吐血推荐方考研英语笔记清华
考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记（一）
众所周知，考研是⼈⽣的⼀次重新洗牌和重⼤机遇，⽽在考研的四门课程中，英语成了许多考⽣前进征途上的⼀只凶猛拦路虎和⼗分困难的羁跘与障碍。
详细分析历年考研英语试卷，⼜可以发现主要⽭盾在于阅读（占60％的分数），故可谓：得阅读者得天下。
阅读的60分细分为Part A、Part B 和Part C，其中Part A为四篇阅读理解，占40分，是阅读理解考试中的主战场。
那么，阅读Part A有没有什么技巧呢？ 技巧⼀：看懂 阅读理解其实主要考的是“阅读”之后的“理解”，所以，看得懂乃是第⼀项技巧。
任何⼀篇⽂章，若要能看懂它，⾄少需要两个条件：认识单词和看明⽩句⼦。
单词就像盖房的砖⽡，考研词汇⼤约为5500个，这不是⼀个⼩数字，也并⾮三两天时间可以记住的，所以，考⽣必须先买⼀本考研英语词汇书进⾏系统、长期的学习和记忆。
（推荐《考研英语词汇真题词频语境记忆》，该书打破了传统考研词汇书按字母顺序排序的做法，⽽是采⽤历年真题作为单词出现频率的统计依据，将所有⼤纲单词及超纲单词按照历年真题出现的频率从⾼到低排列，⽽且全部按照考过的不同词义配不同的真题例句，可以使学⽣⽤最少的时间获得的学习效果）。
拿到词汇书之后，⾸先⽤⼤约⼀周的时间把这些单词中你根本不认识的挑出来，如rear，tedious，deteriorate，plausible，jargon，isotope，……，（因为这些单词你可能完全不认识，看到之后两眼漆⿊，所以称之为“⿊”字）。
“⿊”字是阅读的头⼀个障碍，单词不认识，句⼦当然看不懂，所以，消灭“⿊”字是当务之急。
（争取⽤⼀个⽉左右的时间消灭它们！） 考研词汇中，除“⿊”字外，还有⼤量意思⾮常明⽩的所谓“⽩”字，如：able，benefit，culture，space，topic，……。
此类单词可⼀掠⽽过，除“⿊”（完全不认识）和“⽩”（完全明⽩）字两类外，还有许多似会不会的“灰”字，如：treaty，tutor，sample，saddle，fuss，……。
19清华五道口Z同学经验分享——备战6个月成功上岸
标题：考研人的故事|一战六个月考取清华金融专硕，时间规划与备考经验分享作者：凯程集训营Z同学个人信息：本科财经大学金融学专业，一战考取清华金融专硕，备考时报名凯程半年特录班（包含从暑期到复试全程线下教学和网课回看）。
报考原因：首先，自己非常喜欢清华大学，而考研到清华大学是相对高考来说稍微简单的选择。
其次，清华大学无论数学三还是金融学综合，都以计算为主，需要背诵的内容较少，我认为较为适合我。
最后，自己本科学习金融学专业，对金融学并不反感，并且清华专业课在本科期间全部学过，因此选择了考研金融专硕。
初试准备：我从寒假决定考研，上半年主要工作为进行考研择校，考研资料收集，考研时间规划等等，真正学习的内容很少。
七月到凯程考研正式开始准备，相对很多人来说备考时间较短。
每天早上七点前起床，中午午休一个小时，晚上十二点睡觉，到考前一直坚持下来，比较规律。
暑假集训期间每周休息半天，用来睡觉、逛街、看电影等等。
暑期集训结束之后在学校休息了四五天，几乎是完全放松的状态。
百日集训期间每两周休息一天或半天，基本上是一直高度集中精力学习的。
下面我将具体讲一下我的考研科目备考方法。
政治：推荐资料：凯程考研政治讲义《肖秀荣精讲精练》《肖秀荣1000题》《肖秀荣知识点提要》《肖秀荣四套卷》《肖秀荣八套卷》《肖秀荣形势与政策热点》《高教社大纲解析》备考过程：我是理科生八月开始学习政治，个人感觉八月开始是比较合理的，太早复习政治记不下来，太晚复习后期会很慌。
每天学习两个小时左右，一般安排在早上，晚上睡前会顺便看一些知识点。
课程只听了凯程考研的张鑫老师和卢营老师的暑期课，打下了不错的基础。
因为马原很难理解，张鑫老师讲的很专业，对我帮助非常大。
练习题只做了肖秀荣老师的所有题。
我的政治学习主要有三轮:第一轮：看视频课。
我比较习惯1.5倍速看政治视频课，看完一章做1000题中对应的部分，仔细理解答案的意思。
同时可以参考肖秀荣精讲精练，以查漏补缺。
最新有道考神考研英语成长笔记---完型翻译讲义
完型篇【英语一】（一）Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10Points)As many people hit middle age,they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be.We suddenly can’t remember__1__we put the keys just a moment ago,or an old acquaintance’s name,or the name of an old band we used to love.As the brain__2__,we refer to these occurrences as“senior moments.”__3__seemingly innocent,this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an)__4__impact on our professional,social,and personal__5__.Neuroscientists,experts who study the nervous system,are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It__6__out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do,and the right mental__7__can significantly improve our basic cognitive__8__.Thinking is essentially a__9__of makingconnections in the brain.To a certain extent,our ability to__10__in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited.__11__, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate__12 __mental effort.Now,a new Web-based company has taken it a step__13__and developed the first“brain training program”designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental__14__.The Web-based program__15__you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills.The program keeps__16__of your progress and provides detailed feedback__17__your performance and improvement.Most importantly,it__18__modifies and enhances the games you play to__19__on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n)__20__exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses3.[A]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures7.[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations8.[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion9.[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process10.[A]persist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature11.[A]Therefore[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]However12.[A]according to[B]regardless of[C]apart from[D]instead of13.[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around14.[A]sharpness[B]stability[C]framework[D]flexibility15.[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows16.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on18.[A]irregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take20.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiar（二）Section1Use of EnglishDirections:Readthe following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET__1__. (10points)Though not biologically related,friends are as"related"as fourth cousins,sharing about1%of genes.That is1a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,has__2__.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted__3__1932unique subjects which__4__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both__5__.While1%may seem__6__,it is not so to a geneticist.As co-author of the study James Fowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says,"Most people do not even__7__their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who__8__our kin."The team also developed a"friendship score"which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.The study__9__found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity.Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain,for now.__10__,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more__11__it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that__12__us in choosing genetically similar friends__13__than"functional kinship"of being friends with__14__!One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving__15__than other genes.Studying this could help__16__why human evolution picked pace in the last30,000years, with social environment being a major__17__factor.The findings do not simply corroborate people’s__18__to befriend those of similar__19__backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction,care was taken to__20__that all subjects,friends and strangers were taken from the same population.The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.1.[A]what[B]why[C]how[D]when2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised3.[A]for[B]with[C]by[D]on4.[A]separated[B]sought[C]compared[D]connected5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]know[D]seek8.[A]surpass[B]influence[C]favor[D]resemble9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like12.[A]limit[B]observe[C]confuse[D]drive13.[A]according to[B]rather than[C]regardless of[D]along with14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]benefits[D]missions15.[A]faster[B]slower[C]later[D]earlier16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]express[D]understand17.[A]unpredicted[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive18.[A]tendency[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]endeavor19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell（三）Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)In Cambodia,the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involve not only his parents and his friends,__1__those of the young woman,but also a matchmaker.A young man can__2__a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to__3__the marriage negotiations,or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse,giving the child little to say in the selection.__4__,a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.__5__a spouse has been selected,each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying__6__a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.Formerly it lasted three days,__7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and__8__prayers of blessing. Par--ts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists,and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the__11__.Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may__12__with them up to a year,__13__they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to__14__,but not common.Divorced persons are__15__with some disapproval.Each spouse retains ___16___property he or she__17__into the marriage,and jointly-acquired property is__18__equally.Divorced persons may remarry,but a gender prejudice__19__up.The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry__20__the woman must wait ten months.1.[A]by way of[B]with regard to[C]on behalf of[D]as well as2.[A]decide on[B]provide for[C]compete with[D]adapt to3.[A]close[B]arrange[C]renew[D]postpone4.[A]In theory[B]Above all[C]In time[D]For example5.[A]Unless[B]Less[C]After[D]Although6.[A]into[B]within[C]from[D]through7.[A]or[B]since[C]but[D]so8.[A]test[B]copy[C]recite[D]create9.[A]folding[B]piling[C]wrapping[D]tying10.[A]passing[B]lighting[C]hiding[D]serving11.[A]association[B]meeting[C]collection[D]union12.[A]deal[B]part[C]grow[D]live13.[A]whereas[B]until[C]for[D]if14.[A]avoid[B]follow[C]challenge[D]obtain15.[A]isolated[B]persuaded[C]viewed[D]exposed16.[A]wherever[B]whatever[C]whenever[D]however17.[A]changed[B]brought[C]shaped[D]pushed18.[A]invested[B]divided[C]donated[D]withdrawn19.[A]warms[B]clears[C]shows[D]breaks20.[A]while[B]so that[C]once[D]in that【英语二】（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following passage.For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l.(10points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global pandemic on June11,2009.It is the first worldwide epidemic___1___by the World Health Organization in41years.The heightened alert___2___an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising___3___in Britain,Japan,Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is"___4___"in severity,according to Margaret Chan,the organization's director general,___5___the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the___6___of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global___7___in late April2009,when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths___8___healthy adults.As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic,cases began to___9___in New York City,the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States,new cases seemed to fade___10___warmer weather arrived.But in late September2009,officials reported there was___11___flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the ___12___tested are the new swine flu,also known as(A)H1N1,not seasonal flu.In the U.S.,it has___13___more than one million people, and caused more than600deaths and more than6,000hospitalizations.Federal health officials___14___Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began___15___orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.The new vaccine,which is different from the annual flu vaccine,is___16___ahead of expectations.More than three million doses were to be made available in early October2009,though most of those___17___doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not___18___for pregnant women,people over50or those with breathing difficulties,heart disease or several other___19___.But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group:health care workers,people___20___infants and healthy young people.1.[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented[D]designated2.[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]followed[D]prompted3.[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts[D]sums4.[A]moderate[B]normal[C]unusual[D]extreme5.[A]with[B]in[C]from[D]by6.[A]progress[B]absence[C]presence[D]favor7.[A]reality[B]phenomenon[C]concept[D]notice8.[A]over[B]numbers[C]among[D]to9.[A]stay up[B]crop up[C]fill up[D]cover up10[A]as[B]if[C]unless[D]until11[A]excessive[B]enormous[C]significant[D]magnificent 12[A]categories[B]examples[C]patterns[D]samples13[A]imparted[B]immersed[C]injected[D]infected14[A]released[B]relayed[C]relieved[D]remained15[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking[D]giving16[A]feasible[B]available[C]reliable[D]applicable17[A]prevalent[B]principal[C]innovative[D]initial18[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended[D]introduced 19[A]problems[B]issues[C]agonies[D]sufferings20[A]involve in[B]caring for[C]concerned with[D]warding off（二）Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Thinner isn’t always better.A number of studies have__1___that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually___2___.For example,heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___of good health.Of even greater___5___is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.It is often defined___6___body mass index,or BMI. BMI___7___body mass divided by the square of height.An adult with a BMI of18to25is often considered to be normal weight.Between25 and30is overweight.And over30is considered obese.Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese,severely obese,and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem___9___,they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat.Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,___10___others with a low BMI may be in poor___11___.For example,many collegiate and professional football players12as obese,though their percentage body fat is low.Conversely,someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a13BMI.Today we have a(an)___14___to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes___15___in the media with their faces covered.Stereotypes___16___with obesity include laziness,lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. ___17___very young children tend to look down on the overweight,and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity,___18___in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity___19___.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities.Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign___20___childhood obesity,even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1.[A]denied[B]conduced[C]doubled[D]ensured2.[A]protective[B]dangerous[C]sufficient[D]troublesome3.[A]Instead[B]However[C]Likewise[D]Therefore4.[A]indicator[B]objective[C]origin[D]example5.[A]impact[B]relevance[C]assistance[D]concern6.[A]in terms of[B]in case of[C]in favor of[D]in of7.[A]measures[B]determines[C]equals[D]modifies8.[A]in essence[B]in contrast[C]in turn[D]in part9.[A]complicated[B]conservative[C]variable[D]straightforward10.[A]so[B]unlike[C]since[D]unless11.[A]shape[B]spirit[C]balance[D]taste12.[A]start[B]quality[C]retire[D]stay13.[A]strange[B]changeable[C]normal[D]constant14.[A]option[B]reason[C]opportunity[D]tendency15.[A]employed[B]pictured[C]imitated[D]monitored16.[A]compared[B]combined[C]settled[D]associated17.[A]Even[B]Still[C]Yet[D]Only18.[A]despised[B]corrected[C]ignored[D]grounded19.[A]discussions[B]businesses[C]policies[D]studies20.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]without翻译篇【英语一】（一）Within the span of a hundred years,in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries,a tide of emigration-one of the great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America.1)This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivation,built a nation out of a wilderness and,by its nature,shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.2)The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas,customs,and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modifiedthese traits.Of necessity,colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen,Frenchmen, Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.3)But,the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America,the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another,and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw,new continent caused significant changes.These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible.But the result was a new social pattern which,although it resembled European society in many ways,had a character that was distinctly American.4)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America.In the meantime,thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico,the West Indies,and South America.These travelers to North America came in small,unmercifully overcrowded craft.During their six-to twelve-week voyage,they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them.Many of the ships were lost in storms,many passengers died of disease,and infants rarely survived the journey.Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course,and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief,”said one recorder of events,“The air at twelve leagues’distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.”The colonists’first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.5) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.Here was the raw material of houses and furniture,ships and potash,dyes and naval stores.（二）Mental health is our birthright.(1)we don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy,it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend,a broken bone.Mental health can't be learned,only reawakened.It is like immune system of the body,which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us.When we don't understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it,mental health will remain hidden from us.(2)Our mental health doesn't go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud,it can be temporarily hidden from view,but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem-confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense.It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously,to laugh at ourselves,to see the bigger picture,and to see that things will work out.It's a form of innate or unlearned optimism.(3) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles,with kindness if they are in pain,and with unconditional love no matter who they are.Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems,resolving conflict,making our surroundings more beautiful,managing our home life,or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier.It gives us patience for ourselves.And toward others as well as patience while driving,catching a fish,working on our car,or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature,in culture,in the flow of our daily lives.(4)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong,good from bad, friend from foe.Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct,wisdom,common sense,or the inner voice,we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought.(5)As you will cometo see,knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.（三）(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international,economic,technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market,and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures.Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations.Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves,such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages,such as Spanish,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese,French and German,spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly&1.3billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to&10billion a year more.As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue,especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50)It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment.That is a necessary and practical approach.In this as in much else,those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.【英语二】（一）When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain,Canada Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate.A big survey of Indian households in2004found that nearly40%of emigrants had more than ahigh-school education,compared with around3.3%of all Indians over the age of25.The“brain drain”has long bothered policymakers in poor countries.They fear that it hurts their economies,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.（二）I can pick a date from the past53years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week.I’ve been able to do this since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly.When I think of a sad memory,I do what everyone does-try to put it to one side.I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer.Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acture or vivid.I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hosptibal the day before.I also remember that the musical paly Hamopened on the Broadway on the same day-they both just pop into my mind in the same way.（三）Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy,with a glass that’s perpetually half full.But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend.“Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,”says Tal Ben-Shahar,a Harvard professor.According to Ben-Shahar,realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen,but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises.When he feels down–say, after giving a bad lecture–he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner;some will be less effective than others.Next is reconstruction.He analyzes the weak lecture,learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t.Finally,there is perspective,which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life,one lecture really doesn’t matter.。
考研英语(一)冲刺复习资料：漫画作文必背模板4
凯程考研历史悠久，专注考研，科学应试，严格管理，成就学员！考研英语(一)冲刺复习资料：漫画作文必背模板4考研英语(一)冲刺作文背诵资料高分作文必背范文模板编著：王桂星(四)中性偏积极话题(文化融合)描述段：The above drawing vividly presents an interesting but thought-provoking scene, in which there is a “cultural hotpot”, containing various cultural elements, such as Kung fu, Beijing Opera, and Shakespeare. The caption below the picture reads, “The cultural hotpot is not only delicious but also nutritious. (10年文化火锅) Simple as the cartoon is, what is conveyed in it is thought-provoking/thought-stimulating.阐释段—因果法(侧重文化融合的积极意义)This picture is really a thought-stimulating thought-feast, for it does provide much food for my thought. It is a mirror, reflecting that diverse cultures among the world have become increasingly integrated/ blended. Cultural integration has already brought a host of benefits to nations taking part in this prevailing trend. For one thing, there is no denying that cultural exchanges can not only boost understanding and respecting between each other, but also enhance cooperation and friendship among nations, which is beneficial to the establishment of a harmonious world.(宏观意义) For another, the integration of diverse cultures enables nations to take a page from the merits of other cultures, hence, boost cultural diversity and cultural prosperity at home.(微观意义)若分析中国传统文化影响力越来越大，第二段可采用因果法，分析其原因(如2002年“美国女孩穿着中国少数民族服装”)This picture is really a thought-stimulating thought-feast, for it does provide much food for my thought. It is a mirror, reflecting that the Chinese traditional culture has become increasingly influential and more and more visitors are fascinated with traditional Chinese culture. Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. On the one hand, with the process of globalization developing rapidly, various cultures among the world have become increasingly integrated, thus the Chinese traditional culture will certainly go international and be widely appreciated by overseas visitors. (宏观原因)On the other hand, since recent years have witnessed a rapid growth of our national凯程考研历史悠久，专注考研，科学应试，严格管理，成就学员！economy, China is playing an increasingly important role on international stage, as a result of which, more and more international guests are eager to visit our old mysterious land and know more about our splendid cultures. (微观原因)注：若漫画反映“传统文化逐渐流失”，第二段则采用中性模板的第二段，先分析文化融合的宏观微观意义，再点明其可能引发的消极影响。
考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记（十一）
TEXT 4 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder.Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago.But not even a great health care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.The most obvious example is late stage cancer care.Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. In 1950, the US spent ＄12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be ＄1540 billion.Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-say 83 or so.Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive.At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere 68 year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have. Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives. 56. What is implied in the first sentence? ［A］ Americans are better prepared for death than other people. ［B］ Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before. ［C］ Americans are over confident of their medical technology. ［D］ Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy. 57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that . ［A］ medical resources are often wasted ［B］ doctors are helpless against fatal diseases ［C］ some treatments are too aggressive ［D］ medical costs are becoming unaffordable 58. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of . ［A］ strong disapproval ［B］ reserved consent ［C］ slight contempt ［D］ enthusiastic support 59. In contrast to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care . ［A］ more flexibly ［B］ more extravagantly ［C］ more cautiously ［D］ more reasonably 60. The text intends to express the idea that . ［A］ medicine will further prolong people's lives ［B］ life beyond a certain limit is not worth living ［C］ death should be accepted as a fact of life ［D］ excessive demands increase the cost of health careachieve12 v.①完成，实现；②达到，达成，获得 aggressive5 a.①侵略的，好⽃的；②⼤胆的，积极的 attitude14 n.①（to，towards）态度，看法；②姿势 author69 n.①作者；②创始⼈ billion11 num./n.［美］⼗亿，［英］万亿 cancer11 n.癌 chair4 n.①椅⼦；②主席（职位）；vt.主持，担任 claim12 v.①要求；②声称，主张；③索赔；n.①要求；②主张，断⾔；③索赔；④权利，要求权，所有权 conclude5 v.①结束，终结；②断定，下结论；③缔结，议定 confident3 a.（of，in）确信的，⾃信的 confront3 v.①使⾯临，使遭遇；②⾯对（危险等） consent3 v./n.（to）同意，赞成，答应 contempt4 n.轻蔑，藐视 contrast5 v.对⽐，对照；n.对⽐，对照，差异 court10 n.①法院，法庭；②宫廷，朝廷；③院⼦；④球场 doctor12 n.①博⼠；②医⽣；v.伪造，篡改 dramatic4 a.①戏剧的，戏剧性的；②剧烈的，激进的；③显著的，引⼈注⽬的 energetic2 a.有⼒的，精⼒旺盛的 enthusiastic2 a.热情的，热⼼的 excessive3 a.过多的，过分的来源:考试⼤ express4 v.表达，表⽰；a.特快的，快速的；n.快车，快运 failure6 n.①失败，不及格；②失败者；③故障，失灵；④未能 fatal4 a.致命的，毁灭性的 finite2 a.有限的 former10 a.①前任的；②以前的，在前的；pron.前者 frustrate1 v.挫败，阻挠，使灰⼼ fund14 n.资⾦，基⾦；v.资助，投资 governor1 n.总督，州（省）长 hip2 n.髋部；a.时髦的 humble2 a.①谦卑的，恭顺的；②低下的，卑微的；v.降低，贬抑 ideal5 a.①理想的，完美的；②空想的；③理想主义的；④唯⼼的；n.理想 imply12 v.意指，含...意思，暗⽰ inevitable5 a.不可避免的，必然发⽣的 intend15 v.想要，打算，企图 justice2 n.①公正，公平；②审判，司法；③法官 justify8 v.证明...是正当的，认为有理 measure14 v.测量；n.①尺⼨，⼤⼩；②［常pl.］措施，办法；③法案，法律规定 mere7 a.①纯粹的；②仅仅，只不过 obvious13 a.明显的，显⽽易见的 optional1 a.可以任选的，⾮强制的 painful5 a.疼痛的，使痛苦的 perish1 v.①丧⽣；②凋谢；③毁灭，消亡 physician10 n.内科医⽣ potential13 a.①潜在的，可能的；②势的，位的；n.潜能，潜⼒ procedure4 n.程序，⼿续，步骤 productive4 a.⽣产（性）的，能产的，多产的 prolong3 v.拉长，延长 proof2 n.①证据，证明；②校样，样张 pursuit6 n.①追赶，追求；②职业，⼯作 quest3 n.寻求 quote5 v.引⽤，援 reality10 n.①现实，实际；②真实 remark7 n.（about，on）评语，议论，意见；v.①（on）评论，谈论；②注意到，察觉 replace7 v.①放回，替换，取代；②归还 reserve2 n.①储备（物），储藏量，储备⾦；②缄默，谨慎；v.①保留，储备；②预定，预约 resource7 n.①［pl.］资源，财⼒；②办法，智谋；③应变能⼒；④设备 reverse1 n.①相反，反转，颠倒；②背⾯，后⾯；a.相反的，倒转的；v.颠倒，倒转，（使）倒退 scholar5 n.学者 sentence9 n.①句⼦；②判决，宣判；v.宣判，判决 shield2 n.①防护物，护罩；②盾，盾状物；v.保护，防护 solve9 v.解决，解答 supreme2 a.①极度的，最重要的；②⾄⾼的，的 surgeon1 n.外科医⽣ sustain5 v.①⽀撑，撑住；②维持，持续，经受，忍耐 system31 n.①系统，体系；②制度，体制 technology27 n.⼯艺，技术 therapy2 n.治疗，理疗 threaten8 v.①恐吓，威胁；②有...危险，快要来临 trend12 n.倾向，趋势；v.伸向，倾向 unlikely5 a.未必的，靠不住的 vain2 a.①徒劳的，徒然的；②⾃负的，虚荣的；n.徒劳，⽩费 worth5 n.价值；a.值得的 advance10 v.①前进，进展；②推进，促进；③提出（建议等）；④提前；n.①前进，进展；②预付，预⽀ cataract1 n.①⼤瀑布；②⽩内障 cautiously1 ad.慎重地 clinical1 a.临床的 consumer20 n.消费者 dazzlingly1 ad.灿烂地，耀眼地 depression2 n.①沮丧，消沉；②（经济）萧条，不景⽓ disapproval1 n.不赞成 disintegrate1 vt.（使）分解，（使）碎裂 expectancy2 n.期待，期望 extravagantly1 ad.挥霍⽆度地 flexibly1 ad.易曲地，柔软地 genetically2 ad.遗传地 inability1 n.⽆能，⽆⼒ ineffective2 a.⽆效的 infirm1 a.弱的，不坚固的，柔弱的 leader10 n. overfund1 vt.对...提供充⾜资⾦ productively1 ad.有结果地，有成果地 reasonably2 ad.适度地，相当地 routinely1 ad.例⾏公事地 surgical1 a.外科的，⼿术上的；n.外科病房，外科⼿术 treatment7 n.待遇，对待，处理，治疗 unaffordable1 a.供应不起的 underfund1 vt.投资不⾜ unimaginable2 a.，想不到的，不可思议的 unsustainable1 a.不能成⽴的，不能⽀持的 难句1 Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. ［结构分析］ 1. 本句主⼲结构为：... we demand everything ... ； 2. everything后⾯是that引导的定语从句，that在从句中作主语； 3. 第⼀个逗号前为过去分词短语shielded引导的状语成分，第⼆个逗号后⾯是even if引导的让步状语从句； ［本句难点］主要是过去分词作状语，以及定语从句的⽤法； ［⽅法对策］抓住句⼦主⼲，然后再分析状语等其他成分； ［例句精译］由于医疗费⽤由第三⽅⽀付，我们常常要求⽤尽所有的医疗⼿段，即使它们不会有任何作⽤。
清华考研英语83分-经验与心得
英语考研心得（作者：张全军，本文知识产权归作者所有，任何非经授权的转载和其他商业使用都将视为非法，如需要商业使用或交流，请登录 ，给作者留言）一、 考研的复习计划☆参考他人经验结合自己的实际情况进行规划关于全年的复习计划，一般都是在大三的第二学期开始，全力复习；但个人人为，可根据个人考研的目的和目标学校、时间和机会成本（下文将对此进行详述）、个人职业和家庭规划、家庭承受能力等都需要统筹核算，在此基础上确定什么时候考，什么时候开始准备。
要视个人的情况尽量前提开始准备的时间。
但千万不能因为对某一科非常有信心有大学成绩造成的心理优势，尤其是英语（下文将对此作深入分析），而作出各科的复习时间安排；☆不一定有一个明确的大时间规划如果明确每天的复习安排，特别是划分各科时间的话，可能不利于结合自己的状态和复习进度进行统筹安排。
比如在英语的阅读理解真题分析中，发现了某一种规律性的题目设计思路，那么可以拿出一天的时间来找更多的真题，做更细致和全面的分析，从而强化和固化自己的发现，如果是规律性的，那么更应该举一反三，可能会发现更多的规律性的出题人出题或者谋篇的规律。
换句话说，状态来了的时候，就灵活的让这个状态保持越长时间，那么从整体复习上讲越有利。
☆衡量规划安排好坏的标准全年的复习计划最终以造成一种最佳应试状态为标准，这个标准个人认为，应当是充实、无畏而又谦虚谨慎的，拿阅读理解来说，就是完全进入一种见题就分析，错题就查找原因，找完原因再根据自己的判断，对文章内容要不要对好的短语，段落切割背诵，要不要再在此基础上自己设问更多的问题，是不是找一段跟题干有关的难度比较大的段落或句子进行翻译训练。
就是综合利用、循环利用和彻底利用。
☆且忌1.消极心态，三天打鱼两天晒网；待详述！2. 投机心理，考研的最大特殊性至少有两点：i.首次在无人指点、安排、教授甚至管束的状态下自主复习和考试。
因此，包括专业、复习计划、复习方法都需要自己去安排和摸索，因此，需要通过有考研经验的人了解，通过他们的经验或教训，使得自己的方法对路，计划合理，专业选择与未来的职业和人生规划相结合；自我控制和约束能力的提升。
考研英语笔记方法
考研英语笔记方法考研英语笔记方法篇11、做笔记不是简单的抄书抄书不是没有一点用，但是效率太低。
如果觉得书上有大段的原话比较好，可以直接在书本上划线，同时笔记上注明参考哪本书的哪一页，并且思考它有可能出题的方向!2、建议第一遍看书的时候先不要着急做笔记因为你还不知道什么是重点，什么是难点。
看书的时候，可以顺手在书上做标记，当时是一些大点以及对于自己比较难理解的地方(定义、人物、理论要点、实验名称等等用不同的符号标出)，有什么问题或者感想也可以写在书的空白处。
最好能养成看完每一大段的时候，在书上用一句话总结大意。
这样可以保持看书时候的注意力集中。
3、如果现在才开始复习最好能做框架图逻辑图那样的笔记，包括这本书有哪些章节，分别可以归到大纲的哪个知识点下面。
每个章节包含哪些要点，可以尝试用自己的话进行概括帮助理解，但是要保证自己答题是按照专业的语言去记忆的!4、一个小技巧就是，第一遍做笔记的时候，旁边留一条空白，或者只写在单面上这样以后再看书，或者看其他书，就可以在原有笔记上进行补充。
由于学科中的一些参考书需要几本，特别是心理学的实验，会有2到3本不同教材，每本教材章节排列也会有所不同，所以笔记最好是按照考试大纲来排列，便于今后知识点的查找。
用便利贴进行补充是另外一种方法。
5、等看完一两遍书之后，要对知识进行整合。
这个时候就要以专题的形式进行总结。
例如比较典型的是发展心理学，可以对个体的生理发展、言语发展、认知发展、社会性发展、自我发展等专题进行整理，同时进行横向与纵向的比较。
另外，又比如各种统计方法的适用条件以及基本步骤，实验设计的不同方法优缺点以及相应的统计方法等等，都可以根据自己的需要以及掌握程度进行梳理、总结。
6、在临近考试时，需要自己全面地梳理哪些知识点是可能会考简答与综述的，罗列出记忆块，然后逐个强化记忆。
7、一定要时常回顾自己的笔记，否则做笔记也失去了它的意义。
尤其在后期复习的时候，笔记会成为你主要的复习材料。
清华北大考研英语作文范文
清华北大考研英语作文范文With the increasing number of candidates applying for postgraduate studies in renowned Chinese universities like Tsinghua University and Peking University, the competition for admission has become fiercer than ever. Therefore, it is crucial for applicants to prepare themselves with strong skills and qualifications to stand out from the crowd.To begin with, a solid academic background is a prerequisite. This includes a comprehensive understanding of the knowledge and skills essential for the chosen field of study. A strong academic foundation will help candidates perform well in the entrance examination, which usually consists of subjects relevant to the intended postgraduate program. It is essential to dedicate enough time to review and consolidate what has been learned during the undergraduate years, ensuring a good grasp of the fundamental concepts and theories.Additionally, a remarkable research experience can greatly enhance an applicant's chances of being accepted. Universities like Tsinghua and Peking place a great emphasis on research, and applicants with prior research experience are more likely to be favored. Engaging in scientific projects, internships, or thesis writing during the undergraduate years can showcase an individual's ability to conduct independent research and contribute to the academic community. The inclusion of research achievements in the application materials, such as published papers or presentations at conferences, will undoubtedly impress the admissions committee.Moreover, outstanding language proficiency, especially in English, plays a significant role in the admission process. As most postgraduate programs require international students to have an excellent command of English, applicants need to demonstrate their proficiency through standardized tests like the TOEFL or IELTS. A high score not only indicates the candidate's language skills but also reflects their potential to thrive in an English-speaking academic environment. Therefore, investing time and effort into improving language abilities is crucial for success.Furthermore, enhancing personal qualities can make an applicant stand out from the multitude of candidates. These qualities include perseverance, critical thinking, and effective communication skills. Universities seek individuals who are passionate, highly motivated, and capable of independent thinking, as these qualities contribute to the creation of a diverse and stimulating academic environment. Additionally, participating in extracurricular activities, volunteering, or engaging in community service can demonstrate an applicant's leadership abilities and commitment to serving society.In conclusion, in order to be admitted to prestigious Chinese universities like Tsinghua University and Peking University, candidates need to focus on several key aspects. Building a solid academic background, gaining research experience, improving language proficiency, and developing personal qualities are all essential in achieving success. With diligent preparation and hard work, candidates can increase their chances of standing out and securing a place in their desired postgraduate programs.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
#1 新东方考研英语笔记abcabc新东方考研英语笔记,阅读笔记首次暴光!!!abcabc诚应广大战友们的热烈要求,abc为方便和我一样的穷研友们能够公平竞争,考上理想硕士,abc希望大家都给我支持! 顶 !abcabcabcabcabcabcabcabc听力abc词汇：①复习词汇（找出旧课本，熟识老单词）abc ②记常用词汇abc记单词的方法：（1）重复（七遍或七遍以上）（2）应用，使用abc具体方法：同义、反义、对比联想记忆法abc 乱序法abc 词根词缀法abc结合阅读或背诵abc卡片abc一词多义abc语法：（1）句子结构和固定搭配abc（2）动词形式abc（3）代词还元abc听力的基本技巧：读、猜、听、写、查abcPart A的基本解题思路：abc1．扫描纵轴abc2．判断缺失信息abc3．注意回答abc4．拼读规律abc5．检查答案的格式（要与例句一致）abc要做到：abc1．扩充词汇：记忆词的搭配abc2．纠音（可以读新概念3、4）abc3．听写（介绍《Listen to this》）abc4．听一边不停，把名词、动词和数词记录下来abc不该做：abc1．不要泛听abc2．不要听英语新闻abc3．不要听太难的英语abc4．不要超过2个小时，不要少于半个小时abc5．不要看原文练听力abc6．不要边听边翻译abcPart B的基本解题思路：abc1．扫描题干，找出中心词，注意空格前后abc2．判断缺失信息以及询问信息种类abc3．用核心词的同义、反义以及题干的基本结构定位abc4．简写形式abc5．检查语法、拼写、单复数abc6．第二遍查漏补缺abc解题武器：abc1．否定词（定位词）abc2．数词abc3．专有名词abc4．比较级、最高级abc5．副词abc6．转折词abc7．介词abcPart C 的基本解题思路：abc1．扫描题干，划出核心词abc2．磁带开始后，综合嫂面选项abc3．所听及所得，顺序原则，最近答案原则abc4．检查，常识原则，诚实原则，同义相斥原则abcabc听力十四种题型abc1．段落主旨abc2．信息前置abc3．同义相斥abc4．否定词否定信息的辨析abc5．信息修正abc6．主旨题abc7．并列信息abc8．推断abc9．褒义词、贬义词abc10．去掉两个错误选项abc11．不要用自己的思路作题abc12．动词信息abc13．题干提供信息abc14．部分和整体abcabc读题时间abc1．Part A之前57~60s的时间去读part C的第二、三篇abc2．当听到“part A”时开始看part A abc3．读完part A第一遍后和读完第二遍后均看part B，当听到“part B”时看part B abc4．当part B读完后读part C的第一篇abcabcPart A的错误可能性abc1．信息修正（两遍）abc2．速度陷阱abc3．计算（more ,less ,大小多少的计算，before ,age ,later ,度量衡的运算）abc4．没有拼写的地方（常用词，殖民地的地名，耳熟能详的---大写）abcabcPart B abc注意：abc1．听+写abc2．画核心词，两个（大体+具体）abc3．四个句型转换：疑问转换成陈述abc 直接转换成间接abc 主系表之间的转换abc 主动与被动之间的转换abc4．回到时不要答非所问，填充时要符合要求abcabcPart C abc注意：abc1．边听边做abc2．以题干为主选项为辅abc3．翻页综合观察abc4．推测题的标志abc（1）表可能：could/would have ,may ,might abc（2）表希望：expect ,hope ,longingabcabcabcabc#2 abcabc写作abc写作十大困境及对策abc一、滔滔不绝之“意识流”------提纲式最高原则abc1．自由分段abc2．语言杂乱abc二、无话可说真难受abc1．热点话题abc2．永恒话题，宏观话题abc（1）关于成功，对成功的理解abc（2）关于诚信abc（3）关于团结abc（4）关于住房abc（5）关于交通abc（6）关于环境abc （7）关于卫生abc（8）关于就业abc（9）关于教育abc（10）关于网络abc 思维突破：<1 >例证突破法abc <2 >三项原因思维法abc <3 >报刊文章法abc <4 >高谈阔论法abc三、真情流露没必要（语言第一位，结构第二位，内容第三位）abc四、思维跳跃，断层多abc五、英语表达憋得慌abc六、盲目动笔凑字数abc七、低级错误常出现abc1．主谓一致abc2．时态abc3．冠词的使用abc4．名词单复数abc5．搭配abc6．拼写错误abc7．中文思维abc八、处于与被动危害大abc九、语言单调美变化abc十、龙飞凤舞笔记乱abc写作的题型abc1．提纲式作文abc2．图表式作文abc3．图画式作文abc4．情景式作文abc5．简单应用文abc翻译abc一、英、汉语两者之间的区别abc 英语汉语abc1 形合意合abc2 聚集流散abc3 繁复简短abc4 被动主动abc5 抽象具体abcabc二、考研英语的题型abc1题材以议论文为主，内容和意思比较抽象abc2句子长、结构复杂、从句多abc3句子的意思表达与汉语的语序不对等abcabc 三、考试内容abc1．专有名词、习惯用法、多意词abc2．翻译的一般性技巧abc（1）选词用字abc（2）词序调整abc（3）词性转换abc（4）增词abc（5）省词abc（6）正话翻说abc（7）主从句abc（8）拆句abc3．具体句型的翻译：定语、并列结构、倒装结构、被动语态abc四、评分标准abcabc五、问题与学习策略、准确理解、准确表达abc1．加强基本功的积累abc（1）单词，除基本词义外还要记住第一、二层的词义abc（2）语法abc2．多做练习abcabc六、考研翻译的基础知识abc1．翻译的标准abc（1）准确abc（2）顺通abc2．翻译的方法abc（1）直译abc（2）意译abc 以直译为主，意译为辅abc3．翻译的过程abc四步翻译法：abc（1）通读全文，准确理解abc（2）分析成分，划分意群abc（3）选择词意，贴切表达abc（4）世道调整，书写译文abc具体实施：abc1．通读全句abc（1）在准确理解的基础上，按照英语语法结构拆分句子。
拆分的原则是语法沙个相对独立，意义上相对完整的语法单位。
abc（2）选找出句子的主干结构（主、谓、宾）在找出各种修饰成分，搞清修饰成份之间的关系。
abc2．此的处理：在句子关系中理解词语的特定含义，尤其是多义词。
abc（以上两个步骤是要达到英语理解准确而全面的目的）abc3．根据汉语的习惯重新组合句子，以保证汉语表达的通顺和标准，也就是说在句子中所有语法拆份清楚，所有的词语都没有疑义之后才开始汉语翻译，以符合汉语次序习惯为准则，对各个语法单位重新组合。
abc4．汉语句子的检查：通读全句，一方面要检查各个句子中的药店、难点，另一方面要注意句子的翻译的完整性，不可漏译、少译。
最后，句子要在语境中和文章内容一致，防止整个句子翻译错误、意义扭曲。
abc同位语从句的翻译：abc1．解释法abc2．可放在先行词前面，类似定于从句的方法abcabc定语从句：abc1．如果定语从句结构比较简单，信息负载量不大，并且与先行词的关系比较密切（限定性的定语从句）翻译时，把定语从句放在他所修饰的先行词前面，用“……的”这样的结构来表达。
abc常见的翻译技巧：增词法abc2．如果定语从句结构比较繁杂，信息负载量比较大，与先行词的关系不太密切，翻译是我们可以法定语从句放在所修饰的先行词的后面。
这样我们通常要重复先行词或代词代替先行词，有时需要加连词。
abcabc定语：abc（1）分词做定语abc（2）不定式做定语,一般来说，把定语翻译到定语中心词之前，但是因为分词和不定式有明显的动词特征，所以如果定语与中心词有明显的使动关系时，可以将定语翻译成中心词加谓语的结构。
abc 常见的翻译技巧：词性调整，词性转换。
abc（3）介词短语做定语abc（4）形容词短语做定语，向前翻译abc比较结构：abc1．Less , more abc2．As……as , not as……as abc3．Rather than ,some than abc并列结构：abc并列结构是指两个或两个以上的并列成份有明显的连词标记，或标点符号连接，最常见的标记词是and还有其他固定结构or ,but ,both……and ,nether……nor ,not……but ,as well as ,not only……but also……,翻译时，比一定都翻译成合，可以根据意思来灵活翻译，但应该明显的表现并列结构，用比较一致的汉语词句来翻译。
abc状语、状语结构：abc一般来说，应语状语、状语从句照顺序来翻译即可，但状语和状语从句在汉语中位置都比较灵活，有时可根据汉语习惯把原因、时间和条件状语从句提前，放在主句之前翻译，状语则翻译在主语之后，动词之前，时间在前，地点在后。
abcabcabc倒装结构：abc翻译的要点在于在做好句子结构的分析，恢复其正常句子的顺序之后再进行翻译。
abc插入结构：abc1放在前面（语句子联系不紧密）abc 2按从句的方式翻译abc被动结构：被动变主动abc1．英语中被动句使用极为广泛，尤其是科普类议论文，为了强调客观上的事实，不带主观感情，翻译是一般翻译成主动句，如果主语、宾语的主动关系明显，则采用主宾颠倒的方式把英语主动句的宾语作为汉语被动句的主语，有时被动句缺主语，则可以补上泛指的主语。
abc2．有时主宾关系不明显，也可以按照英语顺序翻译，一般不用被字结构。
但有时可以采用如“由……来，为……所”等被字结构，仍译成汉语的被字结构。
abc形式主语可以固定翻译，一般翻译到整句话前面。
abcabc#3 abcabc完型填空abc一、出题特点及测试要点：abc（一）特点：abc1．首段首句不出题abc2．做题特点：通过已知信息点寻求未知答案abc3．体裁上的特点：议论文和说明文为主，多为议论文abc4．结构特点：总分结构abc5．完美性abc（二）测试要点abc1．阅读能力abc（1）主题一定在首段首句abc（2）上下句和上下段之间的逻辑关系abc（3）分清楚句子的内部结构abc2．英语知识运用的能力abc（1）语法20%~30% abc（2）固定搭配 10% abc（3）词义辨析 60%~70% abc形近词，同义词，搭配，专有名词abc二、发展趋势abc1．题量abc2．题材abc3．难度增加abc三、解题步骤：abc1．整体通读：2~3分钟abc2．按段精度：15分钟abc3．通读检查abc四、逻辑关系abc1．并列关系abc2．递进关系abc3．让步关系abc4．转折关系abc5．因果关系abcabc空为：abc动词：abc1．若动词为谓语可以看主语，注意主谓的搭配一致性abc（1）看主语是人还是物abc （2）看逻辑上的搭配是否合适abc2．看宾语abc（1）看宾语是抽象名词还是具体名词还是抽象具体名词abc（2）从动词的及物或不及物上做题abc3．从动词后的介词来确定动词,根据介词宾语来判断，介词宾语是人或是物abc4．考虑句子中其它能对这个动词形成限制性修饰的成分abc形容词：abc1．当形容词做表语时，主要看主语，注意主表搭配的一致性。