Lecture 5 修辞与翻译
注意: 英语里 as…as…结构的明喻大多可以直译,有 的甚至同汉语里的习惯比喻方法一样, 如: as cold as ice 冰冷 as hot as fire 火热 as hard as rock 坚如磐石 as light as feather 轻如鸿毛 下面的直译生动形象, 也能被中国读者所理解接受: as busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌 as bold as a lion 像狮子一样勇猛 as cheerful as a lark 像云雀一样快活
但下面这种 as…as… 结构的部分明喻, 采用了语 义双关, 不能从字面上进行翻译, 只要译出其实际 意思便可: as cool as a cucumber 非常冷静 (错: 像黄瓜一样 镇定) as sharp as a needle 十分精明 (错: 像针一样精明) as tight as a drum 非常不肯花钱 (错: 像鼓一样紧)
1）广场上又烧起欢乐的篝火。 Jubilant bonfires were lit again on the square. 2）After a happy day, she had a sleepless night 她在度过欢乐的一天之后, 却又熬过一个 不眠之夜。
9. 递升法 (Climax) 把事物按由小到大、由短到长、由低到高、 由轻到重、由近到远、由易到难、由浅到 深等次第说下去，这种修辞手法叫递升。 这是英语语言学分支修辞学的一种重要的 修辞手法。运用这种修辞手法，能够使要 表达的思想加深，感情逐步强化，因而能 够增强语言的说服力和感染力。
3) Gray hair should be respected. 老年人应受到尊敬。 (gray hair = the aged; “灰头发应受到尊敬”)
7. 折绕 (Periphrasis)
折绕就是有话不直说，却故意绕个弯 子，用迂回曲折的话来代替的一种修 辞方式。
1）“孔乙己, 你脸上又添上新伤疤了!” (“添上 新伤疤” 意为 “又挨打了”。) Kong Yiji! You‟ve got fresh scars on your face!”
1. 明喻 (Simile)
明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法， 是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对 比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比 中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，在本体和 喻体之间都出现了显而易见的喻词, 如: 汉语 里的 “像”, “好象”, “比如”, “仿佛”, “好 比”, 像…一样”, “如…一般”等等; 英语 里的 like, as, as if, as though 等等.
2. 暗喻 (Metaphor )
英汉语的暗喻都不露比喻的痕迹，把甲直 接说成“是”乙或“变成了”乙，英语常 用be, become, turn into等。 1) 何等动人的一页又一页篇章! 这是人类思维 的花朵. What inspiring chapters! They are the flowers of the human brainwork. 2) Jane‟s uncle is an old fox, up to all kinds of evils. 珍妮的叔叔是个老狐狸, 什么坏事都 干得出来.
2) Beauty, strength, youth, are flowers but fading seen; Duty, faith, love, are roots, and ever green. 美貌，体力，年轻，就像花朵，终将衰尽； 义务，信念，爱情，就像树根，万古长青。
说话时遇有犯忌触讳的事物，便不直说该 事物，却用旁话来回避掩盖或者装饰美化 的，叫做避讳辞格。
1）Thousands of people flocked to the hospital to pay their respects to the remains of the great film star. 成千上万的人涌进医院, 瞻仰这位伟大的影星的遗容. (原文里 “, 译文用 ‘遗容”, 来代替 “遗体” 或 “尸体”.
2) His brother is a disturber of the piano keys. (=pianist.) 他哥哥是一个跟钢琴找麻烦的人。(钢琴家) (这一折绕句有着幽默的效果)
8. 移就 (Transferred epithet, or Hypallage换置) 所谓“移就”，就是有意识的把描写甲事 物的词语移用来描写乙事物。
12. 拟声法 (Onomatopoeia) 它是指用词语模拟客观事物的声音,以增强 讲话或文字的实际音感。 1）“嘻嘻！”他笑了，还接着说，“不敢， 愧不如人呢。” Grinning, he said, “I really don‟t deserve it. The men are more snobbish than me.”
Shall I compare thee to a summer‟s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer‟s lease hath all too short a date:
11. 设问 (Question and Answer) 设问就是明知故问，然后自问自答，一达 到加强语气，以达到引人注意的修辞效果， 这一修辞格基本上可以直译。
1) Shall I compare you to a summer's day? You are more lovely and more temperate. 能否把你比作夏日璀璨？ 你却比炎夏更可爱温存。
飞走了。
4. 夸张 (Hyperbole)
夸张在汉语和英语里都是常用的修辞格, 用以 加强语气, 增强语言的感染力, 有意夸大或缩 小事物的某一方面, 从而获得更好的表达效果. 翻译中采取直译能把语言的感染力带到译文 里.
1）突然, 在我们头顶五六丈的上空, 发 出一声可怕的霹雳, 闪电像利剑一 样直插下来, 天空被彻底吹裂了,震 碎了!
Lecture Five
修辞与翻译 Figures of Speech in Translation
一、引言
修辞格：为了使说话增强表达效果而运用的一些修 饰描摹的特殊方法。又称辞格、辞式。修辞格就是 语言在长期运用过程形成的具有特定形式和表达功 能的修辞格式。有的修辞格有鲜明的形式特征，有 的则在表达功能上独具特色。 修辞格在翻译中是一个最为棘手的问题。
1. 明喻 (Simile)
1) 她的脸色苍白而带光泽, 仿佛大理石似 的。 Her face was pale and yet as lustrous as marble. 2) 刘玉翠回到村里, 就好比是住进了监牢 里. Having returned to the village, Liu Yucui felt as if she had got into the prison.
1）事情就是这样，他来进攻，我们把他消灭 了，他就舒服了。消灭一点，舒服一点； 消灭得多，舒服得多；彻底消灭，彻底舒 服。
This is the way things are: if they attack and we wipe them out, they will have that satisfaction; wipe out some, some satisfaction; wipe out more, more satisfaction; wipe out the whole lot, complete satisfaction.
1）秃头站在白背心的正对面, 弯了腰, 去研究 背心上的文字. Baldy, standing almost directly opposite White Jerkin, stooped to study the characters written on his jerkin. 2) Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。 (Great people think alike. “伟大的脑袋所见略同”)
brought into pieces.
2）我从乡下跑到京城里, 一转眼已经六年了. Six years have passed by in a twinkle since I came to the capital city from the countryside.
5.讳饰 (Euphemism)
charcoal fire in the snowy weather, and timely rainfall in a severe drought.
2) I came, I saw, I conquered. 我来了！我看见了！我征服了！ （我只身前往，我明察秋毫，我旗开得胜）
3) We laughed, we sang, we danced. 我们纵情欢笑，我们放声歌唱，我们翩翩 起舞。
13. 对偶 (Antithesis)
上下句字数相等，平仄相对
意义美
结构美
音韵美
对偶的翻译原则： 尽可能的再现原文的
意美、形美和音美
1）风声雨声读书声声声入耳 家事国事天下事事事关心 We should listen with open ears to the sound of wind and rain and the reading voice as well; We must not only concern ourselves with personal affairs but the affairs of the state and the world.
2) His daughter is rather weak in the head. 他的女儿脑子不太好使. (原文用 “weak in the head “ 来回避 “stupid “ 或 “foolish ”这个词, 译文也用 “脑子不太好使” 来代 替 “笨” 或 “蠢”.)
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Lecture 5 修辞与翻译
2) Beauty, strength, youth, are flowers but fading seen; Duty, faith, love, are roots, and ever green. 美貌，体力，年轻，就像花朵，终将衰尽； 义务，信念，爱情，就像树根，万古长青。
飞走了。
4. 夸张 (Hyperbole)
夸张在汉语和英语里都是常用的修辞格, 用以 加强语气, 增强语言的感染力, 有意夸大或缩 小事物的某一方面, 从而获得更好ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้表达效果. 翻译中采取直译能把语言的感染力带到译文 里.
1）突然, 在我们头顶五六丈的上空, 发 出一声可怕的霹雳, 闪电像利剑一 样直插下来, 天空被彻底吹裂了,震 碎了!
1）事情就是这样，他来进攻，我们把他消灭 了，他就舒服了。消灭一点，舒服一点； 消灭得多，舒服得多；彻底消灭，彻底舒 服。
This is the way things are: if they attack and we wipe them out, they will have that satisfaction; wipe out some, some satisfaction; wipe out more, more satisfaction; wipe out the whole lot, complete satisfaction.
1）广场上又烧起欢乐的篝火。 Jubilant bonfires were lit again on the square. 2）After a happy day, she had a sleepless night 她在度过欢乐的一天之后, 却又熬过一个 不眠之夜。
9. 递升法 (Climax) 把事物按由小到大、由短到长、由低到高、 由轻到重、由近到远、由易到难、由浅到 深等次第说下去，这种修辞手法叫递升。 这是英语语言学分支修辞学的一种重要的 修辞手法。运用这种修辞手法，能够使要 表达的思想加深，感情逐步强化，因而能 够增强语言的说服力和感染力。
修辞与翻译PPT课件
的。
• Ｂ：明喻又称 “显比”，“直喻”，“明比”，是 一种十分明显的比喻。明喻是本体 ，喻体 ，比喻词 都要出现的比喻 。本体与喻体之间在形式上具有非 常明显的相似 （或相类） 关系。 它的形式就是 ：
A 象 B。
• Similes in the Chinese language can usually be rendered by words like “象 ,好象,似 ,好似 ,如 ,如同 , 仿佛 ,犹如, 宛如 ,象 …一样(似的, 一般)”。
•
如今你看他们又结实又胖，脸上红扑扑的。
• Every bean has its black.
•
人皆有短处。
• The best is the enemy of Don’t trust him. He is an ambulance chaser. • 不要相信他，他是个惟利是图的人。
like a fowl and then went on walloping and kicking
him again till his nose and mouth were a bloody pulp.
• Today you see them bouncing, buxom, red as cherries.
• She had as high an opinion of herself as if she were a goddess, and treated like dirt.
• 接着他们用绳子五花大绑,把节振德捆得象个粽子似 的,又是一阵拳打脚踢。
• They give him a good cuff and kick, trusses him up
都有。
• Advice and correction roll off him like water off a
• Ｂ：明喻又称 “显比”，“直喻”，“明比”，是 一种十分明显的比喻。明喻是本体 ，喻体 ，比喻词 都要出现的比喻 。本体与喻体之间在形式上具有非 常明显的相似 （或相类） 关系。 它的形式就是 ：
A 象 B。
• Similes in the Chinese language can usually be rendered by words like “象 ,好象,似 ,好似 ,如 ,如同 , 仿佛 ,犹如, 宛如 ,象 …一样(似的, 一般)”。
•
如今你看他们又结实又胖，脸上红扑扑的。
• Every bean has its black.
•
人皆有短处。
• The best is the enemy of Don’t trust him. He is an ambulance chaser. • 不要相信他，他是个惟利是图的人。
like a fowl and then went on walloping and kicking
him again till his nose and mouth were a bloody pulp.
• Today you see them bouncing, buxom, red as cherries.
• She had as high an opinion of herself as if she were a goddess, and treated like dirt.
• 接着他们用绳子五花大绑,把节振德捆得象个粽子似 的,又是一阵拳打脚踢。
• They give him a good cuff and kick, trusses him up
都有。
• Advice and correction roll off him like water off a
lecture 5 汉英词语翻译
7). 昨天看电影我没有买到好票：
* I did not buy a good ticket for yesterday’s film. I did not buy a good seat for yesterday’s film.
8). 这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批人才
(batches of )。 * The national heavy university has sent/transported batches of qualified talents to the society. The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society. 9). 他们省吃俭用，为的是攒钱买房子。 * They save food and expenses to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment. They live frugally/economically/thriftily to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment.
Appropriateness in word selection-ii
To choose word according to the collocation 2). 好： 好教徒 好父母 好儿女 好妻子 好丈夫 3). 水平： 英语水平 生活水平 游泳水平
2) good a faithful/devout/pious/sincere/ devoted Christian/believer a loving/caring parent an obedient/filial child a virtuous/devoted wife a dutiful/responsible husband 3) level English proficiency/ level living standard swimming skill
lecture_5_词类转换
过程中就不得不采用各种方法，其 中之一是词类转换，自然流畅。
• 例1.
• Mistakes are an essential part of education.
• 从错误中吸取教训是教育极为重要 的一部分。
• 例2.
• In her habits, she was a living personification of order, method, and exactness.
• 例4 • He owed his popularity to his
simplicity.
• 他之所以人缘好，完全归功于他为 人坦率诚恳。
• 例5 • The mighty Pacific washes the
shores of five continents.
• 太平洋气势磅礴，滚滚波涛拍打 着五洲海岸。
• They offered the beautiful to the dying.
• 他们把一切美的感受给予了濒临死亡的 病人。
• The new contract would be good for ten years.
• 新的合同有效期为10年。
• He is physicallyቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱweak but mentally sound.
Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗 茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的 是黯淡的油灯。
• The boys nudged each other aside for a better view.
• 在体育领域，你或多或少得到承认的原 因是你的作为，而不是你的身份。
• 例1.
• Mistakes are an essential part of education.
• 从错误中吸取教训是教育极为重要 的一部分。
• 例2.
• In her habits, she was a living personification of order, method, and exactness.
• 例4 • He owed his popularity to his
simplicity.
• 他之所以人缘好，完全归功于他为 人坦率诚恳。
• 例5 • The mighty Pacific washes the
shores of five continents.
• 太平洋气势磅礴，滚滚波涛拍打 着五洲海岸。
• They offered the beautiful to the dying.
• 他们把一切美的感受给予了濒临死亡的 病人。
• The new contract would be good for ten years.
• 新的合同有效期为10年。
• He is physicallyቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱweak but mentally sound.
Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗 茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的 是黯淡的油灯。
• The boys nudged each other aside for a better view.
• 在体育领域，你或多或少得到承认的原 因是你的作为，而不是你的身份。
新编英语教程5课文修辞
9、Personification（拟人）
• It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes( 赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). • For example, the wind whistled through the trees.
4、antonomasia（换喻）
• It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. • For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.
Example
• “Sometimes they advertise their poverty through a lurid tabloid story about a gang killing…”—Unit 4 The Invisible Poor • “Clearly there is a need for first-rate children’s shows at this time…”—Unit 5 The Plug-in Drug:TV and the American Family,Part Ⅰ
8、Irony（反语）
• It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. • For instance, It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning .
高级英语Lesson5修辞The Libido for the Ugly
Theme: The innate love of ugliness in US is a pathological(病态的) problem. dreadful, hideous, bleak, appalling,
forlorn, revolting, macabre, monstrousness, leprous, misshapen, dingy, loathsome, obscene, putrid, ghastly, leprous, uremic, eczematous
Inversion
Parallelism
repetition
transferred epithet
Synecdoche 提喻 Rhetorical question
Speech Contents
Hyperbole in L5
superlative
(Para 1) “the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth” (Para 1) “Here was wealth ….disgraced a race of ally cats.（流浪猫）”
Emphasizing
Definition of Hyperbole :
A deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.
Hyperbole in L5:
They amplify both prosperity and ugliness of Westmoreland, which provoke the curiosity and imagination of readers.
高级英语第五课修辞
5/2/2014
Before long the movement had become officially recognized by the pulpit…implied promise that their owners would be rendered sexually irresistible. (para.8)
此处使用了暗喻的修辞，将年轻人的狂野行为和 自我放纵比作短暂的狂欢，将逃避者比作醉酒的 狂欢者。
5/2/2014
Greenwich village set the pattern.(para.7)
metonymy 转喻 Many writers and artists came to live in Greenwich village, and many other young intellectuals followed their footsteps.
5/2/2014
添
But at the same time it was tempted, in America at least, to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughty alcoholic sophistication and a pose of bohemian immorality.(para.4) Transferred epithet 形容词naughty和alcoholic在此处的使用属于 移位修饰，真正地被修饰语是youth，指年轻 人没有规矩，酗酒成瘾。
击 添
…we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality or the geographical protection of our two bordering oceans.(para.2)
高级英语第五课修辞
添 加 文 本
And like most escapist sprees, this one lasted until the money ran out, until the crash of the world economic structure at the end of the decade called the party to a halt and forced the revelers to sober up and face the problems of the new age.(para.4) metaphor
5/2/2014
Before long the movement had become officially recognized by the pulpit…implied promise that their owners would be rendered sexually irresistible. (para.8)
5/2/2014
pens象征年轻作家们的作品，而Babbitt try 指的是美国小说《巴比特》中主人公的特征 。
5/2/2014
As it become more and more fashionable throughout the country for young persons to defy the law and the conflagration of “flaming youth”, it was Greenwich village that fanned the flames.(para.8) metaphor 此处运用了暗喻，分别将年轻人的反叛和种种叛 逆行为比作了一场大火和助燃的小火柴。
此处运用了暗喻，将《美国的文明》一书比作 聚集点。
Lecture Five
Lecture FiveLong Sentence (I)Main Contents Of This Lecture♦I. Two Stages and Six Steps in Translating Long Sentences♦II. Methods Of Translation English Long SentencesI.Two Stages and Six Steps in Translating Long Sentences♦Stage 1♦Comprehension♦Stage 2♦Presentation♦英语长句在翻译时所涉及的基本问题，一是汉英语序上的差异，二是汉英表达方法上的差异。
前者主要表现为定状修饰语在语言转换中究竟取前置式（pre-position）、后置式（post-position）抑或插入式(insertion or parenthesis)。
♦表达方法上的差异涉及的问题比较复杂，主要表现为论理逻辑或叙述逻辑（logic in reasoning and narration）的习惯性与倾向性，因为语言中没有一成不变的表达方法。
所谓论理逻辑或叙述逻辑，主要指：行文层次及主次（包括句子重心，先说原因还是先说结果，先说条件或前提还是先说结论，先说施事者还是先说受事者等等）。
♦表达此外，表达方法还涉及修辞学范畴中的一些修辞格问题（如反复、排比、递进等），翻译中都应加以注意。
♦英语长句之所以很长，一般由三个原因构成：♦A、修饰语多♦B、联合（并列）成分多♦C、结构复杂，层次叠出♦英语长句可以严密细致地表达多重而又密切相关的概念，这种复杂组合的概念在口语语体中毫无例外是以分切、并列、递进、重复等方式化整为零地表达出来的。
此外我们在翻译英语长句时，还应体会到长句的表意特点和交际功能，尽量做到既能从汉英差异出发处理好长句翻译在结构形式上的问题，又要尽力做到不忽视原文的文体特征，保留英语长句所表达的多重致密的思维的特色，不要使译句产生松散和脱节感，妥善处理译句的内在联接问题。
文学翻译unit 5《修辞格的翻译方法》
第五章修辞格的翻译方法研究汉英修辞格之间的比较与翻译，对我们进一步研究汉英两种修辞学和英汉互译，尤其是文学翻译，都有着十分积极的意义。
原文作者在文章中使用修辞手法，是为了使语言更加形象生动，鲜明突出；或者使语言更加整齐匀称，音调铿锵，以便更深入地阐明事件的意义或刻画人物的性格。
因此，译文中若不能正确表现原文的修辞格，就不能准确地表达作者的思想和文风，就不符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译标准。
为了对原文保持最大限度的忠实，我们对任何一种修辞都要采取一定的处理方法，尽一切可能把原文的修辞美传达给译文读者。
从翻译的角度，修辞可以划分为三类：可译、难译、不能译。
首先，对于可译的修辞格，尽可能直译。
属于直译范围的修辞格是我们平时使用最为频繁的，在汉英两种语言里都有对应的修辞格，这类修辞格通常在在语义上做文章，因而容易翻译。
绝大多数英语修辞格都能找到与之相对应的汉语修辞格，它们在结构上和修辞作用上都彼此十分相似，因而是可译的。
一、可译：直译1. Simile, Metaphor, Hyperbole and personificationSimile 明喻英语中的simile和汉语明喻基本格式相同，本体和喻体之间都出现喻词“像、好像、比如、仿佛、好比、像…一样、如…一般”或“Like, as, as if, as though, as…as”，所以一般情况下，可以照直翻译。
比如：“as busy as bee，as brave as lion，as cheerful as alark，as black as crow，as sharp as knife”。
Example 1:她的脸色苍白而带光泽，仿佛大理石似的；一双眼睛又黑又大，在暗淡的囚房中，宝石似的闪着晶莹的光。
（杨沫，《青春之歌》）Her face was pale and yet as lustrous as marble, and her large, black eyes sparkled like jewels in that murky cell.但是由于文化差异导致某些喻体联想意义的不同，因而不能墨守原文的修辞手法，比如“As cool as a cucumber，As sharp as a needle，As tight as a drum，As sure as a gun”。