to indicate the formation of the unit price and determine the responsibilities, expenses and risks borne(承担) by two parties as well as the time of the passing of the property in the goods.
2、使用DDP术语应注意的问题 （1）进口清关 （2）运输方式 （3）妥善办理投保事项
The second group：
Suitable for water transport modes 《INCOTERMS 2010》
一、FAS（Free alongside ship,船边交货）
This rule is to be used only for sea or inland wate rway transport. “Free Alongside Ship” means tha t the seller delivers when the goods are placed al ongside the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment. The risk of loss of or da mage to the goods passes when the goods are al ongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs fr om that moment onwards.
international_trade讲义PPT教学课件
• Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the
2020/12/10
2
• While international trade has been present ['preznt] throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.
international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders.
• source: 来源，根源 economic revenue: 经济 收入(revenue: 收入，收益，税收) world power: 世界强国 be limited to: 局限于，被 限制在…上
• 意思：国际贸易增长对全球化的持续发展
是至关重要的。
2020/12/10
5
• International trade is a major source of
economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without
• 意思：国际贸易是指跨越各国国境或领土 的资本、货物和服务的交换活动。
国际贸易专业英语 全套课件283页PPT
countries? Do you know what new issues does the Dora Round
5. the Incoterm used to define the terms of delivery (making reference to Incoterms 2000)
6. How is the sale to be agreed, for instance, by letter of credit, open account, cash on delivery and so on?
7. Exporter accepts order.
8. Exporting company processes order and packages goods for export, making sure appropriate marking and labeling is used.
9. carriers and transport arranged for shipment of goods
Unit Eleven
Payment
Unit Twelve
Letter of Credit
Unit Thirteen
Transport and Logistics
1. the points of origin and destination of the cargo
2. The exporter ought to make reference to how the goods are to be packaged and marked for export in order to show the buyer that every precaution is taken to ensure the safe transit of the goods.
国际贸易双语教程英文版
国际贸易双语教程英文版IntroductionInternational trade is an essential part of the global economy. It involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. In this bilingual tutorial, we will provide an overview of international trade and explore its various aspects. This tutorial aims to help readers gain a thorough understanding of international trade concepts and terminology in English.1. Understanding International TradeInternational trade refers to the exchange of goods and services across international borders. It allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, ensuring maximum productivity and resource utilization. This leads to increased economic growth and welfare for participating nations.2. Benefits of International TradeInternational trade offers several advantages to participating countries. These benefits include:•Improved Efficiency: Countries can focus on producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, increasing overall productivity.•Access to a Wider Range of Goods: Countries can import goods not produced domestically, allowing consumers access to a broader selection of products.•Expanding Markets: With international trade, businesses can reach new markets abroad, enabling them to grow and expand.•Economic Growth: International trade stimulates economic growth by promoting investment, job creation, and innovation.•Lower Costs: Countries can import goods at a lower cost than producing them domestically, leading to cost savings for consumers andbusinesses.3. Trade BarriersDespite the benefits of international trade, various barriers can hinder smooth trade operations. These barriers include:•Tariffs: Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, increasing their prices and reducing demand.•Quotas: Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, restricting access to foreign markets.•Regulatory Barriers: These include regulations, standards, and certifications that goods must meet to enter a country, creating additional costs and hurdles for exporters.•Currency Barriers: Fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the competitiveness of goods in international markets.•Trade Restrictions: Embargoes, trade sanctions, and trade wars can further hinder international trade.4. International Trade AgreementsTo promote and regulate international trade, countries often engage in the negotiation and formation of trade agreements. These agreements aim to reduce trade barriers and create a more favorable trade environment. Some prominent international trade agreements include:•World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is a global organization that promotes free trade and resolves trade disputes amongmember countries.•Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): FTAs are agreements between countries that eliminate or reduce trade barriers among participating nations.•Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs): RTAs are trade agreements between countries within a specific geographic region.•Bilateral Agreements: Bilateral agreements are trade agreements between two countries, focusing on addressing trade barriers and promoting trade.•Multilateral Agreements: Multilateral agreements involve multiple countries negotiating and establishing trade rules and regulations.5. Trade DocumentationInternational trade involves significant documentation to ensure smooth and legal transactions between parties. Some essential trade documents include: •Commercial Invoice: An invoice that provides detailed information about the goods being sold, including quantity, price, and delivery terms.•Bill of Lading: It is a document issued by a carrier that acknowledges the receipt of goods for shipment.•Packing List: A detailed list of the contents and quantities of a shipment.•Certificate of Origin: It certifies the origin of the goods and is needed to claim preferential treatment under trade agreements.•Insurance Certificate: A document that confirms that goods are insured against loss or damage during transportation.•Customs Declaration: A document that provides information about the goods being imported or exported and helps calculate applicable customs duties and taxes.ConclusionInternational trade plays a crucial role in the global economy, enabling countries to benefit from specialization, economic growth, and improved welfare. This bilingual tutorial aimed to provide an overview of international trade in English, covering its various aspects from understanding the basics to trade barriers, agreements, and documentation. By understanding these concepts, readers can engage in international trade activities more effectively and confidently.。
复旦大学国际贸易International Trade课件英文原版(1)
Slide 1-3
Introduction
Huge reductions in transport costs；
Steam power: rail, steamships; Suez Canal 1869; refrigeration.
Improvements in communications
Submarine telegraph cables linking financial markets: English Channel in 1851,
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 1-7
Introduction
The study of international economics has never been
as important as it is now.
• At the beginning of the 21st century, nations are more
The Balance of Payments
• Some countries run large trade surpluses.
Slide 1-9
Introduction
Figure 1-2: Exports and Imports as Percentages of National Income in 1994
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Slide 1-10
What is International Economics About?
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国际商务英语课文电子版lesson (5)
International trade can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another. In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient. The distribution of natural resources is uneven. Some countries are abundant in resources, while elsewhere reserves are scarce or even nonexistent. And a country may be rich in some resources but poor in others. For instance, Britain has large reserves of coal but lackssome metal reserves. Kuwait has vast oil deposits but little farm produce. And Japan relies heavily on import for most of the primary commodities. That is the reason why international trade first began.With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive (stimulating factor) for trade, i. e. international specialization—one country producing more of a commodity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries. Suchspecialization constitutes an important basis for international trade.Absolute advantage and comparative advantage are two theories of international specialization. Both theories attempt to determine which goods a country should produce for itself and export to other countries and which goods it should import from other countries.The theory of absolute advantage holds that a commodity will be produced in the countrywhere it costs least in terms of resources(capital, land, and labor). This theory is illustrated in the following table. To be more illustrative, let us assume there are only two countries producing two commodities under perfect competition:Output per man-year of labourCountry A Country B Computers5010 Cars2040From the above table, we can see that a man in Country A canproduce 50 computers in a year but only 10 in Country B. On the other hand, one man in Country B can produce 40 cars in a year but only 20 in Country A. So Country A is more efficient in producing computers than Country B, and we say the former has an absolute advantage over the latter. Similarly, Country B is more efficient with cars and has an absolute advantage over Country A. As a result, Country A would specialize in the production of computers and trade some of themfor Country B’s cars, and Country B would s pecialize in cars and exchange some of them for Country A’s computers. Both countries will gain benefits through specialization and trade.But, according to the above theory, trade occurs only when each country has an absolute advantage over the other in the production of one commodity. In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity. Will trade occur in these cases? Thetheory of comparative advantage has offered a satisfactory answer to this question.The theory of comparative advantage holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i. e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade. The first country should specialize in the production and export of the commodity in which its absolutedisadvantage is smaller, i. e. the commodity of its comparative advantage, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater, i. e. the commodity of its comparative disadvantage. The above theory can be illustrated in this table:Output per man-year of labour Country A Country B Computer5010Cars4020The difference between this table and the previous one is thatCountry B has absolute disadvantage in the production of both computers and cars. Nevertheless, it still has a comparative advantage in cars since it is half as efficient in cars but 5 times less efficient in computers in comparison with Country A. On the other hand, Country A has absolute advantage over Country B in both computers and cars. However, we say it has comparative advantage in computers since it has greater absolute advantage in the commodity than in cars with respect to CountryB. According to the theory, both countries can gain if A specializes in computers and B specializes in cars. Where comparative advantage exists, two trading partners are both able to share in the gains from trade. Trade to exploit(tap) comparative advantage promotes efficiency among countries, since it can make one country better off (well-off - richer) without making another worse off.(poorer)Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country maydevelop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions, independent of (without the influence of) the endowments of nature (natural resources). Switzerland’s comparative advantage in watch-making is a typical example. Similarly, the United States has developed comparative advantage in many lines (fields) that use the most up-to-date technology.The idea of absolute advantage as the basis for economicspecialization has a strong intuitive appeal. But the idea of comparative advantage introduced by the English economist David Ricardo makes more sense. Indeed it has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.。
Chapter 5 Price of Commodity 国际贸易实务双语教程(课件PPT)
Formula
Profit and Loss Ratio of Export Commodities= (RMB Net Income of Export Sales – Total Export Cost)/ Total Export Cost ×100%vious one Please calculate the profit and loss ratio
Case Study:
A trading company exports 10,000 units of arts and crafts which cost 300,000 Yuan (30 Yuan per unit), other domestic cost: 8000 RMB, expected profit: 10%, freight: 10 units/CTN, 1000 cartons, carton size: 255632, GW: 32KG NW: 30KG, the freight to Europe is calculated by W/M as 120 Dollars per ton. The price of 40 containers to Europe: 3500 Dollars, insurance by 11% of the invoice value against all risks at the premium rate of 0.8%, foreign sales price: USD4.85/PC CIF London. Please calculate the export exchange cost respectively by container and by cargo.
Case Study:
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 5-11
A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
Figure 5-4: Effects of a Rise in the Relative Price of Cloth
Food production, QF
– Downward sloping – The farther up and to the right each lies, the higher the level of welfare to which it corresponds – Each gets flatter as we move to the right
Food production, QF
Indifference curves D Food imports Q
TT
Cloth exports
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cloth production, QC
Slide 5-10
A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
• Differences in labor productivity (Ricardian model) • Differences in resources (specific factors model and
Heckscher-Ohlin model)
The standard trade model is a general model of trade
Relative Prices and Demand
• The value of an economy's consumption equals the
value of its production: PCQC + PFQF = PCDC + PFDF = V
• The economy’s choice of a point on the isovalue line
– Each country produces two goods, food (F) and cloth (C) – Each country’s production possibility frontier is a smooth curve (TT)
• The point on its production frontier at
Chapter 5 The Standard Trade Model
To Accompany International Economics: Theory and Policy, Sixth Edition by Paul R. Krugman and Maurice Obstfeld
Chapter Organization
Isovalue lines Q
TT Cloth production, QC
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-6
A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
Figure 5-2: How an Increase in the Relative Price of Cloth Affects Relative Supply
– Home (which exports cloth)
– Its terms of trade are measured by PC/PF – Its quantities of cloth and food produced are QC and QF
– Foreign (which exports food)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 5-4
A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
Production Possibilities and Relative Supply
• Assumptions of the model:
– It is possible that the income effect will be so strong that when PC/PF rises, consumption of both goods actually rises, while the ratio of cloth consumption to food consumption falls.
– Its terms of trade are measured by PF/PC – Its quantities of cloth and food produced are Q*C and Q*F
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 5-14
that admits these models as special cases.
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Slide 5-3
A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
The standard trade model is built on four key
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 5-13
A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
Determining Relative Prices
• Suppose that the world economy consists of two countries:
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-5
A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
Figure 5-1: Relative Prices Determine the Economy’s Output
Food production, QF
A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
• Indifference curves
– Each traces a set of combinations of cloth (C) and food (F) consumption that leave the individual equally well off – They have three properties:
– The world relative supply curve (RS) is upward sloping because an increase in PC/PF leads both countries to produce more cloth and less food. – The world relative demand curve (RD) is downward sloping because an increase in PC/PF leads both countries to shift their consumption mix away from cloth toward food.
• Terms of trade
– The price of the good a country initially exports divided by the price of the good it initially imports. – A rise in the terms of trade increases a country’s welfare, while a decline in the terms of trade reduces its welfare.
Food production, QF
Q1
VV1(PC/PF)1
Q2
TT
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VV2(PC/PF)2 Cloth production, QC
Slide 5-7
A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
D2
D1
Q1 Q2 VV1(PC/PF)1 TT VV2(PC/PF)2 Cloth production, QC
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-12
A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
The Welfare Effect of Changes in the Terms of Trade
relationships:
• Production possibility frontier and the relative supply
curve • Relative prices and relative demand • World relative supply and world relative demand • Terms of trade and national welfare
depends on the tastes of its consumers, which can be represented graphically by a series of indifference curves.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-8