Engineering201803四封阅读版

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Lesson 1 Emerging role of management in civil engineeringDuring the past two decades, many civil engineering firms have gown substantially in staff size, disciplines, and geographic areas served. These conditions have created a demand for civil engineers with special skills in project management.Managerial skills have become important because many of these civil engineering firms have grown substantially in recent years. Several have more than 5000 employees with over 500 projects and over 100 offices. Every large project requires a manager. Every standalone office requires a senior manager. A logic question is how these managers, who require business skills, are developed from a pool of civil engineers who are trained as technical experts. Obviously, most managers have had many years of on-the-job training. However there is now a greatly increased demand and few firms have either the facilities or the staff to produce this training in-house. Therefore, firms are increasingly looking to the outside for management training of staff.A few of universities in America have recognized the need and have developed curricula to promote development of the required skills. For example, at Northwestern University, one of the hottest new graduate programs in civil engineering is the Master’s in Project Management (MPM) and it includes such subjects as:1 Financial issues for engineers2 Bargaining and negotiations3 Human resources management4 Project scheduling5 Accounting issues for engineers6 Engineering lawThe selection of these courses is based on an appraisal of the skills actually needed in civil engineering management. This is confirmed by the fact that the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) journal is advertising for papers on various areas of management such as project, program, operations, personnel, financial, marketing, and legal issues, since all are now considered important facets of civil engineering management.If one examines the staffing requirements of the larger firms, it can be noted that they employ large staffs in the legal , accounting, marketing, financial, personnel and business management areas. When projects are primarily located in the United States, the necessary logistic support can be provided by temporarily transferring support staff from the home-office pool. When the projects are based in remote locations, particularly overseas, and when the client requires the design to be carried out locally, it becomes necessary to provide a project manager possessing not only well-honed engineering skills and good judgment, but other skills in contract management, such as those needed to negotiate changes in project scope and duration.While e-mail and fax machines have made it easier to get guidance from the home office, many decisions must still be made in the field. The local manager is frequently required by the client to have power of attorney, so ensure that all agreements made in the field are legally binding. If minor problems arise, the cost of overseas travel to remote areas such a Asia, Africa, and Latin America makes it impractical to send out a home office specialist every time a legal, accounting, personnel, scheduling, or negotiating problem arises. Consequently, one must depend on the local manager to successfully address a wide range of issues and call for help when major emergency arises.While professional advancement in major companies can come either to those taking technical or managerial training, in our experience, those following the managerial track generally end up with higher recognition and compensation, because good management is so important in getting projects finished on time, on budget, and to the client’s satisfaction. Besides that, good technical engineers are more abundant than civil engineering managers and compensation follows the laws of supply and demand.In summary, it is intended to show why a modern civil engineer interested in professional growth requires an understanding of and skills in management, law, accounting, and personnel over and above the normal civil engineering training. The growth of mega firms as well as large public enterprise, has accelerated the need for such managers. Fortunately, civil engineers with managerial skills command an appreciably greater salary than those with only engineering skills. Hopefully, this economic incentive will attract some of the best and brightest civil engineers into the field of management.。

Engineering2018-06期英文四封

工程(英文)CN 10-1244/N Distribution code Q 1849国内发行代号80–744Volume 4 Issue 6 December 2018 ISSN 2095-8099 Pages 743–894Precision EngineeringPages 760–830December 2018Engineering is intended to provide a high-level platform where academic achievements of great importance in engineering science and technology can be disseminated and shared.Engineering Science and TechnologyCreate a Better FutureEngineering fronts are important guidelines for future development directions in engineering science and technology. Since 2017, the Chinese Acad-emy of Engineering has organized the Engineering Fronts research project together with Clarivate Analytics and Higher Education Press. Engineering Fronts 2018 was released on 4 December 2018.EngineeringEngineeringEngineering Sciences Press PublisherZhang, Ruyi, The CAE Centre for Strategic Studies, China Editor-in-ChiefHan, Jun, Higher Education Press, ChinaDeputy Editor-in-ChiefWen, Danyan, Higher Education Press, ChinaEngineering is an international open-access journal that was launched by the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) in 2015. Its aims are to providea high-level platform where cutting-edge advancements in engineering R&D, current major research outputs, and key achievements can be dissem-inated and shared; to report progress in engineering science, discuss hot topics, areas of interest, challenges, and prospects in engineering develop-ment, and consider human and environmental well-being and ethics in engineering; to encourage engineering breakthroughs and innovations thatare of profound economic and social importance, enabling them to reach advanced international standards and to become a new productive force,and thereby changing the world, benefiting humanity, and creating a new future.We are interested in:(1) News & Highlights: This section covers engineering news from a global perspective and includes updates on engineering issues of high concern.(2) Views & Comments: This section is aimed at raising academic debates in scientific and engineering community, encouraging people to expressnew ideas, and providing a platform for the comments on some comprehensive issues.(3)Research: This section reports on outstanding research results in the form of research articles, reviews, perspectives, and short communicationsregarding critical engineering issues, and so on.All manuscripts must be prepared in English, and are subject to a rigorous and fair peer-review process. Accepted papers will immediately appearonline, and will be translated into Chinese.The contents of our journal are based on the disciplines covered by the nine CAE divisions:•Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering•Information and Electronic Engineering•Chemical, Metallurgical, and Materials Engineering•Energy and Mining Engineering•Civil, Hydraulic, and Architecture Engineering•Agriculture•Environment & Light and Textile Industries Engineering•Medical and Health Care•Engineering ManagementFocusing on current hot topics and cutting-edge fields of engineering, Engineering has established guest editorial boards to publish special issueson such topics. On the official website of Engineering, each special issue has its own webpage in order to allow progressive publishing, draw attentionfrom the public, and ensure long-term development.Aims & ScopeSupervised byChinese Academy of EngineeringAdministered byThe CAE Centre for Strategic StudiesHigher Education Press, ChinaContact InformationE-mail: engineering@Tel: 0086-10-59300284Subscription InformationISSN print edition: 2095-8099ISSN electronic edition: 2096-0026Orders and InquiriesEngineering Sciences Press, ChinaFloor 12, Fusheng Building No.4 Huixindong StreetChaoyang District, Beijing 100029, ChinaTel: 0086-10-58582509Fax: 0086-10-58582494Published byEngineering Sciences Press, ChinaMai, Kangsen, Ocean University of China, ChinaMai, Yiu-Wing, The University of Sydney, AustraliaMang, Herbert, TU Wien, AustriaMoan, Torgeir, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NorwayMote, C. D., National Academy of Engineering, USANarayanamurti, Venkatesh, Harvard Kennedy School, USANi, Weidou, Tsinghua University, ChinaNilsson, Larsgunnar, Linköping University, SwedenNing, Guang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ChinaPan, Yunhe, Zhejiang University, ChinaPedersen, Preben Terndrup, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkPeppas, Nicholas A., University of Texas at Austin, USAPochukaev, V. N., TSNIIMash, RussiaPrice, William Geraint, University of Southampton, UKPui, David Y. H., University of Minnesota, USASeible, Frieder, Monash University, AustraliaShah, Surendra P., Northwestern University, USASiffert, Paul M., E-MRS, FranceSomasundaran, Ponisseril, Columbia University, USASteinbach, Jorg, Brandenburg University of Technology, GermanyStocker, Thomas, University of Bern, SwitzerlandTamura, Yukio, Beijing Jiaotong University, ChinaTan, Jiubin, Harbin Institute of Technology, ChinaTang, Man-Chung, T.Y.Lin International, USATownend, Ian, CoastalSEA, UKTsukihashi, Fumitaka, University of Tokyo, JapanVan Loosdrecht, Mark, Delft University of Technology, the NetherlandsWadsworth, Jeffrey, Battelle Memorial Institute, USAWang, Jingkang, Tianjin University, ChinaWang, Yuzhong, Sichuan University, ChinaWeber, Eicke R., Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, GermanyWeng, Shilie, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ChinaWong, Ching-Ping, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaWu, Manqing, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, ChinaXiang, Qiao, Aero Engine Corporation of China, ChinaYang, Henry T., University of California, Santa Barbara, USAYang, Shuzi, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, ChinaYang, Victor C., University of Michigan, USAYu, Aibing, Monash University, AustraliaZhang, Fusuo, China Agricultural University, ChinaZhang, Si, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, ChinaZhou, Huaibei, Wuhan University, ChinaZhu, Jesse, The University of Western Ontario, CanadaEditorial BoardEditors-in-ChiefZhou, Ji, Chinese Academy of Engineering, ChinaReddy, Raj, Carnegie Mellon University, USAExecutive Editor-in-ChiefChen, Jianfeng, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China Associate Editors-in-ChiefBatterham, Robin, University of Melbourne, AustraliaChen, Gang, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USADavis, Lance A., National Academy of Engineering, USAKoizumi, Hideaki, The Engineering Academy of Japan, JapanLi, Jinghai, National Natural Science Foundation of China, ChinaSuter, Ulrich W., ETH Zurich, SwitzerlandTu, Hailing, General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, China Wang, Chen, Chinese Academy of Engineering, ChinaExecutive Associate Editors-in-ChiefGao, Wei, Colorado State University, USAWu, Xiang, The CAE Centre for Strategic Studies, ChinaMembersBarlow, Snow, University of Melbourne, AustraliaBoyd, Stephen P., Stanford University, USABroers, Alec, House of Lords, UKCavenee, Webster, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, USAChen, Fener, Fudan University, ChinaChen, Saijuan, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ChinaChen, Yong, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, CAS, China Crittenden, John C., Georgia Institute of Technology, USACui, Junzhi, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, CAS, China Davies, Bill, Lancaster University, UKDavis, Wayne T., University of Tennessee, USADing, Lieyun, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China Dowling, Dame Ann, Royal Academy of Engineering, UKDu, Yanliang, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, ChinaElimelech, Menachem, Yale University, USAForssberg, Eric K. S., Lulea University of Technology, Sweden Fujishima, Akira,Tokyo University of Science, JapanGanser, Arnold, Hannover Medical School, GermanyGrierson, Don, University of Nottingham, UKGu, Min, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, AustraliaGuo, Dongming, Dalian University of Technology, ChinaGuo, Jianbo, China Electric Power Research Institute, ChinaHall, Wendy, University of Southampton, UKHao, Jiming, Tsinghua University, ChinaHardy, Ronald W., University of Idaho, USAHe, Jishan, Central South University, ChinaHein, Klaus R. G., University of Stuttgart, GermanyHoffmann, Michael R., California Institute of Technology, USAHu, Shixin Jack, University of Michigan, USAHuang, Norden E., Central University, Taiwan, ChinaJiang, Zhuangde, Xi’an Jiaotong University, ChinaKang, Shaozhong, China Agricultural University, ChinaKareem, Ahsan, University of Notre Dame, USAKaushik, Sadasivam, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France Konstantin, Solntsev, Russian Academy of Sciences, RussiaKoren, Yoram, University of Michigan, USAKuo, Way, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaLadisch, Michael R., Purdue University, USALaurencin, Cato T., University of Connecticut Health Center, USALee, Fred C., Virginia Tech., USALemoine, Nicholas Robert, Queen Mary University of London, UK Leopold, Juergen, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation, Germany Li, Jiancheng, Wuhan University, ChinaLi, Jun, Tsinghua University, ChinaLi, Kai, Princeton University, USALi, Norman, NL Chemical Technology, Inc., USALi, Renhan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, ChinaLieber, Charles M., Harvard University, USALiu, Chain-Tsuan, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaLiu, Ke, Center for China and Globalization, ChinaLiu, Wenqing, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, ChinaLiu, Zhihong, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, China Lloyd, Philip, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa Guest Editorial BoardPrecision EngineeringGuest Editor-in-ChiefYe, Shenghua, Tianjin University, China Executive Editor-in-ChiefFang, Fengzhou, Tianjin University, China Executive Associate Editor-in-Chief Zeng, Zhoumo, Tianjin University, China MembersAhearne, Eamonn, University College Dublin, Ireland Attanasio, Aldo, University of Brescia, Italy Guan, Yingchun, Beihang University, China Huang, Yong, University of Florida, USAJu, Bingfeng, Zhejiang University, ChinaLeach, Richard, University of Nottingham, UK Wertheim, Rafi, Fraunhofer IWU, GermanyYan, Yongda, Harbin Institute of Technology, China Zhang, Xiaodong, Tianjin University, ChinaZhu, Jigui, Tianjin University, ChinaZhu, Limin, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ChinaEditorial Board Office DirectorDing, Ning, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China Editorial StaffPan, Jingsong, Higher Education Press, China Kuang, MinxuanLiang, ChenhuiShen, XiaojingWu, JiamingZhang, NanZhao, ShashaZhou, HaichuanZhou, Zhuo。

Engineering201901英文四封

工程(英文)CN 10-1244/N Distribution code Q 1849国内发行代号80–744Volume 5 Issue 1 February 2019 ISSN 2095-8099 Pages 1–182Traditional Chinese MedicinePages 22–97ImmunologyPages 98–155Engineering is intended to provide a high-level platform where academic achievements of great importance in engineering science and technology can be disseminated and shared.Engineering Science and TechnologyCreate a Better FutureThe China Cell Valley (CCV) in Nanjing was launched in 2018. It may provide a demonstration of cell translational research and industrialization for the cell therapy industry in the near future. The layout of the CCV permits the realization of centralized supervision, examination, and approval, along with a regional preparation center and clinical cell infusion. This conceptual image illustrate blood cancer treatment.ngEngineeringGuest Editorial BoardTraditional Chinese MedicineGuest Editors-in-ChiefZhang, Boli, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, ChinaYang, Shengli, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, China Bauer, Rudolf, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, AustriaExecutive Editors-in-ChiefGuo, De-an, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS, ChinaEfferth, Thomas, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, GermanyMembersBilia, Anna Rita, University of Florence, ItalyChen, Kaixian, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS, ChinaChen, Shilin, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China Cheng, Yung-Chi, Yale University, USAGao, Yue, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, ChinaGiancaspro, Gabriel, The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, USA Khan, Ikhlas A., The University of Mississippi, USAKnoess, Werner, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Germany Liu, Changxiao, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China Liu, Liang, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China Nickolson, Jeremy, Imperial College London, UKWang, Guangji, China Pharmaceutical University, China Wang, Mei, Leiden University, the Netherlands Yamada, Haruki, Kitasato University, JapanZhang, Weidong, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, ChinaEngineering Sciences PressPublisherZhang, Ruyi, Center for Strategic Studies, CAE, ChinaEditor-in-ChiefHan, Jun, Higher Education Press, ChinaDeputy Editor-in-ChiefWen, Danyan, Higher Education Press, ChinaEditorial Board Office DirectorDing, Ning, Chinese Academy of Engineering, ChinaABOUTEngineering is an international open-access journal.We aim to provide a high-level platform, discussing hot topics and challenges in engineering science and technology. Submit your outstanding articles and share your research with Engineering global readership.Supervised byChinese Academy of Engineering Administered byCenter for Strategic Studies, CAE, China Higher Education Press, ChinaEditorial BoardEditors-in-ChiefZhou, Ji, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China Reddy, Raj, Carnegie Mellon University, USAExecutive Editor-in-ChiefChen, Jianfeng, Chinese Academy of Engineering, ChinaAssociate Editors-in-ChiefBatterham, Robin, University of Melbourne, Australia Chen, Gang, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Davis, Lance A., National Academy of Engineering, USAKoizumi, Hideaki, The Engineering Academy of Japan, Japan Li, Jinghai, National Natural Science Foundation of China, China Suter, Ulrich W., ETH Zurich, SwitzerlandTu, Hailing, General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, China Wang, Chen, Chinese Academy of Engineering, ChinaExecutive Associate Editors-in-ChiefGao, Wei, Colorado State University, USAWu, Xiang, The CAE Centre for Strategic Studies, ChinaMembersBarlow, Snow, University of Melbourne, Australia Boyd, Stephen P., Stanford University, USA Broers, Alec, House of Lords, UKCavenee, Webster, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, USA Chen, Fener, Fudan University, ChinaChen, Saijuan, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ChinaChen, Yong, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, CAS, China Crittenden, John C., Georgia Institute of Technology, USACui, Junzhi, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, CAS, China Davies, Bill, Lancaster University, UKDavis, Wayne T., University of Tennessee, USADing, Lieyun, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China Dowling, Dame Ann, Royal Academy of Engineering, UK Du, Yanliang, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, China Elimelech, Menachem, Yale University, USAForssberg, Eric K. S., Lulea University of Technology, Sweden Fujishima, Akira,Tokyo University of Science, Japan Ganser, Arnold, Hannover Medical School, Germany Grierson, Don, University of Nottingham, UKGu, Min, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia Guo, Dongming, Dalian University of Technology, China Guo, Jianbo, China Electric Power Research Institute, China Hall, Wendy, University of Southampton, UK Hao, Jiming, Tsinghua University, China Hardy, Ronald W., University of Idaho, USA He, Jishan, Central South University, ChinaHein, Klaus R. G., University of Stuttgart, GermanyHoffmann, Michael R., California Institute of Technology, USA Hu, Shixin Jack, University of Michigan, USAHuang, Norden E., Central University, Taiwan, China Jiang, Zhuangde, Xi’an Jiaotong University, ChinaKang, Shaozhong, China Agricultural University, China Kareem, Ahsan, University of Notre Dame, USAKaushik, Sadasivam, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France Konstantin, Solntsev, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Koren, Yoram, University of Michigan, USAKuo, Way, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaLadisch, Michael R., Purdue University, USALaurencin, Cato T., University of Connecticut Health Center, USA Lee, Fred C., Virginia Tech., USALemoine, Nicholas Robert, Queen Mary University of London, UKLeopold, Juergen, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation, Germany Li, Jiancheng, Wuhan University, China Li, Jun, Tsinghua University, China Li, Kai, Princeton University, USALi, Norman, NL Chemical Technology, Inc., USA Li, Renhan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China Lieber, Charles M., Harvard University, USALiu, Chain-Tsuan, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Liu, Ke, Center for China and Globalization, ChinaLiu, Wenqing, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, ChinaLiu, Zhihong, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, China Lloyd, Philip, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa Mai, Kangsen, Ocean University of China, China Mai, Yiu-Wing, The University of Sydney, Australia Mang, Herbert, TU Wien, AustriaMoan, Torgeir, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway Mote, C. D., National Academy of Engineering, USANarayanamurti, Venkatesh, Harvard Kennedy School, USA Ni, Weidou, Tsinghua University, ChinaNilsson, Larsgunnar, Linköping University, Sweden Ning, Guang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China Pan, Yunhe, Zhejiang University, ChinaPedersen, Preben Terndrup, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Peppas, Nicholas A., University of Texas at Austin, USA Pochukaev, V. N., TSNIIMash, RussiaPrice, William Geraint, University of Southampton, UK Pui, David Y. H., University of Minnesota, USA Seible, Frieder, Monash University, Australia Shah, Surendra P., Northwestern University, USA Siffert, Paul M., E-MRS, FranceSomasundaran, Ponisseril, Columbia University, USASteinbach, Jorg, Brandenburg University of Technology, Germany Stocker, Thomas, University of Bern, Switzerland Tamura, Yukio, Beijing Jiaotong University, China Tan, Jiubin, Harbin Institute of Technology, China Tang, Man-Chung, T.Y.Lin International, USA Townend, Ian, CoastalSEA, UKTsukihashi, Fumitaka, University of Tokyo, JapanVan Loosdrecht, Mark, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands Wadsworth, Jeffrey, Battelle Memorial Institute, USA Wang, Jingkang, Tianjin University, China Wang, Yuzhong, Sichuan University, ChinaWeber, Eicke R., Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Germany Weng, Shilie, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ChinaWong, Ching-Ping, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Wu, Manqing, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, China Xiang, Qiao, Aero Engine Corporation of China, ChinaYang, Henry T., University of California, Santa Barbara, USAYang, Shuzi, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China Yang, Victor C., University of Michigan, USA Yu, Aibing, Monash University, AustraliaZhang, Fusuo, China Agricultural University, ChinaZhang, Si, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, China Zhou, Huaibei, Wuhan University, ChinaZhu, Jesse, The University of Western Ontario, CanadaImmunologyGuest Editors-in-ChiefTian, Zhigang, University of Science and Technology of China, China Wang, Xuehao, Nanjing Medical University, ChinaExecutive Editors-in-ChiefLu, Ling, Nanjing Medical University, China Li, Bin, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ChinaMembersBlazar, Bruce R., University of Minnesota, USA Chen, Fang, University of Pennsylvania, USAHe, Wei, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China Huang, Xiaojun, Peking University, ChinaWang, Junzhi, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Xu, Zhongwei, Peking University, ChinaYao, Yi, US Food and Drug Administration, USA Zhang, Hongtao, University of Pennsylvania, USAEditorial StaffPan, Jingsong, Higher Education Press, ChinaKuang, Minxuan, Engineering Sciences Press, China Liang, Chenhui, Engineering Sciences Press, China Shen, Xiaojing, Engineering Sciences Press, China Wu, Jiaming, Engineering Sciences Press, China Zhang, Nan, Engineering Sciences Press, China Zhao, Shasha, Engineering Sciences Press, China Zhou, Haichuan, Engineering Sciences Press, China Zhou, Zhuo, Engineering Sciences Press, ChinaContact InformationE-mail: engineering@ Tel: 0086-10-59300284Subscription Information ISSN print edition: 2095-8099ISSN electronic edition: 2096-0026Published byEngineering Sciences Press, ChinaOrders and InquiriesEngineering Sciences Press, China Floor 9, Fusheng Building,No.4 Huixindong Street,Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, ChinaTel: 0086-10-58582509Fax: 0086-10-58582494FOCUS ONMechanical and Vehicle Engineering Information and Electronic EngineeringChemical, Metallurgical, and Materials EngineeringEnergy and Mining EngineeringCivil, Hydraulic, and Architecture EngineeringAgricultureEnvironment & Light and Textile Industries EngineeringMedical and Health Care Engineering ManagementEngineering。

现代工程图学习题集(第4版)___课后习题

现代工程图学习题集（第4版）___课后习题现代工程图研究题集（第4版）杨裕根课后题》是一本专门为研究工程图学的学生编写的题集。

本书的背景是现代工程图学在工科专业中的重要性。

工程图学是一门关于制图、图纸和图解的学科，它是工程领域中必备的基础知识。

通过研究和练工程图学，学生可以培养准确理解和表达图纸信息的能力，提高解决实际工程问题的能力。

本题集的目的是为学生提供一系列有针对性的练题，帮助他们巩固和应用所学的工程图学知识。

题集根据《现代工程图学（第4版）》一书的章节组织，包含了每章的重点内容。

每个练题都是经过精心挑选的，涵盖了工程图学各个方面的知识和技能。

通过完成这些题，学生可以加深对工程图学的理解和掌握，提高在实际应用中解决工程问题的能力。

题集还提供了详细的解答，学生可以通过对比自己的答案，检查自己的理解和答题能力。

希望这本题集能够成为学生们研究工程图学的有力辅助工具，帮助他们在工程领域中取得更好的成绩和发展。

本书是《现代工程图研究题集（第4版）杨裕根课后题》的概括描述。

它包含了一系列题和问题，旨在帮助研究者加深对现代工程图学的理解和应用能力。

这些题涵盖了工程图的基本知识、投影方法、截面图和展开图、三维模型和装配图等内容，并结合实际案例进行练。

本书的组织结构清晰，每个章节都按照特定的主题进行分组。

每个题都有详细的说明和解答，方便研究者自我检验和掌握知识。

此外，书中还提供了相关的示意图和实例，以帮助研究者更好地理解和应用所学的知识。

现代工程图研究题集（第4版）杨裕根课后题》适用于工程学专业的学生，也适合从事相关工作的工程师和技术人员参考使用。

通过解答这些题，读者可以深入了解工程图的各个方面，提升自己的技能和能力。

本文档旨在提供《现代工程图研究题集（第4版）》的___课后题，帮助研究者达成以下目标:理解并掌握工程图研究的基本原理和技能。

练解决不同难度级别的工程图问题，提高解决实际工程问题的能力。

培养观察、分析和解决问题的能力，促进工程图研究的实际应用。

大学英语泛读第三版第四册课后答案主编张砚秋（完整版）

大学英语泛读第三版第四册课后答案主编张砚秋（完整版）Text 1 Words that Work Miracles1.FFTTFFFT2.DBDAAC (P4)3.translate the following sentences into Chinese (P5)1)Yet we must bask in the warmth of approval now and then or lose our self-confidence.可是我们都要时常享受到热情地赞美，否则我们就会失去自信。

2) When we are proud of our self-image,we feel confident and free to be ourselves.当我们对自身的形象感到骄傲时，会有自信心，感觉很自在。

3) A new minister called to a church jokingly referred to as "therefrigerator",decided against criticizing his congregation for its coolnesstoward strangers.Instead,he beban welcoming visitors from the pulpitand telling his flock how friendly they were.一位牧师到一座教堂上任，这座教堂被开玩笑地称作“冰箱”，他没有批评教堂的教徒们对陌生人冷漠，而是站在讲坛上欢迎来访者，并对大家说他们是多么的友善。

4) Coming home after a hard day's work ,the man who sees the faces ofhis children pressed against the window,watching for him,can water hissoul with their silent but golden opinion.经过一天的劳累，一位父亲回到家，看到孩子们把小脸贴在玻璃窗上等他回家，然而珍贵的赞美滋润了他的心田。

AESP104 Wiring Methods and Materials沙特阿美仪表规范

Engineering StandardSAES-P-104 28 January, 2004 Wiring Methods and MaterialsElectrical Standards Committee MembersAl-Anizi, T.S., ChairmanAl-Abdulgader, A.A.Al-Ahmad, R.J.Al-Awdah, S.A.Carlson, R.W.Ismail, M.H.Lowe, J.Merbati, F.A.Moravsik, R.C.Refaee, J.A.Stansbury, M.C.Saudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope (2)2 Conflicts, Deviations and Commentary (2)3 References (3)4 General (7)5 Wire and Cable (8)6 Connections and Terminations (12)7 Enclosures (15)8 Conduit, Conduit Fittings and Supports (17)9 Cable Trays (20)10 Underground Cable Systems (22)11 Submarine Power Cable (26)12 Cable Sizing (27)13 Cable Testing after Installation (30)14 Conductor Separation (33)15 Conduit and Cable Sealing (33)Previous Issue: 30 November, 2003 Next Planned Update: 1 August, 2008Next Planned Update: 1 August, 2008 Wiring Methods and Materials 1 Scope1.1 This Standard prescribes mandatory requirements for the design and installation of insulatedpower and control wiring and cable systems. It also prescribes minimum mandatoryrequirements for outdoor enclosures for electrical equipment and wiring that are not coveredby another SAES or SAMSS.1.2 For the purpose of this standard, control wiring is wiring used for the interconnection ofelectrical control devices, such as pushbuttons, electromechanical relays, meters, transducers,etc., associated with power systems, and also microprocessor based protection relays forpower distribution and motors.1.3 For the purpose of this standard, wiring connected on one or both sides to instruments,distributed control systems, computers, etc., (except for AC power connections) is consideredinstrumentation wiring and is covered by SAES-J-902. SAES-P-104 applies to instrumentationwiring only insofar as it is referenced in SAES-J-902.1.4 This standard applies also to the installation of fiber optic cables dedicated to the control ofpower systems, such as intertrip and switchgear control, that are not part of a communicationssystem, and to the installation of composite power-fiber optic cables, including compositesubmarine cables. The use of composite power-fiber optic cables must be concurred to by theDepartment responsible for the maintenance of the fiber optic component of the cable. Seealso Paragraph 5.14.Commentary Note 1.4:The Department responsible for the Maintenance of the fiber optic cables andfiber optic components covered by Paragraph 1.4 may impose additionalrequirements related to splicing and terminating the fiber optics, and other.1.5 This standard does not apply to internal wiring of manufactured equipment covered bySAMSS, or manufactured equipment labeled, listed or certified by a testing agencyrecognized by Saudi Aramco.1.6 This standard does not apply to overhead distributions systems. Refer toSAES-P-107.1.7 This document may not be attached to nor made a part of purchase orders.2 Conflicts, Deviations and Commentary2.1 If there are any conflicts between this Standard and associated purchasing, project orengineering documents, this standard shall take precedence. The exception is if an approvedWaiver form SA 6409-ENG has been included with the purchasing documents.2.2 Any conflict between this Standard and other Mandatory Saudi Aramco EngineeringRequirements (MSAERs*) or referenced industry standards shall be brought to the attentionof the Company or Buyer Representative who will request the Manager, Consulting ServicesDepartment of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran to resolve the conflict.Next Planned Update: 1 August, 2008 Wiring Methods and Materials * Examples of MSAERs are Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards (SAESs), Materials System Specifications (SAMSSs) and Standard Drawings (SASDs).2.3 Direct all requests to deviate from this standard in writing to the Company or BuyerRepresentative, who shall follow internal Company procedure SAEP-302 and forward awaiver request (Form SA 6409-ENG) to the Manager, Consulting Services Department ofSaudi Aramco, Dhahran requesting his approval.2.4 The designation "Commentary" is used to label a sub-paragraph that contains comments thatare explanatory or advisory. These comments are not mandatory, except to the extent thatthey explain mandatory requirements contained in this SAES.3 ReferencesAll referenced Standards, Specifications, Codes, Forms, Drawings and similar material shall be the latest issue (including all revisions, addenda and supplements) unless stated otherwise.3.1 Saudi Aramco ReferencesSaudi Aramco Engineering ProcedureSAEP-302 Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a Mandatory SaudiAramco Engineering RequirementSaudi Aramco Engineering StandardsSAES-A-112 Meteorological and Seismic Design DataSAES-B-006 Fireproofing in Onshore FacilitiesSAES-B-008 Restrictions to Use of Cellars, Pits & TrenchesSAES-B-009 Fire Protection and Safety Requirements for OffshoreProduction FacilitiesSAES-B-064 Onshore & Nearshore Pipeline SafetySAES-B-068 Electrical Area ClassificationSAES-H-101 Approved Protective Coating SystemsSAES-J-902 Electrical Systems for InstrumentationSAES-O-113 Security Lighting SystemSAES-P-100 Basic Power System Design CriteriaSAES-P-107 Overhead Distribution SystemsSAES-P-111 GroundingSAES-Q-001 Criteria for Design and Construction of ConcreteStructuresSAES-T-624 Telecommunications Outside Plant - Fiber OpticsSAES-T-911 Telecommunication Conduit System DesignNext Planned Update: 1 August, 2008 Wiring Methods and Materials SAES-T-928 Telecommunications - OSP Buried PlantSaudi Aramco Materials System Specifications09-SAMSS-097 Ready-Mixed Portland Cement Concrete15-SAMSS-502 Medium Voltage Power Cable 5 kV through 35 kV15-SAMSS-503 Submarine Power Cable 5 kV through 115 kV16-SAMSS-520 CablebusSaudi Aramco Standard DrawingsAA-036025 Four-Way Manhole (2 Sheets)AB-036273 Surface Marker - Underground Electric CableAB-036326 Standard Sign - Underground Electric CableAD-036874 Installation - Direct Buried Electric Cable and Conduit Saudi Aramco General InstructionsGI-0002.705 Performance Certification of High Voltage Cable Splicers(formerly GI-0401.082)GI-1021.000 Street and Road Closure: Excavations, Reinstatement andTraffic ControlsSaudi Aramco Forms and Data Sheets6409-ENG Request for Waiver of Saudi Aramco EngineeringRequirement7823-ENG Saudi Aramco H.V. Cable Test RecordSaudi Aramco Precommissioning FormsForm P-004 Cables-Medium VoltageForm P-005 Cables-High Voltage3.2 Industry Codes and StandardsThe following industry standards are mandatory when and to the extent referenced in othersections of this standard:American National Standards InstituteANSI C80.1 Rigid Steel Conduit - Zinc CoatedANSI C80.3 Electrical Metallic Tubing - Zinc CoatedAmerican Society for Testing and MaterialsASTM B8 Concentric-lay-stranded Copper Conductors, Hard,Medium-hard, or SoftNext Planned Update: 1 August, 2008 Wiring Methods and Materials ASTM B496 Compact Round Concentric-Lay-Stranded CopperConductorsAmerican Society of Mechanical EngineersASME B1.20.1 Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)Association of Edison Illuminating CompaniesAEIC CS2 Specification for Impregnated Paper and LaminatedPaper Polypropylene Insulated Cable, High PressurePipe TypeAEIC CS4 Specifications for Impregnated-Paper-Insulated Low andMedium Pressure Self-Contained Liquid Filled Cable AEIC CS6 Specifications for Ethylene Propylene Rubber InsulatedShielded Power Cables Rated5 through 69 kVAEIC CS7 Specifications for Crosslinked Polyethylene InsulatedShielded Power Cables Rated69 through 138 kVAEIC CS8 Specification for Extruded Dielectric, Shielded PowerCables Rated 5 through 46 kVBritish Standards InstitutionBS 6121 Mechanical Cable GlandsBS 50262 Metric Cable Glands for Electrical Installations Institute of Electrical and Electronic EngineersIEEE 386 Separable Insulated Connector Systems for PowerDistribution Systems above 600 VIEEE 442 IEEE Guide for Soil Thermal Resistivity MeasurementsIEEE 835 IEEE Standard Power Ampacity TablesInsulated Cable Engineers AssociationICEA S-94-649 Concentric Neutral Cables Rated 5,000 –46,000 VoltsICEA S-97-682 Utility Shielded Power Cables Rated 5,000 – 46,000 Volts International Electrotechnical CommissionIEC 60227 Polyvinyl Chloride Insulated Cables of Rated Voltages upto and Including 450/750 VIEC 60228 Conductors of Insulated CablesIEC 60332-1 Tests on Electric Cables under Fire Conditions – Part 1:Test on a Single Vertical Insulated Wire or CableNext Planned Update: 1 August, 2008 Wiring Methods and Materials IEC 60332-3 Tests on Electric Cables under Fire Conditions – Part 3:Tests on Bunched Wires or CablesIEC 60502-1 Power Cables with Extruded Insulation and theirAccessories for Rated Voltages from 1 kV up to 30 kV –Part 1: Cables for Rated Voltages of 1 kV and 3 kV IEC 60502-2 Power Cables with Extruded Insulation and TheirAccessories for Rated Voltages from 1 kV up to 30 kV –Part 2: Cables for Rated Voltages from6 kV up to 30 kVIEC 60529 Classification of Degrees of Protection Provided byEnclosuresNational Electrical Manufacturers AssociationNEMA 250 Enclosures for Electrical Equipment(1000 Volts Maximum)NEMA FG 1 Fiberglass Cable Tray SystemsNEMA ICS 6 Enclosures for Industrial Control and SystemsNEMA RN 1 Polyvinyl-Chloride (PVC) Externally Coated GalvanizedRigid Steel Conduit and Intermediate Metal Conduit NEMA TC 2 Electrical Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) ConduitNEMA TC 3 PVC Fittings for Use with Rigid PVC Conduit and TubingNEMA TC 6 & 8 PVC Plastic Utilities Duct for Underground InstallationsNEMA TC 9 Fittings for PVC Plastic Utilities Duct for UndergroundInstallationNEMA VE 1 Metal Cable Tray SystemsNEMA VE 2 Cable Tray Installation GuidelinesNational Fire Protection AssociationNFPA 70 National Electrical Code (NEC)Underwriters LaboratoriesUL 44 Thermoset-Insulated Wires and CablesUL 83 Thermoplastic-Insulated Wires and CablesUL 1277 Power and Control Tray Cables with Optional OpticalFiber Members3.3 Other ReferencesSaudi Arabian Standards OrganizationSASO 55 PVC-Insulated Cables with Circular Copper ConductorsNext Planned Update: 1 August, 2008 Wiring Methods and Materials 4 General4.1 Design and installation of wiring and cable systems shall be in accordance with ANSI/NFPA70 (National Electrical Code, NEC), as supplemented by this standard.电线电缆系统的设计和安装要依照ANSI/NFPA 70 (National Electrical Code, NEC),作为这个规范的补充。

从绿色化学的角度提高石油采收率——通过二氧化碳泡沫进行碳封存

ResearchGreen Industrial Processes—PerspectiveCarbon Sequestration through CO2Foam-Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Green ChemistryPerspectiveJennifer A.Clark,Erik E.Santiso⇑Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,North Carolina State University,Raleigh,NC27695,USAa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received13December2017 Revised26January2018 Accepted14May2018 Available online21May2018Keywords:SurfactantsNanoparticlesCarbon sequestration Enhanced oil recovery a b s t r a c tEnhanced oil recovery(EOR)via carbon dioxide(CO2)ﬂooding has received a considerable amount of attention as an economically feasible method for carbon sequestration,with many recent studies focus-ing on developing enhanced CO2foaming additives.However,the potential long-term environmental effects of these additives in the event of leakage are poorly understood and,given the amount of additives injected in a typical CO2EOR operation,could be far-reaching.This paper presents a summary of recent developments in surfactant and surfactant/nanoparticle-based CO2foaming systems,with an emphasis on the possible environmental impacts of CO2foam leakage.Most of the surfactants studied are unlikely to degrade under reservoir conditions,and their release can cause major negative impacts on wildlife. With recent advances in the use of additives(e.g.,nonionic surfactants,nanoparticles,and other chemicals)the use of harsh anionic surfactants may no longer be warranted.This paper discusses recent advances in producing foaming systems,and highlights possible strategies to develop environmentally friendly CO2EOR methods.Ó2018THE AUTHORS.Published by Elsevier LTD on behalf of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license1.IntroductionCarbon dioxide(CO2)ﬂooding is one of the most widely used enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods.In the United States,CO2 EOR has recovered over1.5billion barrels of oil,and estimates of the amount of oil that is recoverable by CO2EOR range from47 billion to137billion barrels[1–3].Even though CO2ﬂooding is an attractive EOR method by itself,it can be enhanced using additives that improve the ability of the CO2to displace trapped oil.Under the conditions of a typical oil reservoir,the viscosity of CO2can be10–50times lower than that of the oil,which makes CO2likely to channel through the oil and preferentiallyﬂow through more permeable rock sections[4].This problem can be alleviated by adding surfactants to generate in situ CO2foams [2–10].These foams have higher viscosity than each of their components,and their viscosity increases with increasing pore diameter,making them less likely to preferentiallyﬂow through more permeable rock sections.The result is a more uniform front of foam that pushes oil rather thanﬁngering through the reservoir’s most open geological formations.Ideally,using CO2foams for EOR would be a nontoxic method of carbon sequestration that would reduce industrial contributions to global warming.This process meets the criteria established by the US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)for a process to be con-sidered‘‘green chemistry”[11].The use of CO2foams would decrease our impact on global climate change by trapping carbon in the depleting reservoir,thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Incorporating CO2EOR into carbon capture and sequestration sys-tems results in lower environmental impact and higher thermody-namic efﬁciency compared with schemes that do not use it[12]. Furthermore,experiments have shown that CO2foams are most effective at low pressures[13],thus reducing compression costs and improving the thermodynamic efﬁciency of the process.Given the appeal of CO2EOR as an economically feasible method of carbon sequestration,there have been numerous recent studies on the physics and economics of the process[14,15]as well as research on novel foaming agents such as CO2-soluble surfac-tants,polymer-coated nanoparticles,and surfactant/nanoparticle blends[15,16].Although much progress has been made in improv-ing the stability and performance of CO2foams for EOR,the rapid development of foaming agents raises the question of their envi-ronmental safety.Most studies on the potential environmental impacts of carbon sequestration via CO2EOR focus on CO2leakage;⇑Corresponding author.E-mail address:eesantis@(E.E.Santiso).Engineering4(2018)336–342 Contents lists available at ScienceDirectEngineeringfar fewer studies consider the potential impact of the leakage of foaming agents.Considering the large amounts of surfactant injected into the ground in commercial CO2EOR operations—typi-cally hundreds to thousands of tons of surfactant[17]—this impact could be substantial.In this paper,we explain why the environ-mental impact of foaming agents warrants concern and highlight the recent advances in developing stable CO2foams for EOR,with an emphasis on their potential environmental effects.We will show how new technology has enabled future research to revisit the necessity of using harsh anionic surfactants.The rest of this work is organized as follows:Sections2and3 outline the most recent developments in surfactant and surfactant/nanoparticle-based CO2foam systems.Section4dis-cusses recent studies on the potential environmental impacts of CO2leakage,and Section5considers the potential impact of leak-age of the foaming agents.Finally,we offer some closing remarks, including suggestions for future research.2.Advances in surfactant CO2foam systemsThere are several CO2ﬂooding processes that rely on surfactants to produce foams[2,4–10].Surfactant/polymer(SP)ﬂooding involves in situ foam creation as the surfactant interacts with the brine and oil present in the reservoir,while the added polymer improves the mobility of the displacing phase.Foamﬂooding involves injecting a foamed gas into the reservoir to displace the oil and to improve the mobility of the oil as the gas dissolves in it.Water alternating gas(WAG)ﬂooding involves the alternate injection of CO2with slugs of soapy brine containing ionic surfac-tants,leading to in situ foam generation.The majority of studies andﬁeld tests for surfactant-enhanced CO2EOR have used the WAG process.Several improvements to the WAG process have been proposed, including the foam-assisted WAG(FAWAG)process,which inte-grates foamﬂooding and WAGﬂooding[10],and the chemically augmented WAG process,which combines WAG with the injection of alkali/surfactant/polymer(ASP)mixtures[18].Research on these improved methods has found success in utilizing amine-functionalized CO2-switchable chemicals such as N-erucamidopropyl-N,N-dimethylamine[18,19]and N,N,N0,N0-tetra methyl-1,3-propanediamine[20].Upon contact with CO2,these chemicals react with the dissolved carbonic acid,leading to the for-mation of foams and gel-like structures with enhanced sweeping efﬁciency.N-erucamidopropyl-N,N-dimethylamine has been shown to provide good mobility control and foam performance under harsh conditions[18].More recently,there has been increased interest in the develop-ment of CO2-philic surfactants,whether by means of functional groups or by modifying the tail group ing CO2-soluble surfactants has several advantages[2,4,21].First,it ensures that the surfactant is available for foam generation right where the CO2ﬂows.Second,it eliminates the need to inject water(brine is usually present in the reservoir from prior waterﬂooding).Third, it makes the surfactant less likely to be lost due to adsorption on rock surfaces or trapping in‘‘thief zones,”thus reducing the amount of surfactant required.In a recent study,Sagir et al.[21]examined the performance of a synthetic CO2-philic surfactant,nonylphenol ethoxylate sul-fonate(NPES),using betaine as a foam booster.The study found that NPES lowers the surface tension of the CO2/brine interface from30to5.2mNÁmÀ1and reduces the mobility of the CO2by a factor of three,making it a very promising surfactant for CO2 EOR.However,the study did not consider the potential environ-mental impact of the surfactant.Another recent study by Talebian et al.[22]tested blends of three newly developed surfactants,FomaxII,FomaxVII,and UTP-Foam,which also contain CO2-philic groups,as foaming agents in surfactant alternating gas(SAG)ﬂood-ing.The study found that surfactants containing bulky,branched tail groups resulted in more stable foams,and that CO2-philic sur-factants with higher activity at the gas/water interface resulted in improved stability in the presence of oil.The results of these stud-ies support priorﬁndings that surfactants with bulkier,branched tail groups result in improved stability of the CO2/brine interface [8].More recent molecular simulation studies have also found that branching increases the effectiveness of the surfactant,although there is a complex relationship between the tail group architecture and the surfactant performance.Alkalis are often used as additives in WAGﬂooding.Recent work by Farzaneh and Sohrabi[23]studied the stability of CO2 foams in the presence of crude oil using eight different surfactants and three different alkaline additives(sodium hydroxide,sodium carbonate,and sodium borate).The study included one nonionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactant(Neodol25-7TM)and seven anionic surfactants:four from the sodium oleﬁn sulfonate family(Pet-rostep C1TM,C2TM,and S2TM,and Bio-terge AS-40TM),two ammonium alkyl ether sulfate surfactants(Rhodapex CD-128TM and Alpha Foa-merÒ),and a proprietary surfactant(XP-0010TM).All the anionic surfactants resulted in more stable foams than the nonionic surfac-tant,with XP-0010TM resulting in the most stable and oil-resistant foam.Of the alkalis,sodium hydroxide was found to decrease foam stability.Sodium carbonate and borate resulted in more stable foams,with the borate outperforming the carbonate.In all cases, the study observed that there is an optimal concentration of alkali and surfactant that produces the most stable foams.Polymer additives are another method of improving foaming properties.A recent study found that combining foamﬂooding and SPﬂooding signiﬁcantly increases the oil recovery in CO2 EOR,particularly at higher reservoir pressures[24].The study used a mixture of sodium alpha oleﬁn sulfate(AOS),the foaming agent N70K-T,and the thickener AVS(consisting of a novel ter-polymer of acrylamide,2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS),and an additional(variable)monomer[25]).Other recent studies have tested mixtures of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS)with partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM)[26],and of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)with a hydrophobic modiﬁed water-soluble polymer,alkyl acrylate cross polymer(HMPAA) [27].The latter system led to ultra-stable foams due to the forma-tion of an HMPAA hydrophobic network on the CO2/water interface.Several recent studies have also considered foams prepared with the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100TM(TX-100),an octylphe-nol ethoxylate with9–10ethylene oxide units[25,28–30],as well as nonylphenol polyethoxylates(NPs)[31].Oneﬂooding study sought to improve sweep efﬁciency by blending surfactant concen-trations at reservoir conditions[28].The study tested three surfac-tants:pure AOS,a blend of equal parts of AOS and lauramidopropyl amine oxide(LMDO),and a blend of equal parts of AOS and TX-100. The study found signiﬁcant enhancements in oil recovery in all cases,with the AOS/TX-100blend resulting in the highest recovery.A study by AttarHamed and Zoveidavianpoor[29]in2014also tested mixtures of AOS and TX-100at different concentrations,and found that a4:1mixture produced better foamability and stability than other mixtures or the surfactants alone.A more recent study by Xu et al.[25]tested several mixtures of surfactants,including TX-100,alkyl polyglycoside(APG),SDS,and AOS with the additives N70K-T,triethanolamine(TEA),AVS,and HPAM.The study found that the AOS/AVS/N70K-T mixture showed superior performance in terms of foamability,foam stability,relative modiﬁcation ability, and amount of oil recovered.From the studies discussed so far,it is clear that anionic surfac-tants are generally superior to nonionic options and more stable inJ.A.Clark,E.E.Santiso/Engineering4(2018)336–342337brine for CO2EOR,although adding the nonionic surfactant TX-100 to an anionic formulation can result in improved foam properties. The results also suggest that modifying the chemistry and architec-ture of the surfactant tail can be an effective way to improve foam-ing performance.However,these studies mostly focus on the properties of the resulting foams and not on the potential toxicity or environmental impact of the formulations(see Section5).The use of biosurfactants would be a greener alternative[32].In addi-tion to discovering that the foaming performance and thermal sta-bility of nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants increased with the number of ethylene oxide units,recent work by Wang et al.[31]found that APG-1214,a biodegradable polyglycoside nonionic surfactant,is a very effective CO2foaming agent.In their study,the addition of APG-1214produced a foam that outperformed all the individual NP and anionic surfactant systems alone.The authors attributed this result to the presence of negative charges on the APG micelles,due to excess adsorption of OHÀat the interface.This results in a higher effective hydrophilicity of the surfactant,leading to higher foaming capability.Another recent study found that poly-oxyethylene sorbitan monooleate(Tween80),an inexpensive non-toxic emulsifying agent commonly used in food and cosmetics,can be used in combination with small amounts of SDS(10:1weight ratio of Tween80to SDS)to produce stable CO2foams suitable for injection in hydrate reservoirs[33].These studies suggest that synthetic and caustic additives could be replaced by greener alter-natives in CO2EOR operations in order to reduce the impact of such operations on the environment.3.Advances in surfactant/nanoparticle CO2foam systemsMost of the recent research in theﬁeld of CO2EOR has focused on the use of nanoparticles as foaming additives.Emulsions, including solid nanoparticles,often exhibit higher long-term sta-bility,and can be designed to be biocompatible and environmen-tally friendly[34,35].In this section,we discuss studies from the lastﬁve years on the use of surfactant/nanoparticle foams for CO2EOR,with their environmental impact in mind.A recent gen-eral review of the uses of nanoparticles in various EOR applications has been published by Sun et al.[36].A recent study by Yekeen et al.[37]showed that the synergy of SDS with either alumina(Al2O3)or silica(SiO2)nanoparticles resulted in smaller bubbles,a longer half-life,and greater viscosity. The authors attributed these properties to the accumulation of nanoparticles in the foam lamellae and plateau borders,which led to increasedﬁlm thickness and elasticity.The positioning of the nanoparticles prevents liquid drainage,ﬁlm thinning,and bub-ble coalescence.This analysis was supported by similar recent studies on foams that were stabilized by polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles with the nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactant Surfonic N120TM[38],and by studies that combined SiO2nanoparticles with bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate(AOT)[39],SDS[40],AOS [41,42],cetyl trimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)[43],and ethyl hexadecyl dimethylammonium bromide[44].A separate study conﬁrmed the improvement in the properties of foams formulated with AOS and mixtures of AOS with guar gum and viscoelastic surfactants(VESs)when nanoparticles are added[45].Silica nanoparticles are the most commonly studied nanoparti-cles in the recent literature.Silica is an abundant natural material; for this reason,it is generally assumed that silica nanoparticles are an environmentally friendly additive,even though it is unclear whether this is true(see Section5).Furthermore,silica nanoparti-cles often outperform other additives.A few recent studies have compared silica with other materials.Emrani and Nasr-El-Din [46]recently compared the foaming properties of AOS/guar gum solutions containing SiO2and iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3)nanoparticles,and found that silica nanoparticles resulted in higher stability. They attributed the poorer performance of Fe2O3nanoparticles to their tendency to aggregate due to their high surface energy. Another study by Manan et al.[47]compared the performance of SiO2,Al2O3,copper(II)oxide(CuO),and titanium dioxide(TiO2) nanoparticles as additives to AOS.Their study found that alumina nanoparticles resulted in more stable foams that recovered the highest amount of oil after waterﬂooding,with silica nanoparticles being a close second.One disadvantage of silica nanoparticles is that they have a neg-atively charged surface,which precludes the tuning of their hydrophobicity[48–50].In order to control hydrophobicity,a cho-sen surfactant should have a charge that is opposite to that of the nanoparticle.The negative charge of the silica nanoparticles means that cationic surfactants should be used for this purpose;however, these surfactants are easily trapped in the negatively charged rock surfaces[49].For this reason,other materials such as boehmite (AlOOH)have been studied.Yang et al.[49]tested SDS foams sta-bilized with AlOOH nanoparticles,and found that the resulting foam exhibited much better stability at high temperature and in the presence of oil than SDS foams.In a separate study,Yang et al.[51]used foams stabilized by AlOOH nanoparticles combined with sodium cumenesulfonate(SC),and found that the foams were highly stable over a wide electrolyte concentration range,and resulted in improved oil displacement.Recent studies have also tested other nanoparticle materials for CO2EOR.Guo and Aryana[52]studied foams stabilized by different mixtures of SDS,AOS,and lauramidopropyl betaine(LAPB)in com-bination with nanoclays and silica nanoparticles.Their study found that the combination of a mixture of AOS and LAPB with silica nanoparticles resulted in better foamability and higher stability. However,an AOS/LAPB mixture with nanoclay particles produced a better oil-recovery performance.As another alternative material, Lee et al.[53]explored the use of nanoparticles made by grinding coalﬂy ash,a waste product of coal power plants.Their study found that due to their negative charge,theﬂy ash particles could not stabilize CO2foams by themselves.However,adding dimethyl trimethylammonium bromide(DTAB),a cationic surfactant,to low-carbonﬂy ash resulted in stable foams.Nevertheless,a cationic surfactant would typically be adsorbed by the reservoir rocks,making this process inefﬁcient.On the other hand,the study also found that highly carbonaceousﬂy ash particles combined with turpentine oil did produce stable foams,suggesting that these particles might produce a foam in situ due to interactions with the oil in the reservoir.Several recent studies have tested nanoparticle/surfactant sys-tems with other additives,particularly alkalis,alcohols,and poly-mers.Adding polymers to nanoparticle/surfactant foams at optimal concentration enhances the foam stability due to steric repulsion between bubbles.However,too much polymer can break the foam due to settling.Alcohols and alkalis also exhibit optimal concentrations for foaming performance[54].A recent study by Wang et al.[55]used mixtures of the‘‘green”nonionic surfactant APG in combination with SiO2nanoparticles and the gemini surfac-tant C12C3C12Br to form a stable foam.Although anionic surfactants are known to outperform nonionic surfactants in brine[56],their results suggest a possible line of research in developing‘‘green”foaming blends.4.Environmental impacts of CO2foam leakageLiu et al.[57]have compiled a thorough analysis of the environ-mental impacts and risks of CO2EOR due to short-term leakage, large-scale leakage,and long-term diffusion or seepage of stored CO2.Examples of these phenomena are illustrated in Fig.1[57].338J.A.Clark,E.E.Santiso/Engineering4(2018)336–342These processes have direct and indirect impacts on human health and the environment,at both local and global levels.At the local level,the increased CO 2levels in the vicinity of the leaking reser-voir cause changes in the groundwater and soil chemistry,leading to impaired plant health and diminished crop yields [58].These high CO 2concentrations can also have a direct impact on human health,with levels above 5%–10%potentially resulting in loss of consciousness and death.At the global level,the release of CO 2results in increased greenhouse gas levels,thereby diminishing or eliminating the beneﬁts of geological storage [57].Given the different possible failure scenarios for CO 2storage and the lack of an empirical knowledge base for evaluating the related risks,it is very difﬁcult to carry out a quantitative risk anal-ysis with high conﬁdence [59].Developing models for ﬂuids within oil reservoirs is also challenging,as the ﬂuids are complex and their properties within a rock formation may be very different from those of a bulk ﬂuid [60–62].Several recent case studies have con-sidered potential risks due to gas leakage in individual CO 2reser-voirs,as well as monitoring and remediation strategies.The Zama Lake site in Alberta,Canada,has been the subject of a few such studies [63–65].This site contains tens of thousands of metric tons of a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulﬁde that has been used for EOR.These sites are typically sealed after the injec-tion process has completed in order to keep the toxic gas deep underground.However,the cement and steel used to seal the well-bore will degrade over time,and this toxic mixture will inevitably leak into the environment,as it is predicted that the mixture will remain unreactive and thus free-ﬂowing [63].Another area that has recently been studied extensively is the Jingbian Gas Field inShaanxi Province,China,which houses a major CO 2EOR demon-stration project that has been running since 2012[66].The Ordos Basin,where the Jingbian Gas Field is located,is the second-largest sedimentary basin in China,and has a very large potential capacity for CO 2storage [67,68].However,even though the Jing-bian Gas Field is located in the most geologically stable area of the Ordos Basin,a number of potential risks have been identiﬁed:The region has a history of earthquakes and also contains collapsed mine shafts and abandoned boreholes,which could result in CO 2leakage [67,69].Therefore,a comprehensive geological and envi-ronmental monitoring strategy is essential for the success of the project.Besides the environmental risk due to CO 2leakage,there is a potential risk due to the additives used to stabilize the CO 2foams.Given the recent advances in both surfactant-based and surfactant/nanoparticle-based foaming additives,there is a need for a com-prehensive study of the potential environmental impact of these additives.These impacts are discussed in the next section.5.Environmental impacts of surfactant and nanoparticle leakageIn contrast to the large number of studies on the potential risks of CO 2leakage,few studies have been performed on the potential risks of foaming agent leakage in the context of CO 2EOR.When the risks of chemical exposure involve adverse environmental or human health effects (whether acute or chronic),the US EPA clas-siﬁes that chemical as toxic [70].In this section,we outline someofFig.1.Mechanisms and impacts of CO 2leakage from geological sequestration sites [57].(Copyright 2016Springer,reproduced with permission)J.A.Clark,E.E.Santiso /Engineering 4(2018)336–342339the risks associated with the components used in the previously described studies,in the hope that it will be helpful to guide future studies of CO2EOR as a‘‘green”process.The research reviewed in the present paper examines an assort-ment of anionic surfactants,as well as a much narrower set of non-ionic surfactants(since cationic surfactants are unattractive due to their propensity to adsorb in rock formations,we do not consider them in this discussion).The anionic and nonionic surfactants used in the most recent studies(Sections2and3)are summarized in Table1.All of the anionic and most of the nonionic surfactants listed have potential toxic effects on the environment,depending on the amount released.For example,alkylphenol ethoxylates, which include some of the anionic and most of the nonionic surfac-tants discussed in this work,are well known for being endocrine disruptors and for having major deleterious impacts on aquatic organisms[71–73].Releasing large quantities of these surfactants near bodies of water is very likely to catastrophically impact the aquatic wildlife in those environments.Anionic surfactants deserve the most attention here,as they are the most effective for CO2foams for EOR and are also a cause for great concern in terms of ecological impact.Among the anionic surfactants described in Sections2and3,SDS and AOS are by far the most common.In high concentrations,even common household surfactants such as SDS can have major,widespread environmental impacts[74].The hazardous effects of SDS on the environment have motivated studies on how to rapidly degrade SDS for wastewater treatment[75,76].Of the remaining surfac-tants considered,many are oleﬁn sulfonates,which provoke that the same environmental concerns as AOS.Oleﬁn sulfonates show greater toxicity to aquatic life than alkyl sulfates such as SDS [77];however,unlike SDS,oleﬁn sulfonates have not been shown to have toxic effects on microorganisms[78].Similarly,alkyl ben-zene sulfonates negatively affect aquatic life[79,80].On the other hand,sulfosuccinates,such as AOT,have been found to be toxic to aquatic microorganisms and harmless to crustaceans[81].When addressing the degradation of surfactants,however,it is important to indicate whether aerobic or anaerobic conditions are involved.Most reports refer to aerobic conditions;however, in the case of EOR,we are concerned with anaerobic degradation, which is not as well understood.Surfactant biodegradation is dependent on multiple factors[82]:Microorganisms either cause a structural change that eliminates their function as surfactants, or are completely broken down.Because degradation is carried out by microorganisms,the presence of organisms capable of metabolizing a surfactant,as well as appropriate pH,temperature,nutrients,and water content,is necessary.Studies under anaerobic conditions have shown that alkyl and oleﬁn sulfonates will not degrade,while sulfosuccinates are digested[78]and alkyl ester sulfonates and alkyl benzene sulfonates are slowly digested[82]. The difference in biodegradation is thought to be due to the pres-ence of functional groups(i.e.,ester,ether,and aromatic groups) that allow anaerobic microorganisms to cleave the sulfonate from the tail group.Although there is some information on the degrada-tion of surfactants under ideal anaerobic conditions[83],our understanding of how various environmental conditions relate to the degradation rate is still limited.Most oil reservoirs are unlikely to exhibit ideal degradation conditions;thus,the storage of these compounds in a reservoir with a risk of leakage or seepage can be seen as a signiﬁcant environmental risk.Nanoparticle additives also pose environmental risks.Silica nanoparticles have traditionally been regarded as environmentally friendly due to the common natural occurrence of silica.However, the toxicity of silica nanoparticles is poorly understood.Recent studies have found that silica nanoparticles exhibit signiﬁcant cytotoxicity depending on the particle size and level of exposure [84,85],and in vivo experiments have shown that silica nanoparti-cles can lead to liver[86]and kidney injury[87],among other harmful effects[85].More studies are needed to understand the potential environmental effects of injecting large quantities of sil-ica nanoparticles underground.Other nanoparticle systems are equally uncertain regarding their environmental impact.As discussed in Section4,AlOOH nanoparticles have also shown enhanced performance as foaming additives.However,AlOOH nanoparticles are known to be toxic, depending on the size of their agglomerates[88].As in the case of silica nanoparticles,a study on the potential impact of releasing large quantities of AlOOH nanoparticles into the environment is necessary in order to outline an effective monitoring and mitiga-tion strategy.6.Closing remarksIn recent years,there has been an increasing focus on novel technologies for CO2EOR,given its special status as an economi-cally feasible process for carbon sequestration.Recent studies have resulted in highly effective foaming additives to enhance stability, resilience,and oil recovery.These additives include nonionic sur-factants,nanoparticles,and other additives such as polymers,alco-hols,and alkalis.The continued preferential use of anionicTable1Summary of environmental impacts of surfactants used in recent CO2foam studies.Classiﬁcation Surfactant Environmental threat ReferencesAnionic Bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate(AOT)Toxic to microorganisms[24,39]Ammonium alkyl ether sulfate Toxic to aquatic life[23]Alpha oleﬁn sulfonate(AOS)Toxic to aquatic life[22,23,25,28,29,42,45–47,52]Sodium oleﬁn sulfonate Toxic to aquatic life[23,50]FomaxII Unknown[22]FomaxVII Unknown[22]Nonylphenol ethoxylate sulfonate(NPES)Toxic to aquatic life[21,31]Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS)Toxic to aquatic life[26,31]Sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)Toxic to aquatic life and microorganisms[20,25,31,33,37,40,51,52,54]Sodium dodecyl sulfonate Toxic to aquatic life[31]UTP-foam Unknown[22]XP-0010TM Unknown[23]Nonionic Alkyl polyglycosides(APG)Nontoxic[25,31,55]N70K-T Unknown[24,25]Neodol25-7TM Toxic to aquatic life[23]Surfonic N120TM Toxic to aquatic life[38]Triton X-100TM Toxic to aquatic life[25,28–30]Tween80Nontoxic[33,54]340J.A.Clark,E.E.Santiso/Engineering4(2018)336–342。

(完整word版)大学英语精读第三版第四册

Two college-age boys, unaware that making money usually involves hard w ork, are tempted by an advertisement that promises them an easy way to earn a lot of money。

The boys soon learn that if something seems to good to be true， it probably is。

两个上大学的男孩,不知道通常涉及努力工作赚钱，是受到广告的诱惑,承诺他们一个简单的方法来赚一大笔钱。

男孩们很快发现如果似乎好得让人难以置信的东西,它可能是。

BIG BUCKS THE EASY WAY"You ought to look into this，" I suggested to our two college-age sons. "It might be a w ay to avoid the indignity of having to ask for money all th e time。

”I handed them some magazines in a plastic bag som eone bad hung on our doorknob. A message printed on the bag offered leisurely, lucrative work ("Big Bucks the Easy Way!”) of delivering more such bags.“你应该看看这个，”我建议我们两个上大学的儿子.“这可能是一种避免必须要钱的侮辱。

”我给了他们一些杂志在塑料袋有人坏消息挂在门把手.印在袋子里悠闲的,有利可图的工作（“大钱好走的路!”）提供更多这样的袋子.“我不介意侮辱，”年长的人回答。

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工程(英文)CN 10-1244/N Distribution code Q 1849国内发行代号80–744Volume 4 Issue 3 June 2018 ISSN 2095-8099 Pages 299–430Green Industrial ProcessesPages 311–429June 2018Engineering is intended to provide a high-level platform where academic achievements of great importance in engineering science and technology can be disseminated and shared.Engineering Science and TechnologyCreate a Better FutureBased on the high-speed self-rotation of particles in cyclone, a cyclonic gas-stripping process has been developed to remove organic matter from the nanopores of particles. A demonstration device was built with Sinopec’s first ebullated-bed hydro-treatment unit for residual oil. Compared with the T-STAR fixed-bed gas-stripping system designed in the United States, this technology shows higher efficiency, lower energy consumption, and lower processing time. (Photo by National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Chinese Academy of Sciences)EngineeringEngineeringEngineering Sciences Press PublisherZhang, Ruyi, The CAE Centre for Strategic Studies, China Editor-in-ChiefHan, Jun, Higher Education Press, China Deputy Editor-in-ChiefWen, Danyan, Higher Education Press, ChinaEngineering is an international open-access journal that was launched by the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) in 2015. Its aims are to providea high-level platform where cutting-edge advancements in engineering R&D, current major research outputs, and key achievements can be dissem-inated and shared; to report progress in engineering science, discuss hot topics, areas of interest, challenges, and prospects in engineering develop-ment, and consider human and environmental well-being and ethics in engineering; to encourage engineering breakthroughs and innovations thatare of profound economic and social importance, enabling them to reach advanced international standards and to become a new productive force,and thereby changing the world, benefiting humanity, and creating a new future.We are interested in:(1) News & Highlights: This section covers engineering news from a global perspective and includes updates on engineering issues of high concern.(2) Views & Comments: This section is aimed at raising academic debates in scientific and engineering community, encouraging people to expressnew ideas, and providing a platform for the comments on some comprehensive issues.(3)Research: This section reports on outstanding research results in the form of research articles, reviews, perspectives, and short communicationsregarding critical engineering issues, and so on.All manuscripts must be prepared in English, and are subject to a rigorous and fair peer-review process. Accepted papers will immediately appearonline, and will be translated into Chinese.The contents of our journal are based on the disciplines covered by the nine CAE divisions:•Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering•Information and Electronic Engineering•Chemical, Metallurgical, and Materials Engineering•Energy and Mining Engineering•Civil, Hydraulic, and Architecture Engineering•Agriculture•Environment & Light and Textile Industries Engineering•Medical and Health Care•Engineering ManagementFocusing on current hot topics and cutting-edge fields of engineering, Engineering has established guest editorial boards to publish special issueson such topics. On the official website of Engineering, each special issue has its own webpage in order to allow progressive publishing, draw attentionfrom the public, and ensure long-term development.Aims & ScopeSupervised byChinese Academy of EngineeringAdministered byThe CAE Centre for Strategic StudiesHigher Education Press, ChinaContact InformationE-mail: engineering@Tel: 0086-10-59300284Subscription InformationISSN print edition: 2095-8099ISSN electronic edition: 2096-0026Orders and InquiriesEngineering Sciences Press, ChinaFloor 12, Fusheng Building No.4 Huixindong StreetChaoyang District, Beijing 100029, ChinaTel: 0086-10-58582509Fax: 0086-10-58582494Published byEngineering Sciences Press, ChinaNarayanamurti, Venkatesh, Harvard Kennedy School, USANi, Weidou, Tsinghua University, ChinaPan, Yunhe, Zhejiang University, ChinaPedersen, Preben Terndrup, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkPeppas, Nicholas A., University of Texas at Austin, USAPochukaev, V. N., TSNIIMash, RussiaPrice, William Geraint, University of Southampton, UKPui, David Y. H., University of Minnesota, USAQu, Jiuhui, Research Center for Eco-Envionmental Sciences, CAS, ChinaRaj, Baldev, Indian Institute of Science Campus, IndiaSeible, Frieder, Monash University, AustraliaShah, Surendra P., Northwestern University, USAShen, Zuyan, Tongji University, ChinaSiffert, Paul M., E-MRS, FranceSomasundaran, Ponisseril, Columbia University, USASteinbach, Jorg, Brandenburg University of Technology, GermanyStocker, Thomas, University of Bern, SwitzerlandTamura, Yukio, Beijing Jiaotong University, ChinaTan, Jianrong, Zhejiang University, ChinaTang, Man-Chung, T.Y.Lin International, USATownend, Ian, CoastalSEA, UKTsukihashi, Fumitaka, University of Tokyo, JapanVan Loosdrecht, Mark, Delft University of Technology, the NetherlandsWadsworth, Jeffrey, Battelle Memorial Institute, USAWang, An, China International Engineering Consulting Corporation, ChinaWang, Jingkang, Tianjin University, ChinaWeber, Eicke R., Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, GermanyWeng, Shilie, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ChinaWong, Ching-Ping, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaWu, Jiangxing, The PLA Information Engineering University, ChinaWu, Manqing, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, ChinaYang, Henry T., University of California, Santa Barbara, USAYang, Shuzi, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, ChinaYang, Victor C., The University of Michigan, USAYu, Aibing, Monash University, AustraliaYuan, Shiyi, PetroChina Co., Ltd., ChinaYue, Guangxi, Tsinghua University, ChinaZhang, Jianyun, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, ChinaZheng, Jingchen, General Hospital of Armed Police Forces, ChinaZhou, Huaibei, Wuhan University, ChinaZhu, Jesse, The University of Western Ontario, CanadaEditorial BoardEditors-in-ChiefZhou, Ji, Chinese Academy of Engineering, ChinaReddy, Raj, Carnegie Mellon University, USAExecutive Editor-in-ChiefChen, Jianfeng, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China Associate Editors-in-ChiefBatterham, Robin, University of Melbourne, AustraliaChen, Gang, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USADavis, Lance A., National Academy of Engineering, USAKoizumi, Hideaki, The Engineering Academy of Japan, JapanLi, Jinghai, National Natural Science Foundation of China, ChinaSuter, Ulrich W., ETH Zurich, SwitzerlandTu, Hailing, General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, China Wang, Chen, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China Executive Associate Editors-in-ChiefGao, Wei, Colorado State University, USAWu, Xiang, The CAE Centre for Strategic Studies, China MembersBarlow, Snow, University of Melbourne, AustraliaBoyd, Stephen P., Stanford University, USABroers, Alec, House of Lords, UKCavenee, Webster, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, USAChen, Saijuan, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ChinaCrittenden, John C., Georgia Institute of Technology, USACui, Junzhi, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science , CAS, China Davies, Bill, Lancaster University, UKDavis, Wayne T., University of Tennessee, USADing, Yihui, China Meteorological Administration, ChinaDowling, Dame Ann, Royal Academy of Engineering, UKElimelech, Menachem, Yale University, USAForssberg, Eric K. S., Lulea University of Technology, SwedenFu, Xiaobing, The General Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation, China Fujishima, Akira,Tokyo University of Science, JapanGanser, Arnold, Hannover Medical School, GermanyGrierson, Don, University of Nottingham, UKGu, Min, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, AustraliaGuo, Dongming, Dalian University of Technology, ChinaHall, Wendy, University of Southampton, UKHao, Jiming, Tsinghua University, ChinaHardy, Ronald W., University of Idaho, USAHe, Jishan, Central South University, ChinaHein, Klaus R. G., University of Stuttgart, GermanyHoffmann, Michael R., California Institute of Technology, USAHu, Shixin Jack, University of Michigan, USAHuang, Norden E., Central University, Taiwan, ChinaKang, Shaozhong, China Agricultural University, ChinaKareem, Ahsan, University of Notre Dame, USAKaushik, Sadasivam, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France Konstantin, Solntsev, Russian Academy of Sciences, RussiaKoren, Yoram, The University of Michigan, USAKuo, Way, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaLadisch, Michael R., Purdue University, USALaurencin, Cato T., University of Connecticut Health Center, USALee, Fred C., Virginia Tech., USALemoine, Nicholas Robert, Queen Mary University of London, UK Leopold, Juergen, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation, Germany Li, Kai, Princeton University, USALi, Norman, NL Chemical Technology, Inc., USALi, Renhan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, ChinaLieber, Charles M., Harvard University, USALiu, Chain-Tsuan, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaLiu, Ke, Center for China and Globalization, ChinaLiu, Zhihong, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, China Lloyd, Philip, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South AfricaMai, Kangsen, Ocean University of China, ChinaMai, Yiu-Wing, The University of Sydney, AustraliaMang, Herbert, TU Wien, AustriaMoan, Torgeir, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway Mote, C. D., National Academy of Engineering, USANilsson, Larsgunnar, Linköping University, Sweden Guest Editorial BoardGreen Industrial ProcessesGuest Editors-in-ChiefDuan, Ning, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, China Gubbins, Keith E., North Carolina State University, USAExecutive Editors-in-ChiefCao, Hongbin, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Jiang, Linhua, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, China MembersBlanpain, Bart, KU Leuven, BelgiumDescorme, Claude, Institute of Researches on Catalysis and Environment in Lyon, France Dreisinger, David, University of British Columbia, CanadaHassani, Ferri, McGill University, CanadaHuang, Xia, Tsinghua University, ChinaReklaitis, Gintaras, Purdue University, USARuan, Roger, University of Minnesota, USAShah, Nilay, Imperial College London, UKSoni, Bharat, Tennessee Tech University, USAWang, Hualin, East China University of Science and Technology, ChinaZhan, Kai, BGRIMM Technology Group, ChinaZhu, Fahua, State Power Environmental Protection Research Institute, ChinaEditorial Board Office DirectorDing, Ning, Chinese Academy of Engineering, ChinaEditorial StaffPan, Jingsong, Higher Education Press, ChinaKuang, MinxuanShen, XiaojingWu, JiamingZhang, NanZhou, HaichuanZhou, Zhuo。