2课下作业三十二
第三十二课《每天自省五分钟》教案

4.分享与交流:组织学生分享自省的心得体会,互相学习、鼓励,共同进步。
5.课后作业:布置与自省相关的作业,巩固课堂所学,促使学生养成良好的自省习惯。
教学内容紧密结合教材,注重培养学生的自省能力,提高道德素养,符合教学实际。
举例:布置与自省相关的日常任务,如记录自省日记、设置自省提醒等,促使学生养成自省习惯。
2.教学难点
(1)自省的深度与广度:引导学生深入思考,从多个角度进行自省,而不仅仅是表面现象。
举例:引导学生从道德、学习、人际交往等方面进行自省,提高自省的全面性。
(2)自省的持续性与规律性:帮助学生克服自省的随意性和间断性,形成规律性的自省习惯。
二、核心素养目标
本节课的核心素养目标主要包括以下方面:
1.培养学生的道德认知:通过自省的实践,使学生认识到自己的行为对自身和他人的影响,提高道德觉悟。
2.提升自我管理能力:引导学生学会管理自己的行为和情绪,培养良好的自省习惯,形成自律精神。
3.增强人际沟通能力:通过分享与交流,培养学生表达自己的观点和倾听他人意见的能力,提高沟通效果。
五、教学反思
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ在今天的教学过程中,我发现学生们对于自省的概念和意义有了基本的认识,但在实际操作中,他们还是遇到了一些困难。让我来谈谈几个值得注意的地方。
首先,关于自省的定义与重要性,大多数学生能够理解自省的含义,但在阐述自省对个人成长的价值时,部分学生显得有些迷茫。在今后的教学中,我需要更多地结合实际案例,让学生亲身感受到自省带来的积极变化。
举例:制定自省计划,让学生按照一定的时间和频率进行自省,以确保自省的持续性。
第三十二课《勤于动脑》(教学设计)-北师大版心理健康四年级下册

第三十二课《勤于动脑》一、教学内容《勤于动脑》是北师大版心理健康四年级下册的内容,通过本课的学习,使学生了解动脑的重要性,培养动脑的习惯,提高学生的思维能力和创新能力。
二、教学目标1. 让学生认识到动脑的重要性,明确动脑对于学习和生活的重要作用。
2. 培养学生主动动脑的习惯,提高学生主动思考和解决问题的能力。
3. 通过各种思维训练活动,提高学生的思维能力和创新能力。
三、教学难点1. 让学生真正认识到动脑的重要性,从而主动动脑。
2. 如何通过各种思维训练活动,提高学生的思维能力和创新能力。
四、教具学具准备1. PPT课件2. 思维训练活动道具五、教学过程1. 导入:通过一个动脑的小游戏,引起学生的兴趣,导入本课的主题。
2. 新课内容讲解:讲解动脑的重要性,以及如何动脑,如何培养动脑的习惯。
3. 思维训练活动:通过一系列的思维训练活动,提高学生的思维能力和创新能力。
4. 小组讨论:让学生分组讨论,分享自己动脑的经历和感受。
5. 总结:对本课的内容进行总结,强调动脑的重要性。
六、板书设计1. 《勤于动脑》2. 内容:动脑的重要性、如何动脑、培养动脑的习惯、思维训练活动、小组讨论、总结七、作业设计1. 让学生写一篇关于自己动脑的经历和感受的文章。
2. 让学生设计一个思维训练活动,并尝试进行。
八、课后反思通过本课的学习,学生应该能够认识到动脑的重要性,并且能够主动动脑,提高自己的思维能力和创新能力。
在教学过程中,要注意引导学生主动参与,让学生在实践中学习和体验,从而更好地理解和掌握动脑的技巧和方法。
同时,教师也要注意观察学生的学习情况,及时进行教学调整,以达到更好的教学效果。
重点关注的细节:教学过程教学过程是整个教学设计的核心部分,它直接关系到学生能否有效地理解和掌握教学内容,以及教学目标能否顺利实现。
在本课《勤于动脑》的教学过程中,教师需要精心设计各个环节,确保教学内容、教学方法和教学目标之间的高度一致性和连贯性。
高考英语一轮复习 课时作业(三十二) Unit2 Robots 新人教版选修7

课时作业(三十二) [选修7 Unit 2 Robots](限时:45分钟)Ⅰ.语法填空Do you know about firefighters? One of the greatest heartbreaks forfirefighters occurs when they fail to rescue a child from a burning building1.________ the child, frightened by smoke and noise, hides under a bed or in a closet and is later found2.________ (die).Saddest of all is when children catch 3.________ glimpse of the masked firefighter but hide because they think they have seen a monster (怪物). Toprevent such tragedies, firefighter Eric Velez gives talks to children in his community, explaining that 4.________ should never hide during a fire.He displays firefighters' equipment, including the oxygen mask, 5.________ he encourages his audience to play with and put on, “If yo u see us,” Velez tells them, “don't hide! We have come to rescue you.” Velez gives his presentations(作口头报告) 6.________ English and Spanish.Velez and 7.________ firefighters throughout North America, who give similar presentations, will never know how many lives they save through their talks. Butit is a fact that informative speaking 8.________ (save) many lives.For example, one day Pete Gentry's brother was choking on some food.9.________ (fortune), he was rescued by Pete Gentry using the method 10.________ (teach) by a student speaker, Julie Paris. It was just several months after he listened to an informative speech in North Carolina.Ⅱ.阅读理解AWASHINGTON—It's a great achievement that inspires notions (观念) of robotswith consciousness and independent minds.When people or animals get hurt, they can usually compensate for minorinjuries and keep limping along, but for robots, even slight damage can make them stumble and fall. However, a recentlymade robot has demonstrated a novel ability: it can heal its own damage.The new robot, which looks like a splaylegged(弓形腿的), fourfooted starfish, can sense injury to itself and adapt. That ability sets the new robot apart from earlier machines. Because the robot can recov er from unfamiliar places. “There is a need for planetary robotic rovers (行星机器探测车) to be able to fix things on their own,” says Josh Bongard, a professor in the University of Ver mont, who is one of the device's creators. “Robots on other planets must be able to continue their mission without human help if they are damaged and cannot communicate their problem back to earth.”A typical robot functions according to a computer program, but the new robot works differently. First, sensors in its four legs observe the robot's movements and signal to its builtin computer. From the information it collects, the robotcreates its own programs that allow it to adapt to different situations. For example, when the researchers shortened one of the robot's legs, the smart machine simply adjusted its way of walking—it used three legs instead of four.The researchers are looking for other places to put the resilient robot to work. One spot is the ocean floor. That dark and dangerous undersea place might be a good choice for a robot the scientists call the Starfish. “We never officially named the robot, but we usually refer to it as the Starfish, even though a real starfish has five rather than four legs,” says Bongard. “Also, a real starfish is much better than our robot at recovering from injury, because it can actually grow its legs again.” Scientists have created robots that help humans in many ways: by exploring space, fighting fires, and even performing surgery.11.The newlydesigned robot distinguishes itself from the former ones because it________.A.can communicate with people on the Earth about their problemsB.works according to a certain computer programC.can find its problems and solve them automaticallyD.can explore unfamiliar places12.An example is given in the fourth paragraph in order to explain that the robot ________.A.is used to create new programsB.has typical robot functionsC.has sensors to observe its movementsD.can gather information and adapt to new conditions13.The underlined word “resilient” in the last paragraph means the robotis________.A.creative B.newlymadeC.able to recover D.informative14.Which of the following is TRUE about the robot “Starfish”?A.It was spoken highly of by people for its special ability.B.It will stumble and fall if damaged.C.It can grow its legs again once they are broken.D.It has started to work on the ocean floor.15.What might be the best title of the passage?A.How does the Starfish robot workB.DoItYourself robots repairC.Robots designed to work on other planetsD.New robots helping us in many waysBIn the fall of 1985,I was a brighteyed girl heading off to Howard University, aiming at a legal career and dreaming of sitting on a Supreme Court bench somewhere. Twentyone years later I am still a brighteyed dreamer and one with quite a different tale to tell.My grandma, an amazing woman, graduated from college at the age of 65. She was the first in our family to reach that goal. But one year after I started college, she developed cancer. I made the choice to withdraw from college to care for her. It meant that school and my personal dream would have to wait.Then I got married with another dream: building my family with a combination of adopted and biological children. In 1999, we adopted our first son. To lay eyes on him was fantastic—and very emotional. A year later came our second adopted boy. Then followed son No. 3. In 2003, I gave birth to another boy.You can imagine how fully occupied I became, raising four boys under the age of 8! Our home was a complete zoo—a joyous zoo. Not surprising, I never did makeit back to college fulltime. But I never gave up on the dream either. I had only one choice: to find a way. That meant taking as few as one class each semester.The hardest part was feeling guilty about the time I spent away from the boys. They often wanted me to stay home with them. There certainly were times I wanted to quit, but I knew I should set an example for them to follow through the rest of their lives.In 2007, I graduated from the University of North Carolina. It took me over 21 years to get my college degree!I am not special, just singleminded. It always struck me that when you're looking at a big challenge from the outside it looks huge, but when you're in the midst of it, it just seems normal. Everything you want won't arrive in your lifeon one day. It's a process. Remember:little steps add up to big dreams.16. When the author went to Howard University, her dream was to be________.A.a writer B.a teacherC.a judge D.a doctor17.Why did the author quit school in her second year of college?A.She wanted to study by herself.B.She fell in love and got married.C.She suffered from a serious illness.D.She decided to look after her grandma.18.What can we learn about the author from Paragraphs 4 and 5?A.She was busy yet happy with her family life.B.She ignored her guilty feeling for her sons.C.She wanted to remain a fulltime housewife.D.She was too confused to make a correct choice.19.What does the author mostly want to tell us in the last paragraph?A.Failure is the mother of success.B.Little by little,one goes far.C.Every coin has two sides.D.Well begun,half done.20.Which of the following can best describe the author?A.Caring and determined.B.Honest and responsible.C.Ambitious and sensitive.D.Innocent and singleminded.Ⅲ.基础写作近年微博(microblog)在中国越来越流行。
二年级语文下册第三十二课阿德的梦课文

二年级语文下册第三十二课阿德的梦课文《阿德的梦》是二年级语文下册第32课,课文讲述的是阿德的一个充满科学幻想的梦境。
店铺为二年级师生整理了语文课文《阿德的梦》资料,希望大家有所收获!二年级语文下册第三十二课《阿德的梦》课文原文阿德早早地起了床。
今天上午10点,他要乘坐21世纪最新的载人飞船,到火星上去旅游,并顺便去月球看望移居到那里的亲人。
离飞船起飞的时间还有半个小时,怎么打发这段时光呢阿德拨通了可视电话,要跟月球上的外婆聊聊天.外婆出现在电话的屏幕上."外婆,您好!两个小时以后就能见到您了." "这么快呀!" "当然喽!我这次坐的飞船是新型的.""外婆,听说月球上的科研人员已研制出了无污染的太阳能汽车,市场上有卖的吗""噢!大商场里都有!"阿德打开掌上电脑,进入月球最大的网上销售中心."我要预订这辆太阳能汽车,下午两点来取……预定环保新车型,动力来自太阳能."亲爱的旅客,飞船就要起飞了,请系好安全带." "呜——"飞船长鸣一声飞向太空.这时,阿德的安全带还没系好,他从椅子上滑了下来!"哎呀!"阿德大叫一声.睁开眼一看,原来是一场梦.二年级语文下册第三十二课《阿德的梦》课文赏析乘坐飞船可以到火星上旅游了;月球上可以定居了;手提电话不仅能打到天上,而且能看见通话的人了;地球上购物可以不出家门,在地球上也可以预订月球上的物品了……哦,原来这是阿德的梦!这个梦多么有趣啊!如果我们先带着孩子们有感情地朗读课文,与他们一起进入阿德的梦境,分享阿德的幸福与快乐,然后让孩子们闭上眼睛来个“白日做梦”,再向小伙伴们说说自己的“梦”,课堂气氛该是非常活跃的吧。
本文是连环画形式的略读课文,要把重点放在训练学生默读课文、粗知文章大意、展开想象,以及借助图画识字等方面。
四年级下册心理健康教案-第三十二课学会创新(培养创新思维和能力)

四年级下册心理健康教案-第三十二课学会创新(培养创新思维和能力)教学目标:1.了解什么是创新,为什么需要创新。
2.培养学生的创新思维和能力。
3.引导学生发现身边的创新案例,自主创新。
教学重点:了解创新思维,培养创新能力。
教学难点:如何引导学生进行自主创新。
教学准备:PPT、图片、视频、实物展示等。
教学过程:一、导入1.老师出示图片,展示一件有创意的作品或发明,让学生猜测该作品或发明的创意2.让学生回答:什么是创新?为什么需要创新?二、理解1.让学生看一个视频介绍了一名年轻的发明家如何通过自己的努力实现了梦想。
2.引导学生讨论得出该视频的主题:自主创新能够让我们实现梦想。
3.通过图片、实物等多种形式展示现实中的创新。
4.老师带领学生一同发现现实中的好创意并加以评论。
三、创新实践1.设计一道现实场景中会遇到的问题,并让学生独立思考如何解决问题。
2.学生进行自主创新后,展示自己的想法。
3.让学生评价和提出修改意见,再进行完善。
四、总结1.让学生说一说今天学到了什么,能够回答什么是创新,为什么需要创新。
2.引导学生总结自己的创新思路,为以后的创新实践打下基础。
3.老师对今天的教学进行总结,提出下一步的教学计划。
五、作业1.让学生完成自己的小创新方案,并进行展示。
2.老师根据学生的展示结果,进行评价和给予建议。
教学反思:一、教学效果:在培养学生创新思维和能力方面,本课教学取得了良好的效果。
通过引导学生自主思考和创新实践,学生有了更多的思考和实践经验,同时也加深了学生对创新的理解和认识。
二、不足之处:在教学中,由于学生年龄较小,对于一些创新概念和实践中的细节问题理解偏差,导致了教学效果的一定程度的影响。
本教案需要不断修正,以更好地适应真实教学现状。
三年级是心理教育的重要年龄,为了更好地引导学生树立积极、阳光、自信的心态,培养良好的心理素质和行为习惯,学校开展了心理健康教育。
其中第三十二课“学会创新”就是一节旨在培养学生创新思维和能力的课。
2014届高考英语一轮复习课时作业(三十二) 选修7《Unit 2 Robots》.pdf

课时作业(三十二) [选修7 Unit 2 Robots](限时:45分钟) Ⅰ.语法填空 One of the greatest heartbreaks for firefighters occurs when they fail to rescue a child from a burning building 1.________ the child, frightened by smoke and noise, hides under a bed or in a closet and is later found2.________ (die).________ glimpse of the masked firefighter but hide because they think they have seen a monster (怪物). To prevent such tragedies, firefighter Eric Velez gives talks to children in his community, explaining that ________ should never hide during a fire. He displays firefighters' equipment, including the oxygen mask, 5.________ he encourages his audience to play with and put on, “If you see us,” Velez tells them, “don't hide! We have come to rescue you.” Velez gives his presentations (作口头报告) ________ English and Spanish. Velez and 7.________ firefighters throughout North America, who give similar presentations, will never know how many lives they save through their talks. But it is a fact that informative speaking8.________ (save) many lives. For example, one day Pete Gentry's brother was choking on some food. 9.________ (fortune), he was rescued by Pete Gentry using the method 10.________ (teach) by a student speaker, Julie Paris. It was just several months after he listened to an informative speech in North Carolina. Ⅱ.阅读理解WASHINGTON—It's a great achievement that inspires notions (观念) of robots with consciousness and independent minds.they can usually compensate for minor injuries and keep limping along, but for robots, even slight damage can make them stumble and fall. However, a recently-made robot has demonstrated a novel ability: it can heal its own damage. The new robot, which looks like a splay-legged(弓形腿的), four-footed starfish, can sense injury to itself and adapt. That er from unfamiliar places. “There is a need for planetary robotic rovers (行星机器探测车) to be ,” says Josh Bongard, a professor in the University of Vermont, who is one of the device's creators. “e able to continue their mission without human help if they are damaged and cannot communicate their problem back to earth.” A typical robot functions according to a computer program, but the new robot works differently. First, sensors in its four legs observe the robot's movements and signal to its built-in computer. From the information it collects, the robot creates its own programs that allow it to adapt to different situations. For example, when the researchers shortened one of the robot's legs, the smart machine simply adjusted its way of walkingt used three legs instead of four. The researchers are looking for other places to put the resilient robot to work. One spot is the ocean floor. That dark and dangerous undersea cplace might be a good choice for a robot the scientists call the Starfish. “We never officially named the robot, but we usually refer to it as the Starfish, even though a real starfish has five rather than four legs,” says Bongard. “Also, a real starfish is much better than our robot at recovering from injury, because it can actually grow its legs again.”Scientists have created robots that help humans in many ways: by exploring space, fighting fires, and even performing surgery. 11.The newly-designed robot distinguishes itself from the former ones because it________.can find its problems and solve them automatically D.can explore unfamiliar places 12.An example is given in the fourth paragraph in order to explain that the robot ________.create new programs B.has typical robot functions C.has sensors to observe its movements D.can gather information and adapt to new conditions 13.The underlined word “resilient” in the last paragraph means the robot is________.? of by people for its special ability. B.It will stumble and fall if damaged. C.It can grow its legs again once they are broken. D.It has started to work on the ocean floor. 15.What might be the best title of the passage? A.How does the Starfish robot work B.Do-It-Yourself robots repair C.Robots designed to work on other planets D.New robots helping us in many ways B In the fall of 1985,I was a bright-eyed girl heading off to Howard University, aiming at a legal career and dreaming of sitting on a Supreme Court bench somewhere. Twenty-one years later I am still a bright-eyed dreamer and one with quite a different tale to tell. My grandma, an amazing woman, graduated from college at the age of 65. She was the first in our family to reach that goal. But one year after I started college, she developed cancer. I made the choice to withdraw from college to care for her. It meant that school and my personal dream would have to wait. Then I got married with another dream: building my family with a combination of adopted and biological children. In 1999, we adopted our first son. To lay eyes on him was fantastic—and very emotional. A year later came our second adopted boy. Then followed son No. 3. In 2003, I gave birth to another boy. You can imagine how fully occupied I became, raising four boys under the age of 8! Our home was a complete zoo—a joyous zoo. Not surprising, I never did make it back to college full-time. But I never gave up on the dream either. I had only one choice: to find a way. That meant taking as few as one class each semester. The hardest part was feeling guilty about the time I spent away from the boys. They often wanted me to stay home with them. There certainly were times I wanted to quit, but I knew I should set an example for them to follow through the rest of their lives. In 2007, I graduated from the University of North Carolina. It took me over 21 years to get my college degree! I am not special, just single-minded. It always struck me that when you're looking at a big challenge from the outside it looks huge, but when you're in the midst of it, it just seems normal. Everything you want won't arrive in your life on one day. It's a process. Remember:little steps add up to big dreams. 16. When the author went to Howard University, her dream was to be________. A.a writer B.a teacher C.a judge D.a doctor 17.Why did the author quit school in her second year of college? A.She wanted to study by herself. B.She fell in love and got married. C.She suffered from a serious illness. D.She decided to look after her grandma. 18.What can we learn about the author from Paragraphs 4 and 5? A.She was busy yet happy with her family life. B.She ignored her guilty feeling for her sons. C.She wanted to remain a full-time housewife. D.She was too confused to make a correct choice. 19.What does the author mostly want to tell us in the last paragraph? A.Failure is the mother of success. B.Little by little,one goes far.,half done.Ambitious and sensitive. D.Innocent and single-minded. Ⅲ.基础写作近年微博(microblog)在中国越来越流行。
《第三十二课_今天的事情今天做》教学设计与作业设计方案-2024-2025学年小学心理健康北师大版一

《今天的事情今天做》教学设计方案(第一课时)一、教学目标:1. 知识目标:学生能够理解并掌握“《今天的事情今天做》”的重要性和意义。
2. 能力目标:培养学生良好的时间管理能力和自我管理能力。
3. 情感目标:激发学生对高效进修的热情,树立正确的进修态度。
二、教学重点:1. 了解“《今天的事情今天做》”的内涵和意义。
2. 分析自己的进修习惯和时间管理情况。
3. 制定个人进修计划和时间表。
三、教学准备:1. 教材:PPT、视频、教学案例等。
2. 教具:黑板、彩色笔、计时器等。
3. 学生准备:笔记本、笔、进修日历等。
四、教学过程:1. 导入(5分钟):引导学生回顾自己最近一周的进修情况,谈谈自己的进修感受和时间管理情况。
2. 进修《今天的事情今天做》(15分钟):通过PPT和视频等形式,向学生介绍“《今天的事情今天做》”的内涵和意义,引导学生认识到及时性和高效性对进修的重要性。
3. 分组讨论(20分钟):将学生分成小组,让他们结合自己的进修情况,讨论并总结出“《今天的事情今天做》”的具体实践方法和技巧。
4. 案例分析(15分钟):教师提供一些进修案例,让学生分析案例中的时间管理问题,并提出改进意见。
5. 制定个人进修计划(20分钟):要求学生根据自己的进修情况和目标,制定一个个人进修计划和时间表,并在进修日历上进行详细记录。
6. 总结(5分钟):教师对本节课的内容进行总结,并强调“《今天的事情今天做》”的重要性和实践意义。
五、教室作业:1. 每位学生完成个人进修计划和时间表的制定。
2. 每日按时完成进修任务,并及时反馈进修情况。
六、教学反思:通过本节课的教学,学生对“《今天的事情今天做》”有了更深入的理解,培养了良好的时间管理习惯和自我管理能力。
在接下来的教学中,要继续引导学生将“《今天的事情今天做》”落实到实际进修中,提高进修效率和成绩。
教学设计方案(第二课时)一、教学目标:1. 知识目标:学生能够理解“今天的事情今天做”的重要性,掌握时间管理的基本原则。
三十二课金钱卦之孔明神卦

三十二课金钱卦之孔明神卦三十二课金钱卦之孔明神卦凡占课者,必先净手焚香,用古钱五枚放在卦盒或手中,于香烟上薰过,两手高举,连摇数下,虔敬拜请:伏羲、神农、文王、周公、孔子、五代圣人及鬼谷先生、占卦童子、翻卦童郎、虚空过往一切神祇。
今弟子□□□,是□□省□□府□□县□□乡人,今□年□月□日,因为□□事,忧疑未决,虔诚拜请,在三十二课内占一课,莫顺人情,莫顺鬼意,吉凶祸福,成败兴亡,报应分明。
急急如律令。
告毕将钱自上而下,排于桌上,观其爻象;某某通宝向上的,为正面,为阳爻,符号○;无字有花向上的,为反面,为阴爻,符号●。
例如自上而下排出阴阳阴阳阳,为第廿五,●○●○○,显达卦;以卦解判其吉凶,应验非常。
凡诚心诚意者,无不灵验也。
第一、○○○○○、星震卦、上上。
【诗曰】彩凤呈祥瑞,麒麟降帝都,祸去迎福至,喜气盈门楣。
【解曰】平生如得今年运,喜逢吉庆更遇新,旺财贵人荣福至,百事遂心有福人。
【断曰】身登禄位。
祸消福至。
所求皆通。
占无不利。
求官得位。
朝觐高迁。
考试得意。
出行大吉。
占讼如意。
占病即安。
求财十分。
行人即至。
寻人得见。
失物复得。
搬迁大吉。
占孕生男。
谋事大吉。
求财得利。
婚姻成就。
男悦女爱。
交易和合。
占雨二日可下。
第二、○●●●●、从革卦、上平。
【诗曰】从革宜更变,时来合动迁,龙门鱼跃远,凡骨作神仙。
【解曰】作事实宜常改变,临门疾病亦安然,占得此卦很微好,出路求财便遇春。
【断曰】求官小就。
谋事有变。
寻人难见。
家宅不安。
占讼早和。
占病无妨。
出行中吉。
求财八分。
失物难见。
占孕生女。
口舌化和。
占病大吉。
交易有阻。
考试大吉。
移徒安占。
占梦口占。
生意迟妙。
婚姻成有累。
行人十二三到。
第三、●○●●●、曲直卦、中平。
【诗曰】动用因风便,求谋可托人,若逢戊己土,事事可成全。
【解曰】莲花正发出红莲,一檃重开结秀丽,意获大乘皆吉庆,倍加福利喜无边。
【断曰】求官得位。
出行吉利。
朝觐原任。
占雨明后。
占讼宜和。
占病无妨。
求财不遂。
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课下作业(三十二)、选择题1.哲学基本问题又称哲学的根本问题、哲学的最高问题。
这一问题包括( )①物质和意识的辩证关系问题②思维和存在何者是本原的问题③思维和存在有没有同一性的问题④唯物主义和唯心主义关系问题A .①②B .②③C .③④D .①③解析:选 B 。
哲学基本问题包括两个方面的内容:一是思维和存在何者是本原的问题;二是思维和存在有没有同一性的问题,②③入选。
2. 唯物主义是哲学上两个敌对的基本派别之一,是同唯心主义相对立的思想体系。
划分唯物主义和唯心主义的唯一标准是( )A .物质和意识的关系问题B .客观与主观的关系问题C .思维和存在何者是本原的问题D •思维和存在有没有同一性的问题解析:选C。
对思维和存在何者是本原问题的不同回答,是划分唯物主义和唯心主义的唯一标准, C 入选。
3. “二月春分八月秋分昼夜不长不短;三年一闰五年再闰阴阳无差无错。
”这副对联从一个侧面反映了( )①思维和存在具有同一性②认识与自然的吻合具有必然性③认识以实证和猜测为基础④意识活动具有主动创造性A .①③B .②④C .①④D .②③解析:选C o材料反映人们可以认识和把握自然界的运动规律,说明思维和存在具有同一性反映了意识活动具有主动创造性,①④符合题意;认识与自然的吻合不具有必然性,②错误;实践是认识的基础,③错误。
4 .(2019河南中原名校联考)“为天地立心,为生民立命,为往圣继绝学,为万世开太平”是北宋张载的名言。
由于其言简意宏,一直被人们传颂不衰。
下列观点符合“为天地立心”的是( )①形存则神存,形谢则神灭②吾心即是宇宙,宇宙即是吾心③思维着的精神是地球上最美的花朵④“天不生仲尼,万古长如夜”A .①②B .①③C .③④D .②④解析:选C。
“为天地立心”的意思是为天地确立一种核心价值理念,强调精神的作用,③ ④强调思维着的精神的作用,符合题意;①强调物质决定意识,②片面夸大意识的作用,均不合题意。
5.有位生物学学者认为,唯有生物学才能带领人类探究物种本源、生从何来死往何方等问题,他确信构成生物的眼见为实的物质比辩证唯物主义判断猜想的物质还正确。
这种认识( )①没弄清辩证唯物主义的物质概念与构成生物的物质之间的关系②坚持了唯物主义根本方向,但属于古代朴素唯物主义的思想③犯了近代形而上学唯物主义错误,具有机械性、形而上学性④是在自然科学基础上对辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的发展A .①②B .①③C .②③D .③④解析:选B。
材料中的生物学学者没有看到哲学对具体科学的意义,认为哲学中的物质是猜想的,没有看到哲学中的物质与自然科学中的物质是共性与个性的关系,因而具有机械性、形而上学性,①③正确,②④错误。
6.18世纪法国哲学家丹尼斯狄德罗认为:“自然界由数目无穷、性质不同的异质元素构成。
”这种观点( )①承认世界的物质性,但把物质归结为自然科学意义上的元素②建立在自然科学成就的基础上,丰富和发展了唯物主义③坚持物质第一性,但对物质的认识没有科学依据④认为世界是物质的,正确揭示了物质世界的基本规律A .①②B .③④C .①③D .②④解析:选A。
“狄德罗认为:‘自然界由数目无穷、性质不同的异质元素构成。
'” 这种观点承认世界的物质性,但把物质归结为自然科学意义上的元素,①正确;狄德罗生活在18世纪,其观点建立在自然科学成就的基础上,丰富和发展了唯物主义,属于近代形而上学唯物主义,②入选;③④ 说法错误。
7 •“宇宙创造过程中,上帝没有位置……没有必要借助上帝来为宇宙按下启动键”。
这是斯蒂芬•霍金在他的《大设计》一书中提出的观点。
从世界观上看,下列与该观点一致的是()①康德:人是万物的尺度②赫拉克利特:世界是由一团火组成的③泰勒斯:世界由水构成④黑格尔:密涅瓦的猫头鹰在黄昏起飞A .①②B .①④C .②③D .③④解析:选C。
霍金认为世界不是神创的,这是唯物主义观点,②③哲学立场与之相同;①是主观唯心主义观点,④体现思维的机械性,与题意不符。
8. (2019江门模拟)有人说:“那座山在那里,即使你没有来到这个世界上,山还在那里,实实在在存在。
”拜恩的吸引力法则认为:“我们现在的一切,都是过去思想的结果。
”这两个观点分别属于( )A .客观唯心主义和主观唯心主义B .可知论和不可知论C .唯物主义和唯心主义D .辩证法和形而上学解析:选C。
题干中“那座山在那里,即使你没有来到这个世界上,山还在那里,实实在在存在”认为物质决定意识,属于唯物主义;“我们现在的一切,都是过去思想的结果”认为意识决定物质,属于唯心主义观点,C 正确;A、B、D 表述与题意不符。
9.王夫之是我国明末清初著名的思想家,他在哲学上的贡献主要是总结和发展了中国传统的唯物主义。
以下说法中最有可能是他说的是( )A .阴阳二气充满太虚,此外更无他物B .宇宙便是吾心,吾心便是宇宙C .理生万物,理在气先,理为气本D .人民,只有人民,才是创造世界历史的动力解析:选A。
唯物主义认为物质是世界的本原。
王夫之虽然把阴阳二气这一具体的物质形态当作世界的本原,具有局限性,但其在本质上仍然坚持了唯物主义的观点,故 A 正确;B、 C 分别是主观唯心主义和客观唯心主义的观点,与材料中“总结和发展了中国传统的唯物主义”这一信息不符合,排除; D 是马克思主义哲学的群众史观,不是中国传统哲学的内容,排除。
10.孔子认为:“死生有命,富贵在天。
”孟子认为:“万物皆备于我。
”这两种观点的主第 3 页要区别在于( )A •前者强调客观条件,后者强调主观条件B .前者是客观唯心主义,后者是主观唯心主义C •前者属于唯物主义的观点,后者属于唯心主义的观点D •前者是封建迷信,后者强调意识反映物质解析:选B。
本题考查区别客观唯心主义和主观唯心主义。
孔子观点中的“命” “天”支配人的一切,属于客观唯心主义;孟子把认识世界离不开感觉,夸大为世界的存在依赖于人的感觉,属于主观唯心主义,故选B 项。
另外,注意题干强调的是“ 主要区别”。
11 •北齐宰相萧子良笃信佛教,相信佛家的因果循环,曾与范缜辩论。
萧子良质问范缜:“君不信因果,世间何得有富贵,何得有贫贱?”范缜回答说:“人之生譬如一树花,同发一枝,俱开一蒂,随风而堕,自有拂帘幌坠于茵席之上,自有关篱墙落于粪溷之侧。
坠茵席者,殿下是也。
落粪溷者,下官是也。
贵贱虽复殊途,因果竟在何处。
”两人辩论的实质是( )①有神论和无神论的斗争②主观唯心主义和客观唯心主义的斗争③唯心主义和唯物主义的斗争④形而上学和唯物辩证法的斗争A .①②B .③④C .①③D .②④解析:选C。
北齐宰相萧子良笃信佛教,其观点属于唯心主义,范缜是坚定的唯物主义者, 两人的辩论其实就是有神论和无神论、唯心主义和唯物主义之间的辩论,①③符合题意。
材料中范缜所说话的大致意思是,人生在世,就像同一棵树上开的花,风吹过后,有的落在富贵人家的垫子上,有的落在粪坑里。
虽然贵贱不同,却无因果报应。
12.从哲学的角度看,与下列材料寓意相符的是( )范氏之亡也,百姓有得钟者,欲负而走,则钟大不可负;以椎毁之,钟况然有音,恐人闻之而夺己也,遽掩其耳。
――《吕氏春秋自知》A .天行有常,不为尧存,不为桀亡B .心外无物,天下无一物非吾度内者C .不知周之梦为蝴蝶与,蝴蝶之梦为周与D .形存则神存,形谢则神灭解析:选B。
《吕氏春秋自知》中的“得钟者”犯了主观唯心主义错误。
A和D都是唯物主义的观点,而C 属于不可知论。
B 是主观唯心主义的观点,符合题意。
、非选择题13.在著名哲学家杨献珍看来,哲学基本问题,也是实际工作的基本问题。
思维与存在的关系问题在实践中表现为主观与客观的关系问题。
领导干部学哲学,只有正确解决了这个哲学上的基本问题,才能使党和国家的干部从思想上根本克服主观主义。
“哲学基本问题,也是实际工作的基本问题” 的命题在理论上和实践上都有其价值。
(1)请简要说明哲学的基本问题及其具体内容。
(2)结合材料,运用“百舸争流的思想”的知识,说明“哲学基本问题,也是实际工作的基本问题”的命题在理论上和实践上的价值。
解析:第(1)问较为简单,直接根据教材相关知识作答即可。
第(2)问实际是要求回答为什么要重视哲学的基本问题。
回顾教材知识,可以联想到“为什么思维和存在的关系问题是哲学的基本问题” 相关知识中关于思维和存在的关系问题重要性的相关论述。
答案:(1) 哲学的基本问题是思维和存在的关系问题,也就是意识和物质的关系问题。
它包括两方面的内容:一是思维和存在何者是本原的问题;二是思维和存在有没有同一性的问题。
⑵①思维和存在的关系问题,是一切哲学都不能回避的、必须回答的问题。
哲学要从总体上探讨人与世界的关系,就必须首先弄清思维和存在的关系问题,并对此作出明确的回答。
因此,该命题在理论上具有价值。
②思维和存在的关系问题,首先是人们在生活和实践活动中遇到的和无法回避的基本问题。
无论认识世界还是改造世界,都要解决思维和存在的关系问题。
因此,该命题在实践上具有价值。
14.道不远人,让我们在圣贤的光芒下学习成长。
阅读下列名言,回答问题。
A .“太虚即气”“ 凡可状皆有也;凡有皆象也;凡象皆气也。
”(张载)B .“万物皆是一理”“有理则有气”“ 天者,理也。
”(程颐)C •“意志是世界的物自体,是世界的本质。
”(叔本华)D •“自然界由数目无穷、性质不同的异质元素构成。
”(狄德罗)(1) 上述观点分属什么哲学基本派别?请说出你这样划分的依据。
(2) 请运用所学哲学知识,评析张载、狄德罗的哲学观点。
解析:解答本题首先要明确哲学的基本派别、发展形态及其各自的基本观点,然后据此审读材料,辨别题中观点各自所属的哲学派别,并结合相关知识予以评析即可。
答案:(1)依据对思维和存在何者是本原问题的不同回答来划分,A、D为唯物主义派别,B、C 为唯心主义派别。
(2)①张载的观点属于古代朴素唯物主义观点。
他认为世界是物质的,坚持了唯物主义的根本第 5 页方向,本质上是正确的,但他把物质归结为具体的物质形态是错误的。
②狄德罗的观点属于近代形而上学唯物主义观点。
他认为世界是物质的,坚持了唯物主义的根本方向,但他把物质归结为自然科学意义上的原子,因而具有机械性、形而上学性和历史观上的唯心主义等局限性。