2014年职称英语综合A真题.pdf
2014年全国职称英语考试综合类部分真题
2014年全国职称英语考试综合类部分真题第一部分：词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分。
共15分) 真题网址：w-w-w.hbwypx.c-n 沟通方式469296725下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1．Patricia stared at the other girls with resentment．A．doubtB．angerC．loveD．surprise2．I want to provide my boys with a decent education.A．speeialB．privateC．goodD．general3．Her father was a quiet man with graceful manners.A．politeB．similarC．usualD．bad4．There was a profound silence after his remark.A．shortB．deepD．sudden5．The document was compiled by the Department of Health. A．printedB．attachedC．writtenD．sent6．In the process，the light energy converts to heat energy. A．changeB．reducesC．leavesD．drops7．Many cities have restricted smoking in public places.A．limitedB．allowedC．stoppedD．kept8．The thief was finally captured two miles away from the village. A．killedB．jailedC．caughtD．found9．If we leave now，we should miss the traffic．A．mixC．directD．stop10．What are my chances of promotion if I stay here? A．advancementB．replacementC．retirementD．adveaisement11．We've seen a marked shift in our approach to the social issues．A．greatB．clearC．quickD．regular12.Such a database would be extremely costly to set up．A．updateB．transferC．destroyD．establish13.The two banks have announced plans to merge next year．A．combineB．breakC．sellD．close14.I enjoyed the play-it had a clever plot and very funny dialogues.A．humorousB．IongC．originalD．boilng15．He's spent years cultivating a knowledge of art．A．denyingB．usingC．sharingD．developing详细了解河北师大外院培训中心。
2014年职称英语A级考题
第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities．She is aof the world’s fast-growing urban areas ，especially in developing countries ．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her workThese gases are atmosphere ．”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,”says Romero Lankao. ”But toourban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’sfindings highlight ways in which city-residents areparticularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions construction patterns of citiesoften place their populations atand prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urbanenvironment ．For example ，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution ，causing widespread health problems ．network of roads ，areespecially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in，roads and basicservices.residents.”Unfortunately，theywrites, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don't local governments are taking ahands—off approach.” Thus, prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could NeutralizeHeart RiskFast food outlets coulddangers of fatty food,study ofin the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to the American Journal ofCardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attackto offset the ． Dr Francis ，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial CollegeLondon ，who is the senior author of the study,fries ．It’s better to avoid fattyfood altogether ．But we’veof having a it.”“It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthvhealth, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to makerisk-reducing statins available．It not much Dr Francis said ．When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’retake theirwith filters. Taking rational way of some of the fatty meal ．第十四篇 Sharks Perform a Service for Earth’s Waters （A 级） It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to 1attack people frequently. But these fish perform a 2valuable service for earth's waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishingare threatening their 3 existence Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from 4 Earth Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas 5because of their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas,6 where people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person7 for a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the8 times when sharks are looking for281 food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack. A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4 . It can find small amounts of substances in water,such as blood, body liquidsand 9 chemicals produced by animals. These powerful 10 senses help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish, any 11 other sharks, and plants that live in the ocean. Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark ‟s body defense, and immune 12 systems againstdisease. Researchers know that sharks 13 recover quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease. Sharks are important for the world ‟s 14 oceans . They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too 15 great . This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses练习：1．According to the first paragraph，people try to C．stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases．C短文第一段的大致意思是，许多疾病都由病毒引起，诸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人们想尽办法躲避病毒。
2014年职称英语综合A级真题及答案
•第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. There was an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject.A. pointB. tendencyC. result d. finding2. New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.a. amazingb. depressingc. predictabled. dull3. The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.a. furnishb. copyc. publishd. summarize4. The group does not advocate the use of violence.a. limitb. regulatec. opposed. support5. The original experiment cannot be exactly duplicate.a. reproducedb. inventedc. designedd. reported6. The department deferred the decision for six months.a. put offb. arrived atc. abided byd. protested against7. The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.a. easedb. appearedc. improvedd. relieved8. The uniform makes the guards look absurd.a. seriousb. ridiculousc. beautifuld. impressive9. Some of the larger birds can remain stationary in the air for several minutes.a. silentb. motionlessc. seatedd. true10. The country was torn apart by strife.a. povertyb. warc. conflictd. economy11. She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.a. actb. homeworkc. justiced. model12. A person’s wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness.a. equalb. certainc. larged. opposite13. His professional career spanned 16 days.a. startedb. changedc. movedd. lasted14. His stomach felt hollow with fear.a. sincereb. respectfulc. terribled. empty15. This was disaster on a cosmic scale.a. modestb. hugec. commerciald. national••第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
2014年职称英语真题及答案综合类A级(阅读理解)
第一篇The National TrustThe National Trust in Britainplays an increasingly important part in the preservation for public enjoymentof the best that is left unspoiled of the British countryside. Although theTrust has received practical and moral support from the Government,it is not arich Government department.It is a voluntary association of people who care forthe unspoiled countryside and historic buildings of Britain.It is a charitywhich depends for its existence on voluntary support from members of thepublic'.Its primary duty is to protect places of great natural beauty and placesof historical interest.The attention of the publicwas first drawn to the dangers threatening the great old houses and castles ofBritain by the death of Lord Lothian,who left his great seventeenth-centuryhouse to the Trust together with the 4500-acre park and estate surrounding it.Thisgift attracted wide publicity and started the Trust's"Country HouseScheme”. Under this scheme,with the help of the Government and the generalpublic,the Trust has been able to save and makeaccessible to the public aboutone hundred and fifty of these old st year about one and three quartersof a million people paid to visit these historic houses,usually at a verysmall charge.In addition to country housesand open spaces the Trust now owns some examples of ancient wind and watermills3,nature reserves4,five hundred and forty farms and nearly two thousandfive hundred cottages or small village houses,as well as some completevillages.In these villages no one is allowed to build,develop'or disturb theold village environment in any way and all the houses are maintained in theiroriginal sixteenth-century style.Over four hundred thousand acres of coastline,woodland,and hill country are protected by the Trust and no development ordisturbances of any kind are permitted.The public has free access to theseareas and is only asked to respect the peace,beauty and wildlife.Soit is that over the past eighty years the Trust has become a big and importantorganization and an essential and respected part of national life,preservingall that is of great natural beauty and of historical significance not only forfuturegenerations of Britons but also for the millions of tourists who eachyear invade Britain in search of a great historic and cultural heritage.31.The national trust is aB、non-profit organization depenging on voluntary service32、The national trust is dedicated toD、protecting the unspoiled countryside and historic33、We can infer from paragraph2that Lord Lothion____C、saved many old country houses in britain34、All the following can be inferred from the passage except_____A、the trust more interested in protecting the16century houses35、the word“invade”in pargraph41s closest in meaningtoC、visit in large number第二篇How we form first impressionWe all have first impressionof someone we just met.But why? Why do we form an opinion about someonewithout really knowing anything about him or her–aside perhaps from a fewremarks or readily observable traits.The answer is related to how yourbrain allows you to be aware of the world.Your brain is so sensitive inpicking up facial traits,even very minor difference in a how a person’s eyes,ears,nose,or mouth are placed in relation to each other make you see him orher as different.In fact,your brain continuously processes incoming sensoryinformation–the sights and sounds of your world.Theses incoming“signals”are compared against a host of“memories”stored in the brain areas called thecortex（大脑皮层）system to determine what thesenew signals“mean”.If you see someone you know and like at school,your brainsays“familiar andsafe”.“If you see someone new,it says,“new—potentially threatening”.Thenyour brain starts to match features of this stranger with other“known”memories. The height,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures and tone of voice areall matched up.The more unfamiliar the characteristics,the more your brainmay say,“This is new.I don’t like this person.”Or else,“I am intrigued.”Oryour brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes,ethnicity, gestures–like your other friends;so your brain says:“I like this person.”But thesespreliminary“impressions”can be dead wrong.When we stereotype people,we use aless mature form of thinking(not unlike the immature thinking of a very youngchild) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather thanlearn about the depth and breadth of people–their history,interest,values,strengths,and true character–we categorize them as jocks,geeks,or freaks.However,if we resist initialstereotypical impressions,we have a chance to be aware of what a person istruly like.If we spend time with a person,hear about his or her life,hopes,dreams,and become aware of the person’s character,we use a different,moremature style of thinking—and the most complex areas of our cortex,which allowus to be humane.36.Our first impression of some one new is influenced by his or her_____-facial feature37.If you meet a stranger with familiar gestures, your brain is mostly likelyto say____I like the person38.The word“preliminary”means____initial39.Our thinking is not mature enough when we stereotype people because_____we neglect their depth and breath40.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of thepassage?Our first impression is influenced by the sensitivity of our brain第三篇A New Strategy to Overcome Breast CancerPost-menopausal(绝经后)women who walkfor an hour a day can cut their chance of breast cancer significantly,a studyhas suggested.The report,which followed73,000women for17years, foundwalking for at least seven hours a week lowered the risk of the disease.TheAmerican Cancer Society team said this was the first time reduced risk wasspecifically linked to walking. UK experts said it was more evidence thatlifestyle influenced cancer risk.A recent poll for the charity Ramblers aquarter of adults walk for no more than an hour a week,but being active isknown to reduce the risk of a number of cancers.This study,published inCancer Epidemiology,Biomarkers&Prevention,followed 73.615women out of97,785aged50-74who had been recruited by the American Cancer Society between1992and1993,so it couldmonitor the incidence of cancer in the group.They were asked to completequestionnaires on their health and on how much time they were active andparticipating in activities such as walking,swimming and aerobics(有氧运动)and how much timethey spent sitting watching television or reading. They completed the samequestionnaires at two-year intervals between1997and2009.Of the women,47%said walking was their only recreational activity.Those who walked for atleast seven hours per week had a14%lower risk of breast cancer compared tothose who walked three or fewer hours per week.Dr.Alpa Patel,a senior epidemiologistat the American Cancer Society in Atlanta,Georgia,who led the study, said:”Giventhat more than60%of women report some daily walking,promoting walking as ahealthy leisure-time activity could be an effective strategy for increasingphysical activity amongst post-menopausal women.We were pleased to find thatwithout any other recreational activity,just walking one hour a day wasassociated with a lower risk of breast cancer in these women.””More strenuous(紧张的)and longeractivities lowered the risk even more.”Baroness Delyth Morgan,chief executiveof Breast Cancer Campaign,said:”This study adds further evidence that ourlifestyle choices can play a part in influencing the risk of breast cancer andeven small changes incorporate into our normal day-to-day activity can make adifference.”She added:”We know that the best weaponto overcoming breast cancer is the ability to stop it occurring in the firstplace.The challenge now is how we turn these findings into action and identify othersustainable lifestyle changes that will help us prevent breast cancer.”41.All of the following factorsrelating to cancer risk were mentioned in the passage____EXCEPT________A.breathingexerciseB.regular walkingC.recreational activityD.lifestyle choices42.It can be inferred from Dr.AlpaPatel’s study that____.A.women have fewer chances of physicalactivityB.dailywalking could cut the chance of breast cancerC.leisure-time activity is notassociated with cancer riskD.walking is not recommended for womenwith breast cancer43.Dr.Alpa Patel was_____.A.headof the survey studyB.chief editor of Cancer EpidemiologyC.chair of the American Cancer SocietyD.chief executive of Breast CancerCampaign44.Which of the following statements istrue according to the passage?A.Most women take walking as their onlyrecreational activity.B.The study aims to track the healthconditions of its subjects.C.Walking was the only recreational activity for about half of the womenD.Irregular walking increased the riskof breast cancer in post-menopausal women45.The word“sustainable”in the lastparagraph is closest in meaning toA.continuableB.affordableC.availableD.persistent 答案：ABACA。
2014年职称英语(综合A)(综合B(综合C)完形填空字典小抄(可直接打印贴在字典上)
A Life with BirdsFor nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of London's yeoman warders(伦敦塔看守),_better （更…）known to tourists as beefeaters. David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the top（顶部）of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses. "From（从）our bedroom we have a marvelous(a.奇妙的，不可思议的) view of Tower Bridge and the Thames, " says David.The Tower of London is famous for（以..而著名）its ravens(n.乌鸦，黑色的鸟), the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated(着迷，吸引) by the birds and when he was _offered(提供)__ the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no _ hesitation （犹豫）_ in accepting it. "The birds have now become my life and I'm always _ aware （意识到）of the fact that I am _ maintaining （保持）_ a tradition. The legend(传奇，传说) says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and it's my job to _ make（确保）sure this doesn't happen!"David devotes（献身于）about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the _ fact（事实）that he lives right next to them is ideal. "I can keep（关注）a close eye on them all the time, and not just when I'm working." At first（起初）, David's wife Mo was not _keen（对..感兴趣）on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. "When we look out of our windows, we see history all（所有）around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories."A Lucky BreakActor Antonio Banderas is used to breaking bones, and it always seems to happen when he's doing(做) sport. In the film Play It to the Bone he plays（扮演一个…）the part of a middleweight(n.中量级拳击手) boxer alongside Woody Harrelson. During（过程中）the making of the film Harrelson kept （连续）complaining that the fight scenes （场面）weren't very convincing(a.有说服力的，令人信服的), so one day he suggested that he and Banderas should have a fight for real. The Spanish actor wasn't keen（对…热衷）on the idea at first, but he was eventually（最终）persuaded by his co-star to put on his gloves and climb into the boxing ring(拳赛场地). However, when he realized how seriously(认真地) his opponent（对手）was taking it all, he began to regret his decision to fight. And then in the third round, Harrelson hit Banderas so（太…以至于..）hard in the face that he actually broke his nose. His wife, actress Melanie Griffith, was furious(a.暴怒的，强烈的) that he had been playing "silly macho(a.雄壮的，男子气概的) games". "She was right," confesses(v.承认，坦白) Banderas, "and I was a fool to take（冒险）a risk like that in the middle of a movie." He was reminded（提醒）of the time he broke his leg during a football match in his native Malaga. He had always dreamed（梦想）of becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. "That's when I decided to take up（开始）acting; I saw it as another（另外）way of performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football pitch（场）was, you might say, my first lucky break."A Success StoryAt 19, Ben Way is already a millionaire, and one of a growing number of teenagers who have made(制造) their fortune(财富) through the Internet. What(这) makes Ben's story all the more remarkable(a.卓越的，值得注意的) is that he is dyslexic(a.诵读困难的n.诵读困难者), and was told(告知) by teachers at his junior school that he would never be able to read or write properly(正确地) . "I wanted to prove them wrong(错了) ", says Ben, creator and director of Waysearch, a net search engine which can be used to find goods in online shopping malls.When he was eight, his local authorities(n.权威，权力，当权) provided(提供) him with a PC to help with school work. Although he was unable(不能) to read the manuals, he had a natural ability with the computer, and encouraged(鼓励) by his father, he soon began charging(收费) people $l0 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he set(创建) up his own computer consultancy(n.咨询公司，顾问工作), Quad Computer, which he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to devote(精力) all his time to business."By this time the company had grown and I needed to take on a couple(一些) of employees to help me", says Ben. "That enabled me to start doing(做) business with bigger companies.” It was his ability to consistently(始终如一的) overcome(克服) difficult challenges that led him to win the Young Entrepreneur(n.企业家，主办者) of the Year award in the same year that he formed Waysearch, and he has recently signed a deal worth(价值)$25 million with a private investment(n.投资，投入) company, which will finance(为…供给资金) his search engine.A Powerful InfluenceThere can be no doubt at all(根本) that the Internet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly ever（几乎不）doing anything else in their spare time. Naturally, parents are curious（对…好奇）to find out why the Internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be harmful（伤害）to their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at （盯着看成）their computers?Obviously, if children are bent over their computers for hours, absorbed（沉迷）in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should make（利用）of the Internet, and the child should give his or her word（诺言）tha t it won’t interfere(妨碍) withhomework. If the child is not holding（坚持）to this arrangement(安排), the parent can take more drastic(严厉的，极端的) steps（采取措施）dealing with a child's use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating（协商）_ any other sort of bargain about(就(某物)讨价还价) behaviour.Any parent who is seriously（严重）alarmed about a child's behaviour should make an appointment(约定) to discuss（讨论）the matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily（必定）affect a child's performance at school. Even if a child is absolutely（完全地）crazy about using the Internet，he or sheis probably just going（度过）through a phase(阶段，时期), and in a few months there will be somethingelse to worry about!Family HistoryIn an age when technology is developingfaster than ever before, many people are beingattracted（吸引）to the idea of looking backinto the past. One way they can do this is byinvestigating(调查，研究) their own familyhistory. They can try to find（找出）out moreabout where their families came from andwhat they did, This is now a fast-growinghobby, especially in countries with a fairly（相当）short history, like Australia and the United States.It is one（一方面）thing to spend sometime going（探究）through a book on familyhistory and to take the decision（决心）toinvestigate your own family's past. It is quite（的确）another to carry out(完成) the research work successfully. It is easy to set about(开始做(某事)) it in a disorganized(扰乱,瓦解) way and cause（引起）yourself many problems which could have been avoided（避免）with a little forward planning.If your own family stories tell you that you are connected（有关系）with a famous character, whether hero or criminal(罪犯), do not let this idea take over(接管) your research. Just treat（当作）it as an interesting possibility(可能的事). A simple system for （用collecting and storing your information will be adequate(充足的，适当的) to start with; a more complex(错综复杂的) one may only get in your way（道路）. The most important thing, though, is to get（被）started. Who knows what you might（可能）find ?Helen and MartinWith a thoughtful sigh(长叹一声), Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair(扶手椅). Would（将要）her brother never arrive? For a brief moment, she wondered if she really cared that much.Over the years Helen had given up (放弃)_ waiting for Martin to take an interest in her. Her feelings for him had gradually weakened(变淡)_ until now, as she sat waiting for him, she experienced no more than a sister's. curiosity(好奇心) to see what had become(发生…事) of her brother.Almost without warning(预兆) , Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office. Somehow the two of them hadn't bothered(烦扰) to keep in touch and, left alone, Helen had slowly found her confidence(对…有信心) in her ownjudgment growing. Ignoring(不顾) the wishes of her parents, she had left university halfway through(过程中) her course and now, to the astonishment(惊讶;令人惊讶的事物) of the whole family, she was gaining(获得) a fast-growing reputation(名声，名誉;声望) in the pages of respected art magazines and was actually earning enough to live on(靠)from her paintings.Of course, she took(对) no pleasure in Martin's sudden misfortune(不幸;灾祸，灾难), but she couldn't help(忍不住)looking forward to her brother's arrival with quiet(暗暗地) satisfaction(满意，满足) at what shehad achieved.Global WarmingFew people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate(n.气候，风气). Many scientists put （把…归咎于）the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase in（在）the world's temperatures and are convinced that, more than ever(任何时候) before, the Earth is at risk(危险) from the forces(暴力) of the wind, rain and sun. According(据说) to them, global warming is making extreme(极端的) weather events, such(例如) as hurricanes(n.飓风，暴风) and droughts(n.干旱，早灾), even more severe(严重) and causing sea levels all around the world to rise(上升) .Environmental groups are putting pressure(压力) on governments to take actionto reduce the amount(数量) of carbon dioxide(n.二氧化碳) which is given off(排放) by factories and power plants, thus attacking(攻击) the problem at its source. They are in favour(赞成) of more money being spent on research into solar(a.太阳的n.太阳能), wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power stations(装置) .Some scientists, however(然而) believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere(n.大气) tomorrow, we would have to wait several(几) hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay(停留).Look on The Bright SideDo you ever wish you were more optimistic(adj.乐观的，乐观主义的), someone who always expected（期望）to be successful? Having someone around who always fears（恐惧）the worst isn’t really a lot of fun（乐趣）. We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, "It looks like（像）rain. " But if you catch yourself thinking such things,it's important to do something about（对此）it(代前面整句话，指这个状况、情况、事实).You can change your view of life, according（根据）to psychologists(心理学家). It only takes a little effort, and you'll findlife more rewarding(adj.有益的，值得的，有报酬的) as a result（结果）. Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect and confidence but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to offer（提供）. Optimists are more likely（很有可能）to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks.Upbringing(教养，养育，抚育) is obviously(adv.明显地，显然地) very important in forming your attitude（态度）to the world. Some people are brought up to depend（依赖于）too much on others and grow up(成长) forever blaming(v.责备，归咎于) other people when anything goes（发生）wrong. Most optimists,on the _other（另一方面）hand, have been brought up not to regard（把..看作）failure as the end of the world—they just get on（继续）with their lives.School LunchResearch has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly（正常地）in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to provide（提供）meals at lunchtime. Children can choose（选择）to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen(食堂小卖部) One shocking finding（发现）of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict standards（标准）for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one portion（比例）of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy(乳制品的) item and starchy((食物)含有大量淀粉的) food like bread or pasta(意大利面食). Lunchboxes examined（检查）by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps(炸马铃薯片) and chocolate bars. Children consume（摄取）twice as much sugar(糖) as they should at lunchtime.The research will provide a better understanding （解释）of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased（增长）in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot criticise（批评）parents, but it can remind them of the nutritional（营养的）value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their children's diet can affect（影响）their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating habits（习惯）at this age, and parents are the only ones who can prevent（阻止）it.Traffic in Our CitiesThe volume of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand. This causes many problems, including serious air pollution, lengthy(a.漫长的，冗长的) delays, and the greater risk of（..的风险）accidents. Clearly, something must be done, but it is often difficult to persuade(说服) people to change their habits and leave their cars at home.One possible approach(方法) is to make it more expensive for people to use their cars by increasing(增加)charges for parking and bringing(收益) in tougher(严格的, 强硬的) fines for(因…而罚(款)) anyone who breaks(打破) the law. In addition, drivers could be required to pay for using particular routes at different times of the day. This system, known(为所熟知) as "road pricing", is already being introduced in a number(一些) of cities, using a special electronic card fixed(固定在..上) to the windscreen(n.汽车挡风玻璃) of the car.Another way of dealing(处理) with the problem is to provide cheap parking on the outskirts(效区) of the city, and strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre. Drivers and their passengers then use a special bus service for the final(最后的) stage of their journey.Of course, the most important thing(..的事) is to provide good public transport. However, to get people to give up(放弃) the comfort of their cars, public transport must be felt to be reliable(a.可靠的，可信赖的), convenient(方便的) and comfortable, with fares(票价) kept(保持) at an acceptable level.Teaching and learningMany teachers believe that the responsibilities(职责) for learning lie with(是…的责任) the student. If a long reading assignment(n.任务，作业) is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information（信息）__in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The idea （理想）_ student is considered to be one who is motivated(v.刺激，激发……的积极性) to learn for the sake of(为了) learning（学习）_, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with（带…回来）brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible（对…负责）for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned （选定）_ , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum(最少的)guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how(如何) a university library works; they expect students particularly (尤其)graduate students to exhaust(v.耗尽，使筋疲力尽;彻底讨论) the reference _ sources(资源) _in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer(更喜欢) that their students should not be too(太)dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties besides(除…之外) teaching, such as administrative(adj.管理的,行政的) or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited(有限的). If a student has problems with classroom work , the student should either _ approach(接近)_a professor during office hours or make an appointment(n.约定，约会).TheDiffeencebetweenManandComputer What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element(n.元素，成分，要素) that our theories don’t yet account(解释)__ for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about _ what(那些) __ they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, don't. In fact, computers don't even (甚至)have interests;there is nothing in particular(尤其, 特别) that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer program（程序）_ is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a "purpose".Of course, people have several goals that do not make sense（合理）to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in （为了）order to satisfy hunger or entertainment(n.娱乐，消遣) goals, or to find （寻找）a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, andcomputers do not have business lunches.However, these physiological(adj.生理学的,生理的) and social goals give rise （导致）to several intellectual(adj.智力的，聪明的) or cognitive(adj.认知的，认识上的) goals.A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to(引起, 导致) goals to find information（信息）about the name of a restaurant which serves （供应）the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is,the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to _ acquire （获取）information or knowledge, what we are calling learning（学习）_ goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might（可能）_ "want" to find outthe location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so in（以…方式）the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise（起于）out of hunger in the case of the computer, it might well(很可能) arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants.The First BicycleThe history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791, Count(伯爵) de Sivrac delighted（使...喜悦）onlookers(观众) in a park in Paris as he showed off(炫耀) his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an enlarged （扩大）version of a children’s toy which had been in use（在使用中）for many years. Sivrac's "celeriferé" had a wooden frame, made in the shape（形状）of a horse,which was mounted on a wheel at either end．To ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modem bicycle,and pushed hard（努力）against the ground（地面）with your legs—there were no pedals(踏板，脚蹬子). It was impossible to steer(驾驶，操纵，控制) a celeriferéand it had no brakes(闸，刹车),but despite these problems the invention very much appealed （吸引）to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding（举行）races up and down the streets.Minor injuries（受伤）were common as riders attempted a final burst(爆发，突发，爆炸) of speed（速度）. Controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change direction（方向）was to pull up the front of the "celeriferé" and turn（掉转）it round while the front wheel was spinning（自旋）in the air. "Celeriferés" were not popular for long,however,as the combination（组合）of no springs(弹簧), no steering and rough roads(起伏路) made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so,the wooden celeriferéwas the origin（始祖）of the modem bicycle.The Old GateIn the Middle Ages the vast majority ofEuropean cities had walls around them. This was partly for defensive reasons(原因)but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable, like people with contagious(传染性的，会蔓延的) diseases(疾病). The Old City of London gates were all demolished(拆毁) by the end of the 18th century. The last of London's gates was removed a century ago, but by a stroke(打击) of luck, it was never destroyed.This gate is, in actual(实际的) fact, not called a gate at all; its name is Temple Bar, and it marked the boundary（分界线）between the Old City of London and Westminster. In 1878 the Council of London took the Bar down, numbered the stones and put the gate in storage(存储)because its design was unfashionable(老套) it was expensive to maintain(维修) and it was blocking the traffic.The Temple Bar Trust was set out(建立) in the 1970's with the intention of returning the gate home. The aim of the Trust is the preservation(保存)of the nation's architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down(推倒) , stone by stone, removing and rebuilding it near St Paul's Cathedral(总教堂, 大教堂). Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced(替换) , though there is a good chance(机会)_ that the basic structure will be sound. The hardest job(工作) of all, however, will be to recreate the statues(雕像) of themonarchs(君主) that once stood on top of the gate.Working MothersCarefully conducted(v.实施，实行) researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems, compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal view（观点）is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not, there are a number（很多）of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested(投资) such a big part of their lives in establishing(建立) a career that they cannot afford（负担）to see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic(经济上的) necessity（有必要）. Many mothers are not cut （适合于）out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant(婴儿，幼儿), they feel trapped(v.使陷入困境，使受限制) and isolated(使隔离，使孤立).There are a number of options(选项，选择) when it comes（涉及）to choosing childcare. These range from child minders(照顾者) and nannies(保姆) through to(直到) Granny(奶奶) or the kind(好心的) lady across（对面）the street. In reality（在现实状况下）, however,many parents don't have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter （无论）how good the childcare may be,some children are going to protest(抗议) wildly(激烈的) if they are left. This is a perfectly（完全）normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months,but soon after that they start to get a crush(依恋, 压烂) on Mum and close family members（成员）. Make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of（大量）time to help your child settle in(安顿下来).All children are different. Some are independent, while others are more attached(依恋于) to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do（做）the best for your children, it's not the quantity(数量) of time you spend with them，it's the quality（质量）that matters.。
2014年职称英语综合类A级真题及答案(试卷代码12)
2014年职称英语综合类A级真题及参考答案(试卷代码12)第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. There was an inclination （倾向、趋势）to treat geography as a less important subject.A. pointB. tendencyC. resultD. finding2. New secretaries came and went with monotonous（单调乏味）regularity.a. amazingb. depressingc. predictabled. dull (枯燥无味)3. The committee was asked to render (提供)a report on the housing situation.a. furnishb. copyc. publishd. summarize4. The group does not advocate （提倡、主张）the use of violence.a. limitb. regulatec. opposed. support （赞成、支持）5. The original experiment cannot be exactly duplicate.（复制）a. reproducedb. inventedc. designedd. reported6. The department deferred （延期）the decision for six months.a. put off（延期）b. arrived atc. abided byd. protested against7. The symptoms of the disease manifested （显露）themselves ten days later.a. easedb. appeared（出现）c. improvedd. relieved8. The uniform makes the guards look absurd.（荒谬的）a. seriousb. ridiculous（荒谬的）c. beautifuld. impressive9. Some of the larger birds can remain stationary（不动的、静止的）in the air for several minutes.a. silentb. motionless（不动的、静止的）c. seatedd. true10. The country was torn apart by strife.（冲突）a. povertyb. warc. conflict（冲突）d. economy11. She felt that she had done her good deed（行动）for the day.a. actb. homeworkc. justiced. model12. A person’s wealth is often in inverse （相反的）proportion to their happiness.a. equalb. certainc. larged. opposite13. His professional career spanned （跨度）16 days.a. startedb. changedc. movedd. lasted（延续）14. His stomach felt hollow（空的）with fear.a. sincereb. respectfulc. terribled. empty （空的）15. This was disaster on a cosmic （宇宙的）scale.a. modestb. huge（巨大的）c. commerciald. national第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
职称英语卫生类A级真题
职称英语卫生类A级真题2014年职称英语卫生类A级真题2014年职称英语卫生类A级真题【网络综合-2014年职称英语卫生类A级真题】：一、词汇选项1.This was disaster on a cosmic scale.A.modestmercialC.hugeD.national2.New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.A.amazingB.depressingC.predictableD.dull3.A person’s wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness.A.equalB.certainrgeD.opposite4.His professional career spanned 16 years.A.startedB.changedstedD.moved5.The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.A.easedB.improvedC.relievedD.appeared6.The group does not advocate the use of violence.A.limitB.supportC.regulateD.oppose7.She talt that she had done her good deed for the day.A.actB.homeworkC.jusuceD.model8.Some of the larget bieds can remain stationary in the air for several minutes.A.motionlessB.sitentC.seatedD.true9.There was an inclination to treat geography as aless imponant Subject.A.pointB.resuitC.findingD.tendency10.His stomach felt hollw with fear.A.sincereB.respectfulC.emptyD.ternbie11.The committee was asked to rendcr a report on the housing situation.A.copyB.publishC.summarizeD.furnish12.That uniform makes the guards look absurd.A.seriousB.beautifulC.impressiveD.ridiculous13.The department deferred the decision for six months.A.put offB.arrived atC.abided byD.protested against14.The original experiment cannot be exactly duplicated.A.inventedB.reproducedC.designedD.reported15.The country was torn apart by strife.A.conflictB.povertyC.warD.economy答案：CDDCD BAADC DDABA【网络综合-2014年职称英语卫生类A级真题】：二、阅读判断16、The Feed Me Better campaign targeted a healthier diet at school childrenA RightB WrongC Not mentioned17、Everyone believed the campaign should be succeifulA RightB WrongC Not mentioned18、The ISER is an instuteA RightB WrongC Not mentioned19、The puoils in Gtreewwich said they said they liked the healthier mealsA RightB WrongC Not mentioned20、The nwmber of pupils who asked for sick leave decreasedA RightB WrongC Not mentioned21、The ISEK didnot do a comparative study on the impact of the new dietA RightB WrongC Not mentioned22、The healthier diet has helped school childrecn improue academicallyA RightB WrongC Not mentioned三、概括大意Aromatherapy(芳香疗法)1 Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine which is based on the use of very concentrated essential oils from the flowers,leaves,bark,branches or roots of plants which are considered to have healing ptoperties.In aromatherapy these powerful oils are mixed with other oils,such as almond(杏仁)oil,or they are diluted(稀释)with water.These solutions(溶液剂)can be rubbed on the skin,sprayed in the air,or applied as a compress(敷药)。
2014年全国职称英语等级考试(综合类A级)真题及详解【圣才出品】
2014年全国职称英语等级考试（综合类A级）真题及详解第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1.There was an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject.A.pointB.tendencyC.resultD.finding【答案】B【解析】句意：有一种趋向认为地理是一门次要的学科。
inclination倾向；趋向。
tendency倾向，趋势。
二者意思相近，可互相替换。
point要点。
finding发现。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
2.New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.A.amazingB.depressingC.predictableD.dull【答案】D【解析】句意：新的秘书不停更换，令人厌烦。
monotonous单调的，无变化的，令人厌烦的。
dull迟钝的；无趣的。
二者意思相近，可相互替换。
amazing令人吃惊的。
depressing压抑的，使人沮丧的。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
3.The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.A.furnishB.copyC.publishD.summarize【答案】A【解析】句意：委员会被要求提交关于住房情况的报告。
render提出；实施。
furnish提供，供应。
二者意思相近，可相互替换。
copy复制。
publish出版。
summarize总结。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
4.The group does not advocate the use of violence.A.limitB.regulateC.opposeD.support【答案】D【解析】句意：这个组织不主张使用暴力。
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学派网职称英语网络课程2014 年职称英语等级考试真题（综合类 A 级）第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1．There was an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject.A．point B．tendency C．result D．finding2．New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.A．amazing B．depressing C．predictable D．dull3．The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.A．furnish B．copy C．publish D．summarize4．The group does not advocate the use of violence.A．limit B．regulate C．oppose D．support5．The original experiment cannot be exactly duplicate.A．reproduced B．invented C．designed D．reported6．The department deferred the decision for six months.A．put off B．arrived at C．abided by D．protested against 7．The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.A．eased B．appeared C．improved D．relieved8．The uniform makes the guards look absurd.A．serious B．ridiculous C．beautiful D．impressive9．Some of the larger birds can remain stationary in the air for several minutes.A．silent B．motionless C．seated D．true10．The country was torn apart by strife.A．poverty B．war C．conflict D．economy11．She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.A．act B．homework C．justice D．model12．A person’s wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness.A．equal B．certain C．large D．opposite13．His professional career spanned 16 days.A．started B．changed C．moved D．lasted14．His stomach felt hollow with fear.A．sincere B．respectful C．terrible D．empty15．This was disaster on a cosmic scale.A．modest B．huge C．commercial D．national第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
When Our Words Collide"Wanna buy a body?" That was the opening line of more than a few phone calls I got from self-employed photographers when I was a photo editor at U.S. News. Like many in the mainstream press, I wanted to separate the world of photographers into "them", who trade in pictures of bodies or run after famous people like Princess Diana, and "us", the serious news people. But after 16 years in that role, I came to wonder whether the two worlds were easily distinguishable.Working in the reputable world of journalism, I told photographers to cover other people's difficult life situations. I justified marching into moments of sadness, under the appearance of the reader's right to know. I worked with professionals talking their way into situations or shooting from behind police lines. And I wasn't alone.In any American town, after a car crash or some other horrible incident when ordinary people are hurt or killed, you rarely see photographers pushing past rescue workers to take photos of the blood and injuries.But you are likely to see local newspaper and television photographers on the scene –and fast… How can we justify doing this? Journalists are taught to separate, doing the job from worrying about the consequences of publishing what they record. Repeatedly, they are reminded of a news-businesssaying: Leave your conscience in the office. A victim may lie bleeding, unconscious, or dead. Your job is to record the image (图象). You're a photographer, not an emergency medical worker. You put away your feelings and document the scene.But catastrophic events often bring out the worst in photographers and photo editors. In the first minutes and hours after a disaster occurs, photo agencies buy pictures. They rush to obtain the rights to be the only one to own these shocking images and death is usually the subject. Often, an agency buys a picture from a local newspaper or an amateur photographer and puts it up for bid by major magazines. The most sought-after special pictures command tens of thousands of dollars through bidding contests.I worked on all those stories and many like them. When they happen, you move quickly: buying, dealing, trying to beat the agencies to the pictures.Now, many people believe journalists are the hypocrites (伪君子) who need to be brought down, and it's our pictures that most anger others. Readers may not believe, as we do, that there is a distinction between clear-minded "us" and mean-spirited "them". In too many cases, by our choices of images as well as how we get them, we prove our readers right.16．The writer never got an offer for a photograph of a dead person.A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned17．The writer was a photographer sixteen years ago.A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned18．The writer believes that shooting people’s nightmares is justifiable.A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned19．News photographers are usually a problem for secure workers at an accident.A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned20．Journalists aren’t supposed to think about whether they are doing the right thing.A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned21．Editors sometimes have to pay a lot of money for exclusive pictures.A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned22．Many people say that they are annoyed by the US News pictures.A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意和完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题；（2）第27 ~ 30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。