Rogers and RIC PORON(r) Comparisons_Chinese
经济理论中的福利国家
经济理论中的福利国家Ξ郑秉文本文试图用经济学的基本原理来解释建立社会保障的理论依据,并以此来诠释西方福利国家存在的理性缘由,以期在主流经济学和社会保障及福利国家之间建立一个对话渠道。
在这个基础之上,试图运用经济学的理论框架来论证社会保障的建立和福利国家的存在不仅仅是由于“社会正义”的需要,更重要的,它还是由于“经济效率”的原因。
本文首先对战后西方世界正式宣布确立福利国家以来半个世纪中西方经济学研究社会保障和福利国家的学说史做一个概要性的回顾,对每个阶段的研究特点和热点问题予以分析讨论;然后着重对20世纪80年代至今西方经济学研究福利国家的成果和现状设立单独专题进行评析,即分别从宏观经济学、信息经济学、公共物品和公共选择理论等几个方面就社会保障和福利国家的效率功能进行私人保险市场与社会保障制度之间的效率比较,以期对失业、医疗健康、教育和养老等领域的社会保障和社会福利的存在根据给出结论。
关键词 经济学 社会保障 福利国家作者郑秉文,1955年生,中国社会科学院欧洲研究所教授(北京 100732)。
一、经济学研究福利国家的历史回顾虽然福利国家发端于英国、普及于欧洲,并几乎扩散于整个西方世界,但是,随着战后“大英帝国”的衰落和法、德等欧洲大陆国家的百废待兴,世界的经济中心早已转移到美国,于是,在1936年凯恩斯发表《就业、利息和货币通论》以后,作为一门解释社会经济现象的科学的经济学,其研究的中心也随之从英国移至美国。
于是,美国开始逐渐成为研究福利国家理论最活跃的发源地,成为以获得诺贝尔经济学奖为标志的世界级经济学大师辈出的摇篮,成为对社会保障和福利国家理论研究贡献最显著的地方。
战后以来,经济学或经济学家对福利国家研究的历史大致可以分为三个时期,即第一个阶段是20世纪60年代中期之前,第二个阶段是60年代中期至80年代初期,80年代初至今为第三个阶段。
20世纪60年代中期之前可以称为第一个阶段。
在这个时期,除英、法等一些老牌资本主义国家以外,社会保障在其它国家刚刚起步不久,福利制度发展态势逼人,运行状况良好,没有出现任何经济问题和财政障碍。
泡棉材料知识
• 硅弹性体是一种高交联的硅氧烷（醇）聚合物，化学名 称叫做Dimethicone Crosspolymer（聚二甲基硅氧 烷交联聚合物），属于硅橡胶的一种，即 Silicone Elastomers（硅胶弹性体），简称弹性体。
• 打个不恰当的比喻，就是一碗面条，如果煮的太久，面 条之间就会粘在一起（交联了），就会形成凝胶弹性体， 如果继续煮，水发少了烧糊了就变成固体的面块了（树 脂）
70年代末80年代初，聚氨酯合成材料的品种已经向系列化发展。并且开 发出反映注射成型的聚氨酯(RIM)
PORON的基本特性
• 弹性体 • 热固性 • 中等至高密度
– 190 – 480 kg/m3
• 片状涂覆
– 0.25 mm – 12.7 mm – 较薄材料需要PET基材
Silicones 硅泡棉
PORON 聚胺酯
聚氨酯发展简介
1937年德国化学家Otto Bayer发现了异氰酸酯与活泼氢化合物的聚合反 应，从而建立了聚氨酯化学的基础。
40年代德国人制取了聚氨酯粘合剂，50年代德国人亚当合成出聚氨酯混 炼胶(MPUR)和聚氨酯浇注橡胶(CPUR)，商品名Vulkallan。
60年代以来聚氨酯聚氨酯浇注橡胶、热塑胶、泡沫塑料、涂料、粘合剂 等相继形成了工业化生产。
性质：应力松弛
10 psi
5 psi
时间
初始条件： 22ºC 及 50% 相對濕度
在夹具中压缩 聚合物
测量到达 50% 初始负荷的时间
重复于：
重复于： 70ºC
40ºC、55ºC、70ºC、85ºC、100ºC、125ºC、150ºC 100% 相對濕度 及 40ºC、55ºC、
The Pros and Cons of Globalization
The Pros and Cons of Globalization Globalization has been a hotly debated topic for decades, with proponents and opponents passionately arguing their respective positions. The concept of globalization refers to the interconnectedness and interdependence of countriesand their economies, facilitated by the rapid advancements in technology, communication, and transportation. While globalization has undeniably broughtabout numerous benefits, it has also sparked intense criticism and raised concerns about its potential drawbacks. In this essay, we will explore the pros and cons of globalization from various perspectives. One of the most significant advantagesof globalization is the unprecedented economic growth and development it has facilitated. By opening up markets and encouraging free trade, globalization has allowed countries to specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage. This has led to increased efficiency, lower prices for consumers, and higher profits for businesses. Moreover, globalization has enabled the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) and the transfer of technology, which has contributed to the economic development of many developing countries. In addition to economic benefits, globalization has also played a pivotal role in promoting cultural exchange and understanding. The interconnectedness of the world has allowed for the dissemination of ideas, values, and traditions across borders. This has led to a more diverse and interconnected global society, where individuals have the opportunity to learn from andappreciate different cultures. Furthermore, globalization has facilitated the spread of information and knowledge, leading to advancements in education, science, and technology on a global scale. On the other hand, globalization has been met with staunch criticism and opposition, particularly in relation to its impact on labor and employment. Critics argue that globalization has led to the outsourcing of jobs to countries with lower labor costs, resulting in job displacement and wage stagnation in developed countries. Moreover, the race to the bottom phenomenon, where multinational corporations seek the lowest production costs, has led to exploitation of workers in developing countries and the violation of labor rights. Another contentious issue surrounding globalization is its environmental impact. The increased interconnectedness of economies has led to a surge in globalproduction and consumption, resulting in heightened environmental degradation and the depletion of natural resources. The reliance on fossil fuels fortransportation and the production of goods has contributed to climate change and pollution, posing significant threats to the planet and future generations. Furthermore, globalization has been criticized for exacerbating income inequality within and between countries. While some regions and social groups have reaped the benefits of globalization, others have been left behind, facing economic marginalization and social exclusion. This has given rise to social unrest and political instability in various parts of the world, as marginalized communities feel disenfranchised and neglected by the forces of globalization. In conclusion, the debate surrounding the pros and cons of globalization is complex and multifaceted. While globalization has undoubtedly fostered economic growth, cultural exchange, and technological advancements, it has also raised significant concerns regarding labor rights, environmental sustainability, and income inequality. As the world continues to grapple with the implications of globalization, it is crucial to strike a balance between reaping its benefits and mitigating its adverse effects. Only through thoughtful and collaborative efforts can we harness the potential of globalization while addressing its challenges in a sustainable and equitable manner.。
PORON与泡棉的特性解读
PORON 常用型號一覽表
.20/.24/.32/.40/.48/.70 g/cm3 密度
• • • • • • • • • • • • (M) S Soft 柔軟 L Low modulus 中性 H Hard 硬 HH Hard-Hard 硬度雙倍 FH Far Hard 超硬度 X infinity 無限硬度 SR-S Slow Recovery and Soft 柔軟慢速回彈型 LE Low modulus with Elongation 柔軟彈力型 LT Low modulus and Thin 柔軟輕薄型 U/MO UL 認證(現由LO/FR--M系列替代) C/HF C 型號與現有 High Friction 高摩擦系數型 P PET (Mylar) 含塑膠薄膜
Special Coating made on the material surface
1) 高 抓 地 性
2) 零 污 染
® PORON
Coating Technology Development
<<流 離 物 質 測 試>>
1kg/cm2 Loaded
PORON Adherend
接觸表面
・ ・ ・ ・ ABS (塑膠) Acrylic (壓克力) Formica (麗光板-合成樹酯) Steel (鋼鐵)
UL-94 HBF 標準
現已經成為 OA (辦公室自動化設備) 與 PC/NB (電腦) 工業必備條件
輕, 薄, 短, 小
先進 精密儀器, 通訊器材, 設計趨勢
跟進 21 世紀市場需求 !!!
什麼是 PORON SR ?
SR PORON = Slow Rebound
慢速回彈
模切材料基础培训(新)(1)
应用图解
应用领域
原材料特性及使用范围
2 .胶粘系列
包括3M，NITTO ，SONY，TESA，DIC,寺冈,罗曼,四维,力王等品牌的 双面胶及各式单面胶等 单/双面胶带的结构:
胶带结构分类
无基材双面胶
亚克力胶膜—亚克力胶水成膜，厚度0.05~0.15mm
棉纸双面胶—以棉纸或无纺布为基材，两面涂布胶水而 成，厚度0.10~0.20mm
@ @ Õ Å è @ Ò ¥ À Û S Ú H
@ @À Û S Ú
@ @ No.501K
@ No.501M
@ ] ü º ê @ Â â è H
@ @ z v S Ú @@ Y õ ¼ H
CR 泡棉 (氯丁橡胶) 橡胶泡棉 NR 泡棉 (丁腈橡胶) SBR 泡棉 (丁苯橡胶) EPDM 泡棉 (三元乙丙橡胶)
按发泡结构分类
质地柔软，吸水率高，压缩率高，适用 于吸音密封应用，如耳机的压缩海棉， 空调密封条等
开孔泡棉
闭孔泡棉
独立发泡，压缩残留率低，吸水率低， 隔热和缓冲性能良好，防尘好，适用于 电子产品密封防尘，防水减震等
PE 、PP离形膜等 ）
原材料特性及使用范围
1. 背光模组系列 包含黑白双面胶，增光膜，扩散膜，反射膜，双面胶等,品牌有 YUPO,TORAY,KIMOTO, TEIJIN(帝人),SKC,KEIWA(惠和),3M等等.
黑白双面胶: 用于遮光,固定作用,除了黑白胶,还有黑黑胶,黑银胶等 增光膜: 使用在光源背后,增加光感,提升整体亮度 扩散片: 扩散膜的作用是将线光源(CCFL)和点光源(LED)通过光的折射、反射和散射转化 为一均匀的面光源，对于背光源组的结构，可将2、3张扩散膜重叠使用，从而达到更高的 正面亮度效果 反射膜: 反射膜的作用是将导光板背面或光源背面透射出来的光反射回组件中，将光源发 出来的光的损耗限制在最小程度，从而提高光的利用率，增加正面亮度。
Empirical processes of dependent random variables
2
Preliminaries
n i=1
from R to R. The centered G -indexed empirical process is given by (P n − P )g = 1 n
n
the marginal and empirical distribution functions. Let G be a class of measurabrocesses that have been discussed include linear processes and Gaussian processes; see Dehling and Taqqu (1989) and Cs¨ org˝ o and Mielniczuk (1996) for long and short-range dependent subordinated Gaussian processes and Ho and Hsing (1996) and Wu (2003a) for long-range dependent linear processes. A collection of recent results is presented in Dehling, Mikosch and Sorensen (2002). In that collection Dedecker and Louhichi (2002) made an important generalization of Ossiander’s (1987) result. Here we investigate the empirical central limit problem for dependent random variables from another angle that avoids strong mixing conditions. In particular, we apply a martingale method and establish a weak convergence theory for stationary, causal processes. Our results are comparable with the theory for independent random variables in that the imposed moment conditions are optimal or almost optimal. We show that, if the process is short-range dependent in a certain sense, then the limiting behavior is similar to that of iid random variables in that the limiting distribution is a Gaussian process and the norming √ sequence is n. For long-range dependent linear processes, one needs to apply asymptotic √ expansions to obtain n-norming limit theorems (Section 6.2.2). The paper is structured as follows. In Section 2 we introduce some mathematical preliminaries necessary for the weak convergence theory and illustrate the essence of our approach. Two types of empirical central limit theorems are established. Empirical processes indexed by indicators of left half lines, absolutely continuous functions, and piecewise differentiable functions are discussed in Sections 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Applications to linear processes and iterated random functions are made in Section 6. Section 7 presents some integral and maximal inequalities that may be of independent interest. Some proofs are given in Sections 8 and 9.
罗杰斯整机框贴泡棉选型资料(LCD Gasket Selection Guide-E
PORON ® is registered by Rogers and RICCompression force(N/mm²), Deflection↘Original thicknessFinal thickness －No adhesive (mm)PORON ®Grade(mm)0.140.150.180.200.250.300.400.500.600.700.800.90 1.0015-06021 P 0.530.069,74%0.048,72%0.021,66%0.014,62%15-06030 P 0.750.059,73%0.024,67%92-09020 P 0.500.069,64%0.042,60%0.017,50%0.010,40%92-09030 P 0.750.063,67%0.032,60%92-09039 P 1.000.070,70%0.027,60%92-12020 P 0.500.070,60%0.029,50%0.017,40%92-12030 P 0.750.054,60%0.022,47%92-12039 P 1.000.040,60%0.021,50%92-12049 P 1.250.060,68%0.028,60%0.016,52%92-12059 P 1.500.051,67%0.032,60%0.022,53%0.018,47%92-15039 P 1.000.042,60%0.019,50%0.012,40%92-15120 P 3.050.075,74%0.051,71%0.037,67%92-25021 P 0.530.152,43%92-25031 P 0.790.157,49%0.091,36%92-25041 P 1.040.082,33%ShockSeal™ Foams-Extreme impact protection79-09021 P 0.530.060,62%0.028,53%0.017,43%79-09030 P 0.750.081,67%0.043,60%0.020,47%79-09039 P 1.000.082,70%0.034,60%0.020,50%79-12021 P 0.530.137,62%0.055,53%0.031,43%0.017,25%79-12030 P 0.750.087,60%0.038,47%0.025,33%79-12039 P1.000.076,60%0.043,50%0.031,40%0.025,30%ThinStik™ Self-adhesive MaterialsCompression force (N/mm²), Deflection↘Original thicknessPORON® Series↓(mm)0.100.120.150.180.200.250.3015TS1-060210.530.160,81%0.082,77%0.037,72%0.020,66%15TS1-060300.750.169,80.3%0.069,76%0.045,73.7%0.019,66.7%0.010,60.5%92TS1-090200.500.360,80%0.167,76%0.066,71%0.031,65%0.021,60%92TS1-120200.500.068,64%0.046,60%0.021,50%79TS1-090210.530.211,77%0.092,72%0.051,66%0.035,62%* The final thickness should include the tolerance Nomenclature:15 TS1 06 021 04 P ThinStikThickness 012-500mils PETDensity 6-30pcf Color 04-Black ，90-GrayFomulation 15-Soft Seal,92-Extra Soft (Slow Rebound ）Instruction ：0.069,74%Compression force is 0.069N/mm²,deflection is 74%4.From the column under the final thickness 0.25mm, 15-06030P,92-09020P,92-09030P and 92-12020P are available.3.T1-T2=0.25mm It is the real filling thickness for foam.Higher forceMiddle forceLower forcePORON ®Urethane Foam － LCD Gasket selection guide（Compression Force< 10psi or 0.069N/mm²）2.Make sure the adhesive thickness ，ex. T2=0.05mm.Final thickness －with adhesive (mm)The information contained in this data sheet is intended to assist you in designing with Rogers’ High Performance Foam Materi als. It is not intended to and does not create anywarranties, express or implied, including any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose or that the results shown on the data sheet will be achieved by a user for a particular purpose. The user should determine the suitability of Rogers’ High Performance Foam Materials for each applicati on.The Rogers logo, The world runs better with Rogers., PORON, ThinStik, and ShockSeal are licensed trademarks of Rogers Corporation. © 2010 Rogers Corporation, All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.,。
formative assessment and the design of instructional systems
120 linkages are then identified. These in turn are shown to have implications for the design of instructional systems which are intended to develop the ability of students to exercise executive control over their own productive activities, and eventually to become independent and fully self-monitoring.
Introduction
This article is about the nature and function of formative assessment in the development of expertise. It is relevant to a wide variety of instructional systems in which student outcomes are appraised qualitatively using multiple criteria. The focus is on judgments about the quality of studentts, how they are made, how they may be refined, and how they may be put to use in bringing about improvement. The article is prompted by two overlapping concerns. The first is with the lack of a general theory of feedback and formative assessment in complex learning settings. The second concern follows from the common but puzzling observation that even when teachers provide students with valid and reliable judgments about the quality of their work, improvement does not necessarily follow. Students often show little or no growth or development despite regular, accurate feedback. The concern itself is with whether some learners fail to acquire expertise because of specific deficiencies in the instructional system associated with formative assessment. The discussion begins with definitions of feedback, formative assessment and qualitative judgments. This is followed by an analysis of certain patterns in teacher-student assessment interactions. A number of causal and conditional
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密度 in pcf
9.4 pcf 12.5 pcf 15 pcf 20 pcf 25 pcf 30 pcf 43.8 pcf
4790-92-25
• Ex2:
SR – S – 40 P –
厚度 (metric)
0.5t – 0.5 mm thick
0.5t
厚度 (inch)
0.021
4790-92-25021-04 P
軟
25
40 15 20 50 15 20 MHML-
40
24 32 24 32
LTL-
40
24 32
H-
24 32
30
60 15 20 25
48
48
HH-
48
FHMX-
48
48HF
硬
PORON 対照表
Rogers Code 4790-92 15 20 25 SR-S RIC SR-S Grades 15P 24P 32P 40P
SS-24P/32P：超软等级，各種高.低温度對應性更強
Very Popular for Handheld Electronics Products !!
PORON 對照表
Rogers Code 4701 30 15 20 LO/FR Grade MS24 32 RIC Original Grade LE20
4790-92
• Ex2:
SR – S –
密度 (metric)
15 – 150 kg/m3 20 – 200 kg/m3 24 – 240 kg/m3 32 – 320 kg/m3 40 – 400 kg/m3 48 – 480 kg/m3 70 – 700 kg/m3
40 P – 0.5t
P: 附 PET 基材
• LO/FR （阻燃）規格:
MS(30), ML(40), MH(50)
• 原配方: HH , FH , MO, MX, ASRS, SRU, SS, SSA, LF/HF Coating
RIC PORON – 機脚系列
等級 :
(M)H-32 適合用以一般緩沖材用途 (M)H-48(C) 適合用以標準脚塾 HH- 48(C) FH- 48(C) MO-48(C) 能負荷重的機械不変形 能耐更高的負荷 和 HH48C 的硬度相等、及取得 UL94 HBF
50 (RIC Original) 60
(RIC Original) (RIC Original)
• Ex1:
ML –
密度 (metric)
15 – 150 kg/m3 20 – 200 kg/m3 24 – 240 kg/m3 32 – 320 kg/m3 40 – 400 kg/m3 48 – 480 kg/m3 70 – 700 kg/m3
配方
密度 厚度
4701
工業用
40
20
059
04
標準顔色
• Ex2:
SR – S – 40 P – 0C Original) (RIC Original) (RIC Original)
SR-S: 慢回弾 ASRS: 防静電 SRS SR-U: SR UL94HBF規格 SS: 超軟
RIC 産品 産品介紹
• 例: ML-32-1.5t SR-S-40P-0.5t
• Ex1:
ML – 32 – 1.5t
HPF 產品對應
30 40
配方
LE: Low Modulus with Elongation MS: Soft 軟 ML – Low Modulus (M = Mega material) MH – High Modulus HH – Harder than H-formulation FH – Far Hard MX – EXtra Hard
RIC 的介紹
誰是 RIC?
50% 50%
Who is RIC?
•1984 成立 •工場位置：名古屋 (#1), 三重(#2) – 日本, 及 蘇州(#3) – 中国 (RIS Rogers Inoac Suzhou Corp) •員工：80人 (其中. 32名 臨時員工) •生産線：
• 取得認証: ISO-9001 & ISO-14001
Popular for Electronics & Handsets Products !!
RIC PORON – PET 基材系列
等级：
SR-S(92) – 15P/24P/32P/40P/48P/70P：慢回弹，柔软 ASRS – 24PA/32PA/40PA/48PA：SR-S 具防静电功能 SR-U-40P：SR-S 符合 UL94 HBF
• Ex2:
P: PET 基材
SR – S – 40 P – 0.5t
配方
密度 厚度
4790
工業用
92
25
021
04
標準顔色
RIC PORON – 各種規格
軟
SS<SRS<LE < L(U) < H< HH (MO) < FH<MX 有各種規格供選択
硬
• 標準規格:
L(01), H(05), U, LE/LT
MX- 48(HF) 適合以脚塾、最硬型、表面特別高摩擦処理
RIC PORON – LO/FR 系列
等級 :
MS(30) - 24/32/40 ML(40) - 24/32 MH(50) - 24/32/48
• 低揮発気体 • 耐燃型、不含鹵素、無代奥辛材料 (UL94 HBF)等級。
•厚度 : 0.3 ~ 10.0 mm
32 – 1.5t
密度 in pcf
9.4 pcf 12.5 pcf 15 pcf 20 pcf 25 pcf 30 pcf 43.8 pcf
• Ex1:
ML – 32 –
1.5t
厚度 (inch)
0.059
厚度 (metric)
1.5t – 1.5 mm thick
• Ex1:
ML – 32 – 1.5t
厚度 :
最低従 0.2mm
~ 3.0 mm
30
-
48P
70P
• 提供不同種類產品以增加你們的銷售量 • 羅傑斯亞洲區所有辦事處可提供所有 RIC 產品 (包括報價及交貨期) • 沒有限制你提供模切或銷售RIC材料給任何客戶 • 相配產品包括 : 腳垫, 更薄 (SRS) 空間填充材料 • 謝謝!