复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题及解析
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。
复旦大学考博英语3
[模拟] 复旦大学考博英语3Part ⅠVocabulary Directions: There are 30 incompete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter or Answer Sheet I with a single line through center.第1题：I'd ( ) his reputation with other farmers and business peoplein the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.A.take into accountB.account forC.make up forD.make out参考答案：A答案解析：四选项的意思分别是：A.“把……考虑在内”；B．“说明……发生的原因”；C．“弥补，补偿”；D．“书写；拼凑；说明；理解；辨认出”。
第2题：He was ( ) when he heard the unexpected news, but I finally convinced him.A.incredibleB.inevitableC.incredulousD.indifferent参考答案：C答案解析：本题意为“当他听到这个意外的消息时很怀疑，但是我最终还是说服了他(相信这个意外的消息)”。
据此推断前面应该填表示“怀疑的”单词。
incredulous的意思是“怀疑的，不轻信的”，如： incredulous about ghosts(不信鬼)。
复旦大学博士入学英语模拟试题附答案
复旦大学博士入学英语试题Part IV ocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions: Three are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet Ⅰwith a single line through the center.1. Although it is only a small business, its _________ is surprisingly high.A. turn-upB. turn-overC. turn-aboutD. turn-out2. Unfortunately not all of us obtain our just _________ in this life.A. demandsB. gainsC. desertsD. wins3. That contract about which we had a disagreement last month, has now gone __________.A. throughB. downC. overD. around4. The _______ of two houses proved such a financial burden that they were forced to sell one.A. upsurgeB. upshotC. upturnD. upkeep5. _________ through the attic and see if you can find anything for the jumble sale.A. LeashB. RummageC. FlutterD. Scrape6. How about a glass of orange juice to________ your thirst.A. quashB. QuellC. QuenchD. quieten7. Because the children keep interrupting her whenever she reads a book, she is always ___________ her place.A. missingB. slippingC. botheringD. losing8. She was putting on her watch when the _________ broke and it fell to the ground.A. beltB. stringC. tieD. strap9. I washed this dress and the color_________.A. flowedB. escapedC. ranD. removed10. The recent economic crisis has brought about a _________ in world trade.A. sagB. tiltC. droopD. slump11. Although we decorated the room only six months ago, the paint on the ceiling is already _________ because of the damp.A. crumblingB. flakingC. disintegratingD. splintering12. The false banknotes fooled many people, but they did not _________ to close examination.A. put upB. keep upC. stand upD. look up13. They were making enough noise at the party to wake the ___________.A. deadB. livingC. lunaticD. crippled14. If you would like to send a donation, you can ________a cheque to the organization Feed the Children.A. make upB. make forC. make outD. make off15. The students visited the museum and spent several hours with the________, who was very helpful.A. curatorB. bursarC. commissionerD. steward16. The accused man was able to prove his innocence at the trial and was __________.A. absolvedB. acquittedC. pardonedD. executed17. Mary was extremely lucky: when her great-uncle died, she __________ a fortune.A. came byB. came overC. came intoD. came through18. The drunken couple did nothing to keep the flat clean and tidy and lived in the utmost __________.A. decayB. contaminationC. squalorD. confinement19. Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but _________ slightly in the afternoon.A. recoveredB. recuperatedC. retrievedD. regained20. He tries to __________ himself with everyone by paying them compliments.A. pleaseB. ingratiateC. placateD. remunerate21. I was afraid to open the door lest the beggar _________ me.A. followedB. were to followC. followD. would follow22. By the end of the day the flood water which had covered most of the town had __________.A. reversedB. retiredC. returnedD. receded23. Educational policies made _________ the hoof by successive secretaries of state are the main reason for low teacher morale.A. inB. onC. byD. along24. It was obvious that he had been drinking far too much from the way he came_________ down the street.A. toddlingB. hobblingC. lopingD. staggering25. He was a generous friend but as a businessman he __________ a hard bargain.A. dealtB. contractedC. droveD. faked26. My friend’s son, who is a soldier, was delighted when he was __________ only a few miles from home.A. placedB. stationedC. deportedD. exorcized27. In a coal-mining area, the land tends to __________causing damage to roads and buildings.A. subsideB. diminishC. confiscateD. cede28. As the cat lay asleep, dreaming, whiskers __________.A. twitchedB. twistedC. jerkedD. jogged29. The total __________ from last month’s charity dance were far more than expected.A. earningsB. acquisitionsC. proceedsD. subsidies30. The new manager had many difficulties to overcome but he __________them all in his stride.A. overlookedB. obtainedC. tackledD. tookPart IIReading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.Passage oneResale Price Maintenance is the name used when a retailer is compelled to sell at a price fixed by the manufacturer instead of choosing for himself how much to add on to the wholesale price he pays for his supplies. This practice is associated with the sale of “branded” goods, which now form a very considerable proportion of consumers’ purchases, and it has led to a great deal of controversy.Generally such articles are packed and advertised by the manufacturers, who try to create a special ‘image’ in the minds of possible purchasers—an image made up of the look of the article, its use, its price, and everything else which might lead purchasers to ask for that brand rather than any other. If a retailer is allowed to charge any price he likes he may find it worthwhile to sell one brand at ‘cut’ prices even though this involves a loss, because he hopes to attract customers to the shop, where they may be persuaded to buy many other types of goods at higher prices. The manufacturer of the brand that has been ‘cut’ fears that the retailer may be tempted to reduce the services on this article; but, even if he does not there is a danger that the customer becomes unsettled, and is unwilling to pay the ‘standard’ price of the article because he feels that he is being ‘done’. This may, and indeed often does, affect the reputation of the manufacturer and lose him his market in the long run.It is sometimes said also that the housewife—who is the principal buyer of most of these goods—prefers a fixed price because she knows where she is and is saved the bother of goingfrom shop to shop in search of lower prices. If one shop cut all the prices of its branded goods she would undoubtedly have an advantage in shopping there. But this does not happen. A store usually lowers the price of one or two of its articles which act as a decoy and makes up its losses on others, and changes the cut-price articles from week to week so as to attract different groups of customers. And so the housewife may feel rather guilty if she does not spend time tracking down the cheaper goods. How far this is true is a matter of temperament and it is impossible to estimate what proportion of purchasers prefer a price that they can rely on wherever they choose to buy and what proportion enjoy the challenge involved in finding the store that offers them a bargain.Those who oppose Resale Price Maintenance on the other hand, point out that there are now a great many different channels of distribution—chain stores, department stores, co-operative stores, independent or unit shops, supermarkets, mail-order houses, and so on. It would be absurd to assume that all of them have exactly the same costs to meet in stocking and selling their goods, so why should they all sell at the same price? If they were allowed to choose for themselves, the more efficient retailers would sell at lower prices and consumers would benefit. As it is, the retail price must be sufficient to cover the costs of the less efficient avenues of distribution and this means the others make a bigger profit than necessary at the expense of the public. The supporters of the fixed price argue that this is only half the story. Theefficient trader can still compete without lowering his prices. He can offer better service—long credit, or quick delivery or a pleasant shop decor or helpful assistants—and can do this without imperiling the long-term interests of the manufacturer.31. Manufactures oppose retailers cutting prices on their goods mainly because they think __________.A. retailers may eventually stop selling their productsB. it may reduce customers’ confidence in their productsC. customers may feel uneasy when prices varyD. it may sometimes lead to poor service32 Supporters of the fixed price hold that an efficient trader can still make money without lowering prices by __________.A. allowing customers time to payB. hiring assistants for long hours and low wagesC. advertising much more effectivelyD. establishing long-term relations with manufactures33. By saying “He feels that he is being ‘done’”, the author means that customer thinks__________.A. someone is despising himB. someone is maltreating himC. someone is blackmailing himD. someone is cheating him34. “Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage?A. Good service other than price is important in attracting customers.B. An article without a brand name is not subject to Resale Price Maintenance.C. Manufactures attempt to influence possible purchasers by making their products easy to identify.D. Housewives prefer fixed prices because fixed prices are much less likely to fluctuate35. The sentence “She knows where she is” in the third paragraph can be paraphrased as “__________”.A. She knows her placeB. She knows her stuffC. She feels secureD. She feels intoxicatedPassage twoHe built a hut on a piece of rough land near a rock fall. In the wet season there was a plentiful stream, and over the years he encouraged the dry forest to surround him with a thick screen. The greener it became the easier it was to forget the outside. In time Melio (not without some terrible mistakes) learnt how to live in spite of the difficulties up on that mountain shelf.His only neighbors were a family group of Parakana Indians who, for reasons known only to themselves, took a liking to Melio. Their Chief never looked closely at Melioand said to himself that this white man was as mad as a snake which chews off its own tail. The parakanas taught Melio to catch fish with the help of a wild plant which made them senseless in the stream. It gave off a powerful drug when shaken violently through the water. They showed him how to bunt by laying traps and digging. In time Melio’s piece of land became a regular farm. He had wild birds, fat long-legged ones and thin nearly featherless chickens, and his corn and salted fish was enough to keep him stocked up through the wet season.The Parakanas were always around him. He’d never admit it but he could feel that the trees were like the bars of a prison; they were watching him. It was as if he was there by courtesy of the Chief. When they came to him, the Indians never entered his house, with its steeply sloping roof of dried grass and leaves. They had a delicate way of behaving. They showed themselves by standing in the shade of the trees at the clearing’s edge. He was expected to cross the chicken strip towards them. Then they had a curious but charming habit of taking a pace back from him, just one odd step backwards into their green corridors. Melio never could persuade them to come any closer.The group guessed at Melio’s hatred for his civilized brothers in the towns far away. They knew Melio would never invite any more white men up here. This pleased the Parakanas. It meant that traders looking for robber and jewels would never reach them. Their Melio would see to that. They were safe with this man and his hatred.36. It is known from the passage that Melio wanted the forest around him to become thick because the dense leaves __________.A. reminded him of his house in the town far awayB. prevented the Parakanas from watching himC. helped him to forget the world he hatedD. protected him from being intruded by the white men in the town37. The Chief’s comparison of Melio to a snake is intended to show that __________.A. he did not trust MelioB. it was unwise to go too close to MelioC. he believed Melio hated the ParakanasD. he thought Melio was out of his mind38. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Melio stayed on his farm for a number of years.B. Melio felt like a prisoner because he couldn’t escape being watched.C. Melio kept himself alive, during the rainy season by eating what he had in store.D. The Parakanas thought Melio lived there because he was looking for rubber and jewels.39. To Melio, the Parakana Indians seemed __________.A. odd but hatefulB. strange but attractiveC. unhealthy but friendlyD. cowardly but sociable40. It can be concluded from the passage that the place described by the author was __________.A. far removed from civilizationB. impossible to cultivateC. the home of Melio’s Indian relativesD. wet all the year roundPassage threeWhen he was so far out that he could look back not only on the little bay but past the stretch of rock that was between it and the seashore, he floated on the warm surface and looked for his mother. There she was, a little yellow dot under an umbrella that looked like a piece of orange-skin. He swam back to shore, relieved at being sure she was there, but all at once very lonely.On the other side of the bay was a loose scattering of rocks. Above them, some boys were stripping off their clothes. They came running, their bodies bare, down to the rocks. Jerry swam towards them, and kept his distance a little way off. They were off that coast, all of them burned smooth dark brown, and speaking a language he did not understand. To be with them, of them, was a feeling that filled his whole body. He swam a little closer; they turned and watched him with narrowed, attentive dark eyes. Then one smiled and waved. It was enough. In a minute he had swum in and was on the rocks beside them, smiling with extreme nervousness. They shouted cheerful greetings at him, and then, as he preserved his nervous, puzzled smile, they understood that he was a foreigner who had wandered from his own part of the sands, and they promptly forgot him. But he was happy. He was with them.They began diving again and again from a high point into a well of blue sea between rough, pointed rocks. After they had dived and come up, they swam round, pulled themselves up, and waited their turn to dive again. They were big boys-men to Jerry. He dived, and they watched him, and when he swam round to take his place, they made way for him. He felt he was accepted and he dived again carefully proud of himself.Soon the biggest of the boys balanced himself, shot down into the water, and did not come up. The others stood about watching. Jerry, after waiting for the smooth brown head to appear, let out a cry of warning; they looked at him idly and turned their eyes back towards the water. After a long time, the boy came up on the other side of a big dark rock, letting the air escape suddenly from his lungs with much coughing and spitting, and giving a shout of satisfaction, immediately, the rest of them dived in. One moment the morning seemed full of boys as noisy as a crowd of monkeys; the next, the air and the surface of the water were empty. But through the heavy blue, dark shapes could be seen moving and searching.Jerry dived, shot past the school of underwater swimmers, saw a black wall of rocktowering over him, touched it, and shop up at once to the surface, where the rock formed a low wall he could see across. There was no one in sight; under him, in the water, the shadowy shapes of the swimmers had disappeared. Then one and then another of the boys came up on the far side of the wall of rock, and he understood that they had swum through some gap or hole in it. He dived down again. He could see nothing through the stinging salt water but the solid rock. When he came up, the boys were all on the diving rock, preparing to attempt the trick again. And now, overcome with a sense of failure, he shouted up in English: “Look at me! Look!” and he began splashing and kicking in the water like a foolish dog.41. It can be concluded from the passage that __________.A. Jerry was not a good swimmerB. Jerry failed to gain acceptance by the other boysC. Jerry was on holiday abroadD. Jerry was not on good terms with his mother42. The word “bare” in Paragraph 2 means__________.A. in disguiseC. in the gutterB. in the limelightD. in the raw43. At the beginning, Jerry was swimming__________.A. into the little bayB. too far out to see his motherC. near to the group of boysD. further out to see than the rock44. What happened to the biggest boy?A. He had been trying to stay under water as long as possible.B. He had swum through a hole in the rock under the water.C. He had been trying to do the highest dive.D. He had played a trick on Jerry.45. Jerry splashed and kicked in the water because_________.A. he was pretending to be drowningB. he wanted to amuse all the other boysC. he hadn’t been able to do what the other boys had doneD. he wanted the other boys to listen to what he was sayingPassage fourPeter Sellers wouldn’t be allowed his career today. All those funny racial stereotypes—the caricatured frogs, wops, yids and goodness-gracious-me Pakis—are in clear breach of the codes of political correctness.His lewd disguises and overdone accents belong with black-and-white minstrel shows and clog-dancing—it’s the comedy of yesteryear.Have you tried listening to The Goon Show lately? It is a reworking of The Gang Show, excruciatingly bad and dated, and full of explosions, gunfire and jokes about Hitler and the War.Nonetheless, Sellers continue to obsess people. He’s already been the subject of biographies galore, including, back in 1994, a 1,200-page magnum opus by myself, which is now being turned into a biopic starring Geoffrey Rush.The appeal lies in the mythic dimensions of Sellers’ story. He had everything and it wasn’t enough. He was a comedian with a tragic inability to enjoy life. He was world-famous and desperately lonely. At the weight of his fame, as Inspector Clouseau, his eccentricity tipped over the edge into genuine insanity. He was a basket case.This is irresistible material. Sellers’ subversive and immoderate behaviour puts him in a class of his own. Picture my disappointment with Ed Sikov’s tome, therefore. Here’s a thick book that tells us nothing new.For newcomers to Sellers, however, Mr. Strangelove is a perfect digest of the man’s life and work, briskly told. Sellers was descended from a family of bare-knuckle East End prize-fighters, although his parents were music hall entertainers. His clinging whining mother, Peg, was a quick-change artiste and his father, Bill, was a ukulele player and soft-shoe-shuffle merchant.The young Peter was raised in the ghostly, twilight world of shabby theatres and end-of-the-pier revues: dog acts, acrobatic midgets, incompetent conjurors and gypsy violinists. To go from these origins and become as big as The Beatles, as he was in the Sixties, is an amazing feat.Sellers spent the Second World War in the Air Force, impersonating officers and playing the drums to entertain the troops. When he was demobbed he worked in holiday camps and began getting spots on radio, culminating in The Goon Show. He dubbed the voices of Churchill and Humphrey Bogart on film soundtracks, and it was while hanging about the studios that he was offered walk-on roles.His breakthrough came with the part of a teddy boy in The Ladykillers, a film that improves with each viewing. This led to the role of Fred Kite, the shaven-headed, belligerent shop steward in I’m All Right, Jack which won him a British Academy Best Actor statuette. When Peter Ustinov dropped out of The Pink Panther on a Friday, Sellers flew to the set in Rome on Monday to replace him. The rest is history.Or notoriety. Sellers’ descent into madness was swift. He got rid of his wife and children and chased after Britt Ekland, whom he pounced on in The Dorchester and married ten days later. He took drugs to enhance his potency, and this precipitated a heart attack. Having worked on Dr Strangelove during the day, each evening he locked himself in the bathroom and threatened to commit suicide. Bryan Forbes and Nanette Newman had to come over and talk to him trough the door. He then decided he wanted to marry Nanette. He also wanted to marry Sophia Loren, PrincessMargaret and Liza Minnelli.His misbehavior and unprofessionalism cost film studios millions of dollars. Sets had to be repainted and costumes remade if they were purple or green-colors of which he was morbidly superstitious.He enjoyed messing about during filming and blowing his lines; he pulled guns on people. He walked off Casino Royale and was discovered in Britt Ekland’s mother’s house in Sweden. Meanwhile, Orson Welles and the rest of the cast were in full make-up and on full pay back at Pinewood, waiting for him to reappear.Sellers was happy only in the company of his gadgets, cameras and fast cars, which he’d replace or abandon with manic frequency. At one of his weddings, the maids of honor were the bride’s dogs. He was also selfish in the extreme: when his relationships broke up, he’d send his henchmen round to retrieve his gifts.46. People are still obsessed with Peter Sellers because___________.A. he was a geniusB. he was as big as The BeatlesC. his life was full of drama and contradictionD. he led a very austere life47. By saying “He was a basket case”, the author means that Peter Sellers was___________.A. handicappedB. derangedC. impetuousD. callous48. According to the passage, Peter Sellers took drugs to improve___________.A. his theatrical performanceB. his breathtaking performanceC. his walk-on roles on the stageD. his performance sexually49. The “galore” in paragraph 4 means ___________.A. numerousB. anecdotalC. criticalD. unauthorized50. Peter Sellers can be described as__________.A. unpredictable but generousB. talented but unstableC. sane but selfishD. eccentric but reliablePaper TwoPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.One of the major differences between man and his closest living relative is, of course, that the chimpanzee has not developed the power of speech. Even the most intensive efforts to teach young chimps to talk have met with51no success. Verbal language represents a truly gigantic step forward in man’s52.Chimpanzees do have a wide range of calls, and these certainly serve to convey some types of information. When a chimp finds good food he utters loud barks; other chimps53the vicinity instantly become aware of the food source and hurry to join in. An attacked chimpanzee screams and this may alert his mother or a friend, either of54may hurry to his aid. A chimpanzee confronted with an alarming and potentially dangerous situation utters his spine-chilling wraaaa-again, other chimps may hurry to the spot to see what is happening. A male chimpanzee, about to enter a valley or charge toward a food source, utters his pant-hoots and other individuals realize that another member of the group is arriving and can identify55one. To our human56each chimpanzee is characterized more by his pant-hoots than by any other type of call. This is significant since the pant-hoot in particular is the call that serves tomaintain contact, between the separated groups of the community. Yet the chimps57can certainly recognize individuals by other calls; for instance a mother knows the scream of her offspring. Probably a chimpanzee can recognize the calls of most of his acquaintances.While chimpanzee calls58serve to convey basic information about some situations and individuals, they cannot for the most part be compared59a spoken language. Man by means of words can communicate abstract ideas; he can benefit from the experiences of others60having to be present at the time; he can make intelligent cooperative plans.Part ⅣTranslation (20%)Directions: Put the following passage into English.人类是一个不断的自然的进化过程的产物，其中包括无数次的遗传转化：这一不可阻挡的过程自45亿年前地球形成以来一直未曾间断过。
复旦大学2012年考博英语真题+答案(修订版)
2012年复旦大学博士招生入学考试英语试题Paper One注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效。
Part I Vocabulary and Structure（15%）Directions：There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C,D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1.It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the______way the store was organized.A logicalB haphazardC orderlyD tidy2.Mississippi also up K olds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people;balmy year-round weather;and truly______cuisine.A destructiveB horribleC amiableD delectableIf she is stupid,she’s_____pleasant to look at.A at any rateB by chanceC at a lossD by the way4.The mother was_____with grief when she heard that her child was dead.A fantasticB frankC franticD frenzy5.In your teens,peer-group friendships may_____from parents as the major influence on you.A take controlB take placeC take upD take overParents often faced the___between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.A paradoxB junctionC premiseD dilemmaThere have been demonstrations on the streets____the recent terrorist attack.A in the wake ofB in the course ofC in the context ofD in the light of8.Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have been wrongly_____access to necessary care.A grudgedB deniedC negatedD invalidatedIt has been proposed by many linguists that human language______,our biologically programmed abilit\to use language,is still not well defined and understood.A potentialityB perceptionC facultyD acquisition10.Western medicine,_______science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees,is only one of many systems of healing.A rooted inB originated fromC trapped inD indulged in11.When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however,he responded_____:”No,conditions are different here.”A ambiguouslyB implicitlyC unhesitatinglyD optimistically12.The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be effectively_______by the use of humor.A acquaintedB installedC regulatedD facilitated13.In both America and Europe,it is_____to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from10% to20%.A elementaryB temporaryC voluntaryD customary14.Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______rigid departmental bo X ndaries.A pass overB stand forC break down Dset off15.As a teenager,I was_____by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life.A pursuedB seducedC consumedD guaranteed16.His originality as a composer is____by the following group of songs.A exemplifiedB createdC performedD realized17.They are going to London,but their______destination is Rome.A ultimateB primeC nextD cardinal18.The poor old man was_____with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.A sufferedB afflictedC inducedD infected19.The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to take them to Rome to_______the marriage.A terminateB initiateC consummateD separate20.Jo K n said that the richer countries of the world should make a_____effort to help the poorer countries.A futileB glitteringC franticD concentrated21.The problem is inherent and_______in any democracy,but it has been more severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government,politics and politicians.A perishableB periodicalC perverseD perennial22.As is known to all,____commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later.A counterfeitB fakeC imitativeD fraudulent23.It would be_____to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.A subtleB feebleC nastyD naïveIt is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have____such a crime.A confirmedB clarifiedC committedD conveyed25.Hummans are___,which enables them to make dicisions even when they can’t justify why.A rationalB reasonableC hesitantD intuitive26.More than100____cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops.A looseB tamedC wildD stary27.To say that his resignation was a shock would be an______-------it caused pani F.A excuseB indulgenceC exaggerationD understatement28.Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher,aiming at truth,must not____the seduction of trying to write beautifully.A subject toB carry onC yield toD aim at29.I found the subject very difficult,and at one time thought I should have to give it up,but you directions are so clear and____that I have succeeded in getting a picture we all think pretty,though wanting in the tender grace of yours.A on the pointB off the pointC to the pointD up to a point30.They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged them,dusted for fingerprints,took pictures and tried to_____what could have happened.A rehearseB reiterateC reinforceD reenactPart II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions:There are four reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.(1)In1896a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family,there was no liability for damages.In contrast,lessthan a century later,in1979,the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of$750,000.The transformation in social values implicit in juxta-posing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer's excellent book,Pricing the Priceless Child.During the nineteenth century, she argues,the concept of the"useful"child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the"useless"child who,though producing no income for,and indeed extremely costly to,its parents,is yet considered emotionally "priceless."Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's,this new view of childhood spread through-out society in the O ate-nineteenth DQG early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo.For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex.The gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial economy,the decline in birth and death rates,especially in child mortality,and the development of the companionate family(a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty)were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth.Yet "expulsion of children from the'cash nexus,'……although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic,occupational,and family structures,"Zelizer maintains."was also part of a cultural process'of sacral-ization'of children's lives."Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans,she suggests;this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.In stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth.Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new"sociological economics,"who have analyzed such tradi-tionally sociological topics as crime,marriage,educa-tion,and health solely in terms of their economic deter-minants.Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences,"these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain.Zelizer is highly critical of this approach,and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon:the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms,she argues,their"exchange"or" sur-render"value on the market,that is,the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms,became much greater.31.It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in america during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on theA.earnings of the person at time of deathB.wealth of the party causing the deathC.degree of culpability of the party causing the deathD.amount of money that had been spent on the person killed32 ,t can be inferred from the passage that in the early1800's children were generally regarded by their families as individuals whoA.needed enormous amounts of security and affectionB.required constant supervision while workingC.present the central thesis a recent bookD.refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon33which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?A.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because paraents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.B.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earning over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.C.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of human L tiarian ideals resulted in a whole VF ale reappraisal of the worth of an individual.D.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply,and thus raised thd costs,of available child labor.34 7he prima U\purpose of the passage is toA.review the literature in a new academic subfieldB.present the central thesis of a recent bookC.contrast two approaches to analyzing historical changeD.refute a traditional explanation of a V ocial phenomenon35=elizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children's worth except changes inA.the mortality rateB.the nature of industryC.the nature of the familyD.attitudes toward reform movements(2)A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself.It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians,but she replied:'I'm going to walk where I like. We've got liberty now.'It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road,then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos.Everybody would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere.Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket,and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means.It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved,the liberties of everybody must be curtailed.When the policeman,say,at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand,he is the symbol not of tyranny,but of liberty.You may not think so.You may,being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office,feel that your liberty has been outraged.How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway?Then,if you are a reasonable person,you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you,he would interfere with no one,and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all.You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.Liberty is not a personal affair only,but a social contract.It is an accommodation of interests.In matters which do not touch anybody else's liberty,of course,I may be as free as I like.If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown who shall say me nay?You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty to be indifferent to you.And ifI have a fancy for dyeing my hair,or waxing my moustache(which heaven forbid),or wearing an overcoat and sandals,or going to bedlate or getting up early,I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission.I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton.And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that,whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth,or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I please ourselves and ask no one's leave.We have a whole kingdom in which we rule alone, can do what we choose,be wise or ridiculous,harsh or easy,conventional or odd.But directly we step out of that kingdom,our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people's liberty.I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning.If I went on to the top of Everest to do it,I couldplease myself,but ifI doitinmybedroommyfamilywillobject,andif Idoitoutinthestreets theneighborswill remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone mustnot interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet.There are a lot of people in the world,and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.We are all liable to forget this,and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own.A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.It is in the small matters of conduct,in the observance of the rule of the road,that we pass judgment upon ourselves,and declare that we are civilized or uncivilized.The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare.It is the little habits of commonplace intercoursethat make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.36.The author might have stated his‘rule of the road’asA.do not walk in the middle of the roadB.follow the orders of policemenC.do not behave inconsiderately in publicD.do what you like in private37.The author’s attitude to the old lady in paragraph one isA.condescendingB.intolerantC.objectiveD.supportive38Asituationanalogous to the‘insolence of office’described inparagraph2would beA.a teacher correcting grammar errorsB.an editor shortening the text of an articleC.a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accountsD.an army office giving orders to a soldier39The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes inA.all matters of dress and foodB.any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of othersC.anything that is not against the lawD.his own home40In the sentence‘We are all liable....’the author isA.pointing out a general weaknessB.emphasizing his main pointC.countering a general misconceptionD.suggesting a remedy(3)The name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea.Had she died-as she nearly did-upon her return to England,her reputation would hardly have been different;her legend would have come down to us almost as we know it today-that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari.Yet,as a matter of fact,she lived for more than half a century after the Crimean War;and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could,indeed,hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs;but it was certainly more important.The true history was far stranger even than the myth.In Miss Nightingale's own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident-scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career.It was the fulcrum with which she hoped to move the world;but it was only the fulcrum.For more than a generation she was to sit in secret,working her lever:and her real life began at the very moment when,in popular imagination,it had ended.She arrived in England in a shattered state of health.The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system;her heart was affected;she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter physical prostration.The doctors declared that one thing alone would save her-a complete and prolonged rest.But that was also the one thing with which she would have nothing to do.She had never been in the habit of resting;why should she begin now?Now,when her opportunity had come at last;now,when the iron was hot,and it was time to strike?No;she had work to do;and,come what might,she would do it. The doctors protested in vain;in vain her family lamented and entreated,in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course.Madness?Mad-possessed-perhaps she was.A frenzy had seized upon her.As she lay upon her sofa,gasping,she devoured blue-books, dictated letters,and,in the intervals of her palpitations,cracked jokes.For months at a stretchshe never lefther bed.But she would not rest.At this rate,the doctors assuredher,even if she did not die,she would become an invalid for life.She could not help that;there was work to be done;and,as for rest,very likely she might rest...when she had done it.Wherever she went,to London or in the country,in the hills of Derbyshire,or among the rhododendrons at Embley,she was haunted by a ghost.It was the specter of Scutari-the hideous vision of the organization of a military hospital.She would lay that phantom,or she would perish.The whole system of the Army Medical Department,the education of the Medical Officer,the regulations of hospital procedure...rest?How could she rest while these things were as they were,while,if the like necessity were to arise again,the like results would follow?And,even in peace and at home,what was the sanitary condition of the Army?The mortality in the barracks,was,she found,nearly double the mortality in civil life.'You might as well take1, 100men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,'she said.After inspecting the hospitals at Chatham,she smiled grimly.'Yes,this is one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea,put to death16,000men.'Scutari had given her knowledge;and it had given her power too:her enormous reputation was at her back-an incalculable force.Other work, other duties,might lie before her;but the most urgent,the most obvious,of all was to look to the health of theArmy.41.According to the author,the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's life was,when compared with her work in the Crimea,all of the following exceptA.less dramaticB.less demandingC.less well-known to the publicD.more important42Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who isA.mentally shatteredB.stubborn and querulousC.physically weak but mentally indomitableD.purposeful yet tiresome43.The primary purpose of paragraph3is toA.account for conditions in the armyB.show the need for hospital reformC.explain Miss Nightingale's main concernsD.argue that peace time conditions were worse than wartime conditions44The author's attitude to his material isA.disinterested reporting of biographical detailsB.over-inflation of a reputationC.debunking a mythD.interpretation as well as narration45In her statement Miss Nightingale intended toA.criticize the conditions in hospitalsB.highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were livingC.prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospitalD.ridicule the dangers of army life(4)How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems?This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions.In many ways,our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship.Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners,when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence,and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market.Increasing affluence,the riseof families with morethan one wage earner,the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed,and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness.Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship.Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level,the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner,relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force,so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship.The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty.Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support.Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month,those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment,even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer.For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies,there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work,or else outside the laborforce but wanting a job.Finally,income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly,disabled,and dependent,neglecting the needs of the working poor,so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence,itis uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions,and,hence,whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty,employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications,measuring the consequences of labor market problems.46Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?A.What causes labor market pathologies that resultin sufferingB.Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of povertyC.Where the areas of agreement are among poverty,employment,and earnings figuresD.How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities47The author uses“labor market problems”in lines1-2to refer to which of the following?A.The overall causes of povertyB.Deficiencies in the training of the work forceC.Trade relationships among producers of goodsD.Shortages of jobs providing adequate income48Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?A.Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.B.A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.C.New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.D.Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.49The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt byA.the employed poorB.dependent children in single-earner familiesC.workers who become disabledD.retired workers50According to the passage,one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is theA.recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workersB.possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per workerC.fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poorD.establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statisticsPaper TwoPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage.Write your answer on Answer SheetⅡ.As children we start__ ___a natural curiosity about everything around us,and during the maturation process this curiosity can be stimulated,buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience.The future success of research in science and engineering depends_ __oursociety recognizing the crucial role played by stimylation of mental processes early in life.Pattern recognition,analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth onward.To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest disservice we do____to the developing person.For those who reach maturity with their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education,the joy of discovery is a strong driver of success.But why are so__ ___of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career?Is it___ ___we have dampaned their curiosity?Have we failed to let them experience the joy of discovery?is it because too many of us currently involved___ __the research enterprise have become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scienctists and engineers?Perhaps entirely different factors are__ __play in the decision to not become scientists and engineers.We have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing.We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in the laboratory to achieve success.We have__ __to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery.We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common__ __very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.PartⅣTranslation(20%)Directions:Put the following passage into English.Write your English version on Answer SheetⅡ.由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。
复旦大学考博英语词汇试题及参考资料
⼀、根据复旦⼤学华慧教育纲规定,每年词汇题共30⼩题，每⼩题0.5分，共15分。
预计测试时间（25分钟）211. The drowning child was saved by Dick's __ action.[ A ] acute [ B ] alert[ C ] profound [ D ] prompt212. We should always keep in mind that __ decisions often lead to bitter iegrets.[ A ] urgent [ B ] hasty[ C] instant [ D ] prompt213. The current general slackness of the market has prevented us from new orders with you.[ A ] placing [ B ] putting[ C ] arranging [ D ] providing214. He pointed out that the living standard of urban and __ people continued to improve.[ A ] remote [ B ] municipal[ C ] rural [ D ] provincial215. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women __ this field is climbing.[ A ] engaging [ B ] devoting[ C ] registering [ D ] pursuing216. When they had finished playing, the children were made to all the toys they had takenout.[ A ] pat off [ B ] put out[ C ] put up [ D ] put away217. Jack was about to announce our plan but I[ A ] cut him short [ B ] turned him out[ C ] gave him up [ D ] put him through218. It was felt that be lacked the __ to pursue a difficult task to the very end.[ A ] petition [ B ] engagement[ C ] commitment [ D ] qualification219. When she saw the clouds she went back to the house to her umbrella.[ A ] carry [ B ] fetch[ C ] bring [ D ] reach220. An agreement was __ last Friday by the two parties.[ A ] arrived at [ B ] arrived in[ C ] occurred [ D ] realized221. if I take this medicine twice a day, it should __ my cold.[ A ] heal [ B ] cure[ C ] treat [ D ] recover222. If you know what the trouble is, why don't you help them to __ the situation?[ A ] simplify. [ B ] modify[ C ] verify [ D ] rectify223. The lost car of the Lees was found __ in the woods off the highway.[ A ] vanished [ B ] scattered[ C ] abandoned [ D ] rejected224. The story that follows __ two famous characters of the Rocky Mountain gold rush days.[ A ] concerns [ B ] states[ C ] proclaims [ D ] relates225. The government regulations that put this archeological site under protection.[ A ] published [ B ] issued[ C ] discharged [ D ] released226. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any __ on what he promises.[ A ] faith [ B ] belief[ C] credit [ D ] reliance227. The branches could hardly the weight of the fruit.[ A ] retain [ B ] sustain[ C ] maintain [ D ] remain228. The strong wind with sand comes from the hill in front of their house.[ A ] empty [ B ] isolated[ C ] bare [ D ] remote229. Men's never-ceasing for knowledge continues to broaden our understanding of the earth's atmosphere.[ A ] request [ B ] quest[ C ] investigation [ D ] research230. Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to __ healthy.[ A ] preserve [ B ] stay[ C ] maintain [ D ] reserve231. The salesman's annoyed the old lady, but finally she gave up.[ A ] endurance [ B ] assistance[ C ] persistence [ D ] resistance232. A neat letter improves your chances of a favorable _-[ A ] circumstance [ B ] request[ C ] reception [ D ] response233. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly Oil[ A ] consciousness [ B ] impulse[ C ] instinct [ D ] response234. So-called intelligent behavior demands memory, remembering being a primary __ for reason-ing.[ A ] resource [ B ] resolution[ C ] requirement [ D ] response235. The service operates 36 libraries throughout the country, while six __ libraries specially servethe countryside.[ A ] mobile [ B ] drifting[ C ] shifting [ D ] rotating236. He does nothing that __ the interests of the collective.[ A ] runs for [ B ] runs against[ C ] runs over [ D ] runs into237. Old Americans are extremely reluctant to buy on __ and likely to save as much money as pos-sible.[ A ] debt [ B ] credit[ C ] deposit [ D ] sale238. In my opinion, you can widen the __ of these improvements through your active participation.[ A ] dimension [ B ] volume[ C ] magnitude [ D ] scope239. Have you a funny __ or unusual experience that you would like to share.'?[ A ] amusement [ B ] incident[ C ] accident [ D ] section240. No one needs to feel awkward in __ his own customs.[ A ] pursuing [ B ] following[ C ] chasing [ D ] seeking。
复旦大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析(精)讲课稿
复旦大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析(精)复旦大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析In1939two brothers,Mac and Dick McDonald,started a drive-inrestaurant in San Bernadino,California.They carefully chose a busycorner for their location.They had run their own businesses for years,first a theater,then a barbecue(烤肉restaurant,and then anotherdrive-in.But in their new operation,they offered a new,shortenedmenu:French fries,hamburgers,and sodas.To this small selectionthey added one new concept:quick service,no waiters or waitresses,and no tips.Their hamburgers sold for fifteen cents.Cheese was another fourcents.Their French fries and hamburgers had a remarkable uniformity,for the brothers had developed a strict routine for the preparationof their food,and they insisted on their cooks'sticking to theirroutine.Their new drive-in became incredibly popular,particularlyfor lunch.People drove up by the hundreds during the busy noontime.The self-service restaurant was so popular that the brothers hadallowed ten copies of their restaurant to be opened.They were contentwith this modest success untilthey met Ray Kroc.Geng duo yuan xiaowan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guomian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Kroc was a salesman who met the McDonald brothers in1954,whenhe was selling milk shake-mixing machines.He quickly saw the uniqueappeal of the brothers'fast-food restaurants and bought the rightto franchise(特许经营other copies of their restaurants.The agreement struck included the right to duplicate the menu.The equipment,even their red and white buildings with the golden arches(拱门.Today McDonald's is really a household name.Its names for its sandwiches have come to mean hamburger in the decades since the day Ray Kroc watched people rush up to order fifteen-cent hamburgers.In 1976,McDonald's had over$1billion in total sales.Its first twenty-two years is one of the most incredible success stories in modern American business history.1.This passage mainly talks about.Athe development of fast food servicesBhow McDonald's became a billion-dollar businessCthe business careers of Mac and Dick McDonaldDRay Kroc's business talent2.Mac and Dick managed all of the following businesses except.Aa drive-inBa cinemaCa theaterDa barbecue restaurant3.We may infer from this passage that.AMac and Dick McDonald never became wealthy for they sold their idea to KrocBThe location the McDonalds chose was the only source of the great popularity of their drive-inCForty years ago there were numerous fast-food restaurantsDRay Kroc was a good businessman4.The passage suggests that.Acreativity is an important element of business successBRay Kroc was the close partner of the McDonald brothersCMac and Dick McDonald became broken after they sold their ideas to Ray Kroc DCalifornia is the best place to go into business5.As used in the second sentence of the third paragraph,the worduniquemeans. AspecialBfinancialCattractiveDpeculiarPassage11.C2.B3.D4.A5.D本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
复旦大学考博英语词汇练习题及参考资
复旦大学考博英语词汇练习题及参照资料( 10 ) 一、根据复旦大学考博英语考试大纲规定,每年词汇题共30小题，每题0.5分，共15分。
估计测试时间（25分钟）如下为华慧考博网教务辅导团体编著资料。
241. One of his eyes was injured in an accident, but after a __ operation, he quickly recovered hissight.[ A ] precise [ B ] considerate[ C ] delicate [ D ] sensitive242. There's a whole __ of bills waiting to be paid.[ A ] stock [ B ] stack[ C ] number [ D ] sequence243. Please come and help me with this form because I don't know how toit.[ A ] set about [ B ] set off[ C ] set aside [ D ] set up244. Your story about the frog turning into a prince is __ nonsense.[ A ] shear [ B ] sheer[ C ] shield [ D ] sheet245. There is no easy solution to Japan's labor __[ A ] decline [ B ] vacancy[ C ] rarity [ D ] shortage246. If businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to work hard, with the resultthat incomes from taxation might actually[ A ] shrink [ 8 ] delay[ C ] disperse [ D ] sink247. A ~ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval.[ A ] shorthand [ B ] scheme[ C ] schedule [ D ] sketch248. My boss has always attended to the ~ of important business himself.[ A ] transaction [ B ] stimulation[ C ] transition [ D ] solution249. This book is a of radio scripts, in which we seek to explain how the words and expressions become part of our language.[ A ] collection [ B ] publication[ C ] volume [ D ] stack250. All parts of this sewing machine are __ so that it is very simple to get replacements for them.[ A ] mechanized [ B ] minimized[ C ] modernized [ D ] standardized251. The tragedy of the Challenger ~ an ongoing controversy on all aspects of America's spaceprogram.[ A ] arose [ B ] ignited[ C ] resulted [ D ] started252. John found a lost dog on the street and the local station to broadcast a poignant appeal forthe dog's owner to come forward.[ A ] informed [ B ] reminded[ C ] notified [ D ] startled253. The newly-buih Science Building seems __ enough to last a hundred years.[ A ] spacious [ B ] sophisticated[ C ] substantial [ D ] steady254. He failed to can3, ont some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to the conse-quences.[ A ] answer for [ B ] run into[ C ] abide by [ D ] step into255. You must stick to the plan, whatever happens.[ A ] severely [ B ] rigidly[ C ] strongly [ D ] stiffly256. As an excellent shooter, Peter practiced aiming at both targets and moving targets.[ A ] stationary [ B ] standing[ C ] stable [ D ] still257. The survey found that Hungary __ as the most environment-conscious country of East Europe.[ A ] broke out [ B ] held ont[ C ] ran ont [ D ] stood ont258. The gloves were really too small, and it was only by __ them that I managed to get them on.[ A ] spreading [ B ] extending[ C ] squeezing [ D ] stretching259. He underwent four operations in two weeks.[ A ] excessive [ B ] extensive[ C ] intensive [ D ] successive260. The book contained a large __ of information.[ A ] deal [ B ] amount[ C ] number [ D ] sam261. The California forest fires, which were regarded yesterday as 'almost under control, __ againduring the night.[ A ] flared up [ B ] kept up[ C ] sent over [ D ] swept through262. Communication is the process of a message from a source to an audience via a channel.[ A ] transmitting [ B ] submitting[ C ] transforming [ D ] switching263. Parents have a legal to ensure that their children are provided with efficient education suit-able to their age.[ A ] impulse [ B ] obligation[ C ] influence [ D ] sympathy264. Bob was completely __ by the robber's disguise.[ A ] taken away [ B ] taken down[ C ] taken to [ D ] taken in265. Jim isn't , but he did badly in the final exams last semester.[ A ] gloomy [ B ] dull[ C ] awkward [ D ] tedious266. I am sure 1 can him into letting us stay in the hotel for the night.[ A ] speak [ B ] talk[ C ] say [ D ] tell267. The neighborhood boys like to play basketball on that __ lot.[ A ] valid [ B ] vain[ C ] vacant [ D ] vague268. After having gone __ far, George did not want to turn back.[ A ] enough [ B ] much[ C ] such [ D ] that269. If English is not our first language you can often be puzzled by ways of expression that the nativespeaker of English does not even have to __[ A ] think ont [ B ] think about[ C ] think over [ D ] think for270. The political future of the president is now hanging by a __[ A ] rope [ B ] cord[ C ] string [ D ] thread。
复旦大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析
复旦大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析Flatfish,such as the flounder,are among the few vertebrates thatlack approximate bilateral symmetry(symmetry in which structures tothe left and right of the body’s midline are mirror images).Moststriking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish iseye placement:before maturity one eye migrates,so that in an adultflatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.While in mostspecies with asymmetries virtually all adults share the same Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi asymmetry,membersof the starry flounder species can be either left-eyed(both eyes onthe left side of head)or right-eyed.In the waters between the UnitedStates and Japan,the starry flounder populations vary from about50percent left-eyed off the United States West Coast,through about70percent left-eyed halfway between the United States and Japan,tonearly100percent left-eyed off the Japanese coast.Biologists call this kind of gradual variation over a certaingeographic range a“cline”and interpret clines as strongindications that the variation is adaptive,a response toenvironmental differences.For the starry flounder thisinterpretation implies that a geometric difference(between fish thatare mirror images of one another)is adaptive,that left-eyedness inthe Japanese starry flounder has been selected for,which provokesa perplexing question:what is the selective advantage in having botheyes on one side rather than on the other?The ease with which a fish can reverse the effect of the sidedness of its eye asymmetry simply by turning around has caused biologists to study internal anatomy,especially the optic nerves,for the answer. In all flatfish the optic nerves cross,so that the right optic nerve is joined to the brain’s left side and vice versa.This crossing introduces an asymmetry,as one optic nerve must cross above or below the other.G.H.Parker reasoned that if,for example,a flatfish’s left eye migrated when the right optic nerve was on top,there would be a twisting of nerves,which might be mechanically disadvantageous. For starry flounders,then,the left-eyed variety would be selected against,since in a starry flounder the left optic nerve is uppermost.The problem with the above explanation is that the Japanese starry flounder population is almost exclusively left-eyed,and natural selection never promotes a purely less advantageous variation.As other explanations proved equally untenable,biologists concluded that there is no important adaptive difference between left-eyedness and right-eyedness,and that the two characteristics are genetically associated with some other adaptively significant characteristic. This situation is one commonly encountered by evolutionary biologists, who must often decide whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral.As for the left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish, their difference,however striking,appears to be an evolutionary red herring.1.According to the text,starry flounder differ form most other species of flatfish in that starry flounder[A]are not basically bilaterally symmetric.[B]do not become asymmetric until adulthood.[C]do not all share the same asymmetry.[D]have both eyes on the same side of the head.2.Which of the following best describes the organization of the text as a whole?[A]A phenomenon is described and an interpretation presented and rejected.[B]A generalization is made and supporting evidence is supplied and weighed.[C]A contradiction is noted and a resolution is suggested and then modified.[D]A series of observations is presented and explained in terms of the dominant theory.3.The text supplies information for answering which of the following questions?[A]Why are Japanese starry flounder mostly left-eyed?[B]Why should the eye-sidedness in starry flounder be considered selectively neutral?[C]Why have biologists recently become interested in whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral?[D]How do the eyes in flatfish migrate?4.Which of the following is most clearly similar to a cline as it is described in the second paragraph of the text?[A]A vegetable market in which the various items are grouped according to place of origin.[B]A wheat field in which different varieties of wheat are planted to yield a crop that will bring the maximum profit.[C]A flower stall in which the various species of flowers are arranged according to their price.[D]A housing development in which the length of the front struts supporting the porch of each house increases as houses are built up the hill.5.Which of the following phrases from the text best expresses the author’s conclusion about the meaning of the difference between left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish?[A]“Most striking”(line3,paragraph1)[B]“variation is adaptive”(line2,paragraph2)[C]“mechanically disadvantageous”(line7,paragraph3)[D]“evolutionary red herring”(line9,paragraph4)[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】C【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。